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Chapter 7: Forces in Beams and Cables: Hjchoi@cau - Ac.kr
Chapter 7: Forces in Beams and Cables: Hjchoi@cau - Ac.kr
최해진
hjchoi@cau.ac.kr
School of Mechanical
Engineering
Contents
School of Mechanical
Engineering 7- 2
Introduction
School of Mechanical
Engineering 7- 3
Internal Forces in Members
• Straight two-force member AB is in
equilibrium under application of F and
-F.
School of Mechanical
Engineering 7- 5
Sample Problem 7.1
SOLUTION:
• Compute reactions and connection forces.
å Fx = 0 : Ex = 0
School of Mechanical
Engineering 7- 6
Sample Problem 7.1
Consider member BCD as free-body:
åMB = 0:
- (2400 N )(3.6 m ) + C y (2.4 m ) = 0 C y = 3600 N
å MC = 0 :
- (2400 N )(1.2 m ) + B y (2.4 m ) = 0 B y = 1200 N
å Fx = 0 : - Bx + C x = 0
åMJ = 0:
- (1800 N )(1.2 m ) + M = 0 M = 2160 N × m
å Fx = 0 :
F - (1800 N ) cos 41.7° = 0 F = 1344 N
å Fy = 0 :
-V + (1800 N ) sin 41.7° = 0 V = 1197 N
School of Mechanical
Engineering 7- 8
Sample Problem 7.1
• Cut member BCD at K. Determine a force-couple
system equivalent to internal forces at K .
åMK = 0:
(1200 N )(1.5 m ) + M = 0 M = -1800 N × m
å Fx = 0 : F =0
å Fy = 0 :
- 1200 N - V = 0 V = -1200 N
School of Mechanical
Engineering 7- 9
Various Types of Beam Loading and Support
School of Mechanical
Engineering 7- 10
Various Types of Beam Loading and Support
School of Mechanical
Engineering 7- 12
Shear and Bending Moment Diagrams
• Variation of shear and bending
moment along beam may be
plotted.
• Determine reactions at supports.
SOLUTION:
• Taking entire beam as a free-body,
calculate reactions at B and D.
• Find equivalent internal force-couple
systems for free-bodies formed by
cutting beam on either side of load
application points.
Draw the shear and bending moment
diagrams for the beam and loading • Plot results.
shown.
School of Mechanical
Engineering 7- 14
Sample Problem 7.2
SOLUTION:
• Taking entire beam as a free-body, calculate
reactions at B and D.
• Find equivalent internal force-couple systems at
sections on either side of load application points.
å Fy = 0 : - 20 kN - V1 = 0 V1 = -20 kN
å M 2 = 0 : (20 kN )(0 m ) + M 1 = 0 M1 = 0
Similarly,
V3 = 26 kN M3 = -50 kN × m
V4 = 26 kN M4 = +28 kN × m
V5 = -14 kN M5 = +28 kN × m
V6 = -14 kN M6 =0
School of Mechanical
Engineering 7- 15
Sample Problem 7.2
• Plot results.
Note that shear is of constant value
between concentrated loads and
bending moment varies linearly.
School of Mechanical
Engineering 7- 16
Sample Problem 7.3
SOLUTION:
• Taking entire beam as free-body,
calculate reactions at A and B.
• Plot results.
Draw the shear and bending moment
diagrams for the beam AB. The
distributed load of 40 N/m extends over
0.3 m of the beam, from A to C, and the
400-N load is applied at E.
School of Mechanical
Engineering 7- 17
Sample Problem 7.3
SOLUTION:
• Taking entire beam as a free-body, calculate
reactions at A and B.
åMA = 0:
B y (0.8m ) - (12 N )(0.3m ) - (400 N )(0.55m ) = 0
B y = 365 N
åMB = 0:
(12N )(0.65m ) + (400 N )(0.25m ) - A(0.8m ) = 0
A = 135 N
å Fx = 0 : Bx = 0
From A to C:
å Fy = 0 : 135 - 40 x - V = 0
V = 515 - 40 x
å M1 = 0 : - 135 x - 40 x( 12 x ) + M = 0
M = 135 x - 20 x 2
From C to D:
å Fy = 0 : 135 - 12 - V = 0
V = 123 N
åM2 = 0: - 135 x + 12( x - 0.15) + M = 0
M = (1.8 + 123x ) N × m
School of Mechanical
Engineering 7- 19
Sample Problem 7.3
From D to B:
å Fy = 0 : 135 - 12m - 400 - V = 0
V = -277 N
åM2 = 0:
- 135 x + 12( x - 0.15) - 1600 + 400( x - 0.45) + M =0
M = (1781.8 - 277 x ) N × cm
School of Mechanical
Engineering 7- 20
Sample Problem 7.3
• Plot results.
From A to C:
V = 135 - 40 x
M = 135 x - 20 x 2
From C to D:
V = 123 N
M = (1.8 + 123 x ) N × m
From D to B:
V = -277 N
M = (1781.8 - 277 x ) N × m
School of Mechanical
Engineering 7- 21
Relations Among Load, Shear, and Bending
Moment
• Relations between load and shear:
V - (V + DV ) - wDx = 0
dV DV
= lim = -w
dx Dx ®0 Dx
xD
VD - VC = - ò w dx = -(area under load curve)
xC
(M + DM ) - M - VDx + wDx Dx = 0
2
dM DM
= lim (
= lim V - 12 wDx = V
dx Dx ®0 Dx Dx ®0
)
xD
M D - M C = ò V dx = (area under shear curve)
xC
School of Mechanical
Engineering 7- 22
Relations Among Load, Shear, and Bending
Moment
wL
• Reactions at supports, R A = RB =
2
• Shear curve,
x
V - V A = - ò w dx = - wx
0
wL æL ö
V = V A - wx = - wx = wç - x ÷
2 è2 ø
• Moment curve,
x
M - M A = ò Vdx
0
x
æL ö w
(
M = ò wç - x ÷dx = L x - x 2 )
0 è2 ø 2
wL2 æ dM ö
M max = ç M at = V = 0 ÷
8 è dx ø
School of Mechanical
Engineering 7- 23
Sample Problem 7.4
SOLUTION:
• Taking entire beam as a free-body, determine
reactions at supports.
• Between concentrated load application
points, dV dx = - w = 0 and shear is
constant.
• With uniform loading between D and E, the
shear variation is linear.
Draw the shear and bending-
moment diagrams for the beam • Between concentrated load application
and loading shown. points, dM dx = V = constant . The change
in moment between load application points is
equal to area under shear curve between
points.
• With a linear shear variation between D
and E, the bending moment diagram is a
parabola. School of Mechanical
Engineering 7- 24
Sample Problem 7.4
SOLUTION:
• Taking entire beam as a free-body,
determine reactions at supports.
åMA = 0:
D(7.2 m ) - (20 kN )(1.8 m ) - (12 kN )(4.2 m )
- (12 kN )(8.4 m ) = 0
D = 26 kN
å F y =0 :
Ay - 20 kN - 12 kN + 26 kN - 12 kN = 0
Ay = 18 kN
School of Mechanical
Engineering 7- 26
Sample Problem 7.6
SOLUTION:
• The change in shear between A and B is equal
to the negative of area under load curve
between points. The linear load curve results
in a parabolic shear curve.
• With zero load, change in shear between B
and C is zero.
• The change in moment between A and B is
Sketch the shear and bending-
equal to area under shear curve between
moment diagrams for the
points. The parabolic shear curve results in
cantilever beam and loading
a cubic moment curve.
shown.
• The change in moment between B and C is
equal to area under shear curve between
points. The constant shear curve results in a
linear moment curve.
School of Mechanical
Engineering 7- 27
Sample Problem 7.6
SOLUTION:
• The change in shear between A and B is equal to
negative of area under load curve between points.
The linear load curve results in a parabolic shear
curve.
dV
at A, V A = 0, = - w = - w0
dx
VB - V A = - 12 w0 a VB = - 12 w0 a
dV
at B, = -w = 0
dx
School of Mechanical
Engineering 7- 28
Sample Problem 7.6
• The change in moment between A and B is equal
to area under shear curve between the points.
The parabolic shear curve results in a cubic
moment curve.
dM
at A, M A = 0, =V = 0
dx
M B - M A = - 13 w0 a 2 M B = - 13 w0 a 2
M C - M B = - 12 w0 a( L - a ) M C = - 16 w0 a(3L - a )
School of Mechanical
Engineering 7- 29
Cables With Concentrated Loads
SOLUTION:
• Determine reaction force components at
A from solution of two equations formed
from taking entire cable as free-body
and summing moments about E, and
from taking cable portion ABC as a free-
body and summing moments about C.
School of Mechanical
Engineering 7- 34
Sample Problem 7.8
SOLUTION:
• Determine two reaction force components at A
from solution of two equations formed from
taking entire cable as a free-body and summing
moments about E,
åM E = 0:
Solving simultaneously,
Ax = -18 kN Ay = 5 kN
School of Mechanical
Engineering 7- 35
Sample Problem 7.8
• Calculate elevation of B by considering AB as
a free-body and summing moments B.
åM B = 0: y B (18) - (5)(6 )
y B = -1.67 m
y D = 1.75 m
School of Mechanical
Engineering 7- 36
Sample Problem 7.8
14.7
tan q = q = 43.4°
15
18 kN
Tmax = Tmax = 24.8 kN
cosq
School of Mechanical
Engineering 7- 37
Catenary
School of Mechanical
Engineering 7- 38
Catenary
• To relate x and y cable coordinates,
W s x
dy = dx tan q = dx = dx = sinh dx
T0 c c
x
x x
y - c = ò sinh dx = c cosh - c
0 c c
x
y = c cosh
c
which is the equation of a catenary.
School of Mechanical
Engineering 7- 39