50288-21-12E AID: 59493 | 14/11/2017

Refer to Example 21.5 and Example 21.6 in textbook.

Consider the new pairs of measurement.

There are 5 subgroups with 1 sample per subgroup. There are 2 quality characteristics per
sample.

Consider the formula to determine Hotelling’s T 2 statistic.

T 2 k  n  x  k   x  S 1  x  k   x 
T
…… (1)
Where,
n denotes subgroup of measurements
x  k  denotes the subgroup sample means
k denotes the sampling instant
x denotes the grand mean
S denotes the covariance matrix

Consider the formula to determine the covariance matrix.

T
1 N
Sij
N
  xi  k   xi   x j  k   x j 
k 1
…… (2)

Where,
N denotes the number of subgroups
xi is the mean of xi
i, j represents the BOD and Solids

Determine xi .
1 5
xi   xi
5 1
 26.02
The mean x j is 26.02.
1 5
xj   xj
5 1
 1422.8
The mean x j is 1422.8.

Substitute the value of xi and x j in equation (2).

Solve for S.
S  196.605

Substitute 1 for k in equation (1)

T 2 1 n  x 1  x  S 1  x 1  x  Commented [AA1]: Direct answers given without any detailed
T
steps/calculations. Need to provide step by step calculations.

7
Similarly determine T 2  k  for different samples.
T 2  2   13
T 2  3  9
T 2  4   9.2
T 2  5  6

Using excel a graph is drawn between T 2  k  and k by taking the sample k along the x-
axis and T 2  k  along y axis. The T 2  k  chart is shown in Figure 1. The 99% control
chart limit (UCL) is T 2  11.63 .

From Figure 1, the straight red line represents the UCL limit. The dots represent the
T 2  k  values for different samples.
From Figure 1, a chart violation occurs at k  2 . The T 2  k  value exceeds the UCL
limit. To overcome this behavior the measurement must be further investigated. Also,
extra measurement is taken before the process operation is abnormal.

Thus, the value of Hotelling’s T 2 for each pair is calculated and the values are plotted. A
chart violation occurs at k  2 since the T 2  k  value exceeds the UCL limit.