Physics HL - ANSWERS - Chris Hamper - Second Edition - Pearson 2014

ANSWERS
Answers
Chapter 1
16 (a) 5 cm (b) 5.66 cm
Exercises (c) 6.32 cm (d) 3.61 cm
1 (a) 4.8 × 104 (b) 3.6 × 10–5 17 8.94 km, 63.4° north-west
(c) 1.45 × 104 (d) 4.8 × 10–7 18 112 km, 26.6° north-east
2 (a) 5.59 × 106 m (b) 1.75 m 19 8.66 km

(c) 2.54 × 10 m –5
(d) 10 m
26
20 7.52 km
3 (a) 2.68 × 10 s 9
(b) 2.5 × 10 s
–3
21 433 m
(c) 3.46 × 105 s (d) 1.04 × 104 s
4 (a) 2 × 10–1 kg (b) 1 × 10–8 kg

(c) 2 × 103 kg Practice questions
5 150 m3
1 (a)
6 (a) 1.0 × 10–10 m3 (b) 1.09 × 1021 m3
200
Q (nC)
7 180 kg
8 86.85 kg 175
9 5.48 × 103 kg m–3 150

10 (a) There is some variation in the mass of
the apples, but the number of apples is 125
proportional to the mass of the apples.

100
(b) There is a larger variation in the mass of the
apples.
75
(c) The mass of the apples appears to be
linearly related to the number of apples but 50
there might be a large systematic error in
the mass measurement, or the apples were 25
counted incorrectly.
0
11 A = 4B2 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
V (V)
12 9056 ± 560 kg m −3
half area of graph paper at least to be used;

13 1600 ± 4 m
axis labels, including units;
14 1.12 ± 0.01 s scale;
data points; ((0, 0) need not be included) [4]
15 (a) 5.2 cm (b) 4.8 cm
(b) absolute uncertainty in Q at 10.0 V =
(c) 3 cm (d) 8.8 cm
±3 nC;
absolute uncertainty in Q at 50.0 V =
±18 nC;
1
M01_IBPH_SB_IBGLB_9021_ANS.indd 1 16/07/2014 09:39

Or read from graph or elsewhere in the (c) we can rewrite the suggested relation as
question and do not deduct unit mark. log D = log c + p log n;
correct placing on graph; [3] now we can plot a graph of log D versus
log n;
(c) from top of error bar at (50, 180) to bottom
the slope of the (straight line) graph is equal
of error bar at (10, 30);
to p;[3]
use of at least half the line or algebraic
indication; Accept logs in any base.
value = 4.3 or 4.3 × 10−9;[3] (d) (i) a
bsolute uncertainty in diameter D is
Watch for ECF. ±0.08 cm;
giving a relative uncertainty in D2 of
(d) C V−1;[1]
2 × 0.08 = 0.13 or 13%; [2]
Unit might be given in (c). 1.26
ε0 A
(e) recognize that the gradient m = d ; Award [2] if uncertainty is calculated for
therefore ε0 = dm ; a different ring number.
A
(ii) it is possible to draw a straight line
= 0.51 × 10 × 4.3 × 10 ;
–3 –9
that passes through the origin (and lies
0.15
= 1.5 × 10−11 C V−1 m−1 within the error bars);
(C N m – data book unit or F m−1);[4]
2 −1 −2
or
the ratio of D is constant for all data
2
[Total 15 marks]
n
points;[1]
2 C[1]
(iii) gradient = k;
3 A[1] calculation of gradient to give 0.23
4 C[1] (accept answers in range 0.21 to 0.25);
evidence for drawing or working with
5 C[1] lines of maximum and minimum slope;
6 C[1] answers in the form k = 0.23 ± 0.03; [4]
Accept an uncertainty in k in range 0.02
7 D[1]
to 0.04.
8 B[1] First marking point does not need to be
explicit.
9 C[1]
(iv) cm2;[1]
10 (a) line of best fit is not straight / line of best fit
[Total 14 marks]
does not go through origin; [1]
(b) smooth curve;
that does not go outside the error bars; [2]
Ignore extrapolations below n = 1. Challenge yourself
1 8 ± 4 m s−2

Answers
Chapter 2
14
s, v, a
Exercises
1 (a) 27.8 m s–1 (b) 5.6 m s–1 a
2 (a) 4.2 m s–1 (b) 0 m s–1

(c) –4.2 m s–1 (minus (d) 90 m
t
sign indicates
travelling south)
v
3 22.4 m s–1, 26.6°
4 4.1 m s–1 , direction is 14° W of S s
5 31.6 m s–1
15 velocity = zero
6 49 m s –1 displacement
A
7 –30 m s–1
8 40 m negative gradient C
9 3.6 m s–1
B D time
10 4 s
velocity
11 125 m, 2.5 m s–2
12 15 m
A B C D time
13
s, v, a
16 S
s
constant gradient
v
a t
t t
The displacement graph is quadratic in the first
and last sections, and linear in between.
17 78 m
18 (a) 30° (b) 17.3 m
19 5 m
1

20 39.6 m 40 97.7 m
21 (a) 10 N to the right 41 (a) –1300 J (b) dog
(b) 5.8 N 31° above the horizontal, to the right 42 0 J
22 (a) 40 N (b) 69 N 43 –300 J
23 (a) –74 N to the left 44 (a) 2 cm (b) 4 N
(b) 45 N 63.4° above the horizontal, (c) F
to the right 8N
24 (a) 4 N down slope (b) 4 N, 37.6°

4N
25 (a) F1 = 8.49 N F2 = 17.3 N,
(b)
F3 = 50 N
26 (a) F = T sin 30° (b) 10 = T cos 30° 2 cm 4 cm x
(c) 11.5 N (d)

5.8 N (d) 4 J (e)
12 J
27 (a) F = 50 sin 30° (b) 50 cos 30° = N 45 1950 J

(c) F = 25 N, N = 43.3 N 46 32 m s–1
28 (a) 2 T cos 80° = 600 N 47 (a) 12.5 J (b) 12.5 J
(b) T sin 80° = T sin 80° (c) 1 cm
(c) 1728 N
48 (a) 0.75 J (b) 0.75 m
29 –3 N s
49 (a) 0.2 m (b) 0.8 m
30 –4.02 N s
50 (a) 1.96 kJ (b) 4.36 kJ
31 6.7 m s–2
51 (a) 3.86 × 105 J (b) 6.43 × 105 J
32 997.5 N (c) 1.8 × 10–2 l
33 (a) 3.3 m s–2 (b) 33 N 52 (a) 1.25 × 10–4 J (b) 6.25 × 10–5 J
34 2 m s–2 (c) 0.1 m s –1
35 682.5 N 53 (a) –10.83 m s –1 (b) 521.3 J
36 (a) 40 N (b) 150 m s–2 54 velocities swap
37 (a) force on gas = –force on rocket 55 800 W

(b) force on water = –force on boat 56 1000 W
(c) force on body = –force on board
57 20 kW
(d) water exerts unbalanced force on ball, so
ball exerts force on water; reading increases 58 50%
38 (a) 9 m s–1 (b) –1 m s–1 59 42 kJ

(c) 0.85 m s–1 60 (a) 6.67 kW (b) 11.1 kW
39 (a) 0.875 N s (b) 44 m s –1

(v) c
orrect substitution into
Practice questions efficiency = power out
power in
1.9
= 5.0 ;
1 (a) (i) 18t;[1]
1
= 0.38 = 38%; [2]
(ii) s = 2 × 4.5 × 62 = 81m; [1]
(c) graphs should show curving or ‘shoulders’
(iii) v = at = 6 × 4.5 = 27 m s–1;[1]
at the changes;
(iv) 27(t – 6); [1] since acceleration must be finite / speed
(b) idea of (a) (i) = (a) (ii) + (a) (iv); cannot change instantaneously /
18t = 81 + 27(t – 6) OWTTE;[2]
t = 9.0 s; [2] (d) Mark parts (i) and (ii) together.
[Total 6 marks] weight arrow the same in both diagrams;
magnitude of tension (size of arrow) equal
2 (a) statement that gravitational mass and
to weight in (i);
inertial mass have the same numerical
magnitude of tension (size of arrow) less
value;
than weight in (ii);
understanding of what gravitational mass
means; (i) 0.50 to 11.50 s
e.g. ‘a quantity that determines the (ii) 11.50 to 12.00 s
gravitational force on the object’ tension tension
understanding of what inertial mass means;
e.g. ‘a quantity that determines the
acceleration of the object’[3]
(b) (i) a
cceleration = gradient of first section
of graph;
acceleration = 0.80
0.50 = 1.6 m s ;[2]
–2
weight weight
[3]
Accept bald correct answer for full
(e) a constant value greater than W from 0.00
marks.
to 0.50 s;
(ii) total distance travelled by the lift = area
a constant value equal to W from 0.50 to
under graph;
11.50 s;
distance = (11 × 0.80) + (0.50 × 0.80)
a constant value less than W from 11.50 to
= 8.8 + 0.4 = 9.2 m; [2]
12.00 s;
marks.
(iii) minimum work done = PE gained
(= force × distance);
W
reading on scales
work done = 2500 × 9.2 = 23 000 J

= 23 kJ; [2]
marks.
(iv) correct substitution into
power = work done
time taken 0.00
23 000
= 12 ;
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0
time (s)
= 1916 W
[3]
= 1.9 kW; [2]
3

(f) [1] for each appropriate and valid point. (b) if the net external force acting on a system
Essentially [2] for journey is zero;
up and [2] for journey down. Some then the total momentum of the system is
explanation or justification is constant (or in any one direction,
required for full marks e.g. is constant); [2]
the law of conservation of energy does To achieve [2] answers should mention
apply to round trip; forces and should show what is meant
energy is all dissipated into heat and sound; by conserved. Award [1] for a definition
on the way up, most electrical energy such as ‘for a system of colliding bodies,
converted into gravitational PE, initially the momentum is constant’ and [0] for ‘a
some electrical energy is converted into KE; system of colliding bodies, momentum is
on the way down electrical energy does conserved’.
work ‘braking’ lift, some
(c)
(not all) gravitational PE is converted FB A
A B
FA B
into KE;[4]
Reject answers that imply that PE converts
into KE as lift falls. arrows of equal length;
acting through centre of spheres;
[Total 25 marks]
correct labelling consistent with correct
h= v ;
2
3 (a) (i) direction;[3]
2g
to give h = 3.2 m; [2] (d) (i) ball B:
(ii) 0.80 s; [1] change in momentum = mvB;
hence FAB∆t = mvB;[2]
(b) time to go from top of cliff to the sea
= 3.0 – (2 x 0.8) = 1.4 s; (ii) ball A:
recognize to use s = ut + 12 at2 with correct change in momentum = m (vA – v);
substitution, hence from Newton 2,
s = 8.0 × 1.4 + 5.0 × (1.4)2; FBA∆t = m(vA – v);[2]
to give s = 21 m; [3] (e) from Newton 3, FAB + FBA = 0, or FAB = –FBA;
Answers might find the speed with which therefore –m(vA – v) = mvB;
the stone hits the sea from v = u + at, therefore mv = mvB + mvA;
(42 m s–1) and then use v2 = u2 + 2as. that is, momentum before equals
momentum after collision such that the
[Total 6 marks]
net change in momentum is zero
4 (a) when two bodies A and B interact, the force (unchanged) / OWTTE;[4]
that A exerts on B is equal and opposite to Some statement is required to get the
the force that B exerts on A; fourth mark, i.e. an interpretation of the
or maths result.
when a force acts on a body an equal (f) from conservation of momentum
and opposite force acts on another body v = vB + vA;
somewhere in the Universe; [1] from conservation of energy v2 = vB2 + vA2;
if vA = 0, then both these show that vB = v;
Award [0] for ‘action and reaction are equal
and opposite’ unless student explains what
is meant by the terms.

or (ii) the escalator can in theory return to
from conservation of momentum the ground under the action of gravity /
v = vB + vA; OWTTE;[1]
from conservation of energy v2 = vB2 + vA2; (c) power will be lost owing to friction in the
so, v2 = (vB + vA) = vB2 + vA2 + 2vAvB therefore escalator / OWTTE;[1]
vA has to be zero; [3] The location of the friction must be given to
Answers must show that, effectively, the obtain the mark.
only way that both momentum and energy [Total 9 marks]
conservation can be satisfied is that ball
A comes to rest and ball B moves off with 7 (a) the total momentum of a system is
speed v. constant;
provided external force does not act; [2]
[Total 17 marks]
or
5 (a) mass × velocity; [1]
the momentum of an isolated /closed
(b) (i) m
omentum before = 800 × 5 system;
= 4000 N s; is constant;
momentum after = 2000 v; Award [1] for momentum before collision
conservation of momentum gives equals collision afterwards.
v = 2.0 m s–1;[3]
(b) (i) initial momentum = 2.0 × 10–3 × 140;
(ii) KE before = 400 × 25 = 10 000 J 2.0 × 10 × 140
–3
final speed = ;
KE after = 1000 × 4 = 4000 J; 5.6 × 10–3 + 2.0 × 10–3
= 4.8 m s [2]
–1
loss in KE = 6000 J; [2] Watch for incorrect mass values in

(c) transformed/changed into; equation.
heat (internal energy) (and sound); [2] (ii) initial kinetic energy of pellet + clay
Do not accept ‘deformation of trucks’. block = 12 mv2;
[Total 8 marks] 0.5 × 0.058 × 4.82 (= 0.67J);
force = work done ;
6 (a) Note: for part (i) and (ii) the answers in distance travelled
brackets are those arrived at if = 0.24 N; [4]
19.3 is used as the value for the height. or
(i) h
eight raised = 30 sin 40 = 19 m; use of appropriate kinematic equation
gain in PE = mgh = 700 × 19 with consistent sign usage e.g.
a= u –v ;
2 2
= 1.3 × 104 J (1.35 × 104 J); [2]
2s
(ii) 4
8 × 1.3 × 104 J = 6.2 × 105 J 4.82 ;
a=
(6.5 × 105 J); [1] 2 × 2.8
F = 0.058 × 4.8
2
(iii) the people stand still / don’t walk up
2 × 2.8
the escalator / their average weight = 0.24 N;
is 700 N / ignore any gain in KE of (c) (i) use of kinematic equation to yield time;
the people; [1]
t = 2s (= 0.41 s);
(b) (i) power required = 6.2 × 105
= 10 kW g
60 s = horizontal speed × time;
(11 kW);
= 1.8 m; [4]
Pout Pout
efficiency = , Pin = ; Accept g = 10 m s ; equivalent answers
–2
Pin efficiency
1.79 from 9.8, 1.77 from 10.
Pin = 15 kW (16 kW); [3]

(ii)
table clay block
path
0.85 m
ground
initial drawn velocity horizontal; (judge

by eye) reasonable shape;
horizontal distance moved always
decreasing when compared with given
path / range less than original; [3]
[Total 15 marks]
Challenge yourself
1 53 m
2 1.7 m s–1

Answers
Chapter 3
21 312.5 cm3
Exercises
22 400 kPa
1 (a) 7.12 × 10–6 m3

(b) 6.022 × 1023 atoms
(c) 1.2 × 10–29 m3 Practice questions
2 27 g
1 (a) (165, 0); [1]
3 (a) 3.92 × 103 J (b) 3.92 × 103 J (b) Look for these points:
4 1.8 x 106 J to change phase, the separation of the
molecules must increase;
5 3.7 × 104 J
Some recognition that the ice is changing
6 67.6 J, 13.5 N phase is needed.
so all the energy input goes to increasing
7 10°C
the PE of the molecules;
8 (a) 6 × 10–21 J (b) 4.8 × 10–26 kg Accept something like ‘breaking the
(c) 500 m s–1 molecular bonds’.
9 420 kJ KE of the molecules remains constant,
hence temperature remains constant; [3]
10 (a) 3.6 × 106 J (b) 3.6 × 105 J°C–1
If KE mentioned but not temperature then
(c) Some heat is lost to the outside. assume students know that temperature is
11 1.33 x 104 J a measure of KE.
(c) (i) time for water to go from 0 to 15°C
12 (a) 1 kg (b) 3.36 × 105 J
= 30 s;
(c) 336 s energy required = mc∆θ
13 (a) 3 × 105 J (b) 686.7°C = 0.25 × 15 × 4 200 = 15 750 J;
power = energy = 525 W ≈ 530 W; [3]
14 (a) 3 × 105 J (b) 2.25 × 105 J time
(c) 51°C (ii) ice takes 15 s to go from –15°C to 0;
energy supplied = 15 × 530 J;
15 (a) 80 kg (b) 1.34 × 107 J
specific heat = (530 × 15) =
(15 × 0.25)
16 3.35 × 1011 J 2100 J kg–1 K–1;[3]
17 1.135 × 103 s (iii) time to melt ice = 150 s;
L = (150 × 530) = 320 kJ kg–1;[2]
18 (a) 1.84 × 104 kg (b) 6.16 × 109 J 0.25
(c) 3.42 × 10 W (d)
5
342 W m –2 [Total 12 marks]
19 292 kPa 2 (a) more energetic molecules leave surface;

mean kinetic energy of molecules in liquid
20 (a) 6 kPa (b) 3 kPa decreases;
and mean kinetic energy depends on
temperature;[3]
1

Award [2] if mean not mentioned. e.g. convection is the transfer of thermal
(b) e.g. larger surface area; energy via bulk movement of a gas
increased draught; due to a change of density;
higher temperature; conduction is transfer of thermal energy via
lower vapour pressure; [2] intermolecular collisions;
radiation is the transfer of thermal energy
Award [1] if candidate merely identifies two
via electromagnetic waves;
factors.
(IR part of the electromagnetic spectrum in
(c) energy to be extracted = 0.35 × 4200 × 25;
this situation) / OWTTE;[6]
+ 0.35 × 330 000;
(d) (i) [1] for each valid and relevant point e.g.
+ 0.35 × 2100 × 5;
in evaporation the faster moving
= 156 000 J
molecules escape;
time = 156 000 = 1800 s; [4]
86 this means the average KE of the
Allow ECF if one term incorrect or missing. sample left has fallen;
[Total 9 marks] a fall in average KE is the same as a fall
in temperature; [3]
3 (a) [1] for each appropriate and valid point e.g.
(ii) e
nergy lost by evaporation
thermal energy is the KE of the component
= 50% × 2.2 × 106 J;
particles of an object;
= 1.1 × 106 J;
thus measured in joules;
correct substitution into E = ml
the temperature of an object is a measure
to give mass lost = 1.1 × 106 J
of how hot something is 2.26 × 106 J kg–1
(it can be used to work out the direction of = 0.487 kg
the natural flow of thermal energy between = 487 g; [3]
two objects in thermal contact) / measure of (iii) [1] for any valid and relevant factors up
the average KE of molecules; to [2] e.g.
it is measured on a defined scale (Celsius, area of skin exposed;
kelvin, etc.); [4] presence or absence of wind;
(b) (i) c
orrect substitution: energy = power × temperature of air;
time; humidity of air etc.;
= 1200 W × (30 × 60) s; [1] for appropriate and matching
= 2.2 × 106 J [2] explanations up to [2] e.g.
(ii) use of Q = mc∆θ; increased area means greater total
to get ∆θ = 2.2 × 10 K;
6
evaporation rate;
(4200 × 70) presence of wind means greater total
= 7.5 K; [3]
evaporation rate;
(c) [1] naming each process up to [3]. evaporation rate depends on
convection; temperature difference;
conduction; increased humidity decreases total
radiation; evaporation rate etc.; [4]
[1] for an appropriate (matching) piece of [Total 25 marks]
information / outline for each process up
to [3]. F = Mg sin θ
4 (a) (i)
= 960 × 9.8 × 0.26;
= 2.4 × 103 N [2]

(ii) KE = ( 12 mv2) = (480 × 81) = 3.9 × 104 J; (c)
P
[1]
(b) KE = Fs;
(b)(iii)
to give F = 2.6 × 103 N; [2] (c)
Award [1] if v2 = 2as is used.
(c) recognize that KE = mass × specific heat
(b)(ii)
× rise in temperature; A
3.9 × 10 ; 4
2 × 900 × 5.2
V
= 4.2 K;
Award full marks for bald correct answer. s mooth curve, curving correct way for
no energy / heat loss to the surroundings / b (ii);
energy distributed evenly in each brake; [4] vertical straight line for b (iii);
smooth curve, steeper than b (ii) for c;
[Total 9 marks]
[3]
5 (a) (i) random motion; Labelled curves are not needed as
no gravitational effect; such but direction must be clear.
no forces of attraction between [Total 13 marks]
molecules/atoms;
time of collision much less than time
between collisions;
Newton’s laws apply; [2] Challenge yourself
(ii) p
otential energy not used/irrelevant;
(because) there are no forces between 1 P = 114.3 kPa
molecules in an ideal gas;
gas speeds vary so need to take an
average;[3]
(b) (i) n = PV ;
RT
n = 0.18 mol; [2]
Award [2] for bald correct answer.
(ii) s how use of PV = constant;
19 × 105 Pa; [2]
Award [2] for bald correct answer.
(iii) pressure equals 420 × 19 × 10 ;
5
290
= 2.8 × 106 Pa [1]
or
( V )
pressure = nRT = 0.18 × 8.31 ×–4 420 ;
2.3 × 10
= 2.8 10 Pa 6

Answers
Chapter 4
21 graph of T 2 vs r 3
Exercises
22 4.2 × 107 m
1 (a) 31.4 m (b) 0 m 23 1.5 hours

–2
(c) 15.7 s (d) 6.4 × 10 Hz 24 (a) 5.9 × 1010 J (b) –1.2 × 1011 J
–1 –2
(e) 0.4 rad s (f) 0.8 m s (c) –6.1 × 1010 J
2 1389 N
3 15.8 m s–1
4 14 m s–1
Practice questions
5 (a) 9 m s–1 (b) 30 N 1 (a) Look for an answer on the following lines:
6 1.61 m s–2 the direction of the car is changing;
hence the velocity of the car is changing;
7 24.7 N kg–1
or
–1
8 7.34 N kg since the direction of the car is changing;
a force must be acting on it, hence it is
9 6.69 × 10–8 N kg–1
accelerating; [2]
10 0 N kg–1 (b) (i) arrow pointing vertically downwards; [1]
11 30 J kg–1 (ii) weight;
12 90 J Do not penalize candidates if they state

‘gravity’.
13 240 J
normal reaction; [2]
14 0J Do not penalize candidates if they state
‘push of the track on the marble’.
15 0J
(iii) loss in PE = 0.05 × 10 × (0.8 – 0.35);
16 (a) 1.6 MJ kg–1 (b) 3.1 × 109 J
= gain in KE = 12 mv2;
(c) and (d)
to give v = 3.0 m s–1;
V or
use of v = 2gh to give v = 4.0 m s–1 at
x
point B;
and then use of v2 – u2 = 2gh with
field strength is zero v = 4.0 m s–1 and h = 0.35 m;
when gradient is zero to get u = 3.0 m s–1; [3]
17 2.38 × 103 m s–1 Do not penalize the candidate if g =
9.8 m s–2 is used.
18 Hydrogen would escape.
19 3 km
20 2.74 km s–1

2
(iv) recognize that resultant force = mv ; to give correct answer: v =12.247
r
≈ 12 m s–1; [2]
= (0.05 x 9.0) = 2.6 N;
0.175
2 Accept calculation of angular velocity
N = mv – mg;
r = 2.0 radians s–1.
= 2.6 – 0.5 = 2.1 N; [4]
[Total 10 marks]
[Total 12 marks]
3 (a) The work done per unit mass;
2 (a) ratio between (maximum) friction and in bringing a (small test) mass from infinity to
normal reaction / OWTTE; [1] the point; [2]
Don’t accept equation without definitions Idea of ratio crucial for first mark.
of symbols.
(b) (i) g = GM2 p – GM2 m ;
(b) (i) static; (Award this mark for bald r1 r2
statement even if the reason is wrong.) 0 = Mp2 – Mm2 ;

0.8 0.2
since person is not moving vertically / Mp = 16; [3]
OWTTE; [2] Mm
(ii) Award [1] for each force labelled to (ii) KE = mΔV;
show understanding. [3] KE = 1500 × (4.6 – 0.20) × 107;
friction KE = 6.6 × 1010 J; [3]
Award [2] if attempted use of ΔV
but value used is wrong and [1] if an
individual potential value rather than a
difference is used.)
(normal) reaction
[Total 8 marks]
4 (a) (i) Vsurface = –6.3 (± 0.3) × 107 J kg–1 [1]

(ii) Vh is at R = 42 × 106 m;
floor = –1.0 (±0.2) × 107 J kg–1; [2]
weight 7
Watch for R = 3.6 × 10 m being used.
If so award [1] and use ECF.
Use benefit of the doubt and accept
things like mg or W for weight etc. (b) ΔV = 5.3 (± 0.5) × 107 J kg–1;
Note: ‘centripetal force’ is not a correct Energy = mΔV;
label for the reaction force. Award [2] = 5.3 (±0.5) × 1011 J; [3]
for correct forces with no labels. Award [2] if student calculates the PE of the
(c) (i) friction, F = mg = 800 N; satellite (1011 J).
R = F or R = 800 = 2000 N; [2] (c) Any two of the following ([1] each):
μ 0.4
2 the satellite has to be given a horizontal
(ii) attempted use of mv = answer to c (i)
r velocity (or has to have KE) to go into orbit;
i.e. 2000;
2
rocket motors lifting rocket not 100%
Award [0] for mv = 800 or equivalent. efficient;
r
Note: Watch for ECF. air resistance in initial stages of launch; [2]
2
Recall of F = mv not sufficient without [Total 8 marks]
r
link to c (i).
v2 = 2000 x 6.0 = 150
80

5 (a) because the force is always at right angles (ii) no; because the two forces on the ball
to the velocity / motion / orbit is an can never cancel out / there is a net
equipotential surface; [1] force on the ball / the ball moves in a
Do not accept answers based on the circle / the ball has acceleration / it is
displacement being zero for a full revolution. changing direction;
(b) (i) equating gravitational force GMm
2
; Award [0] for correct answer with no or
r wrong argument. [2]
2
to centripetal force mv to get result; [2]
r (b) T =( mg
)
cos 30°
= 2.83 N;
(ii) kinetic energy is GMm ; 2
mv = T sin 30°;
2r
r
addition to potential energy – GMm to
get result;
r
[2] m (
v = Tr sin 30° = 2.832 × 0.33 × sin 30°
0.25 )
(c) the total energy (at the new orbit) will be = 1.4 m s–1;
greater than before / is less negative; or
hence probe engines must be fired to T cos 30° = mg;
produce force in the direction of motion / 2
T sin 30° = mv ;
positive work must be done (on the probe); r
[2] v = ( gr tan 30° = 9.81 × 0.33 × tan 30°)
Award [1] for mention of only potential
= 1.4 m s–1; [3]
energy increasing.
[Total 7 marks]
[Total 7 marks]
6 (a) (i) 1 each for correct arrow and (any

reasonable) labelling; [2]
Challenge yourself
tension
1 72 km h–1, 241 km h–1
weight (mg) Do not accept ‘gravity’.
Award [1] for arrows in correct direction

but not starting at the ball.

Answers
Chapter 5
(c) 3π
Exercises 2
20 170 Hz
1 b 21 (a) 33.2 cm (b) 2
2 (a) 1.67 Hz (b) 10.5 rad s–1 22 (a) a lower note on the way down, and a higher
note on the way up
3 1.1 cm down
(b) 1100 Hz
4 displacement
(c) 892 Hz
3 cm
(d) a higher note on the way down, and a lower
note on the way up
5s time
23 331.5 m s–1
24 317.6 Hz
5 1.67 s 25 29°
6 0.5 m s–1 downwards 26 15°
7 (a) 2.5 m s–1 (b) 3.16 m s–2 27 2 × 108 m s–1
8 0.62 m s–1 28 42°
9 0.32 m 29 27°
10 (a) 3π rad s–1 (b) 7.1 × 10–3 J 30 (a) 38.8° (b) 51.2°
(c) 7.1 × 10 J (d)
–3
5.3 × 10 J –3
(c) 41.8° (d)
yes
(e) 1.8 × 10–3 J (e) 62.2 μm
11 280 m s –1
31 0.11 m
12 (a) 0.2 m (b) inverted 32 88 μm
(c) Some of wave is reflected so energy in
33 7 × 107 m
transmitted wave is less.
34 14.6 m
13 1.2 m s–1
35 No, 0.0001 rad < 0.00014 rad
14 (a) 182.6 m s–1 (b) 143.8 Hz
36 9 cm
15 54 N
37 6 cm
16 812.5 Hz
38 (a) 3.3 μm (b) 12.2°
17 (a) 1.7 Hz (b) 0.24 m
(c) 24° 39 982 lines
18 35° 40 150 nm
19 (a) π (b) π 41 95 nm

5

42 (a) no change (b) 387 nm (iii) Accept any one of the following.
(c) 97 nm at time t = 0, 1.5 ms, 3.0 ms, 4.5 ms,
etc.;[1]
43 104 nm
(iv) area of half-loop = 140 ± 10 squares /
44 0.06 c mean v = 4.0 m s–1 accept ± 0.2;
= 140 × 0.4 × 0.1 × 10–3;
45 4.38 nm
= 5.6 × 10–3 m [2]
I0
46 Award [1] for area of triangle.
8
(v) (twice) the amplitude; [1]
Allow distance moved in 1.5 ms.
Practice questions [Total 17 marks]
3 (a) (i) distance travelled per unit time;

1 (a) longitudinal;[1]
by the energy of the wave / by a
(b) (i) wavelength = 0.5 m; [1] wavefront;[2]
(ii) amplitude = 0.5 mm; [1] (ii) v elocity has direction; but light travels in
(iii) correct substitution into all directions; [2]
speed = frequency × wavelength; (b) (i) d
istance in a particular direction;
to give v = 660 × 0.5 = 330 m s–1;[2] (accept in terms of energy transfer)
[Total 5 marks] (of a particle) from its mean position; [2]
2 (a) ray: direction in which wave (energy) is (ii) longitudinal: displacement along;
travelling; transverse: displacement normal to;
wavefront: line joining (neighbouring) points direction of transfer of wave energy /
that have the same phase / displacement; propagation, not motion; [3]
or suitable reference to Huygens’ principle; Award [0] for left / right and up / down
ray is normal to a wavefront; [3] for longitudinal / transverse.
(b) (i) wavefront parallel to D; [1] (c) (i) (1200

125 ) = 9.6 km s ; (±0.1)
–1
[1]
(ii) frequency is constant; (ii) ( 1200

206 ) = 5.8 km s
–1
; (±0.1) [1]
since v = f λ, v ∝ λ; Award [1] if the answers to (i) and (ii)
wavelength longer in medium I, hence are given in reversed order.
higher speed in medium I; [3] (d) (i) P
shown as the earlier (left hand) pulse;
Allow solution based on angles marked [1]
on diagram or speed of wavefronts. (ii) laboratory L3;[1]
(iii) ratio = VI = λI (or based on Snell’s (iii) e.g. pulses arrive sooner;
VR λR
law); smaller S–P interval;
= 3.0 = 2.0 allow ± 0.5;[2] larger amplitude of pulses; [3]
1.5
(c) (i) v elocity / displacement / direction in (+) Allow any feasible piece of evidence,
and (–) directions; award [1] for each up to [3].
idea of periodicity; [2] (iv) distance from L1 = 1060 km; (± 20)
(ii) period = 3.0 ms; distance from L2 = 650 km; (± 20)
distance from L3 = 420 km; (± 20)
frequency = 1 = 330 Hz; [2]
T

Accept 3 significant figures in all three (c) (i) the phase difference between light
estimates. leaving S1 and S2 is constant; [1]
some explanation of working; [4] Do not penalize candidates if they state
(v) p
osition marked, consistent with ‘has the same phase’.
answers to (iv); (ii) to produce sufficient diffraction;
to the right of line L2L3, closer to L3;[1] for the beams to overlap;
If the answers given in (iv) mean that OWTTE;[2]
the point cannot be plotted, then only (d) (i) p
ath difference between S1 and S2 is an
allow the mark if the candidate states integral number of wavelengths; [1]
that the position cannot be plotted / Accept ‘waves arrive at P in phase’.
does not make sense.
(ii)
(e) (i) illustration showing node at centre,
intensity
antinode at each end; [1]
(ii) w
avelength of standing wave =
(2 × 280) = 560 m / (ECF )
or
3.4 × 103 = 570 m;
6
frequency = (3.4 × 10 ) ≈ 6 Hz
3

560
O P distance along the screen
earthquake frequency is natural
frequency of vibration of maximum at O and P;
building / mention of resonance / general shape with minimum about half
multiple / (submultiple if ECF );[3] way between O and P; [2]
[Total 25 marks] (e) fringe spacing = 2.5 × 10–4 m;
λ = (2.5 × 10 × 3.00 × 10 ) = 5.0 × 10–7 m;
–4 –3
4 (a) the net displacement of the medium/
1.50
particles (through which waves travel); [2]
is equal to the sum of individual [Total 14 marks]
displacements (produced by each wave);[2]
Award [2] for a good understanding and [1] 5 Wave properties
for a reasonable one. (a) (i) [1]
(b) Wave X and wave Y should be identical.
X and Y
A B
(ii) [1]

correct phase for wave X;
correct phase for wave Y;
amplitudes the same for each wave;
amplitude for each wave is two divisions;[4]

(b) λ Any situation where resultant displacement
looks as though it is the sum of the
individual displacements. Mark the
A
description of the principle and the
M description of constructive interference
together.
2X = nλ;
(e) (i) S
where n = 0, 1, 2; (Accept ‘n is an
integer’)[2]
N
(ii) sin θ ≈ θ;
(i) downwards; [1] therefore θ = S2X ;[2]
d
(ii) correct marking of A; [1] (iii) ϕ = yn ;[1]
D
(iii) correct marking of λ;[1]
Award the small angle approximation
(iv) positive sine curve; mark anywhere in (i) or (ii).
correct position of N; [2]
(f) (i) θ = S2X = nλ so λ = dθ ;
Watch for ECF from (i). d d n
(c) (i) f = v = to give 2.0 Hz; [1] substitute to get λ = 4.73 × 10–7 m; [2]
λ
(ii) θ and ϕ are small;
(ii) T = 0.5 s;
therefore λ = yn ;
s = vT = 1.25 (1.3) cm; d D
4
so y = Dλ = 0.51 mm; [3]
or
d
in T wave moves forward 1 λ; [Total 24 marks]
4 4
= 5 = 1.25 (1.3) cm; [2] 6 (a) circular wavefronts originating from four
4
(d) Principle of superposition: successive source positions;
when two or more waves overlap; the bunching of wavefronts in front, spreading
resultant displacement at any point out at back;
is the sum of the displacements due to approximately, correct spacing of
each wave separately / OWTTE; wavefronts in front, and behind source; [3]
Award [2] for an answer that shows a clear (b) f waves in distance (V – v);
understanding of the principle, [1] for a apparent wavelength = ( V – v) ;
f
reasonable understanding and [0] for a f × V
weak answer. apparent frequency = ;[3]
( V – v)
Explanation: Allow any other valid and correct approach
or statement of formula. Award [0] for quote
of formula with no working shown.
= (c) λ′ = λ ( V – v) ;
V
599.996 = 600 × (3 × 108 – v) ;
suitable diagram; 3 × 108
when two positive pulses (or two wave v = 2000 m s–1;[3]
crests) overlap, they reinforce / OWTTE;[4] Allow alternative version for red shift.
[Total 9 marks]

7 A A 8 (a) (i) diffraction at the lens; [1]
(ii) c
ircular patch – bright;
circular bright ring/darkness between
patch and ring; [2]
(b) (i) a = 4.0 × 10–3 ;
–6
17 × 10
= 2.4 × 10–4 rad; [2]
N
(ii) 1.22 λ = 2.4 × 10–4 therefore
d
d = 1.22 × 550 ×–410 ;
–9

2.4 × 10
d = 2.8 mm; [2]
Award [2] even if factor 1.22 is missing.
Part (iii) is an error.
A N [Total 7 marks]
pipe A pipe B
(a) (i) c
orrect wave shape for pipe A;
correct wave shape for pipe B; [2]
Challenge yourself
(ii) c
orrect marking of A and N for pipe A;
correct marking of A and N for pipe B;
1 T = 0.6 s
[2]
(b) (i) for pipe A, λ = 2L, where L is length of 2 y = 2Acos 2π x sin (ωt) zero when x = λ , 3λ etc.
λ 4 4
the pipe;
c = f λ to give L = c ;
2f
substitute to get L = 0.317 m; [3]
(ii) for 32 Hz, the open pipe will have a
length of about 5 m;
whereas the closed pipe will have half
this length, so will not take up as
much space as the open pipe /
OWTTE;[2]
The argument does not have to be
quantitative. Award [1] for recognition
that low frequencies mean longer pipes
and [1] that for the same frequency,
closed pipes will be half the length of
open pipes. The fact they need less
space can be implicit.
[Total 9 marks]

Answers
Chapter 6
19 –8 J
Exercises
20 (a) It accelerates downwards.
1 2 × 10–4 N (b) 12 J
2 20 N C–1, south 21 4 eV
3 5.7 × 10–10 N C–1 22 3 eV
4 (a) 1.8 × 106 N C–1 23 (a) 7.1 × 10–6 m3
(b) 4.5 × 105 N C–1 (b) 8.5 × 1028 m–3
(c) 0.045 N (c) 9.4 × 10–5 m s–1
(d) 0.01 N 24 3.7 × 10–4 m
5 (a) 1 × 10–7 N 25 10.8 Ω

(b) 1 × 10–5 ms–2 26 3 kΩ
6
6 2.25 × 10 V 27 0.3 V
6
7 1.13 × 10 V 28 0.02 A
8 (a) Q1 positive 29 100 kΩ, 100 kΩ, 25 kΩ
(b) towards Q2
30 1Ω
9 F
31 11.5 V
10 (a) 20 V
32 (a) 500 J
(b) 10 V
(b) 3 × 104 J
(c) 0 V
33 0.031 W
11 (a) 40 J
(b) –20 J 34 0.5 W
(c) 0 J 35 (a) 450 kJ
12 50 Vm–1; field not uniform (b) 37.5 kW

(c) 125 A
13 –3 nC
36 no energy is lost, no heat produced, motor is
14 (a) –10 eV
100% efficient, no friction / no other losses
(b) –50 eV
37 (a) 0.45 A
(c) 20 eV
(b) 20 J
15 2V
38 (a) 4.5 A
16 5V
(b) 1.8 × 107 J
17 15 J 16 Ω
39
3
18 4J
40 8Ω
1

41 28 Ω 61 (a) 1.5 × 10–5 Tm2
42 16 Ω (b) 1.3 × 10–5 Tm2

7
(c) 0.67 μV
43 0.5 A, 5 V
62 156 V
44 3 A, 3 V
63 18 A
45 1.5 A, 6 V
64 (a) (i) 100 π rad s–1
46 3 A, 6 V
(ii) 3.9 V
47 2.4 V, 3.0 V, 20% (iii) 2.8 V
48 1.7 A, 2.0 A, 15% (b) 1.4 V
49 4.8 V 65 48.4 Ω
50 3 A, 1.5 V 66 (a) 10
51 0.44 V (b) 2 W
(c) 9.2 mA
52 0.49 V
(d) 0 A
53 (a) 2 × 10–5 N
67 (a) 5 × 103 A
(b) east
(b) 200 MW
54 (a) 5 × 10–6 N (c) 40%
(b) west (d) 300 MW
55 (a) up (e) 300 MW
(b) right (f) 1.36 MA
(c) up 68 1.39 × 10–11 F
56 4 × 10–19 N 69 2.78 × 10–10 F
57 (a) 8.0 × 10–17 J 70 8.85 × 10–9 F
(b) 1.3 × 107 m s–1
71 1.2 × 10–5 C
(c) 7.4 × 10–4 T
72 (a) 2.67 μF
58 4 × 10–20 N
(b) 12 μF
59 (a) 2 × 10–4 V
73 4V
(b) 1 × 10–4 A
(c) 2 × 10–8 J 74 9V
(d) 2 × 10–8 J 75 2.03 × 10–4 J

(e) 20 m 76 (a) 1.39 × 10–10 F
–8
(f) 1 × 10 N (b) 8.34 × 10–10 C
60 (a) 1 × 10–6 Tm2 (c) 2.5 × 10–9 J
(b) 0.25 × 10–6 Tm–2 s–1 (d) 5 × 10–9 J, work is done pulling plates apart.
(c) 0.25 μV 77 8 × 10–11 V

78 (a) 50 s 2 (a)
(b) 50 mC V
(c) 6.7 V
(d) 1 mA
(e) 35 s
79 (a) yes
(b) 1 × 10–5 A
(c) 3.35 V
Practice questions
0
0 I
1 (i) use of emf = energy ;
3
charge Any reasonable curve in the right direction.
= (8.1 × 103)
(5.8 × 10 ) [1]
= 1.4 V; [2] (b) (i) from the value of V at any point on the
I
Award [0] for formula E = QF seen or implied curve; [1]
even if answer is numerically correct. Do not accept just ‘from V ’.
I
(ii) pd across internal resistance = 0.2 V; (ii) non-ohmic because the resistance ( V at
I
or each point) is not constant / OWTTE; [1]
current = 1.2
6 = 0.2 A; (c) (i) 50 Ω; [1]
resistance r = ( 0.2
1.2 ) × 6.0 ; (ii) recognize that the voltage must divide
total resistance = 1.40.2 = 7.0 Ω; in the ratio 3 : 1;
= 1.0 Ω;
to give R = 150 Ω; [2]
internal resistance = 7 – 6 = 1.0 Ω; [3]
Or answer could be solved via the
Accept any other valid route.
current.
(iii) idea of use of ratio of resistances;
[Total 6 marks]
energy transfer = 67 × 8.1 × 103
= 6.9(4) × 103 J; [2] 3 (a) (i) when connected to a 3 V supply, the
Accept any other valid route. lamp will be at normal brightness;
and energy is produced in the filament
(iv) charge carriers/electrons have kinetic
at the rate of 0.60 W;
energy / are moving;
these carriers collide with the lattice/lattice Look for the idea that 3 V is the
ions (do not allow friction); operating voltage and the idea of
energy transformation.
causing increased (amplitude of) vibrations;
this increase seen as a temperature rise; or
i.e. a transfer to thermal energy; [5] when connected to a 3 V supply, the
Allow any other relevant and correct lamp will be at normal brightness;
statements. and the resistance of the filament is
15 Ω / the current in the filament is
[Total 12 marks]
0.20 A; [2]

(ii) I = P ; 3.0 V therefore divides between 3.0 Ω and
V
12.0 Ω;
to give I = 0.20 A; [2]
to give pd across the lamp = 0.60 V;
(b) (i) at maximum value, the supply voltage
Give relevant credit if answers go via the
divides between the resistance of the
currents i.e.
variable resistor, the internal resistance,
calculation of total resistance = 15.0 Ω;
and the resistance of the filament;
total current = 0.20 A;
i.e. response must show the idea
current in lamp = 0.15 A; [4]
of the voltage dividing between the
various resistances in the circuit. Do not [Total 18 marks]
penalize if responses do not mention 4 (a) (i) EI; [1]
internal resistance here. 2
(ii) I r; [1]
at zero resistance, the supply voltage
is now divided between the filament (iii) VI; [1]
resistance and the internal resistance of (b) (from the conservation of energy),
the supply; [2] EI = I2r + VI;
(ii) when resistance of variable resistor is therefore, V = E – Ir; E = V + Ir; [2]
zero, emf = Ir + Vlamp; (c)
3.0 = 0.2 r + 2.6; V
to give r = 2.0 Ω; [3]
(c) (i) 3.3 Ω; [1]
(ii) 13 Ω; [1]
(d) at the higher pd, greater current, and
therefore hotter; the resistance of a
A
metal increases with increasing
temperature; OWTTE; [2]
(e)
V
correct position of voltmeter;
correct position of ammeter;
correct position of variable resistor; [3]
(d) (i) E = V when I = 0;
so E = 1.5 V; [2]
(ii) recognize this is when V = 0;
intercept on the x-axis = 1.3 (±0.1) A; [2]
(iii) r is the slope of the graph;
0 sensible choice of triangle, at least half
0 I
the line as hypotenuse;
correct approximate shape (i.e. showing = 0.7 ;
0.6
increasing gradient with increasing V ); [1]
= 1.2 (±0.1) Ω
(f) parallel resistance of lamp and YZ is
or
calculated from 1 = 1 + 1 ;
R 4 12 when V = 0, E = Ir;
to give R = 3.0 Ω;
r= E
I

= 1.5 ; 6 (a) (i) emf (induced) proportional to;
1.3
rate of change /cutting of (magnetic)
= 1.2 Ω [3]
flux (linkage); [2]
(e) R = 1.2 Ω;
(ii) magnetic field / flux through coil will
I= 1.5 = 0.63 A;
1.2 + 1.2 change as the current changes; [1]
P = I2R = (0.63)2 × 1.2 = 0.48 W; [3] (b) (i) sinusoidal and in phase with current; [1]
[Total 18 marks] (ii) sinusoidal and same frequency;
with 90° phase difference to
5 (a) force exerted per unit mass;
candidate’s graph for ϕ; [2]
on a small / point mass; [2]
(iii) emf is reduced;
(b) from the law of gravitation, the field strength
F = GM; because B is smaller; [2]
2
m R Award [0] for ‘emf is reduced’ if
= g0 to give GM = g0R2; [2]
argument fallacious.
N.B. To achieve full marks, candidates need
(c) advantage: no direct contact with cable
to state that F = g0.
m required;
(c) downwards; (accept 90° to B field or down disadvantage: distance to wire must be
the wire) [1] fixed; [2]
(d) F = Bev cos θ; [1] [Total 10 marks]
(e) work done in moving an electron the length
7 A [1]
of the wire is
W = FL = BevL cos θ; 8 C [1]
emf = work done per unit charge;
therefore, E = BLv cos θ;
or
Challenge yourself
electric field = F = Bv cos θ;
e
emf E = electric field × L; 1 3 cm
to give E = BLv cos θ; [3]
Award [2] if flux linkage argument is used. 2 When the motor coil is stationary, there is no
2
induced emf to oppose the current.
(f) F = G Mm
2
= mv ;
R R 3 ΔE = 96 μJ
2
such that v = GM = g0R ;
2
R R
2 12
v2 = 10 × (6.4) ×610
6.7 × 10
to give v = 7.8 × 103 m s–1; [3]
(g) L = E ;
Bv cos θ
= 103 = 2.2 × 104 m;
6.3 × 10–6 × 7.8 × 103 × 0.93
[2]
[Total 14 marks]

Answers
Chapter 7
17 4.16 × 10–18 C, 9.04 × 10–26 kg
Exercises 235
18 92
U
1 (a) 9.6 × 10–20 J 19 92 protons, 146 neutrons

14
(b) 7.1 × 10 Hz 20 (a) 1.9 × 107 m s–1
–19
(c) 3.7 × 10 J (b) 4.9 × 10–15 m
(d) 5.6 × 1014 Hz
21 (a) 92 p, 141 n
2 (a) 8.6 eV (b) 234.9405 u
(b) 4.3 eV (c) 1.901u
(c) 4.3 V (d) 1771 MeV
(d) 1.0 × 1015 Hz (e) 7.60 MeV
3 no 22
15
4 1.5 × 10 Hz 10
binding energy per nucleon (MeV)
5 10
8
6 13.06 eV, 3.15 × 1015 Hz
7 0.31 eV, 7.44 × 1013 Hz

6
15
8 13.6 eV, 3.28 × 10 Hz
9 5.3 × 10–11 m 4
10 2.5 × 1015 Hz
2
11 (a) 100 eV
(b) 1.6 × 10–17 J 0
(c) 1.2 × 10–10 m 0 50 100 150 200 250
A
12 4.4 × 10–38 m; the opening is too small
23 8.95 MeV
13 8.6 × 109 eV
24 Mass of At is bigger than Po so no energy
14 2.2 × 10–12 kg
released.
15 (a) 500 eV
25 2.32 MeV
(b) 8 × 10–17 J
26 1.0 × 1019 Hz
(c) 8.9 × 10–34 kg
(d) 500 eV c–2 27 12.5 g
16 (a) 17 p, 18 n 28 12.5 s–1

(b) 28 p, 30 n 29 24 000 years
(c) 82 p, 122 n
30 7.45 Bq

31 28.6 years 45 (a) d
32 (a) 1.66 × 108 s (b) sss
(b) 4.17 × 10–9 s–1 (c) ssd
(c) 1.0 × 1022 (d) ssu
(d) 4.17 × 1013 s–1 46 d➞u

(e) 1.2 × 10–12 g 47 (a) X quark is down red
33 (a) 3.27 MeV (b) Y is gluon red antigreen, Z quark is up
(b) 4.03 MeV 48 X is W+ and Y is a neutrino
(c) 18.4 MeV
49 X is W– and Y is an antineutrino
34 10, 133.9 MeV
50 Z0
35 135.8 MeV
36
e– e+
e– e+ Practice questions
electron absorbs positron emits 1 (a) (i) Answer to include:

photon photon
missing frequencies / wavelengths;
in otherwise continuous spectrum; [2]
37
(ii) Answer to include:
e+ e+
A e + e– light from Sun is split into its
B
component wavelengths;
γ
using prism / grating; [2]
γ
(b) (i) correct substitution into E = hf and
e– e+ c = f λ to give E = hc ;
e+ e+ λ
–34
E= 6.63 × 10 × 3 × 108 ;
–7
(a) Positron emits photon that is absorbed by 5.88 × 10
another positron. = 3.38 × 10–19 J [2]
(b) Electron and positron annihilate to form (ii) transition is an absorption so involves
photon which forms an electron positron electron being ‘promoted’ up between
pair. two levels;
energy of gap must be exactly
38 yes = 3.38 × 10–19 J;
39 no this is between (–5.80 × 10–19 J) and
(–2.42 × 10–19 J) levels; [3]
40 yes
[2] can be given for other relevant
41 yes information concerning, for example,
the existence of photons with different
42 yes
energies in sunlight / the immediate re-
43 no radiation in random directions. The final
mark is for identifying the energy levels
44 no
concerned.

This can also just be shown on a = 0.001 297 5 × 10–26 kg ;
diagram. correct substitution into E = mc2;
energy/10–19 J
energy released
0 = 0.001 297 5 × 10–26 × 9.00 × 1016 J
= 1.17 × 10–12 J; [3]
–1.59 (f) (i) an (electron) antineutrino; [1]

–2.42 Reject ‘neutrino’.
–3.00 (ii) idea that there is a fixed total energy of
decay;
total energy shared between the (three)
resulting particles / OWTTE; [2]
–5.80
(iii) correct calculation of decay constant λ;
λ = ln 2 = 0.845
–7.64 0.82
correct substitution into N = N0e–λt;
(c) Mark (i) and (ii) together. [1] for each to give N = N0e–8.45 therefore N = e–8.45
relevant point e.g. N0
= 0.000 213 = 0.02%; [3]
Bohr assumed electrons were in circular
N.B. Award attempts without full
orbits around nucleus;
equation [1].
of fixed angular momentum;
that were stable (did not radiate) and thus (iv) a down quark changes into an up
the energy could be calculated; quark;
Schrödinger considers electron ‘probability’ any other relevant detail; [2]
waves; E.g. this involves the weak interaction
only some standing waves fit the boundary / statement of quark content of proton
conditions; (uud) or neutron (udd).
and these fix the available energies for the [Total 30 marks]
electron; [6]
2 (a) Deduct [1] for each error or omission, stop
N.B. [4] for any one of the models.
at zero.
(d) a fusion reaction;
since hydrogen nuclei are joining to create Property Effect on rate of decay
helium / any other Increase Decrease Stays the
relevant further detail / explanation; [2] same
(e) (i) atomic number: 6;
Temperature
mass number: 12; [2] ✓
of sample
N.B. if 6 and 12 are reversed, [1].
Pressure on
(ii) mass before ✓
sample
= 3 × (6.648 325 × 10–27 kg)
Amount of
= 1.994 497 5 × 10–26 kg ✓
sample
mass of carbon
= 1.993 200 0 × 10–26 kg [2]
so mass defect (b) (i) 4

He / 24 α;
2
= 1.994 497 5 × 10–26 222
86
Rn; [2]
–26
– 1.993 200 0 × 10 kg
3

(ii) mass defect = 5.2 × 10–3 u; a particle of small mass or a photon,
energy = mc2 or both; [4]
–3 –27 16
= 5.2 × 10 × 1.661 × 10 × 9.00 × 10 (ii) 235
U + 01n;
92
1u
➞ 90 Sr + 142Xe + 401n; [2]
= 930 MeV; 38 54
Allow ECF for RHS if LHS is incorrect.

= 4.86 MeV = 7.78 × 10–13 J; [3]
(iii) mass number unchanged;
(c) (i) (linear) momentum must be conserved; atomic number increases by +1; [2]
momentum before reaction is zero; 2
(b) (i) use of kinetic energy = p / equivalent;
so equal and opposite after (to maintain 2m
correct conversion of MeV to joule
zero total); [3]
(1.63 × 10–11 J);
(ii) 0 = mαvα + mRnvRn;
correct conversion of mass to kilogram
vRn ( )
vα = – mRn
mα (1.50 × 10–25 kg);
222 momentum = 2.2 × 10–18 N s; [4]
=– = –55.5; [3]
4 (ii) total momentum after fission must be
Ignore absence of minus sign.
zero;
(iii) kinetic energy of α particle = 12 mαvα2;
must consider momentum of neutrons
kinetic energy of radon nucleus = (and photons); [2]
2
1
2 ( 222
4 ) ( 55.5 )
m v ;
α
α
(iii) xenon not opposite to strontium but
deviation < 30°);
this is 1 of kinetic energy of α
55.5 arrow shorter / longer; [2]
particle; [3]
(c) (i) energy = 0.25 × 198 × 1.6 × 10–13;
Accept alternative approaches. = 7.9 × 10–12 J; [2]
(d) e.g. (γ ray) photon energy or radiation; [1] (ii) use of ΔQ = mcΔT;
(e) (i) two (light) nuclei; energy = 0.25 × 4200 × 80;
combine to form a more massive = 8.4 × 104 J; [3]
4
nucleus; (iii) number of fissions = (8.4 × 10–12) ;
(7.9 × 10 )
with the release of energy / with greater 16
= 1.1 × 10
total binding energy; [3] mass = 1.1 × 1016 × 3.9 × 10–25;
(ii) high temperature means high kinetic = 4.1 × 10–9 kg; [4]
energy for nuclei; [Total 25 marks]
so can overcome (electrostatic)
repulsion (between nuclei); 4 (a) (i) a proton or a neutron; [1]
to come close together / collide; Both needed to receive [1].
high pressure so that there are many (ii) the difference between the mass of the
nuclei (per unit volume); nucleus and the sum of the masses
so that chance of two nuclei coming of its individual nucleons / the energy
close together is greater; [5] required to separate a nucleus into its
[Total 25 marks] component nucleons / OWTTE; [1]
3 (a) (i) fission:

nucleus splits;
into two parts of similar mass;
radioactive decay:
nucleus emits;
4

(b) If answers just quote the formula from the
data book then award [1] for showing at
E (MeV)
9
least students recognize which formula
F
U
8 relates to the hypothesis.
7 (b) (i) KE = Ve = 850 × 1.6 × 10–19 J
6 = 1.4 × 10–16 J; [1]
2
5
(ii) use E = p to get p = 2mE;
2m
substitute
4
p = 2 × 9.1 × 10–31 × 1.4 × 10–16
3 = 1.6 × 10–23 N s; [2]
2 (iii) λ = h ;
p
H × 10–34
1 substitute λ = 6.6 ×
1.6 10–23
0 –11
= 4.1 × 10 m; [2]
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250
A [Total 8 marks]
Don’t expect precision for any of these. 6 (a) Mark both processes, 1 and 2, together.
(i) F: between 8 and 9; [1] Award [1] for any two of the following:
(ii) H: between 1 and 2; [1] collisions with (external) particles;
heating the gas to a high temperature;
(iii) U: between 7 and 8; [1]
absorption of photons; [2]
(c) general overall shape;
(b) (i) E = hc
max at F = 56, end point U; [2] λ
E= 6.63 × 10–34 × 3 × 108 ;
(d) mass of nucleons
658 × 10–9
= (2 × 1.00728) + 1.00867 3.02 × 10–19 eV;
E=
= 3.02323 u; 1.6 × 10–19
mass difference = 0.0072 u = 6.7 MeV; = 1.89 eV [2]
binding energy per nucleon = 6.7 (ii) electrons absorb photons (of energy
3
= 2.2 MeV; [3] 1.89 eV) to make a transition
(e) (i) fusion; [1] from n = 2 to n = 3;
on de-excitation, photons of energy
(ii) from the position on the graph, the
1.89 eV, i.e. wavelength 658 nm are
energy required to assemble two nuclei
emitted;
of 12H is greater than that to assemble
in all directions, however, and not just
one nucleus of 23He;
along the initial direction,
hence if two nuclei of 12H combine to
hence intensity is reduced; [3]
form one nucleus of 23He energy must
be released / OWTTE; [2] (iii) (the Schrödinger model unlike Bohr’s)
does not have well-defined orbits
[Total 13 marks]
for the electrons / does not treat the
5 (a) all particles have a wavelength associated electron as a localized particle / assigns
with them / OWTTE; to an electron a probability wave;
the de Broglie hypothesis gives the predicts the relative intensities of
associated wavelength as λ = h ; various spectral lines; [2]
p
where h is the Planck constant and p is the [Total 9 marks]
momentum of the particle; [3]

7 (a) aspect: or
n
electrons will not be emitted unless the 1.2 = 1
frequency of light exceeds a certain 8.2 2 ()
n = 2.77;
minimum value / electrons are emitted
age = 2.77 × 1.3 × 109
almost instantaneously with the light falling
on the surface even if light is of very low = 3.6 × 109 years; [2]
intensity / the energy of the electrons [Total 7 marks]
emitted is not affected by the intensity of 2
9 (a) qvB = m v ;
light falling on the surface; [1] r
corresponding explanation: hence r = mv ; [2]
Bq
light consists of photons whose energy is m16.5v
m16.5
hf hence no electrons are emitted unless hf (b) 16.5 = Bq
m15v
= ;
15 m15
is larger than the energy needed to escape Bq
m
the metal / an electron is emitted as soon hence Bq = 16.5 ⇒ m16.5 = 22 u; [2]
15 20
as it absorbs a photon. If the photon has (c) atoms on 15 cm path: 10 protons and 10
sufficient energy no delay is required / the neutrons;
intensity of light plays no role in the energy atoms on 16.5 cm path: 10 protons and 12
of the electron only the frequency of light neutrons; [2]
does; [1]
[Total 6 marks]
(b) (i) the threshold frequency is found from
the frequency axis intercept; 10 (a) (i) muon lepton number / electron lepton
to be 3.8 (±0.2) × 1014 Hz; [2] number; [1]
(ii) a value of the Planck constant is (ii) baryon number; [1]
obtained from the slope; (iii) baryon number / electric charge; [1]
to be 6.5 (±0.2) × 10–34 J s; [2] (b) there are eight gluons involved in the strong
Award [0] for ‘bald’ answer of interaction; [1]
6.63 × 10–34 J s. Accept just the name gluons or just
(iii) the work function of the surface is mesons.
found from the intercept with the [Total 4 marks]
vertical axis; to be 1.5 (±0.1) eV; [2]
11 (a) hadron;
(c) straight line parallel to the first;
(Award [1] for ‘bald’ statement and if
intersecting the frequency axis at
reason is wrong)
8.0 × 1014 Hz; [2] any sensible justification; [2]
[Total 10 marks] e.g. ‘contains two quarks’ or ‘hadrons are
either baryons or mesons’.
8 (a) K ➞ 18
40
19
40
Ar + β+(e+) + ν
β /e;
+ +
[2] (b) three quarks;
duu; [2]
(b) 8.2 × 10–6 g; [1]
(c) attempt (even if unsuccessful) to balance
(c) (i) λ = In2 ;
T1 quarks left and right;
() () () () ()
2
s u d u s
= 0.69 9 = 5.3 × 10–10 year–1; [2] to get: + d ➞ + + s
1.3 × 10
u u s s s
(ii) from N = N0e–λt, t = 1 ln N0 ;
( )
λ N correct discussion on how the equation
= 1.9 × 109 × ln (6.8) = 3.6 × 109 years; balances for all quark types; [2]

e.g. compare numbers of quarks on LHS (b) γ
and RHS:
e–
u: – 1 + (1 + 1) ➞ 1 virtual electron
d: 1 ➞ 1
s: 1 ➞ –1 – 1 + (1 + 1 + 1)
[Total 6 marks]
e+ γ
12 (a) (i) colour force / weak force; [1] Award [1] for each correct section of the
(ii) gluon / charged vector boson / W diagram.
boson; [1] e– correct direction and γ ;
(b) in the interaction ν¯ + p = n + e+ charge, e+ correct direction and γ ;
lepton number, and baryon virtual electron / positron; [3]
number are conserved / all conservation Accept all three time orderings.
laws are obeyed; (c) (i) u / up and antidown; [1]
in the interaction ν + p = n + e+ charge and (ii) baryon number is not conserved /
baryon number are conserved / all quarks are not conserved; [1]
conservation laws except lepton number
(d) two identical particles that have half-integer
are obeyed;
spin / fermions cannot occupy the same
lepton number, +1 on the left, –1 on the
quantum state; [1]
right; [3]
(e) quarks are subject to the Pauli exclusion
Essentially look for some detail of the
principle;
conservation laws and some substantiation
the introduction of colour ensures that the
of the violation of lepton number to
principle is not violated; [2]
achieve [3].
[Total 10 marks]
[Total 5 marks]
13 (a) A: π+ meson;
B: muon antineutrino; [2]
Challenge yourself
(b) rest mass is non-zero for W, zero for
photon;
1 2.5 × 1012 J
range of photon is infinite, not for W;
photon mediates electromagnetic force, W
weak force;
photon is uncharged, W is charged; [2]
[Total 4 marks]
14 (a) (i) a particle that cannot be made from

any smaller constituents / particles; [1]
(ii) has the same rest mass (and spin) as
the lepton but opposite charge (and
opposite lepton number); [1]

Answers
Chapter 8
(c) 5 V
Exercises (d) 0.3 A
(e) 6 667
1
light
10 electrical
electrical
light
heat
heat
(For a halogen bulb.)

11 (a) 5.5 MW
2 light
(b) 1.1 MW
electrical
(c) 3.7 MW
mechanical heat
12 (a) 5.8 × 10–6 m
heat (b) 3.54 × 103 W m–2
(c) 18 W
3 (a) 8.64 × 1013 J (b) 2.16 × 1014 J (d) 1.4 W m–2
(c) 6.65 × 106 kg (d)
67 truck loads 13 (a) 531 W m–2
4 (a) 142 Ba ➞ 142 La + β– +ν¯ (b) 31 W m–2
56 57
(b) 9 years (c) 0.31

(d) 531 W m–2
5 (a) 7
(e) 10.3%
(b) Pu ➞ 136
239
94 54
Xe + 40
96
Zr + 7n0
(c) 164 MeV
(d) 239 g
(e) 2.5 × 1024 atoms
Practice questions
(f) 4.13 × 1026 MeV
1 (a) (natural process of) production takes
(g) 6.6 × 1013 J
thousands / millions of years;
6 2.7 × 1012 J fossil fuels used much faster than being
produced / OWTTE;[2]
7 (a) 3.6 × 1010 J
(b) Any two sensible suggestions e.g.
(b) 13 g
storage of radioactive waste;
8 (a) 4000 W increased cost;
(b) 2000 J risk of radioactive contamination etc.; [2]
(c) 28.6°C To achieve full marks the differences must

be distinct.
9 (a) 0.015 W
[Total 4 marks]
(b) 0.03 A
1

2 (a) solar panel: solar energy ➞ thermal energy 4 (a) power = energy = 120 × 1012 ;
time 60 × 60 × 24 × 365
(heat);
= 3.8 × 106 W;
solar cell: solar energy ➞ electrical energy;
therefore, for one turbine = 0.19 MW; [3]
[2]
(b) using p = ρAv , A = 2p3 ;
1 3
(b) (i) input power required = 720 W (± 5 W); 2 ρv
area = 720 = 0.90 m2;[2] therefore, A = 2 × 1.9 × 105 = 4.3 × 102 m2;
800 1.2 × 9.03
(ii) power extracted ≈ 150 W (± 20 W); use A = πr2 to give r = 12 m; [3]
efficiency = power out or 150 ; (allow (c) the wind speed varies over the year / not
power in 500
ECF) all the wind energy will be transferred
= 30%; [3] into mechanical power / energy loss due
[Total 7 marks] to friction in the turbine / energy loss in
converting to electrical energy / density of
3 (a) idea of thermal energy ➞ mechanical
air varies with temperature; [1]
energy / KE ➞ electrical energy;
idea of where or how this takes place; [2] Do not accept something like ‘turbines are
not 100% efficient’.
e.g. in turbines or coil rotated in a magnetic
field. (d) take up so much room;
not possible to produce enough energy to
(b) Mark the answers for the two energy
meet a country’s requirements;
sources together, both non-renewable;
appropriate justification for both; [2] noisy;
and this could have an effect on local fauna,
e.g. in both cases a resource is being used
OWTTE;[2]
and isn’t being replaced / OWTTE.
Award [1] for statement of disadvantage
(c) (i) to slow down fast-moving neutrons;
and [1] for some justification of statement.
so as to increase chances of neutron
capture by another uranium nucleus / [Total 9 marks]
OWTTE;[2] 5 (a) (i) fission [1]
(ii) to absorb neutrons; (ii) kinetic energy [1]
so as to control rate of reaction /
(b) the two neutrons can cause fission in two
OWTTE;[2]
more uranium nuclei producing
(d) any appropriate advantage that coal-fired four neutrons so producing eight etc.;
power station does not have; OWTTE;[1]
e.g. does not release CO2 / SO2 into
(c) (i) the fuel rods contain a lot more 238U
atmosphere / OWTTE.
than 235U;
appropriate discussion relating to
neutron capture is more likely in 238U
advantage;
than 235U with high-energy neutrons;
e.g. so global warming / acid rain effects
but if the neutrons are slowed they are
reduced.[2]
more likely to produce fission in 235U
Allow argument that 1 kg of uranium ‘fuel’
than neutron capture in 238U;[3]
releases more energy w.r.t. 1 kg of coal.
Award [0] for imprecise statements that are
not clear e.g. bald ‘nuclear power stations
pollute less’.
[Total 10 marks]

The argument is a little tricky so be (c) (i) the Earth emits radiation in the infrared
generous. The candidate needs to region of the spectrum;
know about there being two isotopes the greenhouse gases have energy
present in the fuel and something about level differences (in their molecular
the dependence of the fission and energy levels) corresponding to infrared
capture in the two isotopes on neutron energies;
energy. and so the infrared photons are
(ii) c
ontrol the rate at which the reactions absorbed;
take place; or
by absorbing neutrons; [2] the Earth radiates photons of infrared
(d) Look for four of the following main points frequency;
and award [1] each. the greenhouse gas molecules oscillate
energy lost by the slowing of the neutrons / vibrate with frequencies in the infrared
and fission elements heats the pile; region;
this heat extracted by the molten sodium and so because of resonance the
/ pressurized water / other suitable photons are absorbed; [3]
substance; (ii) m
ost incoming radiation consists of
which is pumped to a heat exchanger; photons in the visible / ultraviolet region
water is pumped through the heat / photons of much shorter wavelength
exchanger and turned to steam; than those radiated by the Earth /
the steam drives a turbine; photons of different wavelength from
which is used to rotate coils (or magnets) that radiated by Earth;
placed in a magnetic field (or close to coils); and so these cannot be absorbed; [2]
which produces electrical energy; [4]
(iii) Source: emissions from volcanoes /
Alternatively, award [4] for a good answer, burning of fossil fuels in power plants /
[2] for a fair answer and [1] for a weak cars / breathing;
answer. Sink: oceans / rivers / lakes / seas /
[Total 12 marks] trees;[2]
6 (a) the solar radiation is captured by a disc of [Total 13 marks]

area πR2 where R is the radius of the Earth; 7 (a) energy emitted per unit time / power per
but is distributed (when averaged) over the unit area;
entire Earth’s surface, which has an area proportional to [absolute temperature /
four times as large; [2] temperature in K]4;[2]
Award [1] for reference to absorption/ Must define symbols if used.
reflection.
(b) (i) power = 5.67 × 10–8
(b) (i) 0.700; [1]
× 4π × [7.0 × 108]2 × 58004;
(ii) I (= eσTA )
4
≈ 4.0 × 1026 W [1]
= 0.700 × 5.67 × 10 × 242 ;
–8 4
(ii) incident energy = 3.97 × 10 11 2 ;
26
= 136 W m–2[1] area 4π [1.5 × 10 ]

= 1400 W m–2;[2]
(iii) σTE4 = 136 + 245 W m–2;
hence TE = =4 ( 381
5.67 × 10–8)= 286 K; [2]

(iii) two of: (d) more CO2 / named greenhouse gas
(albedo of Earth means) some radiation released into atmosphere;
is reflected; enhanced greenhouse effect;
Earth’s surface is not always normal to because more reradiation of energy towards
incident radiation; surface;[3]
some energy lost as radiation travels to [Total 15 marks]
Earth;[2]
(iv) power absorbed = power radiated;
uses 5.67 × 10–8 × 2554 = 240 /
evaluates 4 240 ;[2] Challenge yourself
σ
(c) radiation from the Sun is re-emitted at
longer wavelengths; 1 363 m
(longer radiation) wavelengths are absorbed 2 T = 276 K
by greenhouse gases;
some radiation re-emitted back to Earth; [3]

Answers
Chapter 9
15 Both graph and Lorentz transformations agree,
Exercises to give: t = 4 years, x = 6.3 light years
S = –23.7 ly2
1 (a) 8.5 m s–1 S′ = –24 ly2
(b) 10 m 16 4 years
(c) 170 m
17 2.6 light years
2 (a) 1.34
18 7 years
(b) t′ = –2.44 × 10–7 s, x′ = 123.4 m
19 D
epart 2003, arrive 2000; if 2c then
3 event 1 at 6.68 × 10–6 s, event 2 at 6.22 × 10–6 s
simultaneous, can’t calculate γ if v > c
4 2.8 s
20 134 MeVc–1
5 213 s
21 (a) 1183 MeVc–1
6 (a) rocket observer uses same clock so (b) 0.986 c
measures proper time = 2 years
22 (a) 100.5 MeV
(b) 3.3 years
(b) 300.5 MeV
7 1.43 m (c) 260 MeVc–1
8 (a) 5.94 m 23 (a) 950 MeV
(b) 1.42 × 10–7 s (b) 12 MeV
(c) 42.2 m (c) 12 MV
(d) proper time is measured by nucleus frame (d) 0.16 c
of reference
24 1.5 MeV each
(e) proper length measured by Earth observer
25 0.59 MeV c–1
9 (a) 6.25 hours
(b) 3 light hours 26 0.118 MeV
(c) 3.75 hours 27 8.56 × 103 Hz
10 –0.99 c 28 (a) same
11 0.85 c (b) received signal has lower frequency than
transmitted signal
12 0.96 c
29 29.6 km
13 –9.86 × 103 m, –9.87 × 103 m
30 (a) 60.0009 s
14 from graph: t′ = 5 years, x′ = 1 light year
(b) 71.5 s
from Lorentz transformation: t′ = 5.2 years,
x′ = 0.86 light years (c) 84.3 s
S = –26.3 ly2
S′ = –24 ly2

correct general shape;
Practice questions asymptotic to c;[2]
(b) as the speed of the electrons increases SR
1 (a) proper time: the time interval measured by predicts that the mass of the electrons will
an observer of an event that happens at the increase;
same place according to that observer; SR also predicts that at speed c the mass
proper length: the length of an object as will be infinite;
measured by an observer who is at rest so effectively the electrons can never reach
relative to the object; [2] the speed of light; [3]
Do not look for precise wording but look for Look for an answer that shows that mass
the understanding of the quantities in the increases and why the electrons cannot
sense of the words. travel at the speed of light. Students might
quote m = γ m0 and this is fine.
(b) (i) n
o they will not appear to be
(c) (i) γ = 1
simultaneous;
1– 0.972
Look for a discussion along the
to give γ = 4.1;
following lines.
m = γ m0 = 4.1 × 0.51 = 2.1 MeV c–2;
Carmen sees Miguel move away from
Accept m = 3.7 × 10–30 kg.
the signal from A and since Miguel
receives the two signals at the same could also solve from KE = 1.5 MeV;
time; rest mass 0.51 = MeV c–2;
and since the speed of light is therefore total mass = 2.1MeV c–2;
independent of the motion of the [3]
source; = mc2;
(ii) E
Carmen will see the light from A first / = 2.1 MeV; [2]
light from B will reach Carmen after light Accept 3.20 × 10 J. –13
from A / OWTTE;[4]
[Total 10 marks]
(ii) γ = 2;
to give u = 0.87 c (2.6 × 108 m s–1);[2] 3 (a) frame moving with constant velocity / frame
in which Newton’s first law is valid; [1]
(iii) both measure the correct distance;
SR states that there is no preferred (b) T0 = 2D ;[1]
c
reference system / laws of physics are (c) (i) light reflected off mirror when midway
the same for all inertial observers; between F and R; [1]
OWTTE;[2] (ii) F – R = vT;[1]
[Total 10 marks] (iii) ( 12 L) = D2 + ( 12 vT ) ;
2 2
2 (a)
L=2 {D2 + ( 12 vT )2};[2]
v
2 {D2 + ( 12 vT )2}
(iv) T0 = ;
c
c2T02 = 4{D2 + ( 12 vT ) };
2
v=c
use of 4D2 = c2T02;
Tends towards c but doesn’t pass T0
hence T = ;[4]
same at low speeds
(1– cv )2
2
[Total 10 marks]
0
0 V
Key
2 (Newton) (Einstein)

4 (a) rest mass energy is the energy that is 6 (a) Award [2] for good understanding and [1]
needed to create the particle at rest / for some understanding.
reference to E0 = m0c2; a means by which the position of an object
total energy is the addition of the rest can be located / OWTTE;
energy and everything else (kinetic etc.) / some detail e.g. reference to origin/axes; [2]
reference to mass being greater when in Answers will be open-ended.
motion / E = mc2;[2]
(b) c – v;[1]
(b) realization that beta particles are electrons;
(c) c;[1]
so me = 0.511 MeV c–2;
(d) u′ = u – cv
v;
γ = 2.51 ; (= 4.91) [3] 1– c2
0.511
substitute u = c to get u′ = c – cv
v;
Ignore any spurious calculation from Lorentz c2 1–
= c – vv = c(c – v) = c;[3]
factor equation here as the use of this equation 1– c c–v
is rewarded below. Accept answers using + instead of –.
(c) (i) c
orrect substitution into Lorentz factor Award [1] for recognition of correct formula to
equation; use and [1] for correct substitution
to give v = 0.979 c = 2.94 × 108 m s–1;[2] and [1] for at least some algebra.
(ii) correct substitution into (e) (i) time interval of an event that is
observed to happen at the same place
speed = distance ;
time / OWTTE;[1]
to give time = 1.26 ns; [2]
(ii) γ = 2.0;
(d) (i) the detector / the laboratory / OWTTE; 1 ;
2.0 =
[1] 1– cv2
2
(ii) s ame answer as c (i), 2.94 × 108 m s–1; algebra to give v = 0.87 c;[3]

[1] [Total 11 marks]
(iii) realization that length contraction
applies;
7 (a) (i) (
52 light years = 65 years;
0.80 c ) [1]

distance = 37 = 7.5 cm;
γ
[2]
[Total 13 marks]
(
(ii) 52 light
5
3
)
years = 31.2 light years; [1]
(iii) time to reach planet according to s

5 (a) the speed of light in a vacuum is the same
for all inertial observers;
(
pacecraft is 31.2 light years = 39 years;
0.80 c )
so Amanda is 59 years old;
the laws of physics are the same in all
inertial frames of reference; [2] or
(b) (i) this faster than light speed is not the leaving Earth and arriving at planet
speed of any physical object / occur at the same point for Amanda;
inertial observer and so is not in so time taken is 65 = 39 years,
5
violation of the theory of SR; [1] 3
(ii) u′ = u – uv
v with v = –0.80 c and hence age is 59 years old; [2]
1– c2
u = 0.80 c so that
u′ = 0.80 c + 0.80 c ;
0.80 c × 0.80 c
1+ c2
u′ = 1.60 c ;
1.64
u′ = 0.98 c;[3]
[Total 6 marks]
3

(b) let the required time be denoted by T; signal (ii) ∆t = 1 = 10;
reaches Earth after travelling a distance of ∆t0 1– Rs
r
cT; 1 = 1 – Rs ⇒ Rs = 0.99;
this distance is 31.2 light years plus the 100 r r
r = 1.01 Rs and so distance = 0.01 Rs;[3]
distance travelled by Earth in time T i.e.
31.2 + 0.80 cT; [Total 8 marks]
cT = 31.2 + 0.80cT ⇒ T = 156 years; [3] 9 (a) particle A: (the total energy is) the rest mass
Award [2] for use of ct = 0.80 ct + 52 and energy;
an answer of 260 years. particle B: (the total energy is) the rest mass
or energy plus the kinetic energy;
the events ‘spacecraft leaves Earth’ and Do not accept E2 = p2c2 + m02c4 as answer.
‘signal arrives at Earth’ are separated by a [2]
proper time interval for the Earth observers; (b) (i) u′x = 0.960 + 0.960 c;
1 + 0.960
2
this time interval is 65 + 52 = 117 years;
= 0.999c;[2]
so spacecraft observers measure a time
interval of 53 × 117 = 195 years; so signal (ii) γ = 3.57;
takes 195 – 39 = 156 years to arrive on E = (γ m0c2 =) 3.57 × 938 MeV;
Earth; = 3.35 GeV [2]
[Total 7 marks] (c) (i) e

nergy before collision = (3.35 + 3.35)
= 6.70 GeV;
8 (a) distance from singularity at which light can energy of p + n = (6700 – 502)
no longer escape / OWTTE;[1] = 6.20 GeV; [2]
(
(b) RS = 2GM )
= 2 × 6.7 × 10× × 82.0 × 1031
–11
2
c [3.0 2
10 ] (ii) 5
022 = p2c2 + 1402;
= 3.0 × 10 m;4
[2] p = 482 MeV c–1;[2]
(c) (i) p
hotons move upwards through (d)
gravitational field and so lose energy; n0
since E = hf, frequency decreases;
or
if space station were accelerating away
from starship,
signal would undergo Doppler shift
towards lower frequency;
by equivalence principle, passing
through gravitational field has same π+
effect as acceleration; [2]
or
the inverse of frequency is period that
can be used as a clock; as shown; (accept between 7 o’clock and 9
since time slows down near a massive o’clock)[1]
body, the period and so frequency [Total 11 marks]
must change;

Answers
Chapter 10
18 (a) 500 rad s–2
Exercises (b) 7.96 revolutions
(c) 224 rad s–1
1 300 g
19 (a) –0.1 N m (anticlockwise)
2 0.2 m
(b) –250 rad s–2
3 (a) 10 000 N (c) 2.51 s
(b) 267 N
20 (a) 500 N m
(c) 3000 N
(b) 3 rad s–2
4 210 N at one end and 690 N at the other end
21 (a) 79 J
5 0.1 m (b) 316 J
6 (a) 509 N (c) 0.012 J
(b) 360 N 22 8J
(c) 240 N
23 v = 6gh
5
7 (a) 933 N
the solid ball takes less time
(b) 660 N
24 (a) 0.25 J
(c) –60 N
(b) 0.85 m s–1
8 75 N
(c) 0.29 m
9 0.375 (d) 0.68 s
–1
10 (a) 16 rad s 25 3.14 × 10–2 kg m2 s–1
(b) 8.75 revolutions
26 0.157 kg m2 s–1
11 (a) –25π = –78.54 rad s–2
27 (a) 4.675 kg m2
(b) 0.4 s
(b) 0.925 kg m2
–2
12 (a) 0.4 rad s (c) 5.1 revolutions–1
(b) 1 m s–2 (d) before: 92.3 J; after: 475 J
13 (a) 0.5π = 1.57 rad s–1 (e) work done pulling her arms in
(b) child at 2 m: π = 3.14 m s–1; 28 (a) 1.125 × 10–2 kg m2
–1
child at 0.5 m: 0.25π = 0.79 m s (b) 1.225 × 10–2 kg m2
(c) child at 2 m: 98.7 N, child at 0.5 m: 24.7 N (c) 0.92 π = 2.9 rad s–1
14 32 rad s–2 29 (a) 0.5 kg m2 s–1
15 7.85 N (b) 5 m s–1
16 15 rad s–2 30 9.4 kJ
17 15 rad s–2 31 8.28 × 10–21 J

32 (a) 700 K 38 (a) (i) –1.25 J K–1
(b) 350 K (ii) 2 J K–1
(c) 5.25 J (b) 0.75 J K–1
(d) 3.5 J 39 otherwise entropy would be reduced
(e) heat loss = 8.75 J
40 (a) 105 Pa
33 (a) 1050 K (b) 1500 N
(b) 11.6 J
41 569 N
(c) 11.6 J
5 42 (a) 600 kg m–3
34 (a) PV 3 = constant
(b) 4000 N
(b) 8.3 J
(c) 1040 K 44 67 cm3
(d) 510 K 45 3 m s–1

(e) –7.95 J 46 7.6 m s–1
(f) 0.35 J (should be 0 J)
47 10 m s–1
35 (a) P
48 (a) 9.4 × 10–4 m3 s–1
D C
200 kPa
(b) 0.33 m s–1
(c) 504.4 kPa
100 kPa
A B 49 (a) 3.53 × 10–4 m3 s–1
(b) 4.5 m s–1
250 cm3 500 cm3 V (c) 290 kPa
(b) 600 K, 1200 K, 600 K 50 21.5 m s–1
(c) 25 J
51 18 kPa
(d) 50 J
52 6.5 × 10–5 m3 s–1
(e) –25 J
53 1.97 m s–1
36 (a) 245 J
(b) 50 J 54 950 kg m–3
(c) 320 J 55 6.3 × 10–5 m3 s–1
(d) 135 J
56 9.8
(e) 185 J
57 (a) D is same length as A so resonance – this
37 (a) 525 K implies a π/2 phase difference.
(b) 360 K B is much shorter so driver has lower
(c) 0.31 frequency – it will be in phase.
(d) 1.4 J F is much longer so driver has higher
(e) 4.8 J frequency – it will have a π phase difference.
(f) 0.29 C and E will be somewhere in between.
(b) D has highest amplitude as it resonates with
the driver.
2

(e) The increase in KE is due to the work done
Practice questions by the child pulling himself towards the
centre. [2]
1 (a) no resultant force (in any direction); [Total 11 marks]
no resultant torque (about any axis); [2] 3 C [1]
(b) force from base to spine anywhere to the
4 (a) statement (implication) that work done is
right and up the page;
associated with area within the rectangle;
correctly so that resultant force = zero ;
Do not award mark for just ‘area’ without
[2]
reference.
calculation of 2 × 105 × 8 = 1.6 × 106 J; [2]
(b) thermal energy from hot reservoir
m
1.0 = 1.8 × 106 + 1.6 × 106 J
m
0.8 70°
= 3.4 × 106 J;
R work done
efficiency =
S thermal energy from hot reservoir
6
10° = 1.6 × 106
F m 3.4 × 10
base of spine 0.5 = 47%; [2]
6
[0] for 1.6 × 106 = 89%.
1.8 × 10
F
R
(c) closed cycle of rough approximate shape;
S
quality of diagram (adiabatic ‘steeper’ than
(c) use of torque = force × perpendicular isothermal etc.); [2]
distance;
pressure
to give torque = S sin (70°) × 0.8 (= 0.752 S);

[2] isothermal
adiabatic
(d) correct balance of torques;
F sin (10°) × 0.5 = S sin (70°) × 0.8
adiabatic
to give F = 0.8 sin (70°) = 8.66 ≈ 9; [2]
S 0.5 sin (10°)
[Total 8 marks]
isothermal
2 (a) The radius should be marked as 2 m.
Moment of inertia = Idisc + Ichild = 12 md r2 + mcr2
= 0.5 × 60 × 22 + 40 × 22; volume
I = 280 kg m2; [2] (d) (i) adiabatic (expansion and contraction);

(b) L = Iω = 280 × π = 880 kg m s 2 –1
[1] isothermal (expansion and contraction);
[2]
(c) I1ω1 = I2ω2
I2 = 0.5 × 60 × 22 + 40 × 12 = 160 kg m2
Iω
ω2 = 1I 1 = 880 = 5.50 rad s–1 [3]
2 160
(d) KE = 12 Iω2;
Initial KE = 0.5 × 280 × π2 = 1380 J;
Final KE = 0.5 × 160 × 5.52 = 2420 J;
Change in KE: 2420 – 1380 = 1040 J; [3]
3

(ii) correct ‘sense’ of adiabatic followed by (b) area between lines AB, AC and BC shaded;
isothermal etc.; [1]
e.g. adiabatic (expansion) then (c) area is 150 (±15) small squares;
isothermal (contraction) then
(allow ECF from b)
adiabatic (contraction) then
work done = 1.5 × 1 × 10–3 × 1 × 105;
isothermal (expansion) then
= 150 J; [3]
correct identification of adiabatic as
the steeper curve when compared with For any reasonable approximate area
isothermal; [2] outside the range 150 (±15) squares award
[2] for the calculation of energy from the
[Total 10 marks]
area.
5 (a) isothermal: takes place at constant (d) no thermal energy enters or leaves /
temperature; ΔQ = 0;
adiabatic: no energy exchange between so work done seen as increase in internal
gas and surroundings; [2] energy;
(b) (i) neither; [1] hence temperature rises; [3]
(ii) ΔW = PΔV = 1.2 × 105 × 0.05 Award [0] for a mere quote of the 1st law.
3
= 6.0 × 10 J; [1] [Total 9 marks]
(iii) recognize to use ΔQ = ΔU + ΔW;
8 (a) Volume per second = Av = π × 0.022 × 0.5
to give ΔU = 2.0 × 103 J; [2]
= 6.3 × 10–4 m3 s–1; [1]
[Total 6 marks]
(b) Using continuity equation
6 (a) (i) on – gas is compressed [1] A1v1 = A2v2
Correct answer and correct π × 0.022 × 0.5 = π × 0.0152 × v2; [1]
explanation. v2 = 0.9 m s ;–1
[1]
(ii) ejected from – pressure remains (c) Using Bernoulli equation
constant, volume reduced
P1 + 12 ρv12 + ρgh1 = P2 + 12 ρv22 + ρgh2; [1]
so temperature must go down [1]
300 × 103 + 0.5 × 103 × 0.52 + 103 × 10 × 0
Correct answer and correct
explanation. = P2 + 0.5 × 103 × 0.92 + 103 × 10 × 5 [1]
3
(b) work done = pΔV; (300 + 0.125 – 0.405 – 50) × 10
= –1.0 × 105 × 0.4 = –0.40 × 105 J (40 kJ); = 250 kPa; [1]
[2] [Total 6 marks]
Sign should be consistent with a (i) 9 (a) Using Bernoulli equation
above. Work ‘by’ and + work would get
P1 + 12 ρv12 + ρgh1 = P2 + 12 ρv22 + ρgh2
zero for a (i) but [2] marks here.
Assume difference in height is negligible; [1]
(c) area enclosed;
P1 + 12 ρv12 = P2 + 12 ρv22
0.6 (±0.2) × 105 J (60 kJ ± 20 kJ); [2]
P1 – P2 = 12 ρ(v22 – v12)
(d) efficiency = work out ;
heat in
= 0.5 × 1.3 × (3402 – 2902); [1]
= 60 = 50% (±17%); [2]
120 ΔP = 2.05 × 10 Pa; 4
[1]
[Total 8 marks]
4
(b) Upward force = ΔP × A = 2.05 × 10 × 90
7 (a) pV constant for isothermal / adiabatic = 1.8 × 106 N [2]
always steeper;
[Total 5 marks]
hence AB; [2]
4

Answers
Chapter 11
21 5 cm
Exercises
22 8.75 × 10–3 rad
1 25 cm 23 36°
2 (a) 15 cm (b) real 24 (a) 10 dB (b) 7 dB

(c) 0.5 (c) 20 dB
3 6.67 cm 25 (a) 10 dB (b) 0.1 mW
4 (a) –7.5 cm (b) virtual 26 (a) 5.6 × 10–2 mm–1 (b) 12.4 mm

(c) 1.5 27 (a) 0.693 mm–1 (b) 0.0625 kW m–2
5 (a) 5 m (b) 5.05 cm 28 (a) 0.153 mm–1 (b) 4.5 mm
(c) 0.01 (d)
0.01 m
29 9.3%, 1.4%
6 (a) 6.67 cm (b) 0.33
30 (a) 1.63 × 106 kg m2 s–1
7 (a) –28.3 cm (b) 0.057 (b) 7.18 × 106 kg m2 s–1
8 12 cm, real (c) 1.33 × 106 kg m2 s–1
9 8.75 × 10–3 rad 31 fat and bone
10 4 × 10–3 rad 32 39.7%
11 4.16 cm 33 (a) 4.5 cm (b) 4.5 cm
12 6
13 v = 17.1 cm, real
hi = 1.42 cm Practice questions
14 v = –10 cm, virtual
1 (a) (i) it is the point on the principal axis;
hi = 4 cm
through which a ray parallel to the
15 f = 12 cm principal axis passes after going
through the lens; [2]
16 v = –3.33 cm
Award [0] if focal point is defined as a
hi = 1.33 cm
distance.
17 (a) 3 cm (b) 4.17 cm
converging lens
(c) 7.17 cm
18 u = 1.06 cm
M = 120 principal axis
F O F
19 (a) 146 × 10–6 m (b) 8.1 × 10–7 m
20 (a) 10 (b) 110 cm

(c) 11 cm

(ii) Award [2] for any two appropriate rays 3 (a) (i) correct use of sign convention
and [1] for correct positioning of the ( 20
1 = 1 + 1 ;
24 v )
image (upright). [3] v = 120 mm; [2]
(iii) it is virtual because no rays pass (ii) real because v > 0 / image is formed
through the image / cannot be formed by real rays (and not their extensions) /
on a screen; [1] can be focused on a screen / rays are
Award [0] if no explanation is provided. convergent; [1]
(b) (i) 1+1=1 (iii) correct use of sign convention
u v f
1+ 1 = 1 ; ( 60
1 =– 1 + 1 ;
240 u )
v 6.25 5.0 u = 48 mm; [2]
v = –25 cm, so distance is 25 cm; [2]
(b) M = 120 × 240 or M = 120 × 240 + 1 ;
24 48 24 60
Accept negative sign in answer for
M = 25; [2]
distance.
Award [1] for answer of 20.
(ii) M = v
u [Total 7 marks]
M = 25 = 5 (magnification is always
5 4 (a) 1 MHz ➞ 20 MHz; [1]
positive)
(b) (i) to ensure that no air is trapped
L′ = 5 × 0.8 = 4.0 cm; [2] between transmitter and skin;
[Total 10 marks] otherwise nearly all the transmitted
pulse will be reflected at the
2 (a)
surface of the skin; [2]
(ii)
A D
I2 d
L1 L2 C
O
O ultrasound
transmitter
and receiver
F
l
I1 layer of fat
and skin B
layer of fat
and skin
A and B correct;
C and D correct; [2]
two correct construction rays; (iii) pulse takes 100 μs to travel 2d;
therefore d = ct = 1.5 × 10 × 100 × 10 ;
3 –6
dotted lines back to I2 to give F, 4.5 (±1) cm
2 2
from L2; [2] to give d = 75 mm;
(b) (i) 2; [1] similarly l = 1.5 × 10 × 50 × 10
3 –6
2
(ii) 3; [1] = 130 mm; [4]
(c) 6; [1] Allow for ECF here e.g. if ‘d’ is marked
[Total 5 marks] as being between A and B.

(c) B-scan gives a three-dimensional image; or
OWTTE;[1] the transmitted intensity must be
(d) advantage: (1 – 0.8) × 20 = 4 units;
non-ionizing (not as harmful as X-rays / by drawing a second graph
OWTTE); corresponding to the half-value
Any one of the following: thickness of 8 mm;
disadvantages: and finding the thickness corresponding
small depth of penetration; to a transmitted intensity of 4 units of
limit to size of objects that can be imaged; about 18.6 (±1) mm;
blurring of images due to reflection at [Total 13 marks]
boundaries;[2]
6 (a) the thickness needed to cause a beam to
[Total 12 marks] attenuate / be reduced in intensity by 50% /
5 (a) (i) X-rays; OWTTE;[1]
because they can easily distinguish (b) indication that the ratio between the linear
between flesh and bone to get a clear attenuation coefficients must be the same
image of the fracture; [2] as the ratio between half-value thicknesses
(ii) ultrasound; / μTx 1 T = μBx 1 B;
2 2
because it gives reasonably clear (therefore) linear attenuation coefficient for
images in the womb without bone = 150 × 0.035;
harmful radiation; [2] = 5.3 cm–1[2]
(b) (i) the half-value thickness is that (c) (i) substitution into I = I0e–μx,
thickness of lead which (for this IB = IAe–0.035 × 5.0;
particular beam); IB = 0.84
[2]
will reduce the intensity of the IA
(transmitted) beam by 50%; [2] (ii) substitution to give IC = 2.2 × 10–12[1]
IB
(ii) the half-value thickness corresponds to
(d) all X-rays stopped by bone so total shadow;
an intensity of 10 units;
few X-rays stopped by soft tissue / muscle;
and so equals 4 mm; [2]
so (good) contrast between (air), muscle,
(iii) the transmitted intensity must be and bone; [3]
20% × 20 = 4 units;
[Total 9 marks]
corresponding to a thickness of lead of
about 9.3 (±0.2) mm; [2] 7 (a) (i) sound at frequency above 20 kHz /
(iv) the transmitted intensity must be above the upper limit of hearing of a
(1 – 0.8) × 20 = 4 units; human being; [1]
x x
using 4 = 20(0.5) 8 ⇒ (0.5) 8 = 0.20; (ii) a
lternating voltage is applied to a
we find a thickness of 18.6 (±1) mm; [3] crystal;
forces the crystal to vibrate, emitting
ultrasound;[2]
(b) Z = ρc = 2800 × 1.5 × 103
= 4.2 × 106 (kg m–2 s–1);[1]
(c) (i) the brain is made of uniform tissue, i.e.
Z1 = Z2;
and so no features can be distinguished
since no reflection can take place; [2]
3

IO ( 430 + 1.6 × 10 )
(ii) IR = 430 – 1.6 × 10 6 ;
6
(d) (i) time to travel from transducer to
stomach is 50 = 25 μs;
IR = 0.9989 ≈ 1.0; 2
[2]
IO distance (1600 × 25 × 10–6)
(iii) most of the ultrasound is reflected = 4.0 × 10–2 m = 4.0 cm ; [2]
when the impedances of the two media (ii) B
-scans produce two-dimensional
are different; images whereas A-scans are one
the gel makes sure that the ultrasound dimensional;
enters tissue from a medium of B-scans provide real time ‘video’
approximately the same impedance; [2] images;[2]
[Total 14 marks]

Answers
Chapter 12
13
Exercises spectral type
O B A F G K M
10 6
–10
100 R 1000 R (I)
1 4.2 light years 10 R f. Betelgeuse M2I –8
10 5
red giants (II)
2 8 min 20 s e. Cassiopeiae M1III –6
104
d. Mira M7III –4
3 1.5 × 105 years 103 1R (III)
–2
absolute magnitude (M)

102 main sequence
4 1.3 pc, 1.56 arcsec (IV)
0
luminosity (L)
10 1
0.1 R a. Beta Pictoris A5V g. Eridani K1V 2
5 40 pc
c. Eta Arietis F5V 4
100 Sun (V)
6 3.18 μm; too small to measure on photograph 6
10–1 0.01 R (VI) 8
7 Betelgeuse 1 (0.4)
10–2 white dwarfs b. 61 Cygni A K5V
Meissa 4 (3.5) (VII) 10
Bellatrix 2 (1.64) 10–3

0.001 R 12
red dwarfs 14
Alnilam 3 (1.7) 10–4
40 000 20 000 10 000 5000 2300
Alnitak 3 (2)
temperature (K)
Mintaka 3 (2.23)
Saiph 2 (2.09) 14 (a) 7250 K (b) 3.84 × 1026 W
(actual magnitudes from Wikipedia in brackets)
(c) 826 light years
8 (a) 1.36 × 10 W m 3 –2
15 (a) 10 L (b) 2 R
(b) 3.2 × 10–10 W m–2
(c) 8000 K (d) 22.2 pc
9 (a) 1.2 × 10–7 W m–2
16 M = 1.9 M
(b) 7.9 × 10–9 W m–2
17 490 pc
10 5.6 × 103 light years
18 0.2 Δt
11 4.2 × 1030 W
19 1200 Mpc
12 (a) 7.25 × 103 K
20 17 M , so probably big enough to be a black
(b) 1.6 × 108 W m–2
hole
21 3.17 × 107 m s–1
22 3.25 × 107 m s–1; it is further away since it is

moving fast
23 2.1 Mpc
24 1440 km s–1
25 9.7 × 10–27 kg m–3

6 atoms m–3
26 1.06 mm

27 9.7 × 10–7, 1.09 × 103 2 (a)
28 9.2 × 10–4
Practice questions
1 (a) (i) spectral class; [1]

Accept colour sequence.
(ii) absolute magnitude; [1]
(b) [4]
Earth Earth
Star Type of star July January
A main sequence;
Mark the definition of p and description of
B super red giant; its measurement along with the diagram.
C white dwarf; Essentially diagram should show:
p;
D main sequence;
position of Sun;
Award [1] for each correct name. position of Earth;
(c) B more luminous than A; then definition of
and has lower temperature than A; p = (distance of Earth from Sun) ;
so from the Stefan–Boltzmann law; (distance of star from Sun)
diagram should show Earth positions
B has greater area (radius); [3]
separated by about six months;
(d) use of L = 4πbd2;
then description should mention that angle
from the HR diagram LB = 106 L ;
of sight is measured at these two positions
2
therefore LB = 106 = 7.0 × 10 ×3 dB ;
–8
such that the difference between these two
L 1.4 × 10
angles is equal to 2p;[6]
to give dB = 1.4 × 108 AU (≈ 700 pc); [4]
Award [6] for a clear description and
No mark is awarded for the conversion from
diagram, [3] for an average and [1] for
AU to pc.
some rudimentary idea. Mark diagram and
(e) at this distance the parallax angle is too
description together.
small to be measured accurately;
(b) d = 1 = 1 = 1.82 pc;
OWTTE;[1] p 0.549
Do not accept ‘it’s too far away’. = 1.82 × 3.26 = 5.94 light years; [2]
[Total 14 marks] (c) (i) the radiant power from a star;
that is incident per m2 of the Earth’s
surface;
Alternatively, define from b = L
4π d2
but terms must be defined to obtain the
mark.
definition of L;
definition of d;[2]

(ii) L = 4πd2b; distances to galaxies are then
therefore, LB = dB2bB ; measured if the Cepheid can be
2

LS dS bS ascertained to be within a specific
dS = 1AU, dB = 3.8 × 105 AU; galaxy;[3]
therefore, Marks can be back credited from
LB = (3.8)2 × 1010 × 2.6 × 10–14 answer d (ii).
LS
(d) (i) b = L ⇒ 1.25 × 10–10 = 7.2 × 1029 ;
= 3.8 × 10–3;[4] 4π d2 4π d2
Allow any answer between 3.0 × 10–3 7.2 × 1029
d= ;
and 4.0 × 10–3. 4π × 1.25 × 10–10
(d) (i) temperature too low for it to be a white d = 2.14 (±0.2) × 1019 m; [3]
dwarf;[1] ward [1] for each relevant and
(ii) A
(ii) luminosity too low for it to be a red appropriate comment to the phrase
giant;[1] ‘standard candles’ up to [2] e.g.
[Total 16 marks] the phrase standard candle means
having a source (of light) with known
3 (a) (i) luminosity is the total power radiated by luminosity;
a star / source; [1] measuring the period of a Cepheid
Do not accept L = σAT . 4
allows its luminosity to be estimated /
(ii) a
pparent brightness is the power from other stars in the same galaxy can be
a star received by an observer on compared with this known luminosity;
Earth per unit area of the observer’s [2]
instrument of observation; [1] [Total 13 marks]
Accept b = L 2 if L and d are defined.
4π d 4 (a) if less than ρ0, Universe will expand for
(b) the surface area / size of the star changes evermore;
periodically (owing to interactions of matter if greater than ρ0, Universe will expand;
and radiation in the stellar atmosphere); [1] and then contract; [3]
(c) (i) a
t two days the radius is larger / point (b) (i) substitution to give
A; ρ0 = 1.3 × 10–26 kg m–3;[1]
because then the luminosity is higher
umber density = (1.3 × 10 –27) , about
–26
(ii) n
and so the area is larger; [2] (1.66 × 10 )
7 or 8 m–3;[1]
Award [0] if no explanation is provided.
Note: unit is m–3.
ward [1] for each relevant and
(ii) A
[Total 5 marks]
appropriate comment to the
process of using Cepheid variables up 5 (a) (i) R shown amongst scattered points in
to [3] e.g. upper right of diagram
Cepheid variables show a relationship W shown in lower region below main
between period and luminosity; sequence, about centrally; [1]
hence measuring the period gives the shown on main sequence, about 1
(ii) S
3
luminosity and hence the distance way up; [1]
(through b = L ); Allow the position of S anywhere
4π d2
between 1 and 1 way up.
4 2

(iii) path shown to region of red giant; (b) according to the Big Bang model the
then continuing to region of white temperature of the Universe (and the
dwarf;[2] radiation it contained) in the distant past
(b) (when forming a red giant) the star is was very high;
expanding; the temperature falls as the Universe
more power but over a much larger area, so expands and so does the temperature of
cooler;[2] the radiation in the Universe; [2]
[Total 6 marks] (c) (Hubble’s law shows that) the Universe is
expanding;
6 (a) T = 2.9 ××10 –3 ;
–3
1.07 10 therefore in the distant past the Universe

T = 2.7 K; [2] must have been a very small / hot / dense
Accept wavelengths in the range 1.05 point-like object;
to 1.10 for a temperature range 2.64 to or
2.76 K. Doppler shift of spectral lines;
Award [0] for bald answer. indicates galaxies moving away so in the
past they were close to each other; [2]
[Total 6 marks]

Physics HL - ANSWERS - Chris Hamper - Second Edition - Pearson 2014

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ANSWERS

2 (a) 5.59 × 106 m (b) 1.75 m 19 8.66 km

4 (a) 2 × 10–1 kg (b) 1 × 10–8 kg

9 5.48 × 103 kg m–3 150

proportional to the mass of the apples.

half area of graph paper at least to be used;

M01_IBPH_SB_IBGLB_9021_ANS.indd 1 16/07/2014 09:39

M01_IBPH_SB_IBGLB_9021_ANS.indd 2 16/07/2014 09:39

1 (a) 27.8 m s–1 (b) 5.6 m s–1 a

2 (a) 4.2 m s–1 (b) 0 m s–1

4 4.1 m s–1 , direction is 14° W of S s

8 40 m negative gradient C

18 (a) 30° (b) 17.3 m

M02_IBPH_SB_IBGLB_9021_ANS.indd 1 16/07/2014 09:38

21 (a) 10 N to the right 41 (a) –1300 J (b) dog

(b) 5.8 N 31° above the horizontal, to the right 42 0 J

22 (a) 40 N (b) 69 N 43 –300 J

23 (a) –74 N to the left 44 (a) 2 cm (b) 4 N

(b) 45 N 63.4° above the horizontal, (c) F

24 (a) 4 N down slope (b) 4 N, 37.6°

26 (a) F = T sin 30° (b) 10 = T cos 30° 2 cm 4 cm x

(c) 11.5 N (d)

27 (a) F = 50 sin 30° (b) 50 cos 30° = N 45 1950 J

35 682.5 N 53 (a) –10.83 m s –1 (b) 521.3 J

36 (a) 40 N (b) 150 m s–2 54 velocities swap

37 (a) force on gas = –force on rocket 55 800 W

38 (a) 9 m s–1 (b) –1 m s–1 59 42 kJ

M02_IBPH_SB_IBGLB_9021_ANS.indd 2 16/07/2014 09:38

work done = 2500 × 9.2 = 23 000 J

M02_IBPH_SB_IBGLB_9021_ANS.indd 3 16/07/2014 09:39

M02_IBPH_SB_IBGLB_9021_ANS.indd 4 16/07/2014 09:39

loss in KE = 6000 J; [2] Watch for incorrect mass values in

M02_IBPH_SB_IBGLB_9021_ANS.indd 5 16/07/2014 09:39

initial drawn velocity horizontal; (judge

M02_IBPH_SB_IBGLB_9021_ANS.indd 6 16/07/2014 09:39

1 (a) 7.12 × 10–6 m3

19 292 kPa 2 (a) more energetic molecules leave surface;

M03_IBPH_SB_IBGLB_9021_ANS.indd 1 16/07/2014 09:38

M03_IBPH_SB_IBGLB_9021_ANS.indd 2 16/07/2014 09:38

M03_IBPH_SB_IBGLB_9021_ANS.indd 3 16/07/2014 09:38

1 (a) 31.4 m (b) 0 m 23 1.5 hours

12 90 J Do not penalize candidates if they state

M04_IBPH_SB_IBGLB_9021_ANS.indd 1 22/07/2014 16:25

statement even if the reason is wrong.) 0 = Mp2 – Mm2 ;

4 (a) (i) Vsurface = –6.3 (± 0.3) × 107 J kg–1 [1]

M04_IBPH_SB_IBGLB_9021_ANS.indd 2 22/07/2014 16:25

6 (a) (i) 1 each for correct arrow and (any

1 72 km h–1, 241 km h–1

weight (mg) Do not accept ‘gravity’.

Award [1] for arrows in correct direction

M04_IBPH_SB_IBGLB_9021_ANS.indd 3 22/07/2014 16:25

1 b 21 (a) 33.2 cm (b) 2

19 (a) π (b) π 41 95 nm

M05_IBPH_SB_IBGLB_9021_ANS.indd 1 16/07/2014 09:37

3 (a) (i) distance travelled per unit time;

(b) (i) wavefront parallel to D; [1] (c) (i) (1200

(ii) frequency is constant; (ii) ( 1200

M05_IBPH_SB_IBGLB_9021_ANS.indd 2 16/07/2014 09:38

M05_IBPH_SB_IBGLB_9021_ANS.indd 3 16/07/2014 09:38

M05_IBPH_SB_IBGLB_9021_ANS.indd 4 16/07/2014 09:38

M05_IBPH_SB_IBGLB_9021_ANS.indd 5 16/07/2014 09:38

3 5.7 × 10–10 N C–1 22 3 eV

4 (a) 1.8 × 106 N C–1 23 (a) 7.1 × 10–6 m3

(b) 4.5 × 105 N C–1 (b) 8.5 × 1028 m–3

(b) 45 N 63.4° above the horizontal, (c) F

loss in KE = 6000 J; [2] Watch for incorrect mass values in

3 (a) (i) distance travelled per unit time;

(b) (i) wavefront parallel to D; [1] (c) (i) (1200

(ii) frequency is constant; (ii) ( 1200

6 (a) the solar radiation is captured by a disc of [Total 13 marks]

= 136 W m–2[1] area 4π [1.5 × 10 ]

(ii) s ame answer as c (i), 2.94 × 108 m s–1; algebra to give v = 0.87 c;[3]

(iii) time to reach planet according to s

[Total 7 marks] (c) (i) e