CELL CYCLE  A cell in the deepest skin layer may divide as long as a person

lives.
 Before dividing, a cell must duplicate its contents, including
its DNA; this occurs during interphase
Cell Cycle
 The alternation of mitosis and interphase is referred

 Because few cells last for a person’s entire lifetime, new ones Cell Cycle
must be generated to replace those that die. •4 phases (Interphase & Mitotic phase)
 Both of these processes—development and replacement— 1. G1
require the manufacture of new cells. 2. S
 The cell division processes that are responsible for the creation 3. G2
of new diploid cells from existing ones are mitosis (nuclear 4. M
division) and cytokinesis (cytoplasmic division).  Interphase
 Cell cycle rate varies in different tissues at different times.  Includes the G1 phase, S phase, and G2 phase
 A cell lining the small intestine’s inner wall may divide  S-phase
throughout life, whereas a neuron in the brain may never  chromosome replication and DNA synthesis
divide.  G0 phase
 arrested cells or not actively dividing
  G0 Phase
 If not exposed to such signals during G1 the cell diverts
from the cycle and enters the mitotically inactive‘G0’ state
 Some cells in G0 are merely quiescent and can rejoin the
cycle for reparative growth or normal cell replacement.
 Others become terminally differentiated, irreversibly
committed to a specialized function, as are most cells in the
mature body.
 Such cells can still grow in size, for example neurons extend
their axons during whole body growth
 maintains its specialized characteristics but does not
replicate its DNA or divide.

 Synthesis (S) phase

 Gap 1 (G1) Phase  The standard number of DNA double-helices per cell,
 Interval between mitosis and corresponding to the diploid number of single-strand
the onset of DNA replication chromosomes, is described as 2C.
 The 2C complement is retained throughout G1 and into S-
 Synthesis of RNA and
phase, when new chromosomal DNA is synthesized and the
proteins takes place
cell becomes 4C.
 cytoplasm increases in  From the end of S-phase, through G2 and into M-phase each
volume visible chromosome contains two DNA molecules, known as
 G1 checkpoint: sister chromatids, bound tightly together.
 damage to the  In human cells therefore, from the end of S-phase to the
chromosomal DNA is repaired middle of M there are 23 pairs of chromosomes (i.e. 46
 cell checks if its environment is favorable before observable entities), but 4C (92) nuclear DNA double-
committing itself to S-phase helices.
 Non-cancerous cells are stimulated to proliferate by  Mitosis involves sharing identical sets of chromosomes
extracellular growth factors secreted by other cells through between the two daughter cells, so that each has 23 pairs
the signal transduction cascade. and is 2C in terms of its DNA molecules.
 G1 and G0 are the only phases of the cell cycle throughout
which 46 chromosomes correspond to 2C DNA molecules.
 Within S-phase there are additional checkpoints at which
DNA damage prevents new origins of replication
becoming active
 DNA replication occurs
  the cell replicates its entire genome
 takes 8 to 10 hours

 Gap2 (G2) Phase

 Interval between the S phase and the next mitosis
 DNA repair takes place
 cell prepares for mitosis
 the cell contains two identical copies of each of the 46
chromosomes (sister chromatids)

 M-phase or Mitosis
1.Prophase
2.Pro-metaphase
3.Metaphase
CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES (CDKS) 4.Anaphase
 Stimuli for cell growth and division 5.Telophase
 a family of kinases that phosphorylate other regulatory 6.Cytokinesis
proteins at key stages of the cell cycle
 Mitosis is the process through which two identical diploid
MITOSIS daughter cells are formed from a single diploid cell

Chromatids
 two long strands of identical chromosomal material in a
replicated chromosome
Furrow
 the space between them is a furrow
Centromere
 Area where two copies of chromosome are joined