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Ijsrp Feb 2012 06 PDF
Ijsrp Feb 2012 06 PDF
ISSN 2250-3153
www.ijsrp.org
International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 2, Issue 2, February 2012 2
ISSN 2250-3153
particularly true and absolutely necessary in the case of new The equation for wind power(P) is given by P= 0.5 x ρ x A
and large turbines. x Cp x V3 x Ng x Nb where, ρ = Air density in kg/m3, A =
Rotor swept area (m2).
III. TURBINE BLADE DESIGN Cp = Coefficient of performance
Tip Seep Ratio(TSR) : Select a value for the Tip Speed V = wind velocity (m/s)
Ratio (TSR) which is defined as : TIP SPEED RATIO (TSR) Ng = generator efficiency
= (tip speed of lade)/(wind speed). The tip speed ratio is a Nb = gear box bearing efficiency.
very important factor in the different formulas of blade design. The world's largest wind turbine generator has a rotor blade
Generally can be said, that slow running multi bladed wind diameter of 126 metres and so the rotors sweep an area of PI x
turbine rotors operate with tip speed ratios like 1-4, while fast (diameter/2)2 = 12470 m2! As this is an offshore wind turbine,
runners use 5-7 as tip speed ratios. we know it is situated at sea-level and so we know the air
The task is now to fit the known generator capacity and density is 1.23 kg/m3. The turbine is rated at 5MW in 30mph
revolutions to the wind speed and to the swept rotor area. Two (14m/s) winds, and so putting in the known values will give,
formulas are needed: Wind Power = 0.5 x 12,470 x 1.23 x (14 x 14 x 14),
Power (W) = 0.6 x Cp x N x A x V3, Revolutions (rpm) = V x which gives us a wind power of around 21,000,000 Watts.
TSR x 60 / (6.28 x R), Cp = Rotor efficiency, N = Efficiency Why is the power of the wind (21MW) so much larger than
of driven machinery, A = Swept rotor area (m2), V = Wind the rated power of the turbine generator (5MW)? Because of
speed (m/s) TSR = Tip Speed Ratio , R = Radius of rotor , the Betz Limit, and inefficiencies in the system. The Betz law
Rotor efficiency can go as high as Cp = 0.48, but Cp = 0.4 is means that wind turbines can never be better than 59.3%
often used in this type of calculations. efficient. The law can be simply explained by considering that
This concept works without transmission. If a transmission if all of the energy coming from wind movement into the
with efficiency of 0.95 was to be included this means that turbine were converted into useful energy then the wind speed
N = 0.95 x 0.7 , afterwards would be zero. But, if the wind stopped moving at
Tip speed ratio "TSR" = 7" the exit of the turbine, then no more fresh wind could get in - it
Wind speed "V" = 8.6 m/s would be blocked. In order to keep the wind moving through
Rotor efficiency "Cp" = 0.4 the turbine, to keep getting energy, there has to be some wind
Generator efficiency "N" = 0.7 movement on the outside with energy left in it. There must be
Swept rotor area "A" = 2.11 M2 a 'sweet spot' somewhere and there is, the Betz limit at 59.3%.
Radius of rotor = 0.82 m
Revolutions = 701 rpm V. WIND TURBINE BLADE CALCULATION AND POWER
Power output = 226 W. CALCULATION
The width of the blade is also called the blade chord. A Power, rotational speed and torque of the wind turbine can
good formula for computing this is: Blade Chord (m) = 5.6 x be calculated using the free software Blade Calculator.
R2 / (i x Cl x r x TSR2), R = Radius at tip, r = radius at point of
computation, i = number of blades, Cl = Lift coefficient, TSR
= Tip Speed Ratio.
IV. CALCULATION OF WIND POWER
There are many complicated calculations and equations
involved in understanding and constructing wind turbine
generators however the layman need not worry about most of
these and should instead ensure they remember the following
vital information:
1) The power output of a wind generator is proportional to the
area swept by the rotor - i.e. double the swept area and the
power output will also double. Table 1 : Output obtained for the given parameters
2) The power output of a wind generator is proportional to the Power 1.02 KW
cube of the wind speed.
Kinetic Energy = 0.5 x Mass x Velocity2, where the mass is Rotational speed 77 rad/sec
measured in kg, the velocity in m/s, and the energy is given in
joules. Air has a known density (around 1.23 kg/m3 at sea Torque 13.25 Nm
level), so the mass of air hitting our wind turbine. (which
sweeps a known area) each second is given by the following
equation: Mass/sec (kg/s) = Velocity (m/s) x Area (m2) x The program display three power. The first power is the power
Density (kg/m3). Therefore, the power (i.e. energy per second) available in the wind for given wind speed and radius. The
in the wind hitting a wind turbine with a certain swept area is second power is the Betz Power. This is the maximum power
given by simply inserting the mass per second calculation into can be extracted from the wind if there were no losses or
the standard kinetic energy equation given above resulting in inefficiencies in the system. Please note that it is very difficult
the following vital equation: Power = 0.5 x Swept Area x Air to get the Betz power from any turbine. The last power which
Density x Velocity3, where Power is given in Watts (i.e. is labeled as Real Power is the power you can get from the
joules/second), the Swept area in square metres, the Air turbine with the efficiency displayed in the screen. This kind
density in kilograms per cubic metre, and the Velocity in turbines will have 0 efficiency for wind speeds above 25 m/s,
metres per second.
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International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 2, Issue 2, February 2012 4
ISSN 2250-3153
meaning that turbine reached it is cut of speed and turned of to Parameter Unit Value
prevent damage to turbine. Rated power W 1000
Rated speed rpm 300
Rated frequency Hz 40
Rated EMF (per coil) V 33.6
Number of phases - 3
Number of pole pairs - 8
Number of armature - 12
coils
Generator diameter mm 462
Generator length mm 55
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