ı Short (retracted) Half-close Slightly spread front lips e Short Front Between half- Slightly spread close lips and half-open æ Short Front Above fully open ʌ Short Central Between half- open and open a: Long Back Open o Short Back Between open Slightly rounded and half-open つ: Long Back Between half- Rounded close and half-open ʊ Short back→center Slightly higher Rounded half-close u: Long Back Close Closely rounded ɜ: Long Central Between half- Neutral close and half-open ə Short Central Central neutral