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Types of Polymerization & Techiniques
Types of Polymerization & Techiniques
and
(d) Copolymerization
Addition Polymerisation
Termination.
In the Initiation step an initiator molecule is thermally decomposed
or allowed to undergo a chemical reaction to generate an
“active species”
The initial monomer becomes the first repeat unit in the incipient
polymer chain
In the Propagation step, the newly generated "active species" adds to
This procedure is repeated over and over again until the final step of the
[1] Once initiation occurs, the polymer chain forms very quickly
this process starts with the addition of phenyl free radical formed by
the peroxide to the ethene double bond thus generating a new and
larger free radical
The second stage of the chain reaction is the propagation process,
The repetition of this sequence with new and bigger radicals carries
the product radical formed reacts with another radical to form the
polymerized product
Ionic Polymerisation
Based on the nature of ions used for the initiation process ionic
carbocation
(ii) Chain Propagation: Carbocation add to the C – C double bond
are involved; the active site of the growing chain is the carbon atom
directly bonded to the metal
Zeigler-Nata catalysts
The monomer is complexed with the metal ion of the active centre in
The Ti ion attracts the ̟ electrons pair or the monomer and forms σ
bond (Fig. 4)
This transition state now gives rise to the chain growth at the metal
polymeric chain
Condensation Polymerisation
Linear polymers are created using monomers with two reactive end
groups and monomers with more than two end groups give three
dimensional polymers which are cross linked.
which involve the functional groups carboxyl and amine (an organic
acid and an amine monomer)
For example, a diacid can be allowed to react with a diol in the presence of an acid
catalyst to afford polyester, in this case, chain growth is initiated by the reaction of
one of the diacid's carboxyl groups with one of the diol's hydroxyl groups
The free carboxyl or hydroxyl group of the resulting dimer can then react with an
These molecules, which are called oligomers, can then further react with each
Polymer chains that have moderate molecular weight can he built in this manner.
The following are several general characteristics of this type of polymerization:
(1) The polymer chain forms slowly, sometimes requiring several hours to several
days
(3) Since most of the chemical reactions employed have relatively high energies of
activation, the polymerization mixture is usually heated to high temperatures
(5) Branching or cross linking does not occur unless a monomer with three or
more functional groups is used
Monomers may be polymerized by the following methods
highest-purity polymers
heat transfer, and bubble elimination, this method is used for the
preparation of polyethene, polystyrene, etc.
Disadvantages:
Near the end of polymerization, the viscosity is very high and difficult to
control the rate as the heat is “trapped” inside
This method is used to solve the problems associated with the bulk
polymerization because the solvent is employed to lower the
viscosity of the reaction, thus help in the heat transfer and reduce
auto acceleration
It requires the correct selection of the solvents. Both the initiator and
monomer be soluble in each other and that the solvent are suitable
for boiling points, regarding the solvent-removal steps
polymerization
glass lined)
Disadvantages:
polymerisation
Suspension (Bead or Pearl) polymerisation
Near the end of polymerization, the particles are hardened, are the bead or
(iii) Easy heat removal due to the high heat capacity of water
product
(b) Monomer,
fatty acid)
When a small amount of soap is added to water, the soap ionizes and the
ions move around freely, the soap anion consists of a long oil-soluble
portion (R) terminated at one end by the water-soluble portion,
so emulsifier molecules arrange themselves into colloidal particles called
micelles