LRFD - Load Resistance Factor Design

TENSION MEMBERS

Accordingly, Ø𝑷𝑵 ≥ 𝑷𝑼

𝑷𝑵 = nominal strength in tension

𝑷𝑼 = factored load

Ø = reduction factor

The design strength Ø𝑷𝑵 is the smaller of that based on

the following:

a. Yielding of Gross - Section

Ø𝑷𝑵 = Ø𝑭𝒀 𝑨𝑮 , Ø = 0.90

b. Fracture in the Net - section

Ø𝑷𝑵 = Ø𝑭𝑼 𝑨𝑬 , Ø = 0. 75

c. Rupture Strength

1. Tension rupture design strength

Ø𝑷𝑵 = 𝑭𝑼 𝑨𝑵𝑻

2. Shear rupture design strength

Ø𝑽𝑵 = 𝟎. 𝟔 Ø𝑭𝑼 𝑨𝑵𝑽

 3. Tension - Shear design Strength

a. When 𝑭𝑼 𝑨𝑵𝑻 ≥ 𝟎. 𝟔𝟎 Ø𝑭𝑼 𝑨𝑵𝑽

Ø𝑹𝑩𝑺 = Ø(𝑭𝑼 𝑨𝑵𝑻 + 𝟎. 𝟔𝟎𝑭𝒀 𝑨𝑮𝑽 )

b. When 𝟎. 𝟔𝟎𝑭𝑼 𝑨𝑵𝑽 > 𝑭𝑼 𝑨𝑵𝑻

Ø𝑹𝑩𝑺 = Ø(𝑭𝑼 𝑨𝑮𝑻 + 𝟎. 𝟔𝟎𝑭𝑼 𝑨𝑵𝑽 )

Where 𝑨𝑵𝑻 = net area acted by tension

𝑨𝑵𝑽 = net area acted by shear

𝑨𝑮𝑻 = gross area acted by tension

𝑨𝑮𝑽 = gross area acted by shear

𝑭𝒀 = specified minimum yield strength

𝑭𝑼 = specified minimum tensile strength

Example 1.

Determine the capacity is tension for an L 150 X100X13

of A572 Grade 50 steel connected with 22 mm Ø bolts
in standard holes. 𝑭𝒀 = 345 MPa 𝑭𝑼 = 450 MPa

Figure:
Solution:

𝒌𝒈⁄
1. For L 150 X100X13 , W = 19.1 𝒎

𝑨𝑮 = 3081 𝒎𝒎𝟐

x = 24.9 mm y = 49. 9 mm

h = 22+ 3 = 25mm

2. Net Area

section a-a , 𝑨𝑵 = 3081 – 25x13 = 2756 𝒎𝒎𝟐

𝟓𝟎𝟐
section a-b ,𝑨𝑵 = 3081- 2x325 +( ) 13 = 2558𝒎𝒎𝟐
𝟒𝒙𝟔𝟒

3. Design Strength

on the gross - section

Ø𝑷𝑵 = 0. 90X 345 x 3081 = 957 kN

On the effective net area

Since not both legs are connected

𝑨𝒆 = 𝑪𝑻 𝑨𝑵

Where:

𝑪𝑻 = 1 - ̅ = 1-
𝒙 𝟐𝟒.𝟗
=0.929 >0. 90
𝑳 𝟑𝟓𝟎
 𝑨𝒆 = 0. 90x 2558 = 2302 𝒎𝒎𝟐

𝑷𝒀 = 0.75 x 450 X 2302 = 777 kN (governs)

;Design Strength, 𝑷𝑵 = 777 KN.

Example 2. Design -

Given: DL = 260 KN

LL = 30 KN

Angle bar A 572 Grade 50 , 𝑭𝒀 = 345 MPa

Fastener, 22 mm Ø bolts, one line

Solution:

1. 𝑷𝑼 = 1.20x 260 + 1. 60 x 30 = 360 KN

𝑷𝑼 = 1.40 x 260 x 3644 kN (controls)

2. Required Areas
𝟑𝟔𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝑨𝒈 = = 1172 𝒎𝒎𝟐
𝟎.𝟗𝒙𝟑𝟒𝟓

𝟑𝟔𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝑨𝒆 = = 1079 𝒎𝒎𝟐
𝟎.𝟕𝟓𝒙𝟒𝟓𝟎

𝟏𝟎𝟕𝟗
𝑨𝑵 = = 1269 𝒎𝒎𝟐
𝟎.𝟖𝟓

3. Try L 100X8 𝑨𝒈 = 1536 𝒎𝒎𝟐

 𝑨𝑵 = 1536 – 25 x 8 =1336 𝒎𝒎𝟐

;use L 100x 8 mm

Example 3. Design Of Threaded Rod

Given, ASTM A36 steel, Fy = 250, 𝑭𝑼 = 400

DL = 30 kN , LL =15 KN

Solution:

1. 𝑷𝑼 = 1.2X30 +1.6 X 15 = 60 KN

2. For threaded rod, Ø𝑷𝑵 = 0, 5625 𝑨𝑵 𝑭𝑼

𝟔𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎
Required 𝑨𝑵 = =267𝒎𝒎𝟐
𝟎.𝟓𝟔𝟐𝟓𝒙𝟒𝟎𝟎

3. For 20 mm Ø rod, 𝑨𝟏𝟑 = 314 𝒎𝒎𝟐

Ø𝑷𝑵 = 0.90 x 250 x 314 = 71 kN > 𝑷𝑼 , OK

4. Use 200mm rod

Example 4. Strength of Member

Given L 100 x 6mm , A36 Steel

Bolts 22𝒎𝒎Ø , h= 28 mm

Gusset Plate , 1omm thick

Figure:

Solution:

1. For L 100 x 6 , A = 1160 𝒎𝒎𝟐 , 𝒙

̅ = 27. 2 mm

𝟐𝟕.𝟐
𝑪𝑻 =1- = 0. 82 < 0. 90
𝟏𝟓𝟐

𝑨𝒆 = 0.82 (1160 - 25 x 6) = 828 𝒎𝒎𝟐

2. On the G.A, Ø𝑷𝑵 = 0. 98x250x1160 = 261 KN

On the ENA, Ø𝑷𝑵 = 0. 75x400x828 = 248 KN

2. Check for rupture

𝑨𝑵𝑽 = (𝒂𝒃
̅̅̅̅ – 2.5h) t

= (192 – 2.5x25) 6

= 777 𝒎𝒎𝟐

𝑨𝑵𝑻 = (bc - 0.5h) t

= (40 - 0.5x25) 6

=165𝒎𝒎𝟐

𝑭𝑼 𝑨𝑵𝑻 = 400 x 165 =66Kn

𝟎. 𝟔𝑭𝑼 𝑨𝑵𝑻 = 0, 6x400x777 = 186> 𝑭𝑼 𝑨𝑵𝑻

Since 0.6𝑭𝑼 𝑨𝑵𝑽 > 𝑭𝑼 𝑨𝑵𝑻 ,use

Ø𝑹𝑩𝑺 = Ø(𝑭𝑼 𝑨𝑮𝑻 + 𝟎. 𝟔𝟎𝑭𝑼 𝑨𝑵𝑽 )

= 0. 75 (250x40x6+186)

= 185 KN controls.

The block shear (185 kn controls over tension

yielding on G.A (261 KN) or fracture on ENA (248kN)
COMPRESSION MEMBERS

1.Design Strength

Ø𝑷𝑵 = For 𝑭𝑪𝑹 𝑨𝑮 ≥ 𝑷𝑼 , Ø = 0.90

where 𝑭𝑪𝑹 = critical stress of flexural buckling Stress

2. Value of 𝑭𝑪𝑹

𝑲𝑳
1. When ≤ 𝟐𝟏𝟏𝟎 /√𝑭𝒚 , Inelastic buckling
𝒓

or 𝑭𝒆 ≥ 𝟎. 𝟒𝟒𝑭𝒚
𝑭𝒚
𝑭𝑪𝑹 =(𝟎. 𝟔𝟓𝟖) 𝑭𝒆 𝑭𝒚

𝑲𝑳
2 When > 𝟐𝟏𝟏𝟎 /√𝑭𝒚 , elastic buckling
𝒓

or 𝑭𝒆 < 𝟎. 𝟒𝟒𝑭𝒚

𝑭𝑪𝑹 =𝒐. 𝟖𝟕𝟕 𝑭𝒆

where 𝑭𝒆 = elastic critical buckling stress

𝝅 𝟏𝟗𝟕𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟎
Where 𝑭𝒆 = ( 𝑲𝑳 )E= 𝑲𝑳
𝒓
( 𝒓 )𝟐

𝑲𝑳
3. Value of slendeness ratio,
𝒓

1. Single angle compression member

𝑳
1.When 0≤ ≤80
𝒓𝒙
 𝑳
2. When > 80
𝒓𝒙

𝑲𝑳 𝑳
= 32 + 1.25 ( ) ≤ 200
𝒓 𝒓𝒙

2. Built - up members

1. Intermediate connectors that snug tight, bolted.

(𝑲𝑳/𝒓)𝒎 =√(𝑲𝑳/𝒓)𝟎 + (𝑲𝑳/𝒓)𝟐

2. Intermediate connectors that are welded or pre -

tensioned bolted

𝜹𝟐 𝒂
(𝑲𝑳/𝒓)𝒎 =√(𝑲𝑳/𝒓)𝟐 + 𝟎. 𝟖𝟐( )( )
𝟏+𝜹𝟐 𝒓𝒊𝒃

where (𝑲𝑳/𝒓)𝟎 =Slenderness ratio of

=built - up member

(𝑲𝑳/𝒓)𝒎 = modified slenderness ratio

𝒓𝒊𝒃 = rach 112 of gyration of individual

component relative to its centoidal axis
parallel to member axis buckling

𝜹 = separation ratio = h/ 𝒓𝒊𝒃

𝒉= distance between centroids of

individual components perpendicular axis
of buckling
Example 1. Design

Select the lightest w section Of A 36 steel

for a pinned and column, 5000 mm long

DL = 440 KN LL= 420 𝑭𝒚 = 250 in Pa

Solution

1. 𝑷𝑼 = 1.2x440 + 1. 6x420 = 1200 KN

2. Assume 𝑭𝒆 = 250 MPa > 0. 44𝑭𝒚

𝑭𝑪𝑹 = (0.658) (250) =165 MPa

𝟏𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝟎𝟎𝟎
3. 𝑨𝒈 = =8556𝒎𝒎𝟐
𝟎.𝟖𝟓𝒙𝟏𝟔𝟓

4. Try W 200 x 71 ,A = 9110 rx = 91.7, ry = 52.8

𝑲𝑳 𝟏.𝟎𝐱 𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎
5. = =97.4 <134
𝒓 𝟓𝟐.𝟖

𝟏𝟏𝟗𝟕𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟎
6. 𝑭𝒆 = =220MPa>0.44𝑭𝒚
𝟗𝟕.𝟒𝟐

𝑭𝑪𝑹 = 1.136

7. 𝑭𝑪𝑹 = (𝟎. 𝟔𝟓𝟖)𝟏.𝟏𝟑𝟔 x250= 155 MPa

8. Ø𝑷𝑵 = 0.85 x 115x 9110 = 1200 KN = 𝑷𝑼

9. Use W 200 x 71

Stiffness Reduction Factor, 𝑸𝒂

Given 𝒇𝒂 = 173 MPa, 𝒇𝒚 = 345 MPa

𝟏𝟕𝟑
1. Inelastic , 𝑭𝑪𝑹 = = 192 MPa
𝟎.𝟗𝟎

2. 192=(𝟎. 𝟔𝟓𝟖)𝟑𝟒𝟓/𝑭𝒆 x345

3. Elastic, 𝑭𝑪𝑹 = 0.877 x 246 = 216 MPa

4. 𝑸𝒂 = 192/216 = 0. 889