esio017 antoiotes CLASSIFICATION OF CEPHALOSPORINS INTRODUCTION * Grouped into "generations" based on their spectrum of antimicrobial activity. ¢ Newer generation has significantly greater gram-negative antimicrobial properties. ¢ Successive generations have increased activity against gram-negative bacteria. * Cephalosporins are derived from cephalosporin C which is an acid- stable molecule. FIRST GENERATION ¢ Are moderate spectrum agents. ¢ Effective for treating staphylococcal and streptococcal infections and for skin and soft-tissue infections, as well as for streptococcal pharyngitis. + Have activity against some Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Proteus mirabilis FIRST GENERATION CEPHALOSPORINS © Cefadroxil. © Cephalexin. © Cephaloridine. © Cephalothin. © Cephapirin. * Cefazolin. * Cephradine. SECOND GENERATION ¢ Have a greater gram-negative spectrum. * More resistant to beta-lactamase. hip :slmwifepresidency tn govin/Cephalosporin%s20class html 8reso antwotes * Useful agents for treating upper and lower respiratory tract infections, sinusitis and otitis media. * Cefoxitin is a second generation cephalosporin with anaerobic activity. SECOND GENERATION CEPHALOSPORINS * Cefaclor. ° Cefoxitin. * Cefprozil. ¢ Cefuroxime. THIRD GENERATION ¢ Have a broad spectrum of activity and increased activity against gram- negative organisms. ¢ Have excellent activity against most strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae. ¢ Have activity against Neisseria gonorrhoeae. THIRD GENERATION CEPHALOSPORINS © Cefdinir. * Cefixime. * Cefpodoxime. Ceftibuten. * Ceftriaxone. * Cefotaxime. FOURTH GENERATION ¢ Have a greater resistance to beta-lactamases than the third generation cephalosporins. Can cross blood brain barrier and are effective in meningitis. * Cefpirome is more active against pneumococci. ¢ Activity against nosocomial pathogens such as Enterobacter and Acinetobacte. FOURTH GENERATION CEPHALOSPORINS hip :slmwifepresidency tn govin/Cephalosporin%s20class html 28reno angoites * Cefepime. * Cefluprenam. * Cefozopran. * Cefpirome. * Cefquinome. OTHER CEPHALOSPORINS CARBAPENEMS * Bactericidal antibiotic ¢ Active against gram-positive and gram-negitive aerobicand anaerobic pathogenic bacteria. * Resist the hydrolysis by most beta-lactamases IMIPENEM * Used to treat septicaemia hip :slmwifepresidency tn govin/Cephalosporin%s20class html 3a