‫التجويد‬

‫للمعهد بن عباس‬
‫التجويد للمعهد بن عباس‬
2

(VOWELS) ‫الحركات‬
Short Vowels ) ( ‫الحركات القصيرة‬
Long Vowels ) ( ‫الحركات الطويلة‬
‫ بى‬------‫ بو‬----- ‫با‬

‫الشدة‬
‫ب=ب‬+‫ب‬ ‫ب=ب‬+‫ب‬ ‫ب=ب‬+‫ب‬

) ( ‫السكون‬
‫ با تت‬- ‫ فرت‬- ‫ تبت‬-

(TANWEEN) ‫التنوين‬
Nun that has sukuun that is pronounced at the end of a noun but not written.

‫ كتابن‬- ‫كتابا‬
NUN SAKINAH

,
‫ عنمن‬-- Clear Nun -- ‫ النون الظاهرة‬1

‫(فن)فا‬,-- Hidden Nun -- ‫ النون الباطنة‬2

‫أحكام النون الساكنة و التنوين‬

RULING OF NUN SAKINAH AND TANWEEN

(Manifestation) ‫ االظهار‬1
This is making the nun clear and there are six types of Idhar, they are: ‫ح ج ع غ ه‬
‫ ء‬e.g. ‫من حمل‬
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(Assimilation) ‫ االدغام‬2
This is joining of letters to produce a sound, they are six letters of Idhgam, they
are: ‫م ل و ن ي ر‬

There are two types of Idhgam:

1 ‫االدغام بغنة‬ Joining with Nasal sound

2 ‫االدغام بغير غنة‬ Joining without Nasal sound

(Overlapping) ‫ االقالب‬3
It is to put a small meem on the nun sukuun or tanween, this stands for the
symbol of Iqlab. Al-Iqlab has one letter which is baa. (‫)ب‬

(Hidden) ‫ االخفاى‬4
It is a combination between Idhgam and Idhar, it is the rest of the Arabic
Alphabet.

‫أحكام الميم الساكنة‬

RULING OF MEEM SAAKINAH
The ruling on meem sukuun is of three kinds:

‫ و ما بكم من = و ما بكمن‬,‫جاء كم من = جاء كمن‬ ‫ االدغام الشفوي‬1

It has a letter which is baa, and the meem takes gunnah :‫الشفوي‬ ‫ االخفاء‬2
‫ ربهم بذانبهم‬,‫اليهم بالمودة‬

It has 26 letters, ‫ ف‬and ‫ و‬has more emphasis, ‫ االظهار الشفوي‬3

‫أ ت ث ج ح خ د ذ ر ز س ش ص ض ط ظ ع غفف ف ق ك ل ن و‬
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Assignment

Bring examples on letters of: ‫ االظهار الشفوي‬,‫ االخفاء الشفوي‬,

‫االدغام الشفوي‬

‫الغنة‬
NASAL SOUND
It is a sound that is produced from al-khayshum, consists of a body of
meem and nun. It is divided into two:

It is done without elongation of the sound :‫ أصلية‬1

i. Vowelled nun and meem
ii. Nun and meem saakinah

e.g. ‫ الدنيا‬,‫ هونا‬,‫ملك‬

This type of Gunnah is done with elongation of the sound by :‫ فرعية‬2

two counts. This is done in nine places:

 4 places for Nun

 3 places for Meem
 1 place for Idhgam baa in Meem
 1 place for Idhgam Lam Al (‫ )ألم ال‬in Nun.

Four places for Nun

i. Doubled Nun (‫ )ن‬e.g. ‫ان‬, ‫كن‬

ii. Nun or Tanween for any of the 4 letters of ‫ ي ن م و‬e.g ‫من يقول‬,
‫لن نصبر‬
iii. Nun or tanween overlapped by meem of Iqlab e.g. ‫من‬, ‫ينبت بكم‬
‫أنبأك‬
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iv. Nun or Tanween by Ikhfaa: ‫اذ تكا د‬, ‫أن دعوا‬

Three places for Meem

i. Doubled meem (‫)م‬: ‫ لم‬,‫ثم‬
ii. Meem of Ikhfaa: ‫و ما هم بمومنين‬
iii. Meem of Idhgam: ‫و بكم ما‬

One place for Baa

Idhgam of Baa of Meem: ‫اركب معنا‬

One place for ‫ال‬ ‫ألم‬

Idhgam of Lam Al of Nun: ‫الناس‬

‫أحكام االم‬
RULING ON LAAM
For the saakin Laam there are two rulings namely:

a) Idhgam b) Izhaar

PLACES FOR SAAKIN LAAM

1. At the beginning of the word: this is Laam of definite (‫)الم التعريف‬, it is
divided into two (a) ‫شمسية‬ (b) ‫قمرية‬
(a) ‫الشمسية‬ ‫االم‬: the ruling of this Laam is Idhgaam, this is done whem
any letter of ‫ حروف الشمسية‬comes after ‫ال‬, the letters are, ‫ظ ط ل ن‬
‫ت ث د ذ ر ز ش س ض ص‬e.g. ‫الرحمن‬,‫الطامة‬
(b) ‫االم القمرية‬: the ruling is Idhaar, this is done when a moon letter
(‫ )حروف القمرية‬comes after ‫ال‬, they are 14 letters ‫ء ب ج ح خ ع غ ق‬
‫كوهيم‬
2. At the middle of the word: this occurs in noun (‫ )اسم‬or verb ‫فعل‬. It’s
ruling is Idhaar.
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‫ سلطنا‬,‫ ألوانكم‬:‫االسم‬
‫ جعلنا‬,‫ التقى‬:‫الفعل‬
3. At the end of the word: this is also known to be ‫االم المتطرفة‬. Its ruling
is Idhaar except whenever another Laam or Raa comes after it, then
it is compulsory to do Idhgaam.
Examples of Idhgaam into Laam: ‫قل ال اقول‬, ‫بل ال تخافون‬
Examples of Idhgaam of Laam into Raa: ‫ بل رفعه‬,‫و قل رب‬
Examples of Idhaar of Laam: ‫بل طبع‬, ‫هل توب‬

THE ALIF READ IN STOPPING AND DELETED IN JOINING

There are seven Alifs in the Qur’an read in stopping and deleted in joining.
Their sign is small zero in the Alif (‫)ا‬.

1. Alif of ‫أنا‬: ‫أنا نزير‬

2. Alif of ‫لكنا‬: ‫( لكنا هو‬Q18:38)
3. Alif of ‫( لظنوناا‬Q33:10)
4. Alif of ‫( الرسوال‬Q33:66)
5. Alif of ‫( لسبيالا‬Q33:67)
6. Alif of ‫( سالسال‬Q76:64)
7. Alif of ‫(قواريرا‬Q76:15)
 Removing of Alif Madd for meeting of two sukuuns
‫ اهدنا السراط‬reads ‫اهدنا السراط‬
‫ محلى الصيد‬reads ‫محل الصيد‬

‫المد و اقسامه‬
ELONGATION AND ITS RULINGS
Al-madd means elongation of the sound when pronouncing with letter.
There are three letters of Madd:

1. Alif saakinah(‫ )ا‬with a letter carrying fatihah before it.

2. Waw saakinah (‫ )و‬with a letter carrying dammah before it.
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3. Yaa saakinah (‫ )ى‬with a letter carrying kasrah before it.

The Madd letters are coded as (‫)نوجيها‬. The Madd is divided into two:

1. ‫المد العصلى‬: this is the one that has no sukuun or hamzah before
it. The elongation is done by two counts e.g. ‫ شانئك‬,‫ ال تفرح‬,‫ذاك‬.
The Madd has 4 supplements which are also elongations by two
counts, they are:
i. Maddul-badal(‫ )مد البدل‬:‫ اوتو‬,‫ ءادم‬,‫عاتى‬

ii. Maddul-ilwad(‫ )مد االلوض‬: ‫ هقتدرا‬reads ‫ هقتدرا‬, ‫ ماء‬reads ‫ماءا‬,

‫ عزيزا‬reads ‫عزيزا‬
 But when the tanween falls on the round taa ( ‫التاء‬
‫)المربوطة‬, we stop on it s silent haa (‫)الهاء الساكنة‬e.g
‫ مطمئنة‬reads ‫مطمئنه‬, ‫ ءامنة‬reads ‫ءامنه‬

iii. Maddus-silatis sugrah(‫ )مد الصلة الصغرى‬: ‫ انه هو‬reads ‫انهو هو‬,
‫ هذه سبلي‬reads ‫هذهى سبلي‬

iv. Alif of spelt letter of Hayy Tahur(‫ )حى طهر‬: these five spelt
letters are found in the beginning of the surahs. They are
elongated by two counts e.g ‫يس – يا‬, ‫حم – حا‬, ‫الر – را‬

2. ‫المد الفرعى‬: this is the elongation that is added to the natural madd
(‫ )المد العصلى‬by the cause of hamzah (‫ )ء‬or sukuun ( ).

 The Madd caused by Hamzah is 4 or 5 counts and are three kinds:

i. ‫المد الواجب المتصل‬: it is to have hamzah after the letter of Madd
(‫ )ا و ى‬in a single word. e.g. ‫ قرؤ‬,‫ مالئكة‬,‫جاء‬
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ii. ‫المد االلجائز المتفصل‬: it is to have the letter of madd at the end
of a word and Hamzah at the beginning of the following word.
e.g ‫ قوا أنفسكم‬,‫يا ءادم‬

iii. ‫المد الصلة الكبرى‬: it is to make dammah of Haa, waaw and

kasrah of haa, yaa when they come between a vowelled
letter and cutting hamzah e.g ‫ وهو يحاوره أنا‬reads ‫يحاورهو أنا‬
‫ و ان هذه أمتكم و هو‬reads ‫و ان هذهى أمتكم‬

 The Madd caused by sukuun are two, namely:

(a) ‫( مد سكونه عارض‬b) ‫مد سكونه اصلى‬
(a) ‫ مد سكونه عارض‬: this is divided into two; (i) ‫العارض للسكون‬ ‫المد‬
(ii) ‫المد اللين‬
(i) ‫العارض للسكون‬ ‫المد‬: this is a natural madd that comes after
the last letter of a word and sukuun is returned in the last
letter. The Madd count is 2, 4, or 6. e.g. ,‫ تكزبان‬,‫العا لمين‬
‫العقاب‬.
X ‫المد المتصل العرض‬: this is an obligatory Madd that comes before
the last letter of a word, but Hamzah (‫ )ء‬is found often after the letter
of Madd. The Madd count is 4, 5 or 6. It is wrong to use 2 counts. e.g.
‫ النساء‬,‫تروء‬
(ii) ‫ المد اللين‬: this is a situation whereby a letter carrying fathah comes
before waa or yaa saakinah and sukuun is returned to the last letter.
The Madd count is 2,4 or 6. e.g. ‫يوم‬, ‫خوف‬,‫ضيف‬

 ‫المد الالزم‬: this is the elongation that is caused by the doubled letter
after a saakin letter. It is 6 counts, it is divided into two:
i. ‫المد الالزم الكلمى المثقل‬: this is done by presence of doubled letter
after a Madd letter. e.g. ‫ الطامة‬,‫ الضالين‬,‫يتماسا‬
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ii. ‫المد الالزم الكلمى المخفف‬: this is the Madd that comes before a
saakin letter. It is only in two places (Yunus 51 and 91). e.g.
‫( ءالئن‬6 count).
 ‫المد الالزم الحرفى‬: it falls on eight letters that begin chapters of the
Qur’an. They are coded as “‫”نقص عسلكم‬. This is of two types:
(i) ‫المد الالزم المثقل الحرفى‬: this elongation has 5 or 6 counts. e.g. ‫لم‬,
‫سم‬
(ii) ‫المد الالزم المخفف الحرفى‬: ‫ل = الر‬, ) ‫كهيعص ( ك ع ص‬
The spelt letters revealed in the Qur’an are 14 coded as
(‫)طرق سمعك النصيحة‬. The spelt letters are divided into three parts:
 A part has no elongation which is Alif
 A part has elongation of 2 counts ()
 A part has elongation of 6 counts ()

Assignment

List the verses of the Qur’an that contain the 14 spelt letters.

‫مخارج الحروف‬
POINT OF ARTICULATION OF LETTERS
The points of articulation are seven but condensed into 5 points namely:

1. ‫( الجوف‬Trachea)
2. ‫( الحلق‬Throat)
3. ‫( اللسان‬Tongue)
4. ‫( لشفتانا‬Two Lips)
5. ‫( الخيشوم‬Nostril)

1. Trachea: this produces the 3 letters of Madd namely:

(a) Alif with sukuun and the letter before is given fatihah
(b) Waaw with sukuun and the letter before is given dammah
(c) Yaa with sukuun and the letter before is given kasrah
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This three letters produced by the Trachea are called: ‫ المدية‬or ‫الجوفية‬

2. Throat: this produces 6 letters: ‫ ء ح خ ع غ ه‬. they are known as ‫الحلقية‬

3. Tongue: this produces: ‫( ش ي ض ل ن د ت ط س م ز ث ذ ظ ج ك ق‬17).
a. ‫ق‬, ‫ ك‬are ‫اللهويان‬
b. ‫ ج ش ي‬are ( ) ‫الشجرية‬
c. ‫ س ص ز‬are ‫االسلية‬
d. ‫ ث ذ ط‬are ‫اللثوية‬
4. Two Lips: these produce: ‫) ( و م ب ف‬. These are called ‫الشفوية‬.
5. Nostril: this only produce the nasal sound that consist of two bodies;
meem ‫ م‬and nun ‫ن‬.

N.B. A formula to know the point of articulation of a letter is to introduce ‫أ‬

at the beginning of the letter, then pronouncing it.

‫االدغام و اقسامه‬
Al-IDHGAM AND ITS TYPES
Idhgam is to assimilate the secnd letter with the first letter by which they will
become a doubled letter (harf mushaddadah). Idhgam has two types:

(i) ‫(كبير‬Kabeer) (ii) ‫(صغير‬Sagheer)

i. ‫االدغام الكبير‬: this is meeting of a vowelled letter with another
vowelled letter by which they become a doubled letter.
ii. ‫االدغام الصغير‬: this is meeting of a saakin letter with another vowelled
letter by which they become a doubled letter.

These two types of Idhgam are also divided into three parts:

a. ‫( المتماثل‬Al-mutamahthil) is sometimes known as ‫ المتقارب‬e.g.

‫ ربحت تجارتهم‬reads ‫ربحتجارتهم‬
‫ و قد دخلوا‬reads ‫ و قدخلوا‬, ‫ فال يسرف فى القتل‬reads ‫فال يسرفى القتل‬
b. ‫المتجانس‬: this is when two letters have a single point of articulation
with different qualities. This occurs on the letters of :
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11

i. ‫النطيفة‬ ii. ‫اللثوية‬ iii. ‫الشفوية‬

i. An-nateeah letters are: ‫ ت ط د‬e.g. ‫ ط‬+ ‫ ت‬:‫ودت طائفة‬

ii. Al-lathawiyyah letters are: ‫ ذ ظ ث‬e.g. ‫ ث‬+ ‫ ذ‬/ ‫ ظ‬+ ‫ ذ‬: ‫يلهت ذلك‬
iii. Ash-shafawiyyah letters are: ‫ ن ف ق ر م ب‬e.g. ‫ر‬+ ‫ ل‬/ ‫ ك‬+ ‫ق‬:
‫الم نخلقكم‬

Al-IDHGAM AND ITS TYPES (SUMMARY)

Idhgam simply means assimilation of two letters to produce a doubled

letter. The following letters are assimilated with one another:

1. ‫ ت‬and ‫ط د ت‬
2. ‫ د‬and ‫ت د‬
3. ‫ ط‬and ‫ت‬
4. ‫ ث‬and ‫ذ‬
5. ‫ ذ‬and ‫ظ‬
6. ‫ ب‬and ‫م‬ Baqarah V. 256
7. ‫ ل‬and ‫ر‬

‫صفات الحروف‬
QUALITIES OF THE LETTERS
There are two qualities of letters namely:

1. ‫الزمة‬ (Permanent): permanent qualities are those that should not be

removed away from the letter such as ‫ االستالء‬and ‫ الهمس‬.
2. ‫عارضة‬ (Additional): additional qualities are those when removed from
the letter the impact will not be felt, such as ‫ االدغام‬and ‫التفخيم‬.

Permanent qualities are seventeen but are divided into two:

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12

a. ‫الصفات المتضادة‬: these are ten qualities but are coded as five, they are
qualities that when found in a letter, it is forbidden to use the opposite
qualities. That is a letter must be described by one of the two
qualities.
i. ‫ الهمس‬and ‫الجهر‬
ii. ‫ الشدة‬and ‫الرخاوة‬
iii. ‫ االستعالء‬and ‫االستقال‬
iv. ‫ االطباق‬and ‫االنفتاح‬
v. ‫ االذالق‬and ‫االصمات‬
ia. ‫الهمس‬: it is to allow the breath to flow when pronouncing. Its letters are
ten: ‫فحثه شخص سكت‬

ib. ‫الجهر‬: it is to hold up the breath when pronouncing. Its letters are
nineteen, they are the rest of the alphabet.

iia. ‫الشدة‬: it is to hold up the voice when pronouncing, its letters are eight
and coded as: ‫أجدز قط بكت‬

‫ لن عمر‬is the intermediary between ‫ الشدة‬and ‫الرخاوة‬.

iib. ‫الرخاوة‬: it is to allow the voice to flow when pronouncing. They are
sixteen letters.

)‫صفات العارضة (الزائدة‬

THE AUGMENTED QUALITIES

The augmented qualities are two: (1) ‫( التفخيم‬2) ‫الترقيق‬

(1) ‫التفخيم‬: this is an audible sound put on the letter as an added quality.
The letters of tafkheem (‫ )االحرف المفخمة‬are divided into two:
i. Letters with permanent tafkheem, these letters are called ‫أحرف‬
‫ االستعالء‬, they are seven ‫خص ضغط قظ‬
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ii. Letters with tafkheem sometimes and tarqeem sometimes, they

are four: /‫ل‬/‫ر‬/‫ا‬/‫الغنة‬

‫ أحرف االستعالء‬are taken by tafkheem when:

1. If it is fatihated and there is Alif after it: ‫الصاءمين‬
2. If it is fatihated and there is no Alif after it: ‫ ضرب‬,‫طبع‬
3. If it is dammahted: ‫ ضرب‬,‫طوبى‬
4. If it is kasrahted: ‫ دخلت‬,‫قسمة‬
5. If it is sukuuned: ‫مطلع الفجر‬

Tafkheem and Tarqeeq Raa (‫)ر‬

The raa should be at the end of the word ‫ متطرفة‬or at the middle of the
word ‫ غير متطرفة‬or at the beginning.

1. If the raa is fatiahted: ‫رحمت ربك‬, ‫ألم تر‬

2. If the raa is dammahted: ‫كفروا‬, ‫الرغب‬
3. If it is sukuuned after fatiahted letter: ‫أرسلنا‬
4. If it is sukuuned after dammahted letter: ‫قران‬, ‫مرسلون‬
5. If it is sukuuned after kasrahted letter: ‫ارجعوا‬, ‫اركعوا‬

Tafkheem and Tarqeeq Al-gunnah (‫)الغنة‬

Tafkheem is applied on Nun or Tanween of the letters of Ikhfaa among
the letters of ‫االستالء‬: (‫ص‬/‫ض‬/‫ط‬/‫ظ‬/‫)ق‬e.g. ‫ من ظلم يضرون‬,‫من صيام‬.

Tarqeeq is applied on the rest of the letters of ‫ االستعالء‬e.g. ,‫ كنتم‬,‫من شيء‬

‫االنسان‬.
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‫الهمزة‬
There are two types of Hamzah:

1. ‫همزة القطع‬ (Cutting Hamzah): this hamzah is pronounced at any

position in the sentence. Its symbol is hamzah (‫)ء‬. e.g. ,‫ سأل‬,‫ظمأ‬
‫أخرج‬.
2. ‫همزة الوصل‬ (Joining Hamzah): this is pronounced at the initial
stage but deleted in the middle of the sentence. Joining Hamzah
can fall on the letter ‫ حرف‬the name ‫ اسم‬and the action ‫فعل‬. Its
symbol is a small saad)‫ (ص‬on the Alif of Hamzah. e.g. ,‫ ابن‬,‫اسم‬
‫اثنان‬
‫ العلمين الرحمن الرحيم‬reads ‫العلمين رحمن رحيم‬.
PRONOUNCING THE SAAKIN LETTER BEFORE THE JOINING
HAMZAH
If a saakin letter comes after a J.H., there are three positions on that. This
can be pronounced with dammah ( ), fatihah ( ) or kasrah ( ).

1. If it is ‫ من‬the nun is given faatihah ‫)من( من الجنة‬.

2. Meem or Waaw of the plural forms that comes before the
J.H. is pronounced with dammah .e.g. ‫ عليكم‬,‫اشتروا الضاللة‬
‫الصيام‬.
3. The saakin letter is given vowel when it comes before the
J.H. with kasrah except in two places, the examples in two
above and: ‫ ان اصرب‬,‫ان امشوا‬.

If tanween comes before the J.H. its Nun is vowelised by kasrah.

Examples:

‫ محظورا َ ِ انظر‬reads ‫محظورن ِِ انظر‬

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15

‫الوقف‬
STOPPING
Al-waqf is the stopping made on a word with the intention of continuing
the reading after a breadth. It is divided into two:

1. ‫الوقف االضطرارى‬: this is a situation whereby the recite stops

anywhere its necessary for him to stop for the occurrence of any of
the causes of necessary stopping such as; sneezing, headache,
nosebleeding etc
2. Stopping on Taa () of feminism: when the feminine taa is opened
(), the stopping is made on it by taa with sukuun, but when the taa
is closed (), the stopping is made by haa(). e.g.
‫ الوقعة‬reads ‫الوقعه‬, ‫ الحاقة‬reads ‫الحاقه‬
‫ رحمت هللا‬reads ‫رحمت‬, ‫ و رحمت ربك‬reads ‫و رحمت‬.

‫المقطوع و الموصول‬
‫الموصمل‬: this is when the two are written together, the stopping is
compulsorily made on the second. e.g. ‫ و ان‬-‫ والو‬,‫ وان ما‬-‫ و اما‬,‫ و من ما‬-‫و مما‬
‫( لو‬16 /‫)سورة الجن‬.

‫المقطوع‬: this is when the words are written separately, the stopping is
made on the first or the second word as it is necessary. e.g. ‫ ان ال‬,‫ ان ما‬,‫كى ال‬
(61 /‫الواقعة‬, 150/‫)األعراف‬.

VOWELISATION OF HAMZATUL WASL

1. H.W. is given fathah when entered with “‫”ال‬. e.g. ‫الرحمن‬
2. H.W. is given dammah when the third letter of the verb is given
dammah. e.g. ‫ اخرج‬,‫ادخل‬

Exceptional cases: ‫ اقضوا‬,‫امضوا‬

‫التجويد للمعهد بن عباس‬
16

3. H.W. is given kasrah in other cases aside 1 and 2. e.g. ,‫انتغاء‬

‫ اقرأ‬,‫ اضرب‬,‫اختلف‬
N.B. when the interrogative hamzah(‫ )أ‬enters with hamzah of definite ( ‫أل‬
‫)التعريف‬, H.W. is changed to Alif to give two readings or changed to long
elongation of “a” sound. e.g. ‫ءهللا‬,‫ ءالئن‬,‫ء الذكرين‬.

FORBIDDEN AND DISLIKED READING

Changing of a letter, a vowel, a quality or the point of articulation of a
letter in reading is called Lahn (‫)لحن‬. There are two types of Lahn:

1. ‫لحن جلي‬ 2. ‫لحن خفي‬

1. Lahn Jalliyy: this is the pronunciation of a letter for another. e.g.
‫ ألعمت‬instead of ‫أنعمت‬, ‫ أنعمت‬instead of ‫أنعمت‬
This type of mistake is recognized by the scholars and ordinary reciters.

2. Lahn Khafiyy: this is to pronounce

i. Kasrah in between kasrah and fathah
ii. Waaw in between Waaw and Alif
iii. Dammah in between Fathah and Dammah
iv. Stressing on lam when is not supposed to

e.g. ‫ عليهم‬,‫ يومنون‬,‫ عليكم‬,‫ظلم‬