CHAPTER ONE WHAT IS HUMAN AGENCY? I would ike to explore inthis paper what i involved in the notion of sell ofa response human agent. What e hat we ate co out Selves shaman agents which we wou por abet animals? ‘Tho question aes ver finde, and int several ses of capil Jmpartance in plilonopy. am not even going tory 1 sound tha al But alike ro make a preliminary exploration of he train sing as ny side key notion hich hes been intodced seesly by Harry Frankl, order osee how welt tcttry othe may he mapped ibis ad The hey ooion is the dtnction between fit and scond-nder esis which Franket makes in his reso of he wlan the concept ffs person! san he sid to have 3 second-order dire when have Asse whose objets my having cera store) dese, The ine tion underlying Frank’ ntexacton of this nsion 5 eat is ‘Geeta tthe charaiereaon of suman apa ox pein ht tothe ‘emarctonotnunan agents fom other Kinds of agent Ase puts Hanes arene lanein having esis td tis eimai choi They sate thes hin with rember of conn ather apes some whch spp ean orton dae Utne eon pe omg seems te pc charac of aay however they ate ae Puc in othe ters, we tink of at at higher) animals as having Asie ren shang chook berween desires in ome cine of at et 'sinisting some dese forthe ake of others. Bar what deiveyhuman she power exalt or dese, to rp sme a diab {nd others are andeable. This why "moana ober than man tappetsto have the capacity for elective s-evaoaion tat i man {Rte nthe formation of econ. onder desi agree wih Fraklare hae thi eapacy wo vate desis is ou vp with our power of sclecvaluation, wich ia tur san ese are of ‘he mde of agency we recognize a human. But I blee we can come ‘ose todefbing whats ivelved in hi mode of agecy if we make | fanber dino, bensen two boa kino elation of sie "Thus someone might be weighing desi action go determine the more convenient, oF how to make deren desires compose lr anes he might resolv to puto extingalhough hungry, eae lier ‘ecould both ea and sis ur howto gt the most orl sisction, Othe igh be pondering to we which ol two dad bjs traces hin ‘mon as one pores a pasty try tosceifone wil take an li or alle feu, Tht whats mining ee above sic i quatre evaluation of my sksies; the kind of thing we hae, for nsancey when Lets o tng fon a given motive ~ say spite, or emey ~ bec I connie thse oF Srworhy In this kind of case ur dei ae led awh ext 2s higher and lower, vituus aad wc, more and ks falling, more tnd les refined profound and soperic, noble and base. They re ined belonging to qualia diferent mode of Me: fragmented on Inegated,alested oF fe, sin, oF merely aman, cuageous ot Posilnimoe and oon Tuite, the dierence might he putin this way the fst cs which we may cal weak evalation, we are concern with atoms in the second, strangevalton, with the ality four motivation, et put this way, ial vo quick For whats inpornnt ha tong {valuation is concemed withthe quatative sword of diferent dese, ‘Ths is whats mining ia he rypcl canes whee forexarmpl,Lchooe 8 holiday in he south ater date orth, chooser got uch the beach rather than cat now in town, For i these Cases the favoured sltemative ot acected because of the worth of the weryng ‘ion Theres noting o choo herween he motions re ‘But tis doesnot mean hat im weak erase the moeatins ae homogeneous. Wemay note weighing wo objets thevame dite oF put someweha diferent, two outcomes wth the same derbi) hurscterieaton, Take the example of soncone whois hestating between {aking olay inthe south inthe nor. Whar the boda im the orth as going fr ics the remendous beauty of he wl he each ‘rats, et what the oath as going fo is he ash opi and, che ‘ec f wall bing he joy of wimming in hese, ce Or mish oie to rigs that one Bolly (© mote exhilarating the other 6 move reli The alsenatines have diferent dealt characteris in thi sense they are uabasvy distnt. But what is missing inthis ase 13 ‘lion ketween the dese 0 worth and that why #9 083 ltrong crauaton, I limaey opt forthe south over the aoeth nt {ecase there someting more worthy abou relaxing han being ex ted, bjs ecu Tiel iki hollows fort (6) that weak erations are not simply quanta sive ether. That iy the semaines cannot reser he expressed “me somo unis of calclation and his sense rendered commen ‘table. Thi aw ofes been obscsed by the recureng ambition of oor rationals craton torn practi eflstion as muchas posible im “lesion, an ambition whose major expression has bee the dotie of wlan “The beat of wiarianam has een to do away with guatatve sinc of worn on the rounds tha they reese conse percep tion of the eal base of ur pclereces which are quanta. Thebans has Ben thar onat we have doe aay with tong ealanton we wl be able to calle, Ustaransm has, 1 belive, been eons on bo ‘Sounts For decisions between enaives which are nx dings 3+ to worth are ar necessary amenable cleo ~ for inane, the ‘hoe beoneen the two hokdays aboveis daly notsoamenableo only in part or some a the considerations relevant ro my choc of hola init be quantal nrc senor example co) Norichere a Calculation when Fare atte pastry tay and ty to decd whether fave an eca ors miles ll thee weak evslations are only “quate in he weak sease thar hey do orinvsveguatatvedstincsons of worth We somes "lai our cho of ths kind by saving that one ernie wss"more furor herr vale ut there no genine quanieaton behind hee expressions they ate jist cover tems for ‘cere Ulan ae ‘erainly rahe fom thei ows tandpon iaroeting sro easton, or doing away wah ths 4 necessryconton of redoing practi reason calclaion, Bacar from nga ule condition‘Nor can wes fc) that weak evaluation i only concerned with ut come, and never With dies; tha al exes of secomrdee desizes are Strong crabitons. For lean have what Frankia calls “secondonde olin’ on the basis of weak evasion. havea ucond-ode alison Athen Iwan cea rst-rder desires the one which move me © son. So (cam wane the sie wo lunch andsinltr o be prepene tec Fknow that wil have a bute time al things considered thou "eae that wl break down since you ae ofleting me lanch now Ar ‘am havesecond-onder deste on the same Kind of an night wat ‘lion mich descr abate so hi can conte yg Bt st ‘oth ofthese cases By hypothesis the alrmatves would mot be die gated a that one of the Ses was unworthy or bse aenatn, ‘orth odishonowrable, or something th sore insbore hee woul benoquaitanve distinction of he worth ofthe motivation ‘And jt an one can desire nota havea deste one has on the basis a weak evaluation, sone can desce 4dr one ha no gt. Roman banque had and acted on this Kindo condor dese wen they vet tothe vomits, soa etre appeite and beable 0 00 ning with lease. This comtratssharplywithhcae what Laie to 2 dere out ofa song evaluation, where Hac ay amiable, for instance, a¢ whan T want wo be xpabe ofa reat and sngeminded lve corloaly* “The distncon beeween the wo kinds of evaluation, thea, dost simply arm om hat between quantatve and gualtaste evaluation, ot fon the presence or abunee of secanbonder desir. It senses rather hehe desires ardsingushedasto worth And fortis ween php seu two interlocking ete (1) ln weak valuation, for something tb judged good i sui thar ice desired whereas in song eralstion there ah 9 fe | ‘or some other evaluative tem for which being dvd i not slles Indeed some dsies or dosed consammation ean beaded asad base, \ghobl, eval, superial unworty, ands on Te fllons Irom this tha (3) when in weak ersaation one desired * emia och atin and ro stg tn en ‘Samed bee acne a dtc ow me Comal or th nd a om ‘Eka hpi on Son sh erative is set aside fie nly om grounds of i coningen in Comparibty wih « more Jered alternative. Igo 10 lnch Ite, “hous hungry now, bees hen sal beable ohinch and sis. a [should be hay ave the best of book world: f th ool were ope ow, onl assum mca hung swells enjoying svi a Tach sme But with strong evaoation ht oe necessary he case. Some eid ensummation may be eschewed not because ici incompanble with Strother or because of neonate ote coment Ths Train fom commiting ome cowardly at altho very tered | dos, but shi frp Besse ths ta his moment would ake any other desi 2e pony a unshing now would make sim tmp but rather saci base. tof eure here fr alo way in which we oul characterize this ihematine which would ving oot inompatbiy. IF we examine my “rake vision more closely, we shale tat [ahi courageous acon Sspanofa mode of Le aspera be cerein kid of pero. Ths woald | be compromised by my giving i 0 dus craven ipbe. Hee there i incomparily, Bu this ncompassey io longer comings Isnt josta matteo rcumstances whic makes eros ive ino the ‘paleo fe and stil cleave courageous, upiht mode of ie Such {mode of ie cont among ober things in withstanding suc craven ‘pales. Ths there should be incomatbiy of a non-onngent kind heres ot advent Fr sro evaluation deploys language of erlaatie Asinsnony, in which diferent dextes are dscried arable 6 Bie, inegrating or fagmeing courapeous or cowardly, cirvoyanto bin, fins om: this means thas hey re chartered eoptanvly. Each once of one ofthe above pais anon be understood tion woahe ‘he, Noone ean have an Hea what courage funk he knows what wade ast 0 ae eat have rion of esa, withoar seme ‘ther colour ects with wich contrat ese wo Bote and “courage” that we understand ih what dhey ae contested. And of course wit erative erm, a ith colour ns de conras may ne jst be with ne othr, but with several. And indeed ering seta tive vocabulary by ieeing newt terms would ale the Sense ofthe ‘xg terme, ten at would with our olor vocabulary “The means hain tong vasa, we cn character the llems- tives conta and inde, itm Behe ease ha we st 8020 sretoespres wht realy desrablein the favoured aera, Boch