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52 Populationecology Text
52 Populationecology Text
Population Ecology
Figure 52.1
• Dispersion
– Is the pattern of spacing among individuals
within the boundaries of the population
• In most cases
– It is impractical or impossible to count all
individuals in a population
Births Immigration
PopuIation
size
Emigration
Deaths
Deaths and emigration
remove individuals from a
population.
Figure 52.2
Figure 52.3a
Figure 52.3b
Figure 52.3c
Table 52.1
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Survivorship Curves
• A survivorship curve
– Is a graphic way of representing the data in a
life table
100
Females
10
Males
1
0 2 4 6 8 10
Age (years)
Figure 52.4
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• Survivorship curves can be classified into three
general types
– Type I, Type II, and Type III
1,000
Number of survivors (log scale)
100
II
10
III
1
0 50 100
Percentage of maximum life span
Figure 52.5
Table 52.2
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Concept 52.2: Life history traits are products of
natural selection
• Life history traits are evolutionary outcomes
– Reflected in the development, physiology, and
behavior of an organism
Figure 52.6
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Species that exhibit iteroparity, or repeated
reproduction
– Produce offspring repeatedly over time
– Which may effects of parental caregiving in European kestrels over 5 years. The
researchers transferred chicks among nests to produce reduced broods
(three or four chicks), normal broods (five or six), and enlarged broods
lead to trade- (seven or eight). They then measured the percentage of male and
female parent birds that survived the following winter. (Both males and
females provide care for chicks.)
reproduction 80
Female
40
20
0
Reduced Normal brood Enlarged
brood size size brood size
CONCLUSION The lower survival rates of kestrels with larger broods indicate
Figure 52.7 that caring for more offspring negatively affects survival of the parents.
(a) Most weedy plants, such as this dandelion, grow quickly and
produce a large number of seeds, ensuring that at least some
will grow into plants and eventually produce seeds themselves.
Figure 52.8a
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• Other types of plants produce a moderate
number of large seeds
– That provide a large store of energy that will
help seedlings become established
dN
dt rN
dN
dt rmax N
dt
1,000
500
0
0 5 10 15
Figure 52.9 Number of generations
6,000
4,000
2,000
0
1900 1920 1940 1960 1980
Year
Figure 52.10
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Concept 52.4: The logistic growth model
includes the concept of carrying capacity
• Exponential growth
– Cannot be sustained for long in any population
Positive
NK
0
Negative
dN (K N)
rmax N
dt K
Table 52.3
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• The logistic model of population growth
– Produces a sigmoid (S-shaped) curve
2,000
dN
1.0N Exponential
dt
growth
1,500
Population size (N)
K 1,500
Logistic growth
1,000 dN 1,500 N
1.0N
dt 1,500
500
0
0 5 10 15
Number of generations
Figure 52.12
1,000
Number of Paramecium/ml
800
600
400
200
0
0 5 10 15
Time (days)
180
Number of Daphnia/50 ml
150
120
90
60
30
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Time (days)
80
60
Number of females
40
20
0
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Time (years)
• In density-dependent populations
– Birth rates fall and death rates rise with
population density
Density-
death rate birth rate
dependent
per capita
death rate
(a) Both birth rate and death rate change with (b) Birth rate changes with population (c) Death rate changes with population
population density. density while death rate is constant. density while birht rate is constant.
Figure 52.14a–c
3.8
1,000
3.4
3.2
3.0
100
0 2.8
0 10 100 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Seeds planted per m2 Density of females
(a) Plantain. The number of seeds (b) Song sparrow. Clutch size in the song sparrow
produced by plantain (Plantago major) on Mandarte Island, British Columbia, decreases
decreases as density increases. as density increases and food is in short supply.
Figure 52.15a,b
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Territoriality
• In many vertebrates and some invertebrates
– Territoriality may limit density
Figure 52.16
Figure 52.17
• In dense populations
– Pathogens can spread more rapidly
2,500
Moose population size
1,000
100,000
10,000
50
Number of breeding females
40 Mandarte
island
30
20
Small
islands
10
0
1988 1989 1990 1991
Figure 52.20 Year
(thousands)
(thousands)
120 Lynx 9
80 6
40 3
0 0
1850 1875 1900 1925
Figure 52.21 Year
2
The Plague
1
0
8000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 1000 2000
Figure 52.22 B.C. B.C. B.C. B.C. B.C. A.D. A.D.
Percent increase
1.6 2003
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
1950 1975 2000 2025 2050
Figure 52.23 Year
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Regional Patterns of Population Change
• To maintain population stability
– A regional human population can exist in one
of two configurations
40
30
20
10 Sweden Mexico
Birth rate Birth rate
Death rate Death rate
0
1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050
Year
Figure 52.24
50
60
30 40
20
20
10
0 0
Developed Developing Developed Developing
countries countries countries countries
Figure 52.26
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Global Carrying Capacity
• Just how many humans can the biosphere
support?
14
12
New Zealand
10
USA
Germany
8 Australia
Japan Netherlands Canada
Norway
6 Sweden
UK
4 Spain World
2 China
India
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Available ecological
capacity (ha per person)
Figure 52.27
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• At more than 6 billion people
– The world is already in ecological deficit