Identify the types of grammatical cohesion in the highlighted words or phrases in

the questions that follow below.

(Examples are mostly drawn from the Bank of English corpus.)
The different types of grammatical cohesion that I want you to consider for each
example are briefly:

 Personal reference (relates to the grammatical category of person).

 Demonstrative reference (relates to location – in a very general sense).
 Comparative reference (relates to ideas of identity, similarity, and comparison).
 Cohesion through substitution.
 Cohesion through ellipsis.
 Cohesion through...
o Conjunction; Additive (signals the adding of further information).
o Conjunction; Adversative (signals that the new piece of information conflicts
or contrasts with what has been said previously).
o Conjunction; Causal (signals causes, consequences, results, and purposes).
o Conjunction; Temporal (signals sequencing in time).

Out of the bushes in front of the house emerged an entire family. Five people – two
children, their parents and their grandmother.
 Reference, personal

His overriding goal, he said, was to secure sustainable, non-inflationary growth. To this end, he
adopted his predecessor’s tough goals for inflation.
 Conjunction, causal

A sale might have been tempting if the right offer had come along but it plainly hasn’t.
 Ellipsis

The unemployment rate, for months stuck stubbornly above 7% has now dipped to
6.9%. Furthermore, the Department of Labour has admitted that it understated the recovery that
followed the downturn.
 Conjunction, additive

So presumably the effective ingredient is in lemon juice, but not apparently in orange juice.
 Conjunction, adversative
It is widely accepted that a small business can have as many personnel problems as a large
corporation. Indeed, they can seem bigger, because it generally does not have the resources with
which to deal with them.
  Reference, comparative

Monsoon rains fell over the central Pacific Ocean instead of to the west. Consequently, droughts
plagued the Pacific rim countries.
 Conjunction, causal

There are many different forms of this disease and by far the most common is osteoarthritis.
 Reference, comparative
 Ellipsis

A police spokesman said: ‘We believe there may have been a political motive for the attack, and
we are investigating that theory at the moment.’
 Reference, personal

By the early 1980s, the armed services were becoming increasingly convinced that high-energy
lasers were too bulky, fragile and costly for the battlefield. These problems did not deter the
Pentagon’s Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency.
 Reference, demonstrative

What they have to do is to renegotiate the deal

 Substitution

So can you now try to recreate the original sequence...

 Reference, demonstrative

Historical linguists generally compare words that are similar in many different languages, then try
to trace the languages back to some common ancestor. For instance, linguists have shown that
most languages in Europe and some in India and Iran are related.
 Conjunction, additive

The system was unfair because it relied partly on local property taxes, so that rich districts had
more to spend on schools than poor ones.
 Substitution

It is often thought that all state-enterprise managers, having been brought up honing skills
needed for a planned economy, must be irredeemable. In fact, they have shown an exemplary
willingness to restructure their firms.

 Conjunction, adversative

Thus a woman with a formidable record of effecting change in society looks set to fill a
post hitherto occupied by elderly conservative males.
 Conjunction, temporal