D.

Open and closed fracture

1. Closed fracture
Fracture where the skin is not penetrade by bone fragments , so that the fracture site is not
contaminated by the environment
2. Open fracture
Fracture where the skin of the involved extremity has been penetrade . An important concept
that’s needs to be considered is whether there is contamination by the environtment at the place
where the fracure is open. Fracture fragments can penetrate the skin at the time of injury ,
contaminated, then return almost to its original position. In these circumstances , surgery for
irrigation , debridement and intravenous antibiotics may be given to prevent oateomyelitis . In
general , irrigation surgery and debridement in open fractures must be done within 6 hours after
the injury to reduce the occurrence of infection

H. Purpose of fracture handling

1. Reposition
Return the original position . Example : if a dislocation occurs , it is returned to its original.
Broken bones less than 2 hours reposition directly without anesthesia . If more than 2 hours
GA/local anesthesia . If it tails , mild deformity is herreposition , severe operating deformity.
2. Immobilization / fixation
Make the fracture area not move with phicalization example : gibs , spalk
3. Union
Making a bone connection . Examples : 2-3 week of continuous children , continued adult 1-
1,5 monts.
4. Rehablitation
Returns its function