PREFACE

This software(HOSPITAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM ) works as the simulation of

the routine activities of hospital.

During the course of the development of this project a lot of thinking went into the

selection of different procedures and steps. Various new procedures were

evolved so that all the different nagging problems and spur at the moment

hassies could be eliminated to the extent,so that the access to user can be at

ease and the user does not face any difficulty.

Efforts have been made to make the system user-friendly that can be handled by

a novice.The software will help in converting the reaims and reaims of procedural

jotting which was done manually,into a complete computerized version and will

help in storing valuable information in the safest way possible.This project can

also be used as a build-up for the development of more advanced version with

the change in needs in due course of time.

 INDEX

 Introduction

 Title of the Project Case Study

 Objectives

 Input/Output to the project

 Process Logic of each department

 System Analysys and Design

1. Preliminary Planing Requirement Determination

2. Feasibility Study

 Technical Feasibility

 Operational Feasibility

 Economical Feasibility

3. Reqirement Determination

4. Fact Finding Technique

5. System Design

6. System Implementation

7. Evaluation and Maintenance

8. Data Flow Diagram Analysis

 Development Environment

 Software Engineering
 Approaches of Database Management

 Introduction of Visual Basic

1. Definition

2. Development

3. Hardware requirements

4. Importance

5. Tools

6. ADO Object Model

7. Crystal Report 7

 Tools/Environment

1. Client/Server Architecture

2. Introduction to Oracle

 Tools of Oracle

 Introduction to SQL

 Benefits of SQL

 Oracle Data Types

3.Normalization/Tables

 Limitations of the project

 Future Application of the project

 Forms/Windows of project

 Summary

 Bibliography
 Title of the project :

HOSPITAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM helping internal and external user to get the

facilities given by the hospital in a proper manner.

Problem Briefing :- A Hospital management system keeps the entire

responsibility of a hospital.We have to make the complex operations simple of

hospital by making it computerized.In that process there are require to many

peoples which are related to their department and designation can handle whole

hospital in a small time but they will connected with each other through LAN. By

which they can send their information from one station to other.The other can take

the information related to their job give the response.So the way of computerized the

hospital saves the time and provide the all needed information .

This hospital has the several parts of tasks,out of them,one is related to the

Patient details, which tells about the patient personal and treatment details.

In the second phase,the Doctor details i.e. the qualification, specialization.field

and their related department details.

In the third phase,the Staff details are shown i.e. how many employees are

working,what type of job is assigned to them,how much they are finding the salary

and many other information related to them.

In the fourth phase,Bill information i.e. how much money have to pay by the

patient.

In the fifth phase,the Salary details i.e. how much salary is distributed to

employees,doctors according to their rank.

 In the sixth phase,the Blood bank details i.e. the quantity of different group of

blood and their donor.

In the seventh phase,the Department details i.e. the hospital is divided in to

how many department and their working details.

In the last phase,the Investigation details.i.e. what department is investigated by

whom.

Staff details section:- In this section all the information about the employee,who is

working in the hospital.What is the code and name of him.What type of designation

is assigned to him.On which date he joined the hospital and many information

related to him is given

Salary Calculation Section:-This section contains that how much salary is given to

an employee .if he is promoted then how much the new salary he gets and what is

the new designation of him . I f he takes more leaves then the leaves are given to

him then how much salary is detect from his salary , which he is getting .

Doctor detail section ;- This section contains the details related to the doctor that is

what is the code and name of the doctor,the department name. All information about

his qualification and his specialization.the experience details.

Patient detail section :-this section contains details related to patient .i.e what is he

code and name of the patient . what is the problem. and the treatment information .

Investigation detail section:- this section contains details related to investigation

process held in different department in the hospital.

Bill section:- this section involves the details that how much money is payed by the

patient ,their dues details also.

Blood bank section:- this section involves that how much quantity of blood of

different group is dispatched to which department and the left quantity .it also shows

the details of blood donor.

Department section :- this section has all the information related to the department

how many department are to be their .

Objectives of the project :-

Hospital is a very vast area and affectively management of hospital is also a very

typical task so the objective of the project is to be provide the effective and

systematically management so that user and the hospital staff can easily interact

with each other and any information about the patient,doctors,staff etc.can easily

retrive and besides this patient bills,doctor bills and any type of reports can be easily

generated and retrive within the few seconds .

The system is designed to fulfill the following prospects :

1- department management .

2- staff management

3- patient detail management

4- particulars handling of visitors

5- salary management

6- doctors details

7- record keeping of blood bank

8- investigation system

9- keeping track of patient joining and leave detail

10- maintaining employee’s details

11- Also reports be generated on different queries

12- maintaing bill generation

Project category:- RDBMS

Tools / platforms used:-FRONT END:- VB-6.0

BACK END :- ORACLE-8.0

Input to the project:-

The following are the input to the project:

1. Patient Details

2. Doctor Detail

3. Staff Details

4. Investigation Details

5. Bill Details

6. Salary details

7. department details

8. blood bank details

Output of the project: -

The following is the output from the system .

1 Patient report

2 Doctor report

3 Staff report

4 Investigation report
 5 Bill report

6 Salary report

7 Department report

8 Blood bank report

Modules used :-

Following are the modules used in the project :-

1) PATIENT MODULE

2) DOCTOR MODULE

3) STAFF MODULE

4) INVESTIGATION MODULE

5) BILL MODULE

6) SALARY MODULE .

7) DEPARTMENT MODULE

8) BLOOD BANK MODULE .

9) REPORT MODULE
Analysis(DFD’s):-

patient

Check Number
validatio allotment
Patient Arrival of patient registration form
n process process

filled

referred

to

department

Number
allotment
process
room

preparation

for patient

Number
allotment
process
card

Patient report

patient report

doctor
 Check Departme
validatio nt alloted
Doctor appointed concerned deptt
n process

alloted

prescribed

medicine

and

treatment

to patient

Doctor
examined
to patient
 updation

patient

Doctor
report
generatio
details
n

Doctor report

doctor report

generated

Staff
 Entry of new appointed
staff Check New staff
validatio process
n process

staff new staff

staff modification staff

deleting of

of existing existing

staff staff

new
Deleting modify
staff staff appointStaff
process process
report
staff generatio
n

Staff information and

Deleting staff information modification

Staff report generated

staff report

doctor

Doctor
investigat
ion
process
 investigation on investigation on
investigation Check
validatio
n process
available data doctor report

investigation investigation

on blood on patient

blood report investigation record

on staff patient

record

staff

Blood Staff Patient

investigation investigation investigati
process process on process

provide

provide results

results

provide

results
 Staff
investigation report generated report
investigation generatio
re n
p

patholozy

Patholoz
preparation calculation of y bill
bill Check
validatio process
n process

of bill patholozy bill

 calculation cal of rebate

of other

other charges calculation

of rebate

surgery bill

surgery

Other Surgery bill Rebate

charges process calculation
process process

amount

amount calculated

calculated

amount

calculated

bill
bill report generated report
Bill report generatio
n
 salary

Emp.salar
doctor,staff salary y detail
salary Check
validatio informatio
n process n

salary informa detail

 calculation of

gross
Total salary
salary

deduction
Rebate
HR,PF etc calculation
process

Net salary
Net payable
salary

Net salary

information
salary report salary
report
generatio
Salary report generated n

room

Room
department input managem
department Check
validatio ent
n process process

information

patholozy emerge
 o.p.d

Patholozy o.p.d process emergency

management process
process

emergency

o.p.d information

information

patholozy

information

deptt
report
department generatio
re
department report generated n
p
 donor

donor
donor,blood process
Blood bank Check
validatio
n process
input

data

input blood
 Blood
mangemen
tprocess

Blood information

Blood
Blood bank Report generated bank
re report
p generatio
n
Process Logic Of Each Module:-

Modules are building blocks of a project.basically every applications in visual

basic can be viewed as a collection of modules.a module is a collection of

procedures,functions and event handlers

There are some important module used in my project:-

1) Patient module:-this is a very important module of hospital management system

in which all the ntries regarding patients are stored such as arrival of new patient

entries,discharging of patients can be stored.any patient detail can be acquired

within a few seconds.

2) Doctor module:-this is also a important module of the project.in whichj all the

doctors information who are attached to the hospital or who are giving services to

hospital whether on the permanent salary or by visit option are stored.any type of

information regarding doctors like doctor history,doctor charges,patients allotted by

doctors etc.can be retrived.

3) Staff module:-this module is designed for hospital staff.the hospital staff can be

the hospital permanent & temporary doctor,hospital permanent nurses,hospital

permanent employee like sweeper ,accountant ,watchman,ward boy.all these

employees of the hospital are coming under the staff module.

4) Investigation module:-this is also a important module of the project.in this any

type of investigation about the patient,doctor,staff,patient test etc. can be obtained by

just giving the regarding queries like how many test the patient undergo whether they

repeated or not.
5) Bill module:-this module is basically build for generating the bills about the

patients based on all available information,besides this we can see the bill detail

about any patient who are discharged from hospital or currently taking the services

of hospital.beside this we can also retrive the information about the surgery

bill,patholozy bill & other charges basis on their criteria.relate on total bill can also be

calculated in this module.

6) Salary module:-salary module is basically build for calculating the salary of

hospital employee whether they are doctor or staff.all the allowance will be add to

basic salary and all deduction like advance,income tax,hra etc. will also be deducted

from the salary and perform in this module.

7) Department module:-there may be various department in the hospital like OPD

department,emergency department,patholozy department,room management

department.so all these dept.come under the dept.module which contain all detail of

particular department.

8) Blood bank module:-blood bank module is build for manage the blood and

donner management .all details about blood like blood group,no of units,cost of

blood ,expiry dae,donner person name and all information about donner can be

retrive easily in this module.

9) Report module:-report module basically build for generation of all type of report

regarding of each module,like patient module,doctor module,staff module,bill

module,investigation module,dept module,blood module etc.it facilates the

mangement to draw the different reports regarding the hospital working.

 Types Of Reports:-

The following reports are being generated according to the DFD for the project

during the processing-

 PATIENT REPORT

 DOCTOR REPORT

 STAFF REPORT

 INVESTIGATION REPORT

 BILL REPORT

 SALARY REPORT

 DEPARTMENT REPORT

 BLOOD BANK REPORT

 SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND DESIGN:-

It consists of the following phases:

Preliminary investigation/ Planing Requirement Determination:-

This stage of planning for an hospital to give better facilities to the user occurs

the strategic planning process.When once the implementation project begins,the

general information model produced during database planning is received and

enhanced depanding upon the need.The hospital at that time collects information

on:Number of application programs which are in use and their individual

functions.Files associated-types,with the above application programs.New

application and files under development.

These information can be used to establish relationship between current

application it identify uses of application information to identify failure system

requirement and to access the economies benefits of a system documented in a

generalized model.
 Feasibility Study:-

Having drawn the rough specifications the next step is to check. where it is

feasible to implement the system. if the benefits from the computerization, the efforts

is not justified. A feasibility study in this case is the portion of the SDLC that

determines three types of feasibility to implement the system.

I. Technological Feasibility

II. Operational Feasibility and

III. Economic Feasibility.

Technical Feasibility:-

This tells whether the appropriate hardware, software and the supplication

tools will be available when required. The proposed system is developed under

Windows 98 platform on podium-ii based machine using Visual Basic 6.0 and Oracle

8.0 keeping in view the availability of software and hardware .therefore, no extra

effort is required to implement the software .In short:

 To determine availability of hardware and software for the system.

 Includes analysis of capabilities and resources existing.

 Whether the above have to be purchased?

 Whether training required?

Economical Feasibility:-

The application module has since been by us as trainees here, therefore it is

difficult to quantify the cost of this package in monetary terms, however considering

the hardware and system software already available. The benefits as already

covered in objective shall outweigh the cost aspect of this application and therefore it

is found to be practically feasible. In short:

 Cost study factors are out-of-pocket costs for software hardware and

programming(not fully under management control)

 Cost saving by establishing standard(before software installed)

 Cost saving by not installing a quarry language(unless sufficient data

exists)

 Hidden costs associated with system implementation(mentioned by the

project team)

 To conduct a cost-benefits study of proposed system(expected time to

achieve benefits ,data sharing by user departments feasible, risk involved

if database system is implemented, type of risks, application types and

type of benefits from each of the application, competition existing and

expected, method in which the system will aid in fulfilling corporate long

range plans)

Operational Feasibility:-

This informs us whether will aspect the newly developed system. The system

being considered is designed in such a manner. it does not need any extra training to
operate it. Online guidelines are there to help the operator and proper error message

are displayed. if any error occurs during the execution, so no extra training is

required to implement the

Software moreover the reports are generated in same format as they are in

the existing system. In short:

 To determine available expertise and personal needed for the system ,as

well as training needs for users and system personal:

Technological Operational
feasibility study Feasibilit feasibility study
y Study

All the above three-feasibility examination conducted and reviewed found

favorable and acceptable to the firm the committee gives approval to go ahead

with requirement definition.

Requirement definition:-

This involves three steps:

 Fefining the scopes of the system.

 Identifying management and functional area information requirements.

 Establishing hardware/software requirements.

The requirement of information at various levels of the organization are determined

from:

 Questionnaire responses
  Interviewing doctor

 Interviewing employee

 Reports/forms currently being used etc

These steps are not conducted by every organization however certain basic

motions are identified with successful requirements.

The scope of the system is to be worked out after analyzing management

information requirement:

 To distributed

 To be centralized and

 Types of teleprocessing facilities needed etc.

The type of database which encompasses most major functional areas is to

be developed.

The user requirements are the levels of management and operational, were

documented with a generalized information model for each of the functional areas

along with the definitions of the operation systems (to satisfy the requirements).

These are also documents with narratives from:

 User interviews

 Reports

 Preprinted forms, and

 Answer to a questionnaire
 Hardware/Software requirements to be established alond with the levels of

performance to be supported based on the considerations:

 Number of users (normally accessing the system)

 Number of transactions (entering the system each day), and

 Amount of printing that would be required.

The above information is used in deciding the type of computers and DBMS

needed, amount of disk space and printing support.

A plan was drifted for a time-phased development of the system, for

identification of initial applications. It may be noted that the applications should be

relatively small and no critical to limit the impact of any problems in introducing a

system, or they should be supportive of the system development for the users.

Fact Finding:-

Fact-finding means learning about the existing system and methodologies as

much as possible. The various that were applied to find fact are:

Interviewing:-

The interview is face-to-face interpersonal situation. It can be used for two

purposes:

As an exploratory device to identify relations and verify information,, and To

capture the information as it exists.

 The advantages of the interview are flexibility,validity,effective techniques for

electing information etc. Interview helped to gather vital information about existing

problem.

Observing the current system:-

Direct observation of the system allows the analyst to verify his understanding

of the system. It is one of the difficult fact-finding techniques. It requires instruction

into the user’s area and can cause adverse reaction by the user’s staff, if not

handled properly. The user should not be able to know that he is being observed else

he might behave in a difficult manner. We had to be varying careful in doing on-site

observation. The user though co-operative but reputed. A lot of information system

was gathered by observing the existing work method.

Gathering information from the existing system documents:-

The information regarding the system was gathered by the existing

documents such as add various reports and procedure. Studying these documents

we got the various requirements during the fact-finding phase of the system, we had

gathered facts, figures and documents and cams to the grip with the entire scope of

the problem. After the fact-finding, the system requirement were defined as follows:-

Hardware Requirements:-

Pentium Pro Machine 200 MHz.

64 MB RAM

128 KB Cache Memory

1.2 GB Hard-disk Capacity

Floppy Drive of 1.2 MB

C.D Drive

Dot Matrix Printer

Software Requirements:-

Visual Basic 6.0

Oracle 8.0

Windows 98

MS-Word 2000

Crystal Reports

After the approval of the requirements, we proceeded to star the system design.

System Design:-

The next step is to develop the logical design of the system. The input to the

system design phase are functional specifications of the system and details about

the computer configuration during this the logical of the program is designed. Field or

database designed and the program tests plan and an implementation plan a

redrawn up. The system design should begin from the objective of the system

,namely the information requirements of user and use this to found the necessary

database.

System Implementation:-

The next phase is implementation of the system .in this phase all the

programs are written, database created, user operational documentation is written,

user sure trained and the system tested with operational data. implementation is a

series of activities which ensures that the new system is installed.

Evaluation And Maintenance:-

This is noting but interviewing users to determine if any data needs are unmet.

The system is maintained via the introduction of enhancements and the addition of

new programs and the data elements, whenever business needs change and

expansion taken place.

DATA FLOW DIAGRAM:-

The Data Flow Diagram has the purpose of clarifying system requirement and

identifying major transformations that will become programs in system design.

DFD Symbols:-

In the DFD ,there are four symbols:

A square defines a source or destination of system data also called an

external entity. An external entity is not responsible for any task performed by the

system .for example, in a banking system, a customer opening an account is an

external entity.
CUSTOMER
 External Entity Customer

 An arrow represents Data Flow .it represents the path over which data

travels in the system . A data flow can move between processes, flow

into or out of data stores, to and from external entities. It must be given

a name, the arrowhead showing the direction of the flow. One data flow

can contain many data elements.

Data Flow

 A circle or bubble represents a process that transforms data from one

form to another by performing some tasks with data. The process

name must give a general idea of its function. It is expected in terms of

verb object. Process symbols must have an identification number, from

top to bottom and left right.

 An open rectangle is a data store. A data is a place where data is held

temporarily from one transaction to the next or is stored

permanentaly.On a data flow diagram,a data stored is shown whenever

a requirement of retrieving/storing is shown.Dta stores can also have

an identification number.

e.g. STAFF
 Customer 1
Verify
Customer File
Cust No

Usage Of Data Store

Constructing a DFD:-Several rules of thumb are used in drawing Dads.

 Process should be named and numbered for easy references. Each

name should be representative of the process.

 The direction of flow is from top to bottom and from left to right.

 When a process is exploded into lower-level details, they are

numbered based on the parent process number, if a parent process

number is 1,the child process numbers can be 1.1,1.2 and so on.

 The names of data stores, sources and destinations are written in

capital letters.
dfd
 DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENT:-

The details of the software and hardware environment on which the application has

been development are given as under:

Software Environment:-

Operating System Windows 98

Front end Visual Basic 6.0

Back end SQL

Network Environment:-

ETHERNET,LAN with CISCO switches/CAT-5 as main backbone and Windows NT

as network operating system.

Hardware Environment:-

The machine used is Pentium based having:

 128 MB RAM

 6 GB Harddisk

 Serial Port

 VGA/SVGA color board and monitor

 Keyboard and mouse

 Printers
SOFTWARE ENGINEERING:-

There are two major phase of any design process:

 Diversification

 Convergence

Diversification is the acquisition of a repertoire of alternatives the raw material

of design,components,component solutions and knowledge all contained in

catalogs,textbooks and the mind.

During Convergence the designer chooses the combines appropriate

elements from this repertoire to meet the design objectives as stated in the

requirement document and as agreed to buy the customer.

The second phase is the gradual elimination of all but one particular

configuration of components and thus the creation of the final product.

What is it: Design is a meaningful Engg.Representation of some thing that is built it

can be traced to a customer’s requirement and at the same time accessed for quality

against a set predefined criteria for goods design.In the S/W Engg,context designs

focus on four major areas to concern:Data,architecture,Interfaces and Components.

Who does it’s Engg.design is computer based system but the skills required at each

level of design work are difficult at the data and architecture level,design focuses on

patterns as they apply to the application to be built.At the interface level ergonomics

often dictate our design approach:at the component level a” Programming Approach”

leads us to effective data and procedural design.

Why it is impotant:-You wouldn’t attempt to build a house a blue print ,would you?
You risk,confusion,errors and a floor plan that didn’t make sense,windows and doors
in the wrong place.

Computer S/W is considerably more complex than a house we need a blue print the

design.

What are the steps:Design begins with the requirement needed.We work to

transform this model to four levels of design details:

 The data structure architecture

 The system architecture

 The interface representation

 The component level design

Each of four levels has their importance.

The data design transform the information domain modal created during analysis

into the data structure that will be required to imlement the software.The Data flow

diagram defines the data flow.

The architectural design defines the relationship between major structural

elements of the software,then design patterns that can be used to achieve the

requirement that have been define for the system and the constraints that effect the

way in which architectural design patterns can be applied.

The interface design describes how the S/W communicate with in itself with system

that interoperates with it,and with human that uses it.An interface implies a flow of

information(data and control) and a specific type of behavior.

The component level design transforms structural element of the S/W architecture

into a prccedural description of S/W components.The importance of the S/W design

can be stated with a single word quality.

The design process:-

The design process is an iterative through which the requirement are translated into

a ‘blue-print’ for constructing the software design and software quality.

Through the design process the quality of evolving design is accessed with a series

of formal technical reviews or design walkthroughs.

“To achieve a good design,people have to think the right way about how to conduct

the design activity”

“There are two ways of constructing a software design,one is to make it so simple

that there are obviously no deficiencies and the other way into make it so

complicated that there are no obvious deficiencies.”

Design Concepts:-

There is a set of functional software design concepts has evolved once the past four

decades.These are:
 Abstraction:-

“Abstraction is one of the fundamental waves that we as human cope with

complexity”.It permits one to concentrate on a problem at some level of

generalization without regard to irrelevant low-level details. Use of abstraction also

permits one to work with concepts and terms that are familiar in the problem

environment without having to transform them to an unfamiliar structure.

Refinement:-

In this one or several instruction of the given program is decomposed into more

detailed instruction. The successive decomposition or refinement of specification

terminates when all instructions are expressed in terms of any underlying computer

of programming language as tasks are refined, so the data may have to be

refined,decomposed,or structured and it is natural to redefined the programmed and

the data specification in parallel.

Modularity:-

The software is divided into separately named and addressable componenets,often

called modules that are integrated to satisfy the problems requirements.

Software Architecture:-

Software architecture is the work product that gives the highest returns on

investment with respect to quality, schedule and cost. Software architecture allows to

“the overall structure of the software and the ways in which that structure provides

conceptual integrity for a system”

Control Hierarchy:-

It also called program structure represents the organization of program components

and implies a hierarchy of controls.

Structural Partitioning:-

In case of hieratical architecture of a system the program can be partitioned into both

horizontally and vertically. Horizontally portioning defines separate branches of the

modular hierarchy for each major program function. Vertical portioning Often called

factoring that work Should be distributed top down in the program structure.

Data Structure:-

Data structure is a representation of the logical relationship among individual

elements of data.

Software procedure:-

It focuses on the processing details of each module individually. it must provide

precise specifications of processing including sequence of events, exact decision

points repetitive operation and even data organization and structure.

Information Hiding:-

It suggests that modules be “ categorized by decision that hides from all others .” It

implies that effective modularity can be achieved by a set of independent modules

that communicate with one another only that information necessary to achieve

software function.
Effective Modular Design:-

Effective modular design consists of some logical things that are described as:

Cohesion:-

Cohesion is a quantities indication of the degree to which a module focuses just on

things. A cohesive module performs a single task with a software procedure requiring

little interaction with procedures being performed in other part of a program.

Coupling:-

Coupling is a quantities indication of the degree to which a module is connected to

other modules and to outside world.

Coding:-

Coding is the conversation of the algorithmic program specification developed during

the design phase, into real program and procedures. By the time of coding all the

design and operational standard to be met by the software have already been and a

logical notation to the task to be performed have been laid out and coding implies the

conversion of these algorithms into statement following the language syntax. Thus

the primary goal of coding is to produce source code with the proper documentation.

So that it is clear,Elegent,Comrehendible,Reusable and maintainable and comes up

to the required quality standards.

There two major approaches towards system program developments:

Top Down Approach:-

In this approach the problem solution procedure is stated from the highest task and

then these broad solutions are decomposed into smaller tasks.This cascading down

to the smallest of the tasks that can easily be converted to simple program code.

Bottom Up Approach:-

In this approach,procedural designs of the smaller module are prepared, which are

then integrated to achieve the final solution. In the development of PERSONAL ,a

combination of both the approaches was used. First of all a board set of objective to

be achieved was designed and then keeping in mind the higher level objective

smaller procedures were written. Due to this approach, there was no problem in

interfacing and integrating all the modules.Strcuctured programming approach was

adopted during coding.

SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE(SDLC):-

It is a process for system development. It is a phased approach to analysis and

design that holds the systems are best developed through the user of a specific

cycle of analysis and user activities.

The steps of SDLC includes:

 Identifying problems, opportunities and objectives

 Deciding information requirement.

 Frequency of information to be decided.

 Analysis the need of the system.

  Designing the recommend system.

 Developing the system.

 Documentation.

 Testing and maintained of the system.

 Implementation and evaluating the system.

When the system approach is applied to the development of information system

solutions, a multi step process or cycle emerges. This is called the system

development life cycle(SDLC).

Traditional information development cycle includes the steps of

 Investigation

 Analysis

 Design

 Imlementation,and

 Maintenance

The three steps of the system approach fits into the traditional information system

development cycle:

Development Cycle
 Trading Cycle

Systems System System Systems Systems

Investigat Analys Design Implementa Maintena
Product Product Product: Product: Product:

Feasibility System System Operational Improved

Study Design Investigation Systems System

Each development is well defined and has straightforward requirement for

deliverable, feed backs and sign off. It continues to be an approaches methodology

for a significant part of a new development work. It consists of three major stages:

 Definition

 Development

 Installation and Operation

Definition:-

The phases in cycle for this stages are:

1. Proposal definition(preparation of request for a proposed application)

2. Feasibility assessment(evolution of feasibility and cost benefit of

proposed application)
 3. Information requirement(determination of information needed)

4. Conceptual design(user oriented application).

Development:-

The details development are as under:

1. Physical system design(detailed design of flows and

process,preparation of program specifications?)

2. Physical database design?(design of internal scheme for data in

database or design files)

3. Program development(coding and testing of computer program)

4. Procedure development(design of procedures and preparation of

user instructions)

Installation and Operation:-

The installation and operation details are:

1. Conversion(final system test and conversion)

2. Operation and maintenance(day to day operation, modification and

maintenance)

3. Post audit(evaluation of development process application system and

results of use)
Steps in SDLC:-

System Investigation:-

Following are the three activities in this stage:

1. System planning and selection

2. Feasibility study

3. Feasibility report

There are four types of feasibilities:

1. Organizational Feasibility

2. Economic feasibility

3. Technical Feasibility

4. Operational Feasibility

System Analysis:-

It is an in depth study of end-user information requirement that is needed before the

design of a new information system can be completed.

It traditionally involves a detailed study of:

1. The information needs of the organization and its end-users.

2. The activities ,resources and products of any present

information systems.

3. The information system capabilities required to meet the

information needs of users.

System analysis of the activities:

1. Analysis of the organizational environment

2. Analysis of any present system

3. System Requirement analysis

4. System requirements.
System Design:-

System analysis describes what a system should do to meet the information needs

of users. System design specifies how the system will accomplish the objective .it

consists of both logical and physical design activities.

1. Logical system design(Develop general specifications for how

input,processing,output storage and control activities meet the system

requirement development in the system analysis stage)

2. Physical system design(develop detailed specifications for user interface

products and method ,database strctures and processing and control

procedures.Hardware,software and personal specifactions are also developed

for the proposed system)

3. System specifications(document and communicate the detailed specifications

of the proposed system to end-users”)

System design can be view as the design of:

1. User interface design(screen ,form, report and dialogue design)

2. Data design(data element structure design)

3. Process design(program and procedure design)

 OPTIMISATION :-

Whether the proposed system is optimum is an important aspect in the software

development life cycle. If the developed system is not optimized then vender

simply discard to accept II. So optimization plays important role in system

design.

The proposed system is optimum for general package to computerize & automize

day to day functioning of Hospital Manager is the overall controller of the

package. Who provides limited accesses to various users of the system. He

can add (New users), Modify and Delete (Existing Users) as when he wishes

he also would be able to print various MIS reports for various managerial

actions.

Customer is provided with a user friendly interface from where any werage

knowledgeable client can interact of his choice without the intervention of

watters. Also any time he can watch his placed order that what he have

ordered to be served.

To achieve complete optimization I have study more and more about hospital

functioning. So that it would be come best possible system for an ideal home

organization to GLL optimization extensive testing is made by inputing

dummy data to watch that what is the responsi of system of different-2 input

data. keeping the goal in to mind that system failure rate should be kept as

minimum as possible.
Although project have some limitations too that is if Hospital Staff and Cusomers are

not aware of computers than they will not be able to work with full potential.

So before implementing the system. The user must be trained again the

hospital staff have to constantly check that all the system are working

properly in a way. As they are expected to do.

System implementations and maintenance:-

The system implementation stage involves hardware and software acquisition,

software development ,testing of program and procedures,testing,development of

dicumentation and a variety of installation activities. A newly designed system

becomes a reality in this stage of systems development.

System maintenance involves the monitoring ,evaluating and modifying of a system

to make desirable or necessary improvement. This includes a post implementation

review process to includes that the newly implemented system meets the systems

development objective established for it.

 Testing :-

System testing is quite expansive and a time consuming process. The common view

of testing held by users is that it is perform to do that program is error free. Special

test data are input for processing and the results are examined.

Therefore the most useful and practical approach is with the understanding that

testing is the processing of executing a program with the explicit intention of finding

errors that is making the program fail. A successful test then is one that finds an

errors. The analyst must perform both unit and system testing.

Unit Testing :

In unit testing analyst tests the testing is some times called program testing. unit test

give stress on the modules independently of one another, to find errors. This helps

the tester in detecting errors in coding & logic thar are contained within that module

lone. The error resulting from the interaction between modules are initilaly avoided.

The test case needed for unit testing should exercise each condition and option.

(ii) System Testing :

The importnt and essential part of the system development phase, after designing

and developing the software is system test. We cannot say that every program of

system design is perfect and because a lack of communication between the user

and designer some error is in the software development.

Theoretically, a newly design system should have all the parts or subsystems are in

working order, but in reality each subsystem works independently. This is the time to

gather all the subsystems into one poll and test the whole system to determine

whether it meets the user requirements.

After unit testing system testing has to be accomplished in order to ensure that

system is ready to use and implement in the environment for which it has been

developed and tested under several phases. That is we have to test that order

placement, order serving and billing is done timely, efficiently and accurately.

This is the lst change to detect and correct errors before the system is installed for

user acceptance testing. The purpose of system testing is to consider all the likely

vriations to which it will be subjected & then push the system to its limits.

For the given system I have presented the documentation in the way that how the

system can be best utilized by the user to achieve their oganizational goals.

Objective of selling the user on the validity and reliability of the system. It verifies that

system's procedures operate to system specifictions and tht the integrity of important

data is maintained. performance of an acceptance test is actually the user's show.

Further-more if the user feels that it is quite o.k. Then user acceptance test ends with

out any suggestions about modifications to the system, otherwise programmer hs to

made changes with the proposed system.

In this phase the user is the evlutor of the system's performnce. That is user is

allowed to test the system by entering test data for his response about proposed

system.

Testing Methodology :

For the integrated testing test cse is executed, after some values are entered in a

particular schema, it is saved and posted. These vlues are checked when nother

schema displying some or all of these values invoked. Thus flow of necessary data

from one transaction to the other is checked as stated in the functionality of the

system.
System development life cycle(SDLC) fslow chart:-

Input data

SDLC

Preliminary Investigation

Identification of the Areas

Statement of the Problem

Feasibility Study

Feasible Don’t Computerize

Methods of Solution
Data Generation
Establish System Flow Review & Modify

DesignNof data
Develop Programs Flow
Computer

Computer Program Devpt.

Develop data
Y
Compliation
Preparation

Machine Program Object Program

Execution

Successf
ul

Develop Documentation
APPROACHES TO DATA MANAGEMENT:-

1. Manual mathod of data management

2. Management of data and information

Convenient and efficient retrieval

Updating operation

3.Limitation of manual management

Physical volume of data

Human processing of data

4.Technological advantage in data management

Using computer to speed up processing of data

Advantage of processing power

Using time sharing for multiple user

High speed storage devices

Centralized to distributed processing(Client/server)

Excellent strategies excited before the computer edges, on the management of data

including convenient and efficient and update operation.Due to the limitations

associated with the physical handling of document and human processing,a look to

retrospect suggest that data only marginal used daily decision making except in

processing organization.

The application of computer speed up the processing up the processing activities

and some flexibility to the management of the data and the information generated

from it. Wide speed and easy access to time sharing system, advanced in logical

and Physical Access method, led gradually reassessment of the role of data in
management decision making. This transition was facilities by the database

technology into the organization. The emerging discretion of distributed database

management is also to eliminate the constraints of geographic of decision nodes.

DATABASE MANAGEMENT :An Evolutionary Phenomenon

Advances in computing Hardware,OS, and Networking drawbacks of the prevalent

approach to data management.

Data redundancy

Risk to data integrity

Data isolation

Difficult access to data

Unsatisfactory security measures

Poor support of access of data

Earlier organization followed the fragmented approach to data processing by

designing files to specifically suit different functional unit in an organization have the

larger amount of data to share this approach inevitable leads to some major

disadvantage discussed below.

Data Redundancy:-

Since the files and application program are written over a long period of time, data in

the files is likely to get repeated.

Risk of data integrity:-

The data values stored, must satisfy certain integrity constraints. These constraints

can be enforced in the system by adding appropriate code in the application

programs.
Data isolation:-

Since data is scattered in various files, and files may be in different formats, it is

difficult to write application programs to retrieve the appropriate data.

Different access to data:-

Whenever there is a new request, that was not anticipated earlier, there are two

possible solutions. Extract the records manually by maintain the index, access

methods or have the system programmers write the necessary application again with

minor changes. This leads to the represent task of programmer for daily requirement.

Unsatisfactory security measures:-

Every user of the system should be allowed to view only that part of data overall

performance of the system and obtain a faster response. But in such an environment

of concurrent updates may result inconsistent data.

Concurrent process:-

Many allow multiple users to update the simultaneously to improved the

performance of the system and obtain a faster response. But in such an environment

of concurrent updates may result inconsistent data.

INTRODUCTION TO DBMS:-

A programmer’s productivity tool

Good user interface

Powerful database structure

Advancement of data manipulation

Use of 4GL tool

A discipline towards data independence

 Logical data independence

Physical data independence

Data view

External data view

Conceptual view

Internal view

Database Management System(DBMS):-

DBMS is a collection of programs that enables users to create and maintain a

databse.The DBMS is hence a general purpose software system that facilities the

processes of defining ,constructing and manipulating databases for various

applications.

Defining database involves specifying the data structures and constraints for the

data to be stored in the database.Constucting the database is the process of storing

the database itself on the storage medium that is controlled by DBMS.Manipulation

includes such functions as merging the database to reflect changes in the mini world

and generating reports from the data.

The concept of a database is that data needs to be managed in order to be available

for processing and have appropriate quality.The data management includes both

software and organization the software to create and manage a database is a

database management system.This system or set of rules and methods allows for

the defination,creation,updating,reading,maintennaance and protection of the

database.
DBMS consists of a collection of inter-related data and a set of programs to access

that data. The collection data is usually referred to as ‘database’, which contains

information, about one particular enterprise. The primary goal of a DBMS is to

provide an environment that is both convenient and efficient to use in retrieving and

storing database information. The DBMS is the interface between the user of

application programs on one hand, and database on the other.

User(or)
application
DBMS
program Database

The four major users/advantage of a DBMS package are:

I. Database integration and reporting(for end users)

II. Application development (for end users and programmers)

III. Database access and maintenance(for end users and information services

staff)

IV. Database creation and modification(for end users and database

administrators)

Components of a database system:-

The four major components of a database system are as under:

Hardware Software Data People

(1) The Hardware is the set of physical devices on which database resides

It consists of:
  Computer(one or more)

 Disk drives

 CRT terminals

 Printers

 Tape drives

 Connecting cables and

 Others(auxiliary and connection hardware)

Computers used for processing the data may be one of the three types:

 Main frame

 Mini computers

 Personal computers(PCS)-can be used with stand-alone

database controlled and used by a single user.

PCs can be connected in a client/server network, providing multiple users access to

a common database on disk drivers and controlled by a server computer(may be a

powerful desktop computer ,a mini computer, a main frame or a powerful

multiprocessor computer).

Disk drives are the main storage mechanism and useful(as they allow random

access without which database processing would be impossible)

Desktop computers,CRT terminals, printers are required for entering and retrieving

information from the database.

(I) A database system has two types of software

  General purpose database management software called

database management system(DBMS)

 Application software.

(II) Data:-

The impartment component of a database system is data, The basic fact on which

the company’s processing and information needs ,are founded. This must be

logically and carefully structured. In a business ,all functions are to be analyzed; data

element and relationship must be identified, precisely defined, accurately recorded in

the data dictionary: Data is then a collected and entered into the database according

to the defined structure.

(III) People:-

Two different types of people concerned within the database are

1. Users

2. Parishioners.

Users are the people who need information from the database to carry out their

primary business responsibility which itself is in some other functional area e.g. chief

executive,Managers,Supervisor,Staff,Clerical personal.

Parishioners are the people who are primarily responsible for building the design

and maintenance in a business and in its associated application software for the

benefit of users e.g. Database administrators,analysis,programmers,database and

system designers ,information system managers etc.

WHAT IS VISUAL BASIC:-

Visual Basic is an ideal programming language for developing sophisticated

professional applications for Microsoft Windows.It makes use of graphical User

interface for creating robust and powerful application .The Graphical User Interface

as the name suggests, uses illustration for text, which enable users to interact with

an application.

Development of Visual Basic:-

Visual basic was developed from the BASIC programming language. In the 1970s

,Microsoft started developing ROM based interpreted BASIC for the early

microprocessor based computers.

Requirement for Visual Basic:-

Visual basic 6.0 for windows requires at least Microsoft Windows 95/Windows NT

3.51,486 processor and a minimum of 16 MB of RAM. A complete installation of the

most powerful version of Visual basic 6.0,the enterprise edition, requires more than

250 MB of hard disk space.

Importance of Visual Basic in database:-

In modern database technology we use VB to manipulate a Database project. We

present the grid which displays the contents of records set as the demand of

queries. There are three type of record set:table,dynasts or snapshot. The

possibilities are some time called views.

The difference between a table and a view is that is built into a Database

Structure(Which is typically made up of many table),and a view is the result of a

query. When we make a query, the database engine either sends you a subset of

one of the table that already exists or temporarily creates a new grid (view) in the

memory by commixing data from all the tables it has already stored. Since the grid is

made up of a set records extracted from the database ,the object that visual basic
builds based on your query is called naturally enough a record set working with the

properties and method of the records object is how you manipulate the database.

Tools of Visual Basic:-

There are many tools in Visual Basic. But we are discussing here only some tools

which are used to making the garment export system .these are shown below:-

1.1 Label:- This control displays text on a form that cannot be change. Labels

commonly identify other controls and can be transparent, so the text appears

to be placed directly on the form .Set the labels text with the caption property.

2. Text Box:- The textbox control is a mini text editor and its most important

property is the text property, which can set the text on the control or read the

text, the users enters.

3. Frame:- This control is used to draw boxes of the form or to group other

elements.

4. Command Button:-A command button represents an action that is carried out

when the user clicks the button.

5. Option Button:-Option buttons appears in a groups and the users can choose

only one of them .The Option button’s property is checked and it is True if the

control is checked and False otherwise. The option button is a toggle .Every

time it’s clicked, it changes status.

6. Combo Box:-This control contains a text Edit field. The user can either choose

an item from the list or enter a new string in the edit field. The item selected

from the list(or entered in the edit field)is given by the control’s Text Property.
 7. Timer:-The main property of the Timer control is interval, Which determines

how often the timer notifies your application .if the interval property is set to

10000,the Timer control issues a timer event every 10 seconds.

8. List View:-The list view control displays its items in many forms along with

any number of sub items for each item with the list view control. We can store

all the sub item along with the key item. The basic properties of the List View

control can be set through the control’s property pages .place an instance of

the List View control on a form, right click the control and select properties. The

property pages will appear on the screen.

There are some basic properties of List View control:-

1. General Tab:-This tab contains the basic properties that determine the control’s

appearance and its operation.

a. In the Mouse pointer, the shape of the pointer is

specified while its hovering over the.

b. List View Control

the View property determines how the items will be displayed on the control and it

can have the one of the values shown below:-

 Constant Value Description

Vision 0 (Default) Each item is represented by

an icon and a text label below the
icon

IvwSmallIcon 1 Small icon ;each icon is represented

by a small icon and a text label that
appears to the right of the item

Violist 2 List; each item is represented by a

small item and a text label that
appears to the right of the icon.

IvwReport 3 Report; each item is displayed in a

column with its sub item in adjacent
columns.

(c) the Arrange property determines how the items are arranged on the

control and it can have on of the values in the table:-

Constant Value Description

Ivanhoe 0 (Default) None

IvwAutoLeft 1 Left; list item objects are aligned along

the left side of the control.

IvwAutoTop 2 Top; list item objects are aligned along

top of the control..

(d) the Label Edit property specify whether the user will be allowed to edit the text of

the items .Its default value is IvwAutometic and set it to lvwManual if you want to

control from within your code when the user can edit the labels.
(e) The Check Boxes on the right hand side of the General tab let you specify

options that affect both the appearance and operation of the control. The names of

the properties you can set here self-explanatory, open the video project in the Visual

Basic IDE,change the setting of these properties, and then run the project to see

how the effect the List View Control.

2. Image Lists Tab:-Use this tab to specify the image list controls with the icons that

will be (optionally)displayed along with the text of the items. In the Normal Box you

specify the icons that appear in the Large Icons View. In the small box you specify

the small icons, which are displayed in the Small Icons View and in the last box you

select the icons to appear next to the headers.

3. Sorting Tab:-Use this tab to specify whether the items of the List View will be

sorted or not .Sort Key is the index of the column with the sort field .if the index

values larger than zero, then the items will be sorted according to a sub item. You

can also specify the order of the sort(Ascending or descending)

4. Column Header Tab:-Use this tab to set the headers of the columns .Use the

insert column and delete column buttons to insert the new column or delete existing

ones respectively. Each column has a title (text field) and its own width(width field)

5. Color Tab:-Use this tab to specify the controls background or foreground(text)

colors.

6. Font Tab:-Use this tab to specify the font of the item labels.
7. Picture Tab:-Use this tab to specify a custom pointer and the image to appear the

control’s background.

Visual Basic supports several other tools for data access with the Active Data

Objects(ADO) with Visual Basic applications see three objects.

1.2 A Connection Object, which establishes a connection to the database, be it

a local file or a remote SQL Server.

2. A Command Object, which executes commands against the database.

3. A Record Set Object, which holds the records retrieved from the database or

the records to be updated on the database.

The ADO Object Model:-The ADO Model consists of three objects.

1. Connection:-This is the top-level object and it represents a connection to the

Data source .This issue commands against the connection object to retrieve the

desired records from the database or to update the database.

2. Command:-This object represents a SQL statement or stored procedure by the

Data Source. The command object may not return any results (if it updates the

database) or return a Record Set with the request records.

3. Recordset:-This object holds the result of the execution of a Command object on

a database(provided it some records).Records Set can be created without an explicit

connection(simply pass the connection string for the source to the record set object’s

open method).To access the fields of a Record Set object, use the fields collection.

Cursor Types and Locking Mechanism:-

A cursor is the information underlying the Record Seta Record Set is a

representation of the selected records which simplifies the manipulation of the

records. There are four types of cursors:Dynamic,Key set, Static and Forward only.

To specify the type of cursor use cursor type property which can take one of the

values in below table.

The Cursor Type Property must be set before the Record Set is opened .ADO

opens a forward-only cursor by default.

 Cursor Type Constant Description

Dynamic AdOpenDynamic The Record Set is always

synchronized with the records in the
database.Allows you to view
additions ,changes and deletions
made by other users and supports
all Move methods.

Key set AdOpenKeySet Behaves like a dynamic cursor,

except that it prevents you from
seeing records that others users add
or delete .Changes made to the
selected records by other user will
still visible. it supports all Move
methods.

Static AdOpenStatic Provides a static copy of the

qualifying records. It supports all
Move methods but any changes
made by other users will not be
visible.

Forward only adOpenForwardOnly Identical to the dynamic cursor

except that it allows you to only
scroll forward through records .This
improves performance if you need to
make only a single pass through a
record set.
The Lock Type property:-

Another important property of the Record set object is the Lock Type property, which

indicates the type of locks placed on during editing .Set the Lock Type property

before opening a Record set to specify what type of locking the provider should use

when opening it.

The Lock Type can take one of the values in below table:-

Value AdLockReadOnly Description

Read-Only AdLockReadOnly The Record set is opened for

reading only. Use this type of

locking to prevent changes of the

data.

Pessimistic AdLockpessimistic The provider does what is

Locking necessary to ensure successful

editing of the records, usually by

locking records at the data source

immediately upon editing.

Optimistic locking AdLockOptimistic The provider uses optimistic

locking ,locking records only when

call the update method.

Optimistic batch Adlockbatchoptimistic Required for batch update mode

updates as opposed to immediate update

mode.
Property:-

The connection, command ,field, and record set objects contain collection of property

objects. Properties allow us to look at important information about the particular

object for instance; every object has a name property. properties are again available

in two categories

 Built-in properties

 Dynamic properties

Errors:-

The error object is dependent on the connection object. As error occur during data

access operation, the errors are stored in the errors collection, which a part of

connection object. Visual Basic offers three tools that can be used to implements

ADO in our application. The first and most simplest the ADO data control there are

also two active X components called the ADO connection object and the ADO record

set object. This objects represents a single session with the selected data source.

The connection maintains properties to indicate the cursor type, connect string,

query timeout, connection time out and other ADO specific properties such as default

database and isolation level. The connection object can be shared throughout the

entire instance of an application.

INTRODUCTION TO CRYSTAL REPORT:-

CRYSTAL reports is complete reporting tool included on the Visual Basic CD-

ROM .By using this reporting tool you can create professional looking reports to

display on screen with your application or send a printer. Crystal Reports is a

powerful program for creating custom reports lists and labels from data in your

application Database.

Crystal Reports is designed to work the different types of data can found in a

database such as the following:

 Numbers

 Currency

 Text

 Dates

 Boolean

 These tools enable you to:

 Create calculations

 Calculate subtotals and grand totals

 Convert data from one type to another

 Calculates averages

 Count the total number of records in a query

 Test the presence the specific values

 Filter database records

 Perform data calculations

Creating a Report:-

As with anything else in the program design process ,reports require both

your time and analysis before you actually create them For each report that you are

creating you should answer the following questions:

 What is the purpose of the reports?

 What information should be included in it?

 Does it require selection capabilities?

 What is layout of the report?

If you have the answers to these questions, your report will perform well.
Crystal Report also provides Wizard to help you add the following objects to the
reports:

 Column totals

 Selection conditions

 Data groups

 Formulas(calculated fields)

 Sort orders

Starting the design process:-

To start the process, Choose File, New from the menu to open the new report box.
Crystal Reports can assist you in creating many different styles of reports from this
dialog box:

Standard:-

Creating a standard report with rows and columns .it often has summary information
at the bottom of the columns.
Listing:-

Creates a Simple row and column listing of the information in a record set.

Cross Tab:-

Inverts the order or a standard columnar report. It is often used to obtain a quick
summary view of more complex set of data.

Mail label:-

Creates items such as mailing labels or nametags from the information in your
database.

Summary:-

Presents summary information about the data, such as total and average sales or
the number of attendances.

Graphs:-

Shows the information in graphical form.

TOOLS & ENVIRONMENT:-

The following are the environment and tools used in the project:

Client/server Architecture:-

Client Server architecture is a process involving a minimum of two

independent entities ,one is the client and other is the server. The client makes a

request and the server services the request and the resulting data is sent to the

client. In this application ,two separate applications operating independently could

work together to complete a task. a well brought out implementation of this concept

is the SQL based Database Management System.

The Client Server architecture is well illustrated in below figure:-

Data

Network Server Application

Logic

Workstation 1 Workstation 2 Workstation 3 Workstation 4

Application Application Application Application

Logic Logic Logic Logic
A Request may take the form of a SQL query submitted to a SQL database engine.

The database engine in turn processes the request and a result set is sent to the

client. Thus the two independent processes work together to accomplish a task and

exemplifies the client server relationship. The most popular client/server applications

use the DBMS such as Oracle and Microsoft SQL Server. These applications are

referred to as backend and offer support for storage ,manipulation and retrieval of

business persistent data. They use Structured Query Language (SQL) as a standard

method for submitting client request.

ORACLE :-

Oracle is an Object Relational Database Management System(ORDBMS).It offers

capabilities of both relational and object-oriented database system. Objects can be

defined as reusable software system codes, which are location independent and

perform a special task on any application environment with little or no change to the

code.

Oracle products are based on a concept known as the “Client/Server technology”.

This concept involves segregating the processing of an application between the two

systems .One performs all activities related to the database (server) and the other

performs activities that help the user to interact with the application (client).

A client or front end database application also interact with the database by

requesting and receiving information from the database server. It acts as an interface

between the user and the database. It also checks fir validation against the data

entered by the user. The commonly used front end tool of Oracle is SQL* plus.

The database server or back end is used to manage the database tables optimally

among multiple clients who concurrently request the server for the same data. It also

enforces data integrity across all client applications and controls database access

and other security requirements.

Tools of oracle: -

There are two types of oracle tools. These are:-

1. SQL* plus

2. PL/SQL
SQL*PLUS: -

SQL* PLUS is a structured query Language supported by Oracle. Though SQL*

plus can store , retrieve , edit, enter, and rum SQL commands and PL/ SQL blocks.

Using SQL*plus we can perform calculations , list coloum definitions for any

tableland can also format query in the form of a report.

PL/SQL: -

PL/SQL is an extension of SQL. PL/SQL block can contain any number of

SQLstatements integrated with flow of control statements. Thus PL/SQL combines

the data manipulating power of SQL with data processing power of procedural

languages.

Introduction to SQL: -

SQL was invented and developed by IBM in early 1970’s.SQL stands for Structured

Query Language. The SQL implemented by ORACLE

CORPORATION is 100% complaint with the ANSI/ISO standard SQL

data language. Oracle’s database language is SQL which is used for

storing and retrieving information in Oracle. A table is a primary

database object of SQL that is used for store data. A table holds data

in the form of rows and columns.

SQL supports the following categories of commands:-

 Data definition language- creates alter, drop commands.

 Data manipulation language- insert,select,delete and update

commands.
  Transaction control language -commit,savepoint,rollback commands.

 Data control language- grant and revoke commands.

Benefits of SQL:-

 Non-procedural language, because more than one record can be

accessed rather than one record at a time.

 It is the common language for all relational databases. In other

words it is portable and it requires very few modifications so that it

can work on other databases.

 Very simple commands for querying,inserting,deleting and modifying

data and objects.

Oracle internal data type:-

Oracle supports the following data type:-

1. Character Data Type:- The following are the character data type supported

by Oracle.

Char data type:-This data type is used when a fixed length character string is

required. It can store alphanumeric values. The column length of such a data type

can vary between 1-2000 bytes.

Varchar2 data type:-The varchar2() data type supports a variable length character

string .It also stores alphanumeric values. The size for this data type ranges from 1-

4000 bytes. Using varchar2() saves disk spaces when compared to char.
2.Long Data Type:-This data type is used to store variable character length.

Maximum size is 2 GB long data type has several characters similar to varchar2 data

type. Its length would be restricted based on the memory space available in the

computer.

3.Number Data Type:-The number data type can store positive numbers, negative

numbers,zeroes,fixed point numbers and floating point numbers.

4.Date Data Type:-Date data type is used to store date and time in a table. Oracle

database makes use of its own format to store data in a fixed length of 7 bytes each

for century,day,year,hour,minute and second.

NORMALIZATION:-

Normalization is the process of redefining the data model built by the Data Flow

Diagram. Normalization technique logically groups the data over a number of tables

with minimum redundancy of data .Redundancy is unnecessary repetition of data.

The entities or tables from Normalization contain data items with relationship being

represented by replication of key data item(s).

The first step towards Normalization is to convert the Data flow diagram into Tables

or relations .The next step is to examine the tables for redundancy and if necessary,

Change hem o non –redundant forms.

Need for Normalization:-

 Improves database design

 Ensures minimum redundancy of data.

Normalized Data structured:-

A normalized data structure contains redundant and disorganized data, which needs

to be organized by dividing the data over several tables redundancy. This is achieved

by going through the process of Normalization.

 Reduces need to reorganize data when design is

modified/enhanced.

 Removes anomalies for database activities.

Steps in Normalization:-

First Normal Form(I NF):-

 Identify repeating groups of fields.

 Remove repeating groups to a separate table.

 Identify the keys for the tables.

 Key of a parent table is brought as part of the concatenated key of the

second table.

Second Normal Form(2 NF):-

 Check if all fields are dependant on the whole key

 Remove fields that depend on part of the key

 Group partially dependant fields as a separate table

 Name of the tables

  Identify keys to the tables.

Third Normal Form(3 NF):-

 Remove field that

 Depend on other non-key attribute

 Can be calculated or derived from logic.

 Group interdependent field as separate tables ,identify the key

and name the table.

A table is in the first normal form when it contains no repeating groups. The

repeating columns or tables in an normalized table are removed from the table and

put into tables of their own. Such a table becomes dependant on the parent table

from which it is derived. The key to this table is called the concatenated key

(composite/combination) with the key of the parent table forming a part of it.

A table is in the Second normal form if all its non-key attributes are fully dependant

on the whole attribute. This means that each field in a table must depend upon the

entire key. Those that do not depend upon the combination key are moved to

another table on whose key they depend on Structures which do not contain

combination keys are automatically in the 2 NF.

A table is said to be the third normal form if all the non-key tribute of the table are

independent of all other non-key fields of the same table.

Boyce-Cod Normal Form:-

The third normal form was not satisfactory for relations that had multiple candidate

keys .hence Boyce and Coded introduced another form. Consider the following table

for easier understanding.

Cascade Consume

100 Ajay

121 Anita

280 Jai

Here the candidate are cascade and cusanme.The attribute cascade and consume are unique

for each row.

Cascade Consume Item code Ant

100 Ajay 19 4

100 Ajay 16 2

121 Anita 29 6

280 Jai 33 1

Consider that another table that has few other details as shown in the following

table .The attribute cascade and consume of the above two tables can be used to

link these tables. These act as a foreign key in the second table .These table can be

reduced in order to minimize redundancy. The tables are shown below.

 Cascade Item code Ant Cascade Consume

100 19 4 100 Ajay

100 16 2 121 Anita

121 29 6 280 Jai

280 33 1 Tables and keys which are used to

develop the Garment Export System:-

There are so many tables, which are used to develop the Garment Export System.
 TABLES AFTER NORMALIZATION :-

d
LIMITATIONS OF THE PROJECT:-

The following are limitations of the project which have developed as a result of the

user requirement and its flexibility.

 The project is limited to the system requirement mentioned earlier.

 The project is not web enable so any kind of web service cannot be used in

the project. so the project is limited to the LAN only.

 The database of the project limits the project to certain amount of spare. so

the project can use only the specified amount of spare.

 Certain other limitation are also imposed on the project, as it is making and

developed as per user requirement.

 Reports :-

d
 Pert Chart:-

Program evaluation review technique (pert) :

Pert is a general scheduling technique. Pert is organized by events and activities or

tasks. Pert is likely to be used with more complex systems. One advantage of pert is

that it is a scheduling device that also shows graphically which tasks must be

completed before others are begins.

Also by displaying various tasks paths, pert enables the calculation of a critical path.

Each path consists of combinations of tasks that must be completed. The time and

cost associated with each task along a path are calculated and the path that requires

the greatest amount of elabpsed time is the critical path. Calculation of the critical

path enables project managers to monitor the series of tasks closely than others and

to shift resources to it if begins to fall behind schedule.

To build a pert chart for a project, one must first list all the activities required for

completion of the project and estimate how long each will take. Then one must

determine the dependence of the activities on each other. The pert chart gives

graphical representation of this information.

Despite these advantages, pert is just a tool, & its use does not automatically

guarantee the success of the project.

We can draw the Pert Chart for proposed system as :

 Gantt Chart :-

A Gantt Chart (also known as bar chart) is used almost exclusively for scheduling

purposes and therefore controls only the time dimension of the project.

The bars are drawn against a time line. The length of each bar is proportional to the

length of time planned for the activity.

Gantt chart helps in scheduling the activities of a project, but it does not help in

identifying them. One can begin with the activities identified in the work break down

structure.

The white part of the bar shows the length of time each task is estimated to take.

The shaded part shows the slack time, that is, the latest time by which a task must

be finished. One way to view the slack time is that, if necessary, we can slide the

white area over the shaded area without forcing the start of the next activity to be

delayed.

The chart shows clearly that the result of the "customer support service" tasks can

be used only after the order placement task the bar representing the "order

placement" task has no slack time & must be started and completed on the

scheduled data if the scheduled is to be maintained. However, because the bar chart

incorporate only the scheduling dimension of a project, it gives little indication of

which tasks must be completed before others are begun & project cost must be

accumulted and evaluated using other methods.

We can draw the Gantt Chart for proposed system as :

FORMS USED TO BUILD THE PROJECT:-

There are various forms, which are used to make the hospital system

computerized .these are:-

1) LOGIN FORM:- The login windows contains a user name and a password. This is

used here for a security purpose when users enter a valid name and a valid

password the he would be able to do the other work otherwise a message is

displayed that please enter a valid name and a password .the login window form has

the look, which is shown on the next page:-

2) MDI FORM:-

The multiple document interface(MDI) was designed to simply the exchange of

information among documents, all under the same roof. With an MDI application we

can maintain, multiple open windows but not multiple copies of the application .an

MDI application must have at least two forms, the parent form and one or more child

forms. Each of these forms has certain properties, there can be many child forms

contained with the parent form but there can be only one parent form .The MDI form

has the look which is shown below:

I)
II)
III)
IV)
V)
3) CREATE NEW USER:-this form is used to create new user.
4) Change password:-this form is used to change password when user forgot their

password or want to change for security.

5) Staff entry form:-this form is used to filled the details of new staff members.it

consistes it personal and professional details.

6) Doctor detail form:-this form is used to filled the details of doctor
7) Patient entry:-this form shows patient details
8) Patient discharge form:-this form fill the discharge related information.
9) Patient type:-this form is used to entry the patient type.
10) All patient report:-this form is used to show all patient details.
11) Patients bill form:-this form is used to show patients bill details.
12) Doctors report:-this form shows the doctors report
13) Investigation form:-this form is used to show investiogation process
14) Surgery form:-this form is used to show surgery details
 FUTURE SCOPE OF THE PROECT:-


 BIBLOGRAPHY

 Visual Basic 6.0 supper BIBLE-pained joy piered Boutique,John D.III,Loran

Eidahi,Lowell Maner,Jack Puraum.

 Visual Basic 6 client server-waite group.

 Oracle Database Development-Tec media.

 Software Engineering-Pressman.

 Structured System Analysis And Design-Award.

 Fundamental of Database System-Bepin C.Desai

 Visual Basic 6 Database-How to-Waite group

 Developing client serve application with Oracle-Tech media.

 Oracle-How to-Tec media.

Apart from above references the guidebook provided by STG and Ssi provided a

great help in the development of the project.

TABLE OF
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
OBJECTIVE
SYSTEM ANALYSIS
FEASIBILITY STUDY
SOFTWARE &
HARDWARE
REQUIREMENT
SPECIFICATION
 SOFTWARE
ENGINEERING &
PARADIGM APPLIED
SYSTEM DESIGN
OPTIMISATION
IMPLEMENTATION
&
MAINTENANCE
&
TESTING
REPORTS
PERT CHART
GANTT CHART
FORM & WINDOW
USED IN PROJECT
CODING
FUTURE SCOPE &
FURTHER
ENHANCEMENT
BIBLIOGRAPHY
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I can not adequately express the appreciation that I feel to those who have helped

me in their variety of ways in this venture, especially my coordinator Mr. NEERAJ

Kumar GUPTA for his excellent guidance, cooperation and concern. It is too little to

express gratefulness to the in words.

Thank you,

SUNILKUMAR TYAGI