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BIOLOGY Form 4 Chapter 5 Cell Division
BIOLOGY Form 4 Chapter 5 Cell Division
5.1 Mitosis
The meaning and significance of mitosis Trial Kedah 2008 Trial selangor 2010
(d) Where do processes (mitosis) occur in an animal?/ Name the type of cell in human where
mitosis take place
Somatic cells 1 1
(e) Give three example of cells named in (c)
Muscle cells 1
Connective cells //blood cell/nervous cells 1 3
65
State the chromosomal number of each daughter cell produced at the end of the division shown
in diagram 3 1 1
12chromosomes
(b) Trial Johor 2011
Based on your biological knowledge, give a reason for answer
E2-During meiosis, the cell undergoes two nuclear division but the chromosomes/DNA of each 1
chromosomes only replicates once
E3-each daughter cell receives half the number of chromosomes from the parent cell 1 2
Any one E
(c) The chromosome number in somatic cell of this organism is 12 state the chromosome number
in each of the daughter cell in Z
A-Six(chromosomes) 1
R-(during meiosis) the daughter cell/ n receive half the daughter chromosome from the parent 1 2
cells/2n//daughter cell haploid/n, daughter cell haploid/2n
The cell cycle Trial Johor 2010 Trial Melaka 2009 Trial PP 2012
Phase V
1
No. of chromosomes are haploid / 3 chromosomes 1
Types of chromosomes/ non homologous 1 3
New genetic combination any 2
(d)
Name stage Q
1 1
Interphase
(e) Explain the importance of stage Q 2/State what happen in cell during U phase
F1-Replication of DNA occurs 1
P1-to produce two genetically identical sister chromatids 1
F2-Synthesis ATP //accumulate energy 1 2
Interphase
Name phase P and state the process that occurs in this phase 2
P1-G1/growth phase 1 1
P2-synthesis of new protein /organelles occurs in the cell 1 2 67
S phase Describe what happens at S phase
DNA is synthesized / is replicated / 2 sister chromatids formed 1 1
G2 Describe what happens at G2
Cell accumulates energy / synthesize energy / prepare for cell division 1 1
The phase of mitosis in animal cells Trial Johor 2010 Trial Kedah 2008 Trial Pahang 2007
Trial PP 2012
Arrange the stages in Diagram 1 according to the correct sequence of events during 68
cell division.
L, N, K and M 1 1
(h) State one organs where this type of cell division occurs
Ovary//testis 1 1
Draw a daughter cell of cell P after both cells have completed the cell
division. in the boxes provided below 2
1
NOTE : Number of chromosome ,n = 2. 1
1 2 70
The type (colour) of chromosomes 1
State the number of daughter cells and number of chromosomes
(i) Number of daughter cells 4
Cytokinesis
(a) Structure v is form during cytokenesis bur in animal cell, actin filament in cytoplasm contract
to pull a ring of the plasma membrane inward forming a groove. Name the groove
Cleavage furrow 1 1
(b) Explain the process (cytokinesis) occurs (plant cell)
F-Cytokinesis,which is the division of cytoplasm 1
P1-A cell plate is formed at the cell equator, that enlarged and eventually combines with the 1
plasma membrane
P2-A new cell wall is formed
1 2
(c) Describe how cytokinesis occurs in plant and animal cells to produce two daughter cells.
F-process of cytoplasmic division 1
P1-begins before nucleus division is complete / during telophase to form two daughter cells 1
P2-in animal cells, actin filaments in the cytoplasm contracts 1
P3-to pull a ring of the plasma membrane inwards 1
P4-forming a groove called a cleavage furrow 1
P5-the cleavage furrow pinches at the equator of the cell and deepens progressively until two 1
daughter cells are separated
1
P6-in plants cells, the membranous vesicles are formed along the equator between the two
nuclei 1
P7-the vesicles fuse to form a cell plate 1
P8-the cell plate grows outwards until its edges fuse with the plasma membrane of the parents 1
cell 1
P9-at the end of cytokinesis , cellulose fibres are produced by the cells to strengthen the new 1
cell walls
10
Cytokinesis takes place both in animal cell and plant cell
State two similarity and one different between the cytokinesis in animal cell and plant cell
during mitosis 71
1
Similarity-F1-Both involved the division of the cytoplasm to produce two daughter cells
1
F2-Both produced two nuclei each with an identical chromosomes
Differences F1-Inanimal cells cytokinesis occurs ny formation of cleavage furrows/actin
filament while in plant cell cytokinesis occurs by formation of cell plate 1 3
The effect of uncontrolled mitosis Trial Melaka 2009 Trial Melaka 2008
(c) Cancer is genetic disease caused by uncontrolled mitosis. Name two chemical substances
which cause a cancer 1
P1-benzo-alpha pyrene 1 2
P2-nicotine/any suitable
(d) Name the process occurred and state a factor that causes it 72
Process deletion Factor
F1-Rays: X-rays/gamma rays/UV rays/nuclear radiation /radioactive rays 1
F2-chemical: benzene/formaldehyde/carbon tetrachloride/asbestos/mustard gas/ tar/pesticides 1 2
(f) Ahmad has been exposed to gamma rays which results in the failure of
structure R to be formed
F1 : Structure X is the spindle fibre 1
P2: If structure X fails to be formed, chromosomes cannot be pulled to the opposite poles. 1
P3 : This causes the reproductive cells to have either extra or less number of chromosomes 1 3
(g) Which process related to the formation of cancerous cells?
1 1
Mitosis
(i) State two ways to prevent from being exposed to factor you have named in above
P1-prevent form exposure to radioactive rays//use sun block 1
P2-Prevnet from taking food containing flavor /coloring /additive/ preservative 1 2
Tissue culture
Skill of application 6
Q1-Must have P2&P4&P5
(b) Diagram 6.3 shows an experiment to show the different between two ginger plants which is
obtained from tissue culture and are planted in two different environment
75
Explain the role of tissue culture in this experiment 2
F1-Plantlets from tissue culture have the same genetic material 1
P1-This is to show /ensure/proof the different of the plants in Set A and Set B are caused by 1
abiotic factors
(c)
Diagram 6.1 is a new variety of vegetable which has a great commercial value
Diagram 6.2 is the original parent of the plant
Based on the above diagram and with your biological knowledge, explain how a farmer can
propagate this variety to give a large scale of yield and at the same tome maintain its quantity
6 1
P1-the technique used is issue culture technique
P2-A piece of tissue / explants is taken from the young part of the parent plant eg. Root and cut 1
into smaller pieces
P3-The tissue are sterilized (with dilute sodium hypochlorite solution o prevent the growth of 1
pathogens /bacteria/fungus
P4-Each pieces of sterilized tissue ia placed onto a growth medium / gel containing nutrient 1
(eg. Glucose, amino acids, mineral etc.) And hormone/ auxin with optimum pH level
P5-The apparatus and culture, medium used must be in sterile condition and keep under the
1
suitable temperature/30oC-35oC
P6-the tissue cells then divide repeatedly by mitosis to produce mass of undifferentiated 1
cell/callus
P7-After several weeks, callus differentiated to produce shoots and roots /organogenesis 1
P8-once the roots grow , the plantlets/ little plant removed and transferred t the soil for growth 1
into the adult plant
P9-the plantlets produce this way are genetically identical and known as clones
1
P10-Therefore, all adults’ plans that develops from them fruits
1 10
The necessity for the production of haploid gametes the type of cells that undergoes meiosis
Based on diagram 3.1, name the type of cell division / What type of nuclear division is
1 1
Meiosis
(b) State your reason
P1-The crossing over process occur during prophase 1
P2-The tetrad(sister chromatids) are formed 1 2
(c)
Membrane V
The stage of meiosis I Trial Pahang 2008 Trial PP 2012 Trial SBP 2012 Trial selangor 2010
Trial Johor 2011 Explain how the chromosome behavior contributes to the survival of animal
Trial Kedah 2012 species
Trial Selangor 2010 P1-(crossing over) cause variation to occur among animal species 1
P2-this will enhance the ability to adapt in different environment 1 2
State the event that occur during stage X in diagram 3.1
Crossing over 1 1
Explain one important event in stage X ( crossing over)
P1-(the crossing over results) exchange of genetic material between non-sister 1
chromatids of a bivalent 1 2
P2-result in the new combination of alleles on a chromosome//cause variation
Explain the process /chromosome behavior that occur in stage X Essay &
Structure 1
P1-Chromosome become shorter thicker 1
P2-Homologous chromosome (come together) to form bivalent 1
P3-through a process synapsis (sometimes no marks given) 1
P4-Non sister chromatids exchange segment of DNA/genetic material// 1
P5-through Crossing over 1 3
P5-nucleus membrane disappears
P6- Spindle fibres form
Metaphase I Name stage /phase Y// Describe the behavior of chromosomes in X and Y
Metaphase I 1 1
Explain the chromosomal behavior during phase T
P1-Homologous chromosomes are arranged in line 1
P2-at the metaphase plate//cell equator 1 2
Explain events during metaphase I which contribute to variation in organism
P1-Independent assortment of chromosomes 1
P2-which are randomly arranged during metaphase I, produce different haploid 1 2
Trial Johor 2011 gametes
Trial Kedah 2012 Draw the chromosome behaviour in stage Y
L-Location of homologous chromosomes 1
P-correct pairing 1 2
For a plant cell where 2n=4, draw three separate diagram to show Metaphase I,
meiosis, and
79
Cell wall-1 1
homologous chromosome line uo at metaphase plate -1 1 2
Anaphase I Describe the chromosomes behavior in stage R 1
P1-Homologous chromosomes 1 2
P2-move to opposite poles
Anaphase II For a plant cell where 2n=4, draw three separate diagram to show Metaphase, meiosis
in three different cells of the same plant. 1
Based on diagram 3, draw one of the cell daughter cells produced at the end of the
division
Draw the possible chromatids that occur after the non disjunction in diagram 3.1
81
Draw a daughter cell of cell P and Q after both cells have completed the cell
Division. in the boxes provided below
Prophase I Metaphase I
D1-Homologous chromosomes are Homologous chromosomes are arranged on
1
arranged randomly the metaphase/equator plate
D2-The centromeres of the chromosomes The centromeres of chromosomes are hold
1
are not hold by/attached to any spindle by/attached to the spindle fibre
fibre.
D3-(the homologous chromosomes paired (the homologous chromosomes paired and)
and) crossing over take place crossing over does not take place 1 2
(b) Meiosis consists of two spate division; meiosis I and meiosis II .there are a lot of different between
both division .Give two differences between prophase I and Prophase II
Prophase Prophase II
P1- There is no synapsis occurs Synapsis occurs between homologous 1 82
chromosomes
P2- The chromosome do not crossing over Corssing over occurs between 1 2
homologous chromosomes
(c) State the different between meiosis I and meiosis II based on stage P, Q, R dan S.
Stage Meiosis I Meiosis II
The differences and similarity between mitosis and meiosis Trial Melaka 2008 Kelantan 2008
(a) (i) State the type of cell division shown in diagram 3.1
P : Meiosis 1
Q : Mitosis 1 2
(b) According to the stage metaphase anaphase telophase in the cell division , differentiate the
event happening during mitosis and meiosis
Stage Mitosis Meiosis
Metaphase D1-homologous chromosome are D2-homologous chromosome line up 1
arranged in linear sequence side by side at the metaphase plate
/randomly at the mata phase plate 83
Anaphase D3-seperation f sister chromatids D4-seperation of homologous
to the opposite pole// the chromosomes to the opposite 1
centromere of each chromosome pole//sister chromatids still remain
divide into two and allows sister attached to each other during
chromtids to move to opposite pole movement to the opposite pole
Telopase D5-two daughter nuclei are formed D7-Four daughter nuclei are formed
D6-Diploid (2n) number of D8-diploid (2n) number of 1
chromosome is remain chromosomes is reduced to haploid
D6-daughter cells are genetically D9-daughter cells are differ from the
identical to each other and to the parent and from each other// variation
parent cell occurs among daughter clls 4
1m each= max 4 marks
(c) State a function of the two cell divisions mentioned in (a)(i).
P : Meiosis is important in producing gametes 1
Q : Mitosis is important in replacing dead // 1 2
damaged cells // asexual reproduction //
increasing the number of cells (growth)
State one differences between process P (meiosis) and Q (mitosis).
P1- crossing over occur in P but not in Q
1
P2-Process P produces 4 daughter cells whereas process Q produces 2 daughter cells.
1
P3-Daughter cells produced in P have variation whereas daughter cells produced in Q are
identical to parent cell. Any two 1 1
State the different processes U (Meiosis) and V (Mitosis) 2
P1-Number of chromosome of daughter cells is halved in U compared to process V which has 4 1
P2-crossing over occurred in process U but in V, the daughter cells are genetically identical 1
P3-Daughter cells are variant in process U but in V , the daughter cells are genetically identical 1 2
ANY 2
(b) Explain the differences between mitosis and meiosis, by using appropriate diagram
Mitosis Meiosis
Prophase Prophase I
1
no crossing over/ no chiasmata crossing over/ chiasmata
1
Metaphase Metaphase I
84
1
chromosome are arrange at the middle of homologous chromosome are arrange at the 1
cell middle of cell
1
Anaphase Anaphase I
1
chromatid move to the opposite pole homologous chromosome will move to the
opposite
Telophase Telophase I
1
Each daughter cell has the same number Each daughter cell has half number
of chromosome
1
2 daughter cell that is 2n 4 daughter cell that is n
1
only one division two times division
85
Juvenile (2n)
Zygote (2n)
Meiosis
Meiosis
Sperm (n)
Fusion to form
Haploid stages
zygote
Egg (n) diploid stages
5.3 Appreciating the movement of chromosome during mitosis and meiosis Trial Kedah 2012
(b) Name the disorder that may occur when normal gamete fertilize with the no disjunction
affecting human chromosomes 21that occur as in diagram 3..2
Down syndrome 1 1
(c) This child is suffering from a type of genetic disorder/ he has a moon face , slated eye, a short
neck and protruding tongue/ Uncontrolled meiosis leads to gamete produced both abnormal
number of chromosomes .Name one disease caused by uncontrolled meiosis 1 1 1
Down syndrome /turner syndrome /klinefelter
(d) Based on the information above , name the type of genetic disorder shown by the child
Down’s syndrome 1 1
(e) The ovum in diagram 22 carrier 24 chromosomes. Which chromosomes has an extra copy
Chromosomes number 21
Explain how the abnormal chromosomal number in the ovum can cause the genetic disorder
mentioned in