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4
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umESifhouf0if,kHMunfjcif;rsdK;jzpfonf/ tmeE´maumov’m,e\rd&kd;zvmbmom[kqkd
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1. Revelation 2. Direct perception and Inference.

5
 bduK© tmeE´maumov’m,e\ Ak'b
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wckjzpfaom tmeE´maumov’m,e\vufwnf;[laom MumyGifhrsm;odkY &nfnTef;yg

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jr§KyfoGm;onfh Ak'¨bmomukd jyefvnfxGef;um;ap&ef MudK;yrf;tm;pkdufaeckdufjzpfonf/

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&Gucf ahJ vonf/

6
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tdE´d,jynf e,fedrdwftjyifbufü tmeE´maumov’m,eukd odolOD;a&rsm;vS

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jzifh¤if; emrnfausmfAk'¨bmom&[ef;awmfwOD;tjzpfjzifh¤if; xif&Sm;onfhyk*¾Kdvfwyg;
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tmeE´maumov’m,eonf pG,fpkHolwOD;jzpfonf/ tajymwGif¤if; ta&;wGif
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7
 bduK© tmeE´maumov’m,e\ Ak'b
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E-book is created by www.shanyoma.org

vnfíaeav\/ uREyfk w f o
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9
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1.Philosophy (tbd"r®m) 2. Difinition (y&dbmom)

11
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1. Sense 2. Philosophy (tbd"r®m) 3. Philosophical View (tbd"r®mtjrif) 4.Idealism 5. Egoism
6. Objectism 7. Materialism (&ky0f g') 8. Dialectical Materialism (tEky#davmr&ky0f g')
9. [dEb D´ momü 0dnmedu[laomyk'\ f omrmefteufum; qkid , f ifw
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1.Materialism (&ky0f g') 2. Philosophy (tbd"r®m) 3.Philosopher (tbd"r®mq&m) 4.Materialism (&ky0f g')

5. Matter (r[mbkw)f 6. Nature 7. Conscious Existence 8. Sense (rsupf pd onfh tda`E)´

13
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onf/ þurÇmavmu&Sd rnfonfht&m0w¬KESpfrsdK;rqkd þta&twGuf ajymif;vJjcif;
wnf;[laom Oya'ed,mrjzifo h mvQif tcsi;f csi;f pyfE, G í f aeavonf/
Ak't ¨ bd"r®monf xk0d n d medu blwu d 0g'ESihf tb,frQavmuf a0;oenf;/ okYd
r[kwf tb,frQavmuf eD;oenf;/ xk'd óeESprf sKd ;ç xd0k g'ESprf sKd ;onf wrsKd ;ESiw hf rsKd ;ç
wckEiS w hf ck qefu Y sibf uf[k qk&d avmufatmifvnf; ra0;ay/ xk'd óeESprf sKd ;ç 0g'ESpf
rsKd ;onf wxyfwnf;ç woabmwnf;jzpf\[k ,lq&avmufatmifvnf; reD;ay/
Ak'¨tbd"r®m\tvkdt& pMu0VmurÇmavmuMuD;(oHom&çoHo&m)ukd wnf
axmifxm;onfh rlvw&m;5 tm;vk;H onf (ocFg&)6 jzpfav\/ ocFg&w&m;wkjYd zifh wnf
axmifxm;onfjzpfaomaMumifo h mvQif uREyfk w f o
Ydk nf urÇmavmuukd oHom&(oHo-
&m)[k ac:qkjd cif;jzpfonf/ tu,fí uREyfk w f oYdk nf oHo&mukd "gwfc, JG if;7 "gwfc, JG if;
a&SUokx Yd yfí "gwfcjJG cif;iSm rjzpfEidk of nfjzpfí &yfwefv Y u dk &f onfh tqifüh uREyfk w f &Ydk if
qkid &f onfh rlvw&m;wkrYd mS vnf; ]]ocFg&"r®}}(ocFg&w&m;)rsm;omvQif jzpfuek \ f / Ak'¨
bmomonf þrlvw&m;rsm;udk Z'8 [lí¤if;ç apwem9 [lí¤if; cGjJ cm;rjyay/ Ak'b ¨ m

1. Analysing 2. Unconsciousness (blw&ky)f 3. Consciousness (emrf) 4. Classification

5. Form (&ly) 6. Sensation 7. Perception 8. Mental co-efficients 9. Consciousness

14
yg&*l

om\]]ocFg&w&m;}}rsm;ü Z'ESiahf pwem ESprf sKd ;vk;H yg0ifEidk o f nf/

þocFg&w&m;wku Yd dk tjriftrsKd ;rsKd ;tm;jzifh enf;aygif;rsm;pGm cGjJ crf;pdyjf zmí xm;
onf/ xif&mS ;onfh cGjJ crf;pdyjf zmjcif;1 wckum;-
(1) &kyf2 ç
(2) a0'em3ç

E-book is created by www.shanyoma.org

(3) onm4ç
(4) ocFg&5ç
(5) 0dnmOf6Ç
[laomyOöu©E¨m(cE¨mig;yg;)jzpfav\/
þcE¨mig;yg; tpkta0;jzpfaom oHo&mukd emr&lyoHo&m[k ac:qkdjyD;vQif
emrf7ESifh&kyf8[lí tvG,ef nf;tm;jzifv h nf; cGjJ crf;pdyjf zmEkid o
f nf/
]]emrf}}aMumifh ]]&kyf}}jzpfoavm ? okdYr[kwf ]]&kyf}}aMumifh ]]emrf}}jzpfoavm [l
aomjyóemESiphf yfvsO;f í 'óeduq&m9rsm;onf t,ltquGv J v
GJ mcJMh uonfqo dk nfh
taMumif;udk uREyfk w f jYdk yqkcd jhJ y;D avjyD ? 'óeduq&mtm;vk;H onf tenf;ESit hf rsm; w
zufokdY¤if; okdYr[kwf tjcm;wzufokdY¤if;ç nGwf,drf;vsuf &SdMuonf/ tAk'¨'óedu
q&m10rsm;omvQif r[kwçf Ak''¨ óeduq&m11rsm;onfyifvQif þenf;twkid ;f jzpf\/
okdY&mwGif ygVd okdYr[kwf Ak'¨\pum;awmfü rSwfwrf;wifxm;onfh Ak'¨tbd"r®m\t
enfusus ,lqcsuu f rl emrfaMumifh &kyjf zpfay:rIuv dk nf; oabmrwlay/ &kyaf Mumifh
emrfjzpfay:rIuv dk nf; vufrcHay/
blwu d 0g'12 \tvkt d &qkv f ek ;f u blw13 wckwnf;omvQif wnf&dS
d Qif wcsed w
cJo
h nf/ xkb d w l ü ta&twGuaf jymif;vJrI14 jzpf,if;jzpf ,if;t&nftcsi;f ajymif;vJrI15
jzpfay:vmjy;D vQif xkt d aMumif;aMumifyh if emrf okrYd [kwf pdwo f nfvnf; jzpfay:vm
jcif;jzpfav\/ Ak'b ¨ momurl ]]blw}}wckwnf;omvQif wnf&í dS aeonfh tcsed w f csed f
ukd t,lr&Sday/ twdwfudk od&orQç odvmcJh&orQrSmvnf; avmu(oHo&m)onf
emr&ly(emrf&kyf)avmutjzpfjzifhomvQif wnf&SdvmcJhonf/
tu,fí Ak't ¨ bd"r®m\ tenfusus,q l csuo f nf emrfaMumifh &kyjf zpfonf[l
aomoabmw&m;ukjd zpfap ? okrYd [kwf &kyaf Mumifh emrfjzpfonf [laom oabmw&m;

1. Mind 2. Matter 3. Philosopher (tbd"r®mq&m) 4. Non-Buddhist Philosopher (tjcm;tbd"r®mq&m)

5. Buddhist Philosopher (Ak't

¨ bd"r®mq&m) 6. Materialism (&ky0f g')

7. Matter 8. Quantitative change (y&drmPy&d0wåe) 9.Qualitative change (*kPy&d0wåe)

15
 bduK© tmeE´maumov’m,e\ Ak'b
¨ momESirhf mufp0hf g'

udjk zpfap vufcv H u dk yf grl wzufzufoYdk nGw, f rd ;f oGm;vdrrhf nf/ Ak'b ¨ momonf rdr\ d
rZösrd y#dy'g(tv,ftvwfvrf;pOf)ukd pGev Yf w
T rf xm;ay/ Ak'b ¨ momonf tajctae
tm;vk;H ü avmu(oHo&m)udk emr&lyavmu\tjzpfjzifo h mvQif Muq H avonf/
xkrd w
S yg; tu,fí a&S;tpGeq f ;Hk taMumif;ESiphf yfvsO;f í jyóemay:vmvQif
vnf; Ak'¨tbd"r®monf xkdta&;ü]]tan,s0g'D1}}jzpfavonf/ taMumif;rlum;-]]&-
E-book is created by www.shanyoma.org

[ef;wkYd ? þoHo&mavmuonf tpr&S/d a&SUtpGe;f udk rjrif&ay}}[lí Ak'b ¨ &k m;onf

a[mjyxm;avonf/
þae&mtxdrl uREyfk w f o
Ydk nf urÇmavmu(oHo&m)onf blwu d 2 [kwrf [kwf
[laomjyóemESifhpyfvsOf;íomvQif aqG;aEG;vmcJhMuonf/ ,ckwzef 0daooeyk'f
jzpfaom ]]0dnmedu}}('dik , f mvufwu D ,fv)f [laompum;vk;H ukd pOf;pm;MupkYd ? 0dnmedu
onf]]tedpö}}ESihfteufwl y&d,m,fpum;vkH; jzpfonf/ þ'óedu teuft"dyÜg,f3
tm;jzifh 0dnmedu[laom pum;ukd Ak'¨tbd"r®mrSomvQif ,líokH;xm;jcif;jzpfonf/
okdYtwGuf tu,fí us,f0ef;aom teuft"dyÜg,ftm;jzifh þtcsufESifhpyfvsOf;í
Ak'¨tbd"r®mESifh0dnmedu blwdu0g'ü xl;jcm;onfh uGJjym;jcm;em;csuf r&Sdbl;qkdvQif
rrSeo f nfh pum;[kwrf nf rxifay/
'óe4 ESpcf v k ;Hk onf ]]*wd5}}\tpOfrjywf jzpfay:rIuo kd mvQif t,l&o dS nf r
[kwf ? xk]d ]*wd}}\tpOfrjywfjzpfay:rIudk trSeo f pömw&m;\tjzpfjzifv h nf; 'óeESpf
ckv;Hk uyif pGjJ r, J MHk unfxm;Muonf/ 0dnmedu blwu d 0g'u ta&twGuaf jymif;vJr6I
jzpf,if; jzpf,if;u t&nftcsi;f ajymif;vJrI7 jzpfay:jcif;ukd ajymjyí Ak't ¨ bd"r®mu
y#dpo ö rkygÜ '8(y#dpo ö rkygÜ 'f)w&m;udk nGejf yjcif;omvQif xl;jcm;csu&f o dS nf/ þ'óeESpf
rsKd ; 0g'ESprf sKd ;onf vk;H 0wlno D nf[k rqk&d aomfvnf; wOD;ESiw hf OD; qefu Y sibf ufr[kwf
[kqv dk Qif rSm;rnfr[kwaf y/
]]wckjzpfay:rIaMumifh tjcm;wckjzpfay:jcif;}}ESi]hf ]wckrjzpfay:rIaMumifh tjcm;w
ckrjzpfay:jcif;}}ü cGjJ cm;í r&onfq h ufpyfjcif; oabmw&m;\trnfonf y#dpo ö rkygÜ
-'rnfav\/ EkjYd zpfay:jcif;aMumifh 'decf jJ zpfay:onf ? EkrYd jzpfay:jcif;aMumifh 'decf rJ jzpf
ay:ay/ 'decf \ J jzpfay:rIonf Ek\ Yd jzpfay:rIü tajcwnfavonf/ Ak't ¨ bd"r®m\tvkd
tm;jzifh jzpfay:rIreS o f rQonf rSí D -pGíJ jzpfay:jcif;(y#dpo ö rkygÜ 'f)omvQijf zpfuek \ f /

1. Beyond comprehension (rodtyf[t

k ,ltq&Sjd cif;) 2. Materialist 3. Philosophical Interpretation

(tbd"r®mqkid &f mteuft"dygÜ ,f) 4. Phlosophy (tbd"r®m) 5. Motion or change. (a&GU&Sm;jcif; okrYd [kwf ajymif;vJjcif;)

6.Quantitative change (y&drmPy&d0wåe) 7. Qualitative change (*kPy&d0wåe) 8. The Law of origination

(taMumif;pGJítusdK;jzpfrI)

16
yg&*l

Oyrmum;...
]]t0dZmÆ 1}}jzpfjcif;aMumifh ocFg&2 ? ocFg&jzpfjcif;aMumifh 0dnmOff3 ? 0dnmOfjzpfjcif;
aMumifh emrf&yk f4 ? emrf&yk f jzpfjcif;aMumifh tda`E´5 ajcmufyg;ç tda`Ea´ jcmufyg; jzpfjcif;
aMumifh zó6 ? zójzpfjcif;aMumifh a0'em7 ? a0'emjzpfjcif;aMumifh wPSm8 ? wPSm
jzpfjcif;aMumifh Oyg'geff9 ? Oyg'gefjzpfjcif;aMumifh b010 ? b0jzpfjcif;aMumifh Zmwdd11 ?

E-book is created by www.shanyoma.org

Zmwdjzpfjcif;aMumifh Z&m12 ç r&P13 ç aomu14 ç y&da'015 ç ponf'h u k [
© o
l rQ-}}
a&SUESiahf emuf qufpyfvsu&f adS om cPESpcf ük jzpfay:onfh jzpfay:rI16 ESprf sKd ;\
wckEiS w hf ck qufo, G jf cif;udk ]]wlvnf;rwl vk;H 0vnf; rjcm;em;}}[lí &Si;f vif;ajymjy
Ekid af vonf/ tu,fí EkEYd iS 'hf ed cf üJ bmxl;jcm;csurf rS &Sb d ;l qkvd Qif ]]edp17
ö }}oabmonf
wdk;0ifvmvdrfhrnf/ ¤if;jyif EkdYESifh'defcJonf wckESifhwck vkH;0uGJjym;jcm;em;onf[k qkd
vQi]f ]Oapä'18}}oabmonf wGzJ ufvmvdrrhf nf/ Ak't ¨ bd"r®monf ]]edp}ö }oabmukv d nf;
oabmrsuay ? ]]Oapä'}}oabmukdvnf; vufrcHay/ þtcsufüvnf; Ak'¨bmom
onfrZösrd y#dy'g(tv,ftvwf vrf;pOf)0g'ukd vufrvTwaf y/ xkaYd Mumifh Ak'b ¨ mom
\'óedu oabmw&m;um; y#dpo ö rkygÜ '(y#dpo
ö rkygÜ 'f)jzpfav\/
txufwGifjyqkdcJhonfhtm;avsmfpGm 'óeESpfck 0g'ESpfck oabmwlnDonfh t
csuEf pS cf sut f euf wcsurf mS twå19ESiyhf &rwå20\ wnf&rdS u I dk r,kMH unfjcif;jzpfí t
jcm;wcsufu o'´-yrmP21(pmawGU)ukd vufrcHjcif;yif jzpfonf/ trSefpifppfrlum;
y&rwåorYdk [kwjf A[®\wnf&rdS u I dk t,lr&Sv d Qif o'´-yrmPvnf;t"dygÜ ,fr&Sad wmhay/
0dnmedu blwu d 0g'onf ypöuy© rmP22 (igawGU)uko d mvQif yrmP[lí rSwf
23
,lavonf/ tEkrme ukv d nf; ypfy,frxm;ay/ Ak't ¨ bd"r®monfvnf; ypöuy© rm-
PESit hf Ekrmeukd vufco H abmwlavonf/ 0g'ESpcf v k ;Hk u o'´-yrmP(pmawGU)ukjd iif;
y,fonfrSm xif&Sm;ay\/ Ak'¨d0g'24 ESifho'´-yrmP0g'ukd aygif;pyfn§dEIdif;bkdY&efrSm r
jzpfEkdifonfht&mjzpfonf/

1. Ignorance 2. Mental co-efficients 3. Consiousness(0dnmOf) 4. Mind-matter (emrf&yk )f

5. Sense-organs (tm,we) 6. Contact (awGUxdr)I 7. Feeling(cHpm;rI) 8. Thirst 9. Grasping(Oyg'ge)

10. Existence 11. Birth 12. Old age 13. Death 14. Regret 15. Lamentation 16. Existence

17. Permanency 18. Annihilation (jzwfjcif;) 19. Philosophical theory 20. Soul 21. Good (xm0&)

22. Revelation or the autority of the word (pmtaxmuftxm;ç pum;taxmuftxm;ç pmawGU)

23. Direct perception (rsuaf rSmuftaxmuftxm;ç igawGU) 24.Inference (awG;qjcif;)

24. Rationalism (qifjcifw0Hk g')

17
 bduK© tmeE´maumov’m,e\ Ak'b
¨ momESirhf mufp0hf g'

rmhufpf0g'D 'óeduq&m1 wdkYu ]]a&S;twdwfu 'óeduq&mwdkYonf urÇm

avmu(oHo&m)uko d mvQif &Si;f vif;ajymjyMuonf/ olw\ Ykd tvkyrf mS um; urÇmavm
-uukd ajymif;vJ&ef jzpfonf}}[k ajymqkMd uonf/ rmhupf 0f g'D 'óe2 onf ,ckacwf
urÇmavmuukd ajymif;vJ&mç wnfaqmuf&mü awmfvSefrIukd tultnD,laeonfrSm
,krH mS ;zG,&f mr&Sad y/ ok&Yd mwGif rnfonf'h óerqkçd txl;tm;jzifrh nfonft h Ed ,
d´ 'óe
E-book is created by www.shanyoma.org

rqkçd vufawGUusio hf ;Hk rIr&Sb d J oabmw&m;tjzpfEiS o hf mvQif wnf&adS evQiçf 'óe[l

aomtrnfukd rcH,x l u dk af y/ 'óe[lorQonf rdro d abmw&m;ukd vufawGUusio hf ;Hk
&ef cGijhf yK&avonf/
Ak''¨ óe3 (tbd"r®m)onf wzufu urÇmavmu(oHo&m)\'ku©taMumif;udk
&Si;f vif;ajymjyovkd wzufuvnf; xk'd u k \ © csKyjf ird ;f aMumif; enf;Oyg,fudk nGejf yav
onf/
0dnmedu blwu d 0g'\vufawGU usio hf ;Hk rIt&qkv d Qif yk*v ¾ ud ykid f ypön;f udyk ,f
azsmufrEI iS yhf *k v ¾ u d ykid yf pön;f xm;jcif; oabmw&m;ukd tm;ay;axmufco H rl sm;ukd y,f
azsmufrIonf vlom;aumif;pm;a&;twGuf rvGJra&Smifomonfh pnf;urf;csufuJhokdY
jzpfaeayonf/ ,ckacwfwiG f tm;vk;H aom ypön;f 0w¬K4 ukd tjrwfwnf;[laom rlv
tajccH&nf&G,fcsufjzifhomvQif xkwfvkyfjcif;5 jzefYa0jcif;6 jyKvkyfaeMuonf/ ypönf;
0w¬Kux dk wk v f yk jf cif; jzefaY 0jcif;\ rlvtajcü tjrwf[al om &nf&, G &f if;&Sad eorQum
vywfv;Hk vlom;aumif;pm;a&;onf jzpfEidk rf nfr[kwaf y/ ,ckacwf ukeyf pön;f xkwf
vkyfjcif;ç jzefYa0jcif;\rlvtajcü]]vmb7 }} wckwnf;omvQif rlwnfxm;onf/ xkd
]]vmb}}\tajcü bm&So d enf; ? þodjYk yóemay:vmonf/ tajzum; ]]avmb8}}jzpf
onf/ tu,fí 'óe(tbd"r®m)wrsdK;onf ]]vmb}}ukd wkdufyGJqifí tjcm;'óe
(tbd"r®m)wrsKd ;u ]]avmb}}ukd wku d yf qJG ifaeonfjzpfvQif xk'd óeESprf sKd ;ç 0g'ESprf sKd ;
udk wrsKd ;ESiw hf rsKd ; wckEiS w f ck qefu Y sib f uf[k tb,fuo hJ Ydk rSw,
f &l rnfenf;/
0dnmedu blwu d 0g'ukd vufawGUusio hf ;Hk aom tpkt&k;H um; qk&d , S v f pf0g'Drsm;
9
\ ]]oHC }}(uGejf rLef)üjzpf\/ xko d C H (uGejf rLef)ü yk*v ¾ u
d ykid yf pön;f twGuf ae&mr&S&d
ay/ Ak't ¨ bd"r®mç Ak'0¨ g'ukd vufawGUusio hf ;Hk aom tpkt&k;H um; &[ef;rsm;\oHC10
jzpf\/ xko d C H üvnf; yk*v ¾ ud ykid f ypön;f twGuf ae&mrxm;ay/ wckEiS w hf ck qefu Y sif

1. Marxizt Philosopher (rmhupf 0f g'Dtbd"r®mq&m) 2. Marxist Philosophy (rmhupf 0f g'Dtbd"r®m) 3. Wealth

4. Production 5. Distribution 6. Profit-motive (tjrwf) 7. Greed 8. Communes

9. oHCm

18
yg&*l

buf[x k ifae&aom 'óeESprf sKd ;ç 0g'ESprf sKd ;\vufawGUusio hf ;Hk rIü þwlncD suo f nf
ao;i,fonfw h nl cD suf [kwEf idk yf grnfavm/
ok&Yd mwGif þ'óeESprf sKd ;ç 0g'ESprf sKd ;ü Mu;D rm;onfx h ;l jcm;csuf wckvnf; &So d nf/
qkd&S,fvpf0g'DwkdY\ oHC(uGefjrLef)ü reodu1 tvkyf um,du2 tvkyf ESpfrsdK;vkH;ukd
vkyo f nfh vltrsKd ;rsKd ;aeEkid o f nf/ bduK© oC H ürlum; reodu tvkyu f dk vkyo f nfyh *k K¾ v d f

E-book is created by www.shanyoma.org

rsm;omvQifae&onf/ qkd&S,fvpf0g'DwkdY\ oHC(uGefjrLef)ü reoduç um,du vkyf
tm;jzifhjyKvkyf&&Sdonfh okH;aqmifcHpm;bG,fypönf;rsm;ukd vkdtyfonftm;avsmfpGm¤if;ç
okrYd [kwf tvkyt f m;avsmpf mG ¤if;ç nDwn l rD QcaJG 0pm;ok;H &jcif;wnf;[laom &nfreS ;f csuf
xm;&So d nf/ bduK© oC H ürlum; tjcm;yk*K¾ v d rf sm;qDu tvSL'ge3 tjzpfjzifh cH,&l &So d nfh
ypön;f uko d mvQif nDwn l rD Q cGaJ 0pm;ok;H &avonf/
tu,fí yOövufenf;t&jzpfapç okrdY [kwf vlraI wmfveS af &;4t&jzpfapç ,ck
acwfvlUavmu5 vlUtzGJUtpnf; wckvkH;onf yk*¾vduykdifypönf;xm;jcif; uif;onfh
oHC6 wcktjzpf ajymif;vJoGm;ygvQif þreoduvkyftm;ESifhum,duvkyftm; uGJjym;
jcm;em;rIonfvnf; ypönf;xkwfvkyfolESifhtvSL'gecH,lol\uGJjym;jcm;em;rIESifh twlw
uGaysmufu, G o f mG ;Ekid of nf[k uREyfk x f ifjrifoabm&&So d nf/
þxl;jcm;csurf sm;um; ta&;wMu;D jy|mef;onft h csurf sm; r[kwaf y/ ,aeYt
xd ynmoifMum;ay;jcif;\tpm; tvSL'geukd cH,jl cif;jzifh a&mif&h aJ eMuonfAh 'k b ¨ mom
&[ef;awmfrsm;onf xkad jymif;vJomG ;onfh acwfü ¤if;wdpYk rG ;f aqmifEidk o f nfh vlrw I m0ef
ukdxrf;&Gufjcif; vkyftm;tpm; vkyfcukdvufcHbkdY&ef aESmifhaES;aevdrfhrnf r[kwfay/
tu,fí þrajymyavmufonfh pnf;pepfjyKjyif ajymif;vJru I dk vufcv H udk &f rHk Qjzifuh rÇm
avmu\oHCMu;D wcktjzpf jzpfajrmufa&;ü tultnDtaxmuftyHh jzpfrnfqydk gvQif
&[ef;rsm;onf þudpt ö wGuf OD;av;raeoifah y/ a&SUwef;odYk xGuv f moifah yonf/
þ]]oHCH o&PH *pämrd}}onf tb,fuo hJ Ykd jzpfay:vmcJo h enf;/ vlom;aumif;
pm;a&;pdw"f gwfjzifh vIUH aqmftyfonfh uk, d u f sKd ;pGevYf w T rf I7 tm;jzifah vm ? okw Yd nf;r[kwf
8
rvTrJ a&Smifomonft h &m[k qkt d yfaom vlwef;pm;wku d cf u dk rf I tm;jzifah vm ? tu,f
í uREyfk w f o
Ydk nf yXr tcsuu f dk vufcb H &Ydk ef toifh r&Sv d Qiv f nf; 'kw, d tcsuu f rl
uREyfk w f \Ykd OD;acgif;ay:ü &Sad eayonf/
vGecf o hJ nfh ESpaf ygif;ig;axmif tawGUtMuKu H dk rdr\ d ausmay:ü yk;d vsuf &mZ0if
tbk;d Mu;D onf uREyfk w f t Ydk m;]]toif b,fvrf;udk vku d rf vkv Yd }J }[laom ar;cGe;f ukd ar;
íaeavonf/

1. Mental (pdwq
f idk &f m) 2. Physical (uk,
d q
f idk &f m) 3. Charity 4.Social revolution 5. Society

6. Communist Society. 7. Self-Sacrifice 8. Class Struggle.

19
 bduK© tmeE´maumov’m,e\ Ak'b
¨ momESirhf mufp0hf g'

a0g[m&xl;rsm;
t"dyÜg,fzGifh Definition (y&dbmom)
tEkrme Inference (awG;ac:qifjcifr)I
ta&twGuf Quantity (y&drmP)
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t&nftcsif; Definition (*kP)

ta&twGufajymif;vJrI Quantitative Change (y&drmP y&d0wåe)
t&nftcsif;ajymif;vJrI Qualitative Change (*kP y&d0wåe)
tblwdu Non-material Exestence (blwr[kwo f nfth &m)
tAk'¨'óeduq&m Non-Buddhist Philosopher (Ak't
¨ bd"r®mrSwyg; t
jcm;tbd"r®mq&m)
tapwem Unconsciousness (emrfr[kw)f
tan,s0g'D Beyond Comprehension (rodtyfç em;rvnftyf
[kt,ltq&Sdonf)
t0dZÆm Ignorance
twå Soul
twå0g' Idealism (emrf0g')
£a`E´ Sense (pu©Kponfh tda`E)´
£a`E´ajcmufyg; Sense-Organs (pu©Kponft h m,we ajcmufyg;ç
oVm,we)
Oyg'gef Grasping (Oyg'ge)
Oapä' Annihilation (jzwfjcif;)
um,du Physical (uk,d qf idk &f m)
uGefjrLef Communes
ukd,fusdK;pGefYvTwfrI Self-Sacrifice
cGJjcrf;pdyfjzmjcif; Classification
*wd Motion or Change (a&GU&Sm;jcif; odrYk [kwf ajymif;
vJjcif;)
*kP Quality (t&nftcsi;f )
*kPy&d0wåe Qualitative Change (t&nftcsi;f ajymif;vJr)I
pmpum;çpum;taxmuftxm;çpmawGURevelation or the Authority of the Word (o'´yrmP)
apwem Consciousness (emrf)
Z' Unconsciousness (&ky)f

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yg&*l

Zmwd Birth (arG;zGm;jcif;)

Z&m Old age (tkr d if;jcif;)
wPSm Thirst
xkwfvkyfjcif; Production
'óe Philosophy (tbd"r®m)

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'óeynm Philosophy (tbd"r®m)
'óedu Philosophical (tbd"r®mqki d &f m)
'óedutjrif Philosophical View (tbd"r®mtjrif)
'óeduq&m Philosopher (tbd"r®mq&m)
'óeduteuft"dyÜg,f Philosophical Interpretation (tbd"r®mqki
d &f mteuf
t"dyÜg,f)
'ge Charity
"gwfcGJonf Analyse
emrf Mind (emr)
emrf&kyf Mind-Matter (emr&ly)
edpö Permanency
ypöu©yrmP Direct Perception (rsuaf rSmuftaxmuftxm; ç
igrawGU)
y&dbmom Definition (t"dygÜ ,fteufziG )hf
yuwd Nature (y&dbmom)
y&drmP Quantity (ta&twGu)f
y&drmP y&d0wåe Quantitative Change (ta&twGua f jymif;vJr)I
y&da'0 Lamentation (jrnfwrf;jcif;)
y&rwå God (xm0&)
y#dpöorkyÜg' The Law of Origination (y#dpo
ö rkygÜ 'fç taMumif;
ukpd í
JG tusKd ;jzpfay:rI)
ypönf;0w¬K Wealth
zó Contact (awGUxdr)I
jzefYa0jcif; Distribution
jzpfay:rI Existence
Ak'¨0g' Buddhism
Ak'¨0g'D Buddhist
Ak'¨'óe Buddhist Philosophy(Ak't ¨ bd"r®mq&m)
Ak'¨d0g' Rationalism (qifjcifw0Hk g')
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 bduK© tmeE´maumov’m,e\ Ak'b
¨ momESirhf mufp0hf g'

jA[® God (xm0&)

jA[®0g' Egoism (y&dbmom)
b0 Existence (y&dbmom)
blwwå God (xm0&)
blw Matter (&ky)f
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blwdu0g' Materialism (&ky0 f g')

blwdu Materialist (&ky0
f g')
rZösdry#dy'g Middle Way (tv,ftvwfvrf;pOf)
r&P Death (aojcif;)
reodu Mental (pdwq f idk &f m)
rmhufpf0g' Marxism
rmhufpf0g'D Marxist
rlvw&m; Elements (&ky0f g')
,xmw¬0g' Objectism or Realism (0w¬K0g')
&kyf Matter or Form (&ly)
vmb Profit Motive (tjrwf)
avmb Greed (&ky0 f g')
vlUavmu Society (&ky0 f g')
vlrIawmfvSefa&; Social Revolution (&ky0 f g')
vlwef;pm;wkdufckdufrI Class-Struggle (&ky0 f g')
0dnmedu Scientific odye HÜ nf;us (omrntm;jzif)h
Dialectical tEky#davmr(0daootm;jzif)h
0dnmedu blwu
d 0g' Dialectical Materialism (tEky#davmr&ky0 f g')
0dnOf Consciousness (0dnme)
a0'em Sensation
a0'em Feeling (cHpm;rI)
o'´yrmP (pum;t
Revelation or the Authority of the word
axmuftxm;ç pmtaxmuftxm;ç pmawGU)
oHo&m Universe (avmuç pMu0Vm)
ocFg& Mental Co-efficients
onm Perception
aomu Regret (pk;d &drjf cif;)
oHC Communes (&ky0 f g')
oHC bduK© oCH
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