Nitish

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering
B.N. College of Engineering & Technology Telecom Network
CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION TO BSNL
India is the fourth largest telecom market in Asia after China, Japan and South Korea.
The Indian telecom network is the eighth largest in the world.
TYPE: COMMUNICATION SERVICE PROVIDER

COUNTRY: INDIA
AVAILABLITY: NATIONAL EXCEPT DELHI & MUMBAI
OWNER: THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA
WEBSITE: www.bsnl.co.in
1.1 HOW BSNL CAME IN TELECOM MARKET:
The initial phase of telecom reforms began in 1984 with the creation of Center for
Department of Telematics (C-DOT) for developing indigenous technologies and
private manufacturing of customer premise equipment. Soon after, the Mahanagar
Telephone Nigam Limited (MTNL) and Videsh Sanchar Nigam Limited (VSNL) were
set up in 1986.The Telecom Commission was established in 1989. A crucial aspect of
the institutional reform of the Indian telecom sector was setting up of an independent
regulatory body in 1997 – the Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI), to
assure investors that the sector would be regulated in a balanced and fair manner. In
2000, DoT corporatized its services wing and created Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited.
1.2 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK:
It is defined as the system of formal laws, regulations, and procedures, and informal
conventions, customs, and norms, that broaden, mold, and restrain socio-economic
activity and behavior. The country has been divided into units called Circles, Metro
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Districts, Secondary Switching Areas (SSA), Long Distance Charging Area (LDCA)
and Short Distance Charging Area (SDCA).
In India, DoT is the nodal agency for taking care of telecom sector on behalf of
government.
Its basic functions are:
· Policy Formulation
· Review of performance
· Licensing
· Wireless spectrum management
· Administrative monitoring of PSUs
· Research & Development
· Standardization/Validation of Equipment
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1.3 BSNL CONTRIBUTION TO DEVELOPMENT OF TELECOM:
Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited was formed in year 2000 and took over the service
providers role from DOT. BSNL’s roadmap for providing customer with access to the
latest telecommunications services without losing sight of universal service access has
been by way of utilizing optimally the existing infrastructure and accelerating
advances in technological component by innovative absorption.
ACHIEVEMENTS OF BSNL:
· BSNL has a customer base of over 9 crore and is the fourth largest integrated
telecom operator in the country.
· BSNL is the market leader in Broadband, landline and national transmission

network.
· BSNL is also the only operator covering over 5 lakh village with telecom
connectivity.
· Area of operation of BSNL is all India except Delhi & Mumbai.
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CHAPTER-2
WORKING OF BASIC TELECOMMUNICATION NETWORK
This section includes brief introduction of how a call is processed when we dial a call
from basic telephone to another basic telephone or from basic to mobile or vice versa.
2.1 CALL SETUP:
· When a subscriber calls to another subscriber first its request goes to the nearest
switching centre that is PSTN (Public Switching Telecommunication Network).
Then it processes the caller and subscriber’s number if it exists in the same BSC
then call setup is completed.
· If subscriber is not in the same BSC (Base Switching Centre) then call transfer to
MSC (Main Switching Centre) then it transfers the call to prior BSC then call
setup is completed.
· If Caller calls to a mobile subscriber then call transfer is done by MTSO now call
transfer is done on BTSs (Base Transceiver Station) and call setup is completed.
FIG 2.1 HOW LINE REACHES FROM SUBSCRIBER TO EXCHANGE

(REF- 1)
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FUNCTION OF EXCHANGE:
· Exchange of information with subscriber lines with other exchange. This is done
by two type of signaling:
1. Inchannel signaling
2. Common channel signaling
· Processing of signaling information and controlling the operation of signaling

network.
· Charging and billing.
2.2 ELECTRONIC EXCHANGE:
· All control functions by series of instructions are stored in memory.
· Memories are modifiable and control program can always be rewritten. For each
call processing step decision is taken according to class of service.
2.3 CARRIER ROOM:
Leased line connectivity is provided in carrier room. This room has two parts:
1. Conventional leased line system
2. MLLN
2.3.1 CONVENTIONAL LEASED LINE SYSTEM:
· It consists of modems and routers that are provided by the company requesting for
that network.
· Connectivity of different ATM, banks etc. is provided by BSNL here.
· For this, we have 4 modems (2 in Exchange, 1 at sender and 1 at receiver)
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· Modems are used for short distances i.e. trans and receive part are received here
and local lead connection is given to the subscriber.
· Local lead faults can be handled here but the trans and receive faults can be
handled by the department meant for it.
· Accept 64Kbps or 2 Mbps.
· For long distance communication we have MUXS and data is sent through optical
fibers. MUXS are present at both the ends.
2.3.2 MANAGED LEASED LINE NETWORK:
· No open wiring.
· Route can be changed by the computer software
· In Agra Gate Exchange, we have 3 VMUX of type II.
2.4 MDF (MAIN DISTRIBUTION FRAME):
M.D.F. is a media between switching network and subscriber’s line. It is a termination

point within the local telephone exchange where exchange equipment and
terminations of local loops are connected by jumper wires.
FIG 2.2 MDF
6
(REF- 4)
2.4.1 FUNCTIONS OF MDF:
· All cable copper wires supplying services through user telephone lines are
terminated and distributed through MDF.
· The most common kind of large MDF is a long steel rack accessible from both
sides. Each jumper is a twisted wire.
· It consists of local connection and broadband connection frames for the main
Exchange area.
· The MDF usually holds central office protective devices including heat coils and
functions as a test point between a line and the office.
· It provides testing of calls.
· It checks whether fault is indoor or external.
· All lines terminate individually.
2.5 POWER PLANT:
· It provides -48V to the switch rooms and 48V to the connections.
· Batteries are artificially discharged once in a year for their maintenance.
· Cooling is provided through fans & AC.
· There is earth region too for protection.
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CHAPTER-3
LEASED LINES
3.1 INTRODUCTION:
A leased line (dedicated line) is a permanent fiber optic or telephone connection

between two points set up by a telecommunications carrier. They can be used for
telephone, data, or Internet services. Businesses use a leased line to connect to
geographically distant offices because it guarantees bandwidth for network traffic. For
example, a bank may use a leased line in order to easily transfer financial information
from one office to another. Customers generally pay a flat monthly rate for the service
depending on the distance between the two points. Leased lines do not have telephone
numbers. The information sent through the leased line travels along dedicated secure
channels, eliminating the congestion that occurs in shared networks.
3.2 DRAWBACKS OF TRADITIONAL LEASED LINE CIRCUITS:
1. Limited range of services - Only Plain Leased Line Service, Data cards
support only up to 64 kbps, no support for N x 64 Kbps.
2. From Operator point of view in case of Leased Line Circuit different boxes
from different vendors so difficult to manage & control.
3. No Centralized Monitoring or alarm or performance monitoring.
The solution to this is MLLN.
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3.3 MLLN (MANAGED LEASED LINE NETWORK):
The MLLN service is specially designed mainly for having effective control and
monitoring on the leased line so that the down time is minimized and the circuit
efficiency is increased. This mainly deals with data circuits ranging from 64 Kbps to
2048 Kbps.
3.3.1 MLLN FEATURES:
1. MLLN is an integrated, fully managed, multi service digital network platform

through which service provider can offer a wide range of service at an optimal
cost to business subscriber.
2. Using NMS, MLLN can provide high speed Leased Line with improved QoS,
high availability & reliability.
3. Except for connecting the local lead to the MODEM all operations &
maintenance is carried out through ROT (Remote Operating Terminal).
4. NMS supports service provisioning, Network optimization, planning & service

monitoring.
5. System offers end to end circuit creation and modification, circuit loop testing &
fault isolation, automatic rerouting of traffic in case of trunk failure, software
programmability of NTU etc.
6. Banking, Financial institution, Stock market, paper industry, broadcasting &

Internet service Provider are the main customers for MLLN.
3.3.2 MLLN ADVANTAGES:
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1. 24 hrs Performance Monitoring of the circuit.
2. Circuit fault reports generated proactively.
3. On Demand the Bandwidth can be increased.
4. Low lead time for new circuit provisioning.
5. Protection against the failure of the circuit through recovery Management

process either automatic or manually.
6. Long drive on single copper pair.( for 64 kbps – 7 kms & for 2mbps – 3.5 kms)
7. Centrally managed from ROT connected to the NMS.
3.3.3 APPLICATION OF MLLN:
1. Corporate high speed internet access through Broadband.
2. LAN interconnection.
3. Hotline connectivity for voice.
4. Point to point connection for data circuit.
5. Point to multipoint connection.
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CHAPTER-4
INTRANET
4.1 INTRANET:
· Smaller private version of Internet. It uses Internet protocols to create

enterprise-wide network which may consists of interconnected LANs.
· It may or may not include connection to Internet.
· Intranet is an internal information system based on Internet technology and web

protocols for implementation within a corporate organization.
· This implementation is performed in such a way as to transparently deliver the

immense informational resources of an organization to each individual’s desktop
with minimal cost, time and effort.
· The Intranet defines your organization and displays it for everyone to see.
4.2 FEATURES OF INTRANET:
1. It is scalable.
2. It is Interchangeable.
3. It is platform independent
4. It is Hardware independent.
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5. It is vendor independent.
4.3 WHY INTRANET FOR AN ORGANIZATION:
· Quick access to voice, video, data and other resources needed by users.
· Variety of valuable Intranet applications improves communication and

productivity across all areas of an enterprise.
· A 21st Century Telephone.
· A Target Marketing Tool.
· A Decision Making Tool.
· A Complete Communication Tool.
FIG 4.1 INTRANET NETWORK (REF- 5)

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4.4 APPLICATIONS OF INTRANET:
· Publishing Corporate documents.
· Access into searchable directories.
· Excellent Mailing Facilities.
· Proper Sharing of Information.
· Developing Groupware Applications.
4.5 TECHNICAL OVERVIEW OF THE INTRANET TECHNOLOGY
Intranet runs on open TCP/IP network, enable companies to employ the same type of
servers and browser used for World Wide Web for internal applications distributed
over the corporate LAN.
A typical Intranet implementation involves a high end machine called a server which
can be accessed by individual PCs commonly referred to as clients, through the
network.
The Intranet site setup can be quite inexpensive, especially if your users are already
connected by LAN.
4.6 INTRANET APPLICATIONS IN A CIRCLE:
Every circle must have an intranet server which should have the following:
· All posting/transfer/relieving orders issued within circle to be hosted on the

intranet.
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· All letters circulars/letters issued from different sections of the circle office to be
hosted on the server for immediate access by SSAs. Each section in circle office
Administration, Operations, Marketing, Finance, Planning, Computers etc can
have web pages hosted on the server.
· A database can be maintained for MIS reports and all other reports to be sent
periodically by SSAs to circle office. The database can have front end forms
designed in ASP or PHP for the SSAs to input the data. Separate programs can be
developed to consolidate the data fed by SSAs.
· All data prepared and /or distributed during SSA heads meetings can be hosted
on the Intranet.
· The implementation of the above will reduce the usage of paper and also reduce
the usage of FAX.
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CHAPTER-5
CORPORATE NETWORK
5.1 INTRODUCTION:
A corporate network (CN) is a closed and private computer network that affords
secure communications between geographically dispersed LANs of an enterprise.
5.2 WHY DO BUISNESSES HAVE CORPORATE NETWORK?
A business implements a corporate network to share applications and data between

different computing devices and users in different locations. Unless the application is
web based or database driven, this usually means copying files back and forth
between a network drive and a local computer, where a desktop application is used to
read and/or edit the files.
The increasing need to access corporate data from anywhere has led to changes in the
nature of applications, in current model of corporate network.
A typical corporate network has the following characteristics:
· Many LAN segments.
· More than one network protocol (IP or IPX).
· OSPF-configured areas, if it uses IP.
· Dial-up connectivity for users connecting from home or while traveling.
· Connectivity to external networks.
· Demand-dial connections to branch offices.
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· Dedicated circuits to branch offices.
· A corporate network typically uses different types of network media. The

different office segments can be on 10-MB Ethernet or Token Ring networks,
but the backbone network used for connecting the different networks and
hosting servers is usually made up of 100-MB Ethernet . Connectivity to
external networks (the Internet) is over leased lines. Connectivity to branch
offices is either over dial-up line or dedicated media (leased lines).
FIG 5.1 CORPORATE NETWORK (REF- 5)
5.3 FEATURES OF CORPORATE NETWORK SECURITY:
· Complete bullet-proof protection of the remote computers you have on your

network.
· Executable patches can be easily uploaded to all your remote computers and
executed remotely.
· Easy and intuitive configuration without lots of complicated configuration files.

Everything is configured through the stand-alone GUI interface from any
location where TCP/IP connection to your corporate network can be established.
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· You do not need to physically visit your workstations when you need to change
security settings or install patches.
· The remote client service application is bullet-proof. Your users will not be able
to disable, uninstall or delete it.
· All traffic between the server and the clients is encrypted. All local files are
encrypted as well.
· The server service application and the remote client service application work as
NT services under Windows NT/2000/XP and higher therefore they will keep
working in the logoff mode.
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CHAPTER-6
WI-FI (WIRELESS FIDELITY)
6.1 WI-FI NETWORK:
A Wi-Fi network provides the features and benefits of traditional LAN technologies
such as Ethernet and Token Ring without the limitations of wires or cables. It provides
the final few meters of connectivity between a wired network and the mobile user.
WIFI is a wireless LAN Technology to deliver wireless broad band speeds up to 54
Mbps to Laptops, PCs, PDAs, dual mode Wi-Fi enabled phones etc.
6.2 WORKING OF WI-FI NETWORK:
In a typical Wi-Fi configuration, a transmitter/receiver (transceiver) device, called the

Access Point (AP) , connects to the wired network from a fixed location using
standard cabling. A wireless Access Point combines router and bridging functions, it
bridges network traffic, usually from Ethernet to the airwaves, where it routes to
computers with wireless adapters. The AP can reside at any node of the wired network
and acts as a gateway for wireless data to be routed onto the wired network. It
supports only 10 to 30 mobile devices per Access Point (AP) depending on the
network traffic. Like a cellular system, the Wi-Fi is capable of roaming from the AP
and re-connecting to the network through another AP. Like a cellular phone system,
the wireless LAN is capable of roaming from the AP and re-connecting to the network
through other APs residing at other points on the wired network. This can allow the
wired LAN to be extended to cover a much larger area than the existing coverage by
the use of multiple APs such as in a campus environment. It may be used as a
standalone network anywhere to link multiple computers together without having to
build or extend a wired network.
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FIG 6.1WI-FI NETWORK (REF- 5)
End users access the Wi-Fi network through Wi-Fi adapters, which are implemented
ascards in desktop computers, or integrated within hand-held computers. Wi-Fi
wireless LAN adapters provide an interface between the client Network Operating
System (NOS) and the airwaves via an antenna.
6.3 BENEFITS OF WI-FI:
Wi-Fi offers the following productivity, conveniences, and cost advantages over
traditional wired networks:
· Mobility: Wi-Fi systems can provide LAN users with access to real-time
information anywhere in their organization.
· Installation Speed and Simplicity: Installing a Wi-Fi system can be fast and easy
and can eliminate the need to pull cable through walls and ceilings.
· Installation Flexibility: Wireless technology allows the network to go where

wire cannot go.
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· Reduced Cost-of-Ownership: While the initial investment required for Wi-Fi

hardware can be higher than the cost of wired LAN hardware, overall
installation expenses and life-cycle costs can be significantly lower.
· Scalability: Wi-Fi systems can be configured in a variety of topologies to meet

the needs of specific applications and installations. Configurations are easily
changed and range from peer-to-peer networks suitable for a small number of
users to full infrastructure networks of thousands of users that allows roaming
over a broad area.
· It offers much high speed up to 54 Mbps which is very much greater than other
wireless access technologies like CORDECT, GSM and CDMA.
6.4 LIMITATIONS OF WI-FI:
· Coverage: A single Access Point can cover, at best, a radius of only about 60
meters. For 10 square kms area roughly 650 Access Points are required, where
as CDMA 2000 1xEV-DO requires just 09 sites.
· Roaming: It lacks roaming between different networks hence wide spread

coverage by one service provider is not possible, which is the key to success of
wireless technology.
· Backhaul: Backhaul directly affects data rate service. Wi-Fi real world data rates
are at least half of the their theoretical peak rates due to factors such as signal
strength, interference and radio overhead .Backhaul reduces the remaining
throughput further.
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CHAPTER-7
WIMAX
7.1 WIRELESS BROADBAND SERVICES:
There are two fundamentally different types of broadband wireless services. The first
type attempts to provide a set of services similar to that of the traditional fixed-line
broadband but using wireless as the medium of transmission. This type, called fixed
wireless broadband, can be thought of as a competitive alternative to DSL or cable
modem. The second type of broadband wireless, called mobile broadband, offers the
additional functionality of portability, nomadicity and mobility.
WI-MAX is an acronym that stands for World -wide Interoperability for

Microwave Access and this technology is designed to accommodate both fixed and
mobile broadband applications.
7.2 SALIENT FEATURES OF WIMAX:
· OFDM-based physical layer.
· Very high peak data rates.
· Scalable bandwidth and data rate support.
· Adaptive modulation and coding (AMC).
· Link-layer retransmissions.
· Support for TDD and FDD OFDMA.
· Flexible and dynamic per user resource allocation.
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· Support for advanced antenna techniques.
· Quality-of-service support.
· Robust security.
· Support for mobility.
· IP-based architecture.
7.3 EVOLUTION OF BROADBAND WIRELESS:
1. NARROWBAND WIRELESS LOCAL-LOOP SYSTEMS: The first application

for which a wireless alternative was developed and deployed was voice telephony.
These systems, called wireless local-loop (WLL). WLL systems based on the digital-
enhanced cordless telephony (DECT) and code division multiple access (CDMA)
standards continue to be deployed in these markets. During the same time, several
small start-up companies focused solely on providing Internet-access services using
wireless, antennas to be installed at the customer premises. These early systems
typically offered speeds up to a few hundred kilobits per second. Later evolutions of
license-exempt systems were able to provide higher speeds.
2. FIRST-GENERATION BROADBAND SYSTEMS: As DSL and cable modems

began to be deployed, wireless systems had to evolve to support much higher speeds
to be competitive. Very high speed systems, called local multipoint distribution
systems (LMDS), supporting up to several hundreds of megabits per second, were
developed.
In the late 1990s, one of the more important deployments of wireless broadband
happened in the so-called multi channel multipoint distribution services (MMDS)
band at 2.5GHz. The MMDS band was historically used to provide wireless cable
broadcast video services, especially in rural areas where cable TV services were not
available. The first generations of these fixed broadband wireless solutions were
deployed using the same towers that served wireless cable subscribers. These towers
were typically several hundred feet tall and enabled LOS coverage to distances up to
35 miles, using high-power transmitter.
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3. SECOND - GENERATION BROADBAND SYSTEMS: Second-generation

broadband wireless systems were able to overcome the LOS issue and to provide
more capacity. This was done through the use of a cellular architecture and
implementation of advanced-signal processing techniques to improve the link and
system performance under multi path conditions. Many solved the NLOS problem by
using such techniques as orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), code
division multiple access (CDMA), and multi antenna processing.
4. WIMAX AND OTHER BROADBAND WIRELESS TECHNOLOGIES:
WIMAX is not the only solution for delivering broadband wireless services. WiMAX
occupies a somewhat middle ground between Wi-Fi and 3G technologies when
compared in the key dimensions of data rate, coverage, QoS, mobility, and price.
7.3 WIMAX NETWORK ARCHITECTURE:
The overall network may be logically divided into three parts:
1. Mobile Stations (MS) used by the end user to access the network.
2. The access service network (ASN), which comprises one or more base stations
and one or more ASN gateways that form the radio access network at the edge.
3. Connectivity service network (CSN), which provides IP connectivity and all the
IP core network functions.
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ASN-ACCESS SERVICES NETWORK
NAP-NETWORK ACCESS PROVIDER
CSN- CORE SERVICES NETWORK
NSP- NETWORK SERVICES PROVIDER
BS- BAS STATION
HA-HOME AGENT
FA-FOREGN AGENT
AAA-AUTHENTICATION AUTHONZATION & ACCOUNTING
FIG 7.1 WIMAX NETWORK ARCHITECTURE (REF- 3)
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BASE STATION (BS): The BS is responsible for providing the air interface to the
MSS. Additional functions that may be part of the BS are micro mobility management
functions, such as handoff triggering and tunnel establishment, radio resource
management, QoS policy enforcement, traffic classification, DHCP (Dynamic Host
Control Protocol) proxy, key management, session management, and multicast group
management.
ACCESS SERVICE NETWORK GATEWAY (ASN-GW): The ASN gateway

typically acts as a layer 2 traffic aggregation points within an ASN. Additional
functions that may be part of the ASN gateway include intra-ASN location
management and paging, radio resource management and admission control, caching
of subscriber profiles and encryption keys, AAA client functionality, establishment
and management of mobility tunnel with base stations, QoS and policy enforcement,
and foreign agent functionality for mobile IP, and routing to the selected CSN.
CONNECTIVITY SERVICE NETWORK (CSN): The CSN provides connectivity

to the Internet, ASP, other public networks, and corporate networks. The CSN is
owned by the NSP and includes AAA servers that support authentication for the
devices, users, and specific services. The CSN also provides per user policy
management of QoS and security. The CSN is also responsible for IP address
management, support for roaming between different NSPs, location management
between ASNs, and mobility and roaming between ASNs, subscriber billing and inter
operator settlement, inter-CSN tunneling to support roaming between different NSPs.
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CHAPTER-8
GLOBAL SYSTEM FOR MOBILE COMMUNICATION (GSM)
In wireless communication every region is divided into cells. Cell size is constant for
whole system. GSM is a form of multiplexing, which divides the available
bandwidth among the different channels. Most of the times the multiplexing
used is either TDM (Time division multiplexing) or FDM (Frequency Division
Multiplexing). SM differs from its predecessor technologies in that both
signaling and speech channels are digital, and thus GSM is considered a second
generation (2G) mobile phone system.
FIG 8.1 (REF- 4)

8.1 MAIN FEATURES OF GSM:
· Support for voice and data services
· Better frequency efficiency, smaller cells and more customers per cell
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· High audio quality and reliability for wireless, uninterrupted phone calls at higher
speeds (e.g. from cars, trains) i.e. high transmission quality.
· Authentication via chip-card and PIN.
· Worldwide connectivity.
· Best Overview
8.2 GSM SUBSYSTEMS:
· RADIO SUBSYSTEM (RSS)
· NETWORK AND SWITCHING SUBSYSTEM (NSS)
· Powerful Network Speed
8.2.1 RADIO SUBSYSTEM:
MOBILE STATION (MS):
A mobile unit is a transmitter as well as receiver too. It has a SIM (Subscriber Identity
Module) which gives a unique identity of a subscriber. Every mobile unit has a unique
IMIE (International Mobile Equipment Identity) number.
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BASE TRANSCEIVER STATION (BTS):
· A base transceiver station or cell site (BTS) is a piece of equipment that facilitates
wireless communication between user equipment (UE) and a network.
· It encodes, encrypts, modulates and feeds the RF signal to antenna.
· It produces time and frequency synchronization signals.
· It does power control and frequency hopping too.
BASE STATION CONTROLLER (BSC):
· Its main work is to control several transceivers.
· Switching between BTSs
· Managing of network resources
· Mapping of radio channels
8.2.2 NETWORK AND SWITCHING SUBSYSTEM:
This subsystem does mainly switching, mobility management, interconnection to

other networks, system control.
COMPONENTS:
1. MOBILE SERVICES SWITCHING CENTRE (MSC):
It controls all connections via a separated network to/from a mobile terminal within
the domain of the MSC – several BSC can belong to a MSC.
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2. DATABASES:
Home Location Register (HLR):
Central master database containing user data, permanent and semi-permanent data of
all subscribers assigned to the HLR (one provider can have several HLRs).
Visitor Location Register (VLR):
Local database for a subset of user data, including data about all user currently in the
domain of the VLR.
8.2.3FUNCTION OF MAIN SWITCHING CENTER (MSC):
· Manages communication between GSM and other network (PSTN, Data

Network and GPRS).
· Call setup basic switching, call handling.
· Location register
· Billing for subscriber
8.3 FEATURES OF GSM:
· GSM is already used worldwide with over 450 million subscribers.
· International roaming permits subscribers to use one phone throughout Western

Europe. CDMA will work in Asia, but not France, Germany, the U.K. and other
popular European destinations.
· GSM is mature, having started in the mid-80s. This maturity means a more stable
network with robust features. CDMA is still building its network.
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· The availability of Subscriber Identity Modules, which are smart cards that
provide secure data encryption give GSM m-commerce advantages.
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CHAPTER – 9
GENERAL PACKET RADIO SERVICE (GPRS)
General packet radio service (GPRS) is a packet oriented mobile data service
available to users of the 2G cellular communication systems, global system for mobile
communications (GSM), as well as in the 3G systems. In 2G systems, GPRS provides
data rates of 56-114 kbps. It provides moderate speed data transfer, by using unused
time division multiple access (TDMA) channels.
Its supported protocols are Internet Protocol (IP), Point to Point Protocol (PPP) and
X.25.
GPRS data transfer is typically charged per megabyte of traffic transferred, while data
communication via traditional circuit switching is billed per minute of connection
time, independent of whether the user actually is using the capacity or is in an idle
state. GPRS is a best effort packet switched service, as opposed to circuit switching,
where a certain Quality of service (QoS) is guaranteed during the connection for non-
mobile users.
GPRS extends the GSM circuit switched data capabilities and makes the following
services possib
· Multimedia messaging service (MMS)
· Push to talk over cellular (PoC/PTT)
· Instant messaging and presence – wireless village
· Internet applications for smart devices through wireless application protocol

(WAP)
· Point to Point (P2P) service: inter-networking with the internet (IP).
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· Increase message sending speed 30 messages per minute approximately.
Benefits or advantages of GPRS\
GPRS reuses similar air interface (TDMA/FDMA, Bursts, frame structure) as defined in the
GSM standard. It makes use of normal burst and access burst defined by GSM. It uses frame
structure which is single 52 frame multiframe (for both traffic and signaling) unlike GSM's
dual structure of 26-frame multiframe for traffic and 51-frame multiframe for signaling.
As GPRS reuses existing GSM infrastructure, deployment is easier. The figure-1 depicts
GPRS network architecture. The core network elements of GPRS are SGSN and GGSN.
SGSN stands for Serving GPRS Support Node and GGSN stands for Gateway GPRS Support
Node.
GPRS based data services (Web, E-mail) and applications can be utilized on mobile devices
without the need of broadband internet connectivity. Moreover it provides seamless and
instant connectivity with the internet.
Users are charged only when data is being sent and received unlike other non-GPRS users.
Moreover in GPRS, charges are based on amount of data being transferred.
As GPRS is available in all the mobile devices, it provides wireless internet access.
It allows simultaneous use of both voice and data services. Hence user can have both voice
call and data call together. Data call refers to use of internet by browsing or downloading or
uploading data.
As it allows transfer of data at low speeds which are ideal for less data hungry applications
requiring privacy/security.
Drawbacks or disadvantages of GPRS
Following are the disadvantages of GPRS:

➨The data rates (171.2/384 Kbps) supported are slower compare to latest wireless standards
such as HSPA, LTE, LTE-advanced etc.
➨Network can be affected When more number of GPRS users in the same area utilize the
gprs services at the same time. This leads to congestion which results into slower data
connection.
➨It is not possible to troubleshoot in case of issues. This means either GPRS services are
working fine or they are not working.
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Broadband
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Wiktionary, the free
dictionary.
In telecommunications, broadband is wide bandwidth data transmission which transports

multiple signals and traffic types. The medium can be coaxial cable, optical fiber, radio or twisted
pair.
In the context of Internet access, broadband is used to mean any high-speed Internet access
that is always on and faster than dial-up access over traditional analog or ISDN PSTN services.
Broadband technologies[edit]
Telecommunications[edit]
In telecommunications, a broadband signaling method is one that handles a wide band of
frequencies. "Broadband" is a relative term, understood according to its context. The wider (or
broader) the bandwidth of a channel, the greater the data-carrying capacity, given the same
channel quality.
In radio, for example, a very narrow band will carry Morse code, a broader band will carry
speech, and a still broader band will carry music without losing the high audio
frequenciesrequired for realistic sound reproduction. This broad band is often divided into
channels or "frequency bins" using passband techniques to allow frequency-division
multiplexinginstead of sending a higher-quality signal.
36
In data communications, a 56k modem will transmit a data rate of 56 kilobits per second (kbit/s)
over a 4-kilohertz-wide telephone line (narrowband or voiceband). In the late 1980s,
the Broadband Integrated Services Digital Network (B-ISDN) used the term to refer to a broad
range of bit rates, independent of physical modulation details.[3] The various forms of digital
subscriber line (DSL) services are broadband in the sense that digital information is sent over
multiple channels. Each channel is at higher frequency than the baseband voice channel, so it
can support plain old telephone service on a single pair of wires at the same time. [4] However,
when that same line is converted to a non-loaded twisted-pair wire (no telephone filters), it
becomes hundreds of kilohertz wide (broadband) and can carry up to 100 megabits per second
using very-high-bit-rate digital subscriber line (VDSL or VHDSL) techniques.[5]
Computer networks[edit]
Many computer networks use a simple line code to transmit one type of signal using a medium's
full bandwidth using its baseband (from zero through the highest frequency needed). Most
versions of the popular Ethernet family are given names such as the original 1980s 10BASE5 to
indicate this. Networks that use cable modems on standard cable televisioninfrastructure are
called broadband to indicate the wide range of frequencies that can include multiple data users
as well as traditional television channels on the same cable. Broadband systems usually use a
different radio frequency modulated by the data signal for each band.[6]
The total bandwidth of the medium is larger than the bandwidth of any channel. [7]
The 10BROAD36 broadband variant of Ethernet was standardized by 1985, but was not
commercially successful.[8][9]
The DOCSIS standard became available to consumers in the late 1990s, to provide Internet
access to cable television residential customers. Matters were further confused by the fact that
the 10PASS-TS standard for Ethernet ratified in 2008 used DSL technology, and both cable and
DSL modems often have Ethernet connectors on them.
TV and video[edit]
A television antenna may be described as "broadband" because it is capable of receiving a wide
range of channels, while a single-frequency or Lo-VHF antenna is "narrowband" since it receives
only 1 to 5 channels. The U.S. federal standard FS-1037C defines "broadband" as a synonym
for wideband.[10] "Broadband" in analog video distribution is traditionally used to refer to systems
such as cable television, where the individual channels are modulated on carriers at fixed
frequencies.[11] In this context, baseband is the term's antonym, referring to a single channel of
analog video, typically in composite form with separate baseband audio.[12] The act of
demodulating converts broadband video to baseband video. Fiber optic allows the signal to be
transmitted farther without being repeated. Cable companies use a hybrid system using fiber to
transmit the signal to neighborhoods and then changes the signal from light to radio frequency to
be transmitted to over coaxial cable to homes. Doing so reduces the use of having multiple head
ends. A head end gathers all the information from the local cable networks and movie channels
and then feeds the information into the system.
However, "broadband video" in the context of streaming Internet video has come to mean video
files that have bit-rates high enough to require broadband Internet access for viewing.
"Broadband video" is also sometimes used to describe IPTV Video on demand.[13]
Alternative technologies[edit]
Power lines have also been used for various types of data communication. Although some
systems for remote control are based on narrowband signaling, modern high-speed systems use
broadband signaling to achieve very high data rates. One example is the ITU-T G.hn standard,
which provides a way to create a local area network up to 1 Gigabit/s (which is considered high-
speed as of 2014) using existing home wiring (including power lines, but also phone lines
and coaxial cables).
In 2014, researchers at Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology made
developments on the creation of ultra-shallow broadband optical instruments.[14]
Internet broadband[edit]
Main article: Internet access
37
In the context of Internet access, the term "broadband" is used loosely to mean "access that is
always on and faster than the traditional dial-up access". [15][16]
While fiber optics are generally faster than wireless broadband, wireless broadband also has the
potential to grow rapidly, as it provides access not only in a fixed location but anywhere. The
extremely high bandwidth of fiber may not be the key aspect for the majority of the customers. [17]
A range of more precise definitions of speed have been prescribed at times, including:

"Greater than the primary rate" (which ranged from about 1.5 to 2 Mbit/s) - CCITT in
"broadband service" in 1988. [18]

"Internet access that is always on and faster than the traditional dial-up access" [15] —
US National Broadband Plan of 2009[19]

4 Mbit/s downstream, 1 Mbit/s upstream - FCC, 2010[20]

25 Mbit/s downstream, 3 Mbit/s upstream - FCC, 2015 [20]
Broadband Internet service in the United States was effectively treated or managed as a public
utility by net neutrality rules until being overturned by the FCC in December, 2017. [21][22][23][24][25][26]
Advantages of Broadband Internet Access:

1. Connection speed is up to 100 times faster than dialup connection. You can download pictures
files, software in seconds or minutes instead of hours. Online gaming is only possible using a
broadband internet access.
2. It does not affect the phone line. For DSL internet access, you can use the same phone line for
both voice/fax and data transmission. For cable internet access, you are connected to the
internet via the cable network. In either case, your phone line is not occupied while you are
connected to the internet.
3. It is convenient because the internet connection is always on.
4. You don't need to dial an access number and risk getting a busy signal.
38
5. Broadband internet offers unlimited access and you won't be charged based on the connection
duration.
6. Broadband internet not only gives you high speed internet access, it can also provide cheap
phone services via VoIP technology.
Disadvantages of Broadband Internet Access:

1. High monthly fee compared to dialup internet access.
2. Higher security risk than dialup connection. A personal firewall is needed to protect your
computer.
3. Not all phone wires are equipped for DSL service. May not be available in rural or remote areas.
4. Not all cable TV networks are equipped for cable internet access. May not be available in rural or
remote areas.
39
CHAPTER- 10
CODE DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS (CDMA)
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) consistently provides better capacity for
voice and data communications that other commercial mobile technologies, allowing
more subscribers to connect at any given time, and it is the common platform on
which 3G technologies are built.
CDMA is a spread spectrum technology, allowing many users to occupy the same
time and frequency allocations in a given band/space. As it name implies, CDMA
assigns unique codes to each communication to differentiate it from others in the same
spectrum resources, CDMA enables many more people to share the airwaves at the
same time than do alternative technologies.
10.1 ADVANTAGES OF CDMA:
· Increased cellular communications security.
· Simultaneous conversations
· Increased efficiency, meaning that the carrier can serve more subscribers.
· Smaller phones
· Low power requirements and little cell-to-cell coordination needed by

operators.
· Extended reach-beneficial to rural users situated far from cells.
40
10.2 DISADVANTAGES OF CDMA:
· Due to its proprietary nature, all of CDMA’s flaws are not known to the
engineering community.
· CDMA is relatively new, and the network is not as mature as GSM.
· CDMA cannot offer international roaming, a large GSM advantage.
10.3 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CDMA AND GSM:
· The GSM stands for global system for mobile communication and CDMA for
code division multiple accesses.
· GSM is a form of multiplexing, which divides the available bandwidth among
the different channels. Most of the times the multiplexing used are either TDM
(Time Division Multiplexing) or FDM (Frequency Division Multiplexing). On
the other hand CDMA is a type of multiple access scheme (which means
allotting the given bandwidth to multiple users) and makes use of spread
spectrum technique which is essentially increasing the size of spectrum.
· In CDMA each user is provided a unique code and all the conversations
between 2 users are coded. This provides a greater level of security to CDMA
users than the GSM ones.
41
42
CONCLUSION
Engineering student will have to serve in the public and private sector industries and
workshop based training and teaching in classroom has its own limitation. The lack of
expo sure to real life, material express and functioning of industrial organization is the
measure hindrance in the student employment.
In the open economy era of fast modernization and tough competition, technical
industries should procedure pass out as near to job function as possible.
Practical training is one of the major steps in this direction. I did my training from
BSNL, Bharatpur which is one of the best known communication service provider
companies of India. The training helps me in gaining in depth knowledge of the
working of telephone exchange, various technologies of BSNL –GSM, GPRS,
WIMAX, Wi-Fi, MLLN and optical fiber transmission.
In the end, I hereby conclude that I have successfully completed my industrial training
on the above topics.
43

Nitish

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Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering

B.N. College of Engineering & Technology Telecom Network

TYPE: COMMUNICATION SERVICE PROVIDER

1.1 HOW BSNL CAME IN TELECOM MARKET:

1.2 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK:

· Wireless spectrum management

· Administrative monitoring of PSUs

· Research & Development

1.3 BSNL CONTRIBUTION TO DEVELOPMENT OF TELECOM:

· BSNL is the market leader in Broadband, landline and national transmission

· Area of operation of BSNL is all India except Delhi & Mumbai.

WORKING OF BASIC TELECOMMUNICATION NETWORK

2.1 CALL SETUP:

FIG 2.1 HOW LINE REACHES FROM SUBSCRIBER TO EXCHANGE

· Processing of signaling information and controlling the operation of signaling

· Charging and billing.

2.2 ELECTRONIC EXCHANGE:

· All control functions by series of instructions are stored in memory.

2.3 CARRIER ROOM:

2.3.1 CONVENTIONAL LEASED LINE SYSTEM:

· Connectivity of different ATM, banks etc. is provided by BSNL here.

· For this, we have 4 modems (2 in Exchange, 1 at sender and 1 at receiver)

· Accept 64Kbps or 2 Mbps.

2.3.2 MANAGED LEASED LINE NETWORK:

· Route can be changed by the computer software

· In Agra Gate Exchange, we have 3 VMUX of type II.

2.4 MDF (MAIN DISTRIBUTION FRAME):

M.D.F. is a media between switching network and subscriber’s line. It is a termination

FIG 2.2 MDF

2.4.1 FUNCTIONS OF MDF:

· It provides testing of calls.

· It checks whether fault is indoor or external.

· All lines terminate individually.

2.5 POWER PLANT:

· It provides -48V to the switch rooms and 48V to the connections.

· Batteries are artificially discharged once in a year for their maintenance.

· Cooling is provided through fans & AC.

· There is earth region too for protection.

A leased line (dedicated line) is a permanent fiber optic or telephone connection

3.2 DRAWBACKS OF TRADITIONAL LEASED LINE CIRCUITS:

3. No Centralized Monitoring or alarm or performance monitoring.

The solution to this is MLLN.

3.3 MLLN (MANAGED LEASED LINE NETWORK):

3.3.1 MLLN FEATURES:

1. MLLN is an integrated, fully managed, multi service digital network platform

4. NMS supports service provisioning, Network optimization, planning & service

6. Banking, Financial institution, Stock market, paper industry, broadcasting &

3.3.2 MLLN ADVANTAGES:

1. 24 hrs Performance Monitoring of the circuit.

2. Circuit fault reports generated proactively.

3. On Demand the Bandwidth can be increased.

4. Low lead time for new circuit provisioning.

5. Protection against the failure of the circuit through recovery Management

7. Centrally managed from ROT connected to the NMS.

3.3.3 APPLICATION OF MLLN:

1. Corporate high speed internet access through Broadband.

3. Hotline connectivity for voice.

4. Point to point connection for data circuit.

5. Point to multipoint connection.

· Smaller private version of Internet. It uses Internet protocols to create

· It may or may not include connection to Internet.

· Intranet is an internal information system based on Internet technology and web

· This implementation is performed in such a way as to transparently deliver the