Formatof the presentation

by DavidAthersmith
. Start with my work and interests- just a

@ few photographs
. The hazardsof petroleum/flammable

F
substances
. lntroductionto HazardousArea
Classification
' Can you identifyhazards?
. The importanceof Area Classification

Format- Continued Theme

. Safetydistances . How can safety be assured?
. Whereare permitto worksystems ' Safetycultureengagesall membersof an
essentiafin workingwithflammabfe enterprise
substances? . Does assuranc€start with management
. Permitexamples[frompetroleum and professionalism?
works . Responsibilitycan be a complicatedentity
controll - some want it, some avoid it. With
. QandAsession hazardousinstallationsabsoluteclarityis
essential.

rt
€F sr,EtHv-
Psuoleffil Hazardsof petroleum
. Characteristics
' Aviationkerosene- Jet A1
. Classificationof petroleumproducts
. Discussionon hazards
 (rrgrytrrlvi
Characfensfibs: Avlaion br€dn llgst l coriofiicon
atsatE
15. ote

. Specific gravrtyof liquid 26

. Vapour density comparedto air
' Boilingpoint 20
. Vapour pressure
. Freezingpoint Crs
.
.
Flashpoint
Lor€r flammablelimit
I
5
Iro
. Auto ignitiontemperature I
5
. ln the context of today's subject what do you
think are the mostimpoftant characteristics?
o

t Petroleumclassesare determined
c by FlashPoint[P ClassificationJ
. Class | - >21 Deg C
. So......which
ux
characteristicof ftpetroleum . Class ll (f ) 21 to 55
productfthat is in liquidformaLgmbient . Class ll (2) *
temperatureldo youthinkdeterpinesits . Class lll (1) >55 to 100
flammability? o . *
Class lll (2)
J . Unclassified > 100
I
a . * As Class 1 if held above flash point
d

ExplosiveLimits Why are explosivelimitsimportant?

. Theseare also knownas Flammable
Limits
. Thereie a rangefor eachproduct
comprisingthe Lowerand Upper
Flammable Limits[LFLandUFL]
. The LFLforjet fuelis 48 gm percubic
metre[b also48 millegramsper litre]ot
air
. We mustavoidexplosiveatnospheres
. 1o/o
of LFL is a limitationoRtank entry
conditionefor hotuork
. Butit is nottheonlylimitation...
......if
thereis low LELbut thercis fuelpresent
thereis sf/ an explosivehazad - see fhe
next slide

2
 Introductionto Area
Classification...,
..r
. lf a fuel is heatedabove its flash point it will ' Why area clesslfication?
presentthe same explosivehazardas does .
petrof An airfieldexample
. The importanceof Area Classification
. lt is thereforeessentialto avoid introducingheat . Approachesto arca classlficatlon
and sourcesof ignitionto fuels, e.g. by welding , Who ls rcsponsiblefor arca
on a tank or containerthat containsfuel residues classification?
or enclosedpocketsof fuel
. Continuityof compliancewith the
. Thn slrdeGptac€stie "oldoil sncFq/ei€,nk"pictumusedrn tie DangercusSubstance€Exploeive
pe,sentation AtmospheresRegulations IDSEARI

Why Area Classification?

Whenconsideringrisks
employers
shouldinclude:
. To helpto preventFiresand Explosions
occurring . Unavoidable
releases

. DSEARRegulation
5: . lntentionalreleases

. employersmustconsiderthe riskscaused . Foreseeable

releases
by the releaseof dangerous
substances
intotheworkingenvironment

Employersmust: mustafso....
Employers
. ldentifyall possibleignitionsourcesin
areaswheredangeroussubstances are . Introdu@measuresto preventthose
present ignitionsourcesoccuringwherethey
. Assesswhereignilionsourceshave couldcauseharmto peopleand ensure
potentialto causefire, explosionor thattheydo not comeintocontactwith
chemicaldecomposition whichcould dangeroussubstancesor explosive
adverselyaffectthe safetyof people atmospheres

3
 Please see it you can identifyany
potential sourcesof release, and
any possible/potentialignition
sources
. An airfieldexample...
....

The importance of area Areaclassification for explosive

classification.
.. atmospheres consistingof a mixture
with air of dangeroussubstancesin the
. lt is the foundation for safe opention of form of gas vapouror
potentially hazardous arcaa mist.
. enablEsDSEARcompllance to be achieved . Zorte0- atmosphere is present
' Under classiftcation pub people and continuousry, br bng perbds or @uenfy
facilities at risk . Zone1 - atmosphere is likelyto occur
. Over classification spends money on
occaslonally
unneceasaryequipment, inspectione, . T'olne
maintenance and prooess downtime 2 - atmosphere is notlkelyto occur
in nonnalopenatlon hrt" if it dos, will
persistfor a shortperbdonly

Practice Theapproaches to Area

canbe challenging.....
Classification
. Therecan be pressuresto overclassify . Introduction
throughan insufficient understanding of . Classification
by directexample
the consequences of doingso - for
example,non-specific generic . IndividualPointSources
classification,
ratherthana bespoke . Influenceof ventilation
technicallybasedapproach , Riskbasedapproach
. But,a failureto classifya potentially
explosiveatmospherecan be fatalto
peopleandthe enterprise

4
 - EnergyInstitute
Introduction
Publications
- Model code of safe practicefor the
petroleumindustry:Part 15 3rd Edition:
AREA CLASSIFICATIONCODE FOR
INSTALLATIONSHANDLING
FLAIUTABLEFLUIDS
- Calculations in Support of lP 15: Nov
2001
- A RISK BASED APPROACHTO AREA
CLASSIFICATION : Nov. 1998

Classification
by direct
..
BottomLoading...
example
s
. . .. ,
. Glassificationsolutionsare coveredin lP t;

15 for many commonoperations:

. Bottomloadingof a petroltankeris shown

as an example

. Thistopicis coveredin lP 15 Chapter5
andgivestypicalradiifor pointsource
releasesusingdispersion calculation
methods
The methodologyis to :
. ldentiff point sources
. Determinethe grade of releaseand fluid
category
. Establishzone classification
. Determinehazard radius
. Determinethe hazardousarea
 Grade of release FluidCategories
- over1000Hrs/year
Continuous

Primary- 10 to 1000Hrs/year Flammableliquidthat forms a

- below10 Hrslyear Flammabfeliquid,not Cat. A, at

Secondary a temperaturefor boilingon
release
Flammableliquid,not Cat. A or
B, above its flash point, or in

Influenceof Ventilation:
. Ventilationcanbe designedto difutea
Oategory BriefDascription potentialreleaseof a flammable
substance suchthatthe Zonethatwould
G(i) richnaturalgas
Methane be assignedwithoutventilation,is reduced

G(ii) Refineryhydrogen

Riskbasedapproach Riskbasedapproach
. Thisdoesnot applyto continuous
or . lt appliesto Zone2 andenablesthe extent
primaryreleasesthatareassignedZone0 of the Zone2 hazardousareato be
or Zone1 calculated[sourcesof ignitionoutsideof
the hazardous area,couldthenbe
albwedJ

. lt is the riskto individualsthat is assessed

andso the timepeoplespendin the
hazardousareais a factor

CI
 Factorsinclude
. Riskto individualof 1.OE€&earfor an
onshoreplantuorker[basedon 10olo of
the tndividualRiskfigureas reportedto
applyin the offshoreindustryl
. Probabilityof lgnition at the Zone2
boundary
. The Exposureof the workerto potential
sourcesof release
. Tablesof HazardRadiifor various
equipmentpointsourcereleasesare
available.
. Fromthisthe HazardRadiusdatacan be
usedb definethe extentof the Zone2
area.
Howis DSEARcompliance
assured?
. Engineeredarea classification
. Equipmentselection
. Equipmentinspectionand maintenance
. Reviewof area classification,have processes
and/or operations changed?
. Have DSEAR risk assessmentsbeen
completed?
' Othelwise, how can w1Bassur€ explosive
safety?
Releasefrequency
. The riskbasedapproachallowsa checkto
be madeon a chartof:
. ignitlon probabilrtyat the Zone 2
boundaryagainst:
. the Probabilityof Exposureof a person
Area Classification
. Who is responsibfe?
. The"employer'is responsible for DSEAR
' ls the co-ordination
of designand
operationalfactorsthe way to discharge
the responsibifities?
. Can you helpthe responsibbpeson to
dischargehis/herfull responsibilities?
\Mreremightwe needpermitto
worksystems?
. For wotks on installafrbnswhere
flammable goods arc processed or stored
7
 of the
Whatarethe essentials
system:
. Managementsystem
. Competentpersonneloperatingthe
system
. Clear understandingof responsibilities
YellowBookSystem
. The managerresponsiblefor a facilityis
not expectedto be a petroleumworks
safety expert hence the need for:
. PermitOfficerswho are trained in the
hazardsof petroleumand who are
selectedfor aptitudeand works
experience
YellowBookSystem:
. Considerthe impactof the work activityon other
operations,processesor activitiesin discussion
with the AP
' The managerthen formallyauthorisesfor the
work.....seeNotificationList...
' The AP preparesthe work permits
. The Personin Chargeof the works receivesthe
permitand complieswith the requirements
. Clear'end of permitactions"are implemented
h.litu8ifi.tsr*
fi**lhbB
Potol&ilt
Yellowbook:
. Permitofficersknown as AuthorisedPersons
tAPl- are experiencedtechniciansappointed
after petroleumtraining
. Thev are selectedbv AuthorisinqEnqineers
IAEI usuallyProfessionalEngin-eers]who
inefiior,auciitand supporta n-umberbf AP's
. AE's are assessedby a senior personfor
suitabilityfor the role,who also provides
mentoring,supportand audit
PermitExample
' The permitexampleis the "HazardousArea
Permif of the yellowbook
. The work controlledthroughthis permitis non-
hazardousmaintenancework in the hazardous
area.The work is underpermitcontrolto ensure
that ignitionsourcesare not introducedand that
actionsto releaseflammablesubstiances are
prevented[See PDF aftachment]
. A moredetailedpermitis used for "hazardous
worksin hazardousareas"this is calleda
RestrictedArea Permit
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