BRITISH &

SOUTHERN INDIA
THE CARNATIC WARS & ANGLO-
MYSORE WARS
 HYDERABAD
• The autonomous kingdom of Hyderabad was founded in 1724 by Chin
)
Quilch Khan (Nizam-ul-Mulk Asaf Jah 1). The nizam was ila.comleader of the
a
turani faction, got the Sayyid brothers assassinatedarin gm
@ 1720.
um
Muhammad Shah appointed Nizam as his wazirvifromn o dk 1722-24.
(vsa
nd
• 1723-1748: Nizam defeated Mubariz Khan,n Athe na then governor and the
r a
next year he took over as the governor Sa
f or of Deccan and consolidated his
d
i se
power around Hyderabad. Nizamsonpermanently settled in Hyderabad,
a l
r
pe
subdued the refractory zamindars
en
t i s and established his control.
m
ocu
• Hyderabadi administrative
Th
is d
system incorporated the indigenous power
structures in a “patron-client relationship”. Locally entrenched semi-
autonomous rulers were allowed to govern their inherited territories in
return for an annual tribute/peshkash paid to Nizam.
• The old Mughal system was not totally replaced, rather it
was modified: .l co
m)
ai
gm
• Land revenue- was collected through powerful intermediaries, m ar@
ku
od
but unlike the mughals, there was little effort to v sa
keep
v i n them
(
under control. nd
A na
n
ara
• Jagirs became hereditary and mansabdari df
or
S retained retained few
lise
of its original features rs o na
s pe
• There was remarkable change u men
t i
in the structure of nobility. While
c
the older military aristocracy
i s do retained some of its power, there
Th
was a wider diffusion of power in Hyderabadi administrative
structure.
CARNATIC WARS & ANGLO- FRENCH
RIVALRY
m)
1. The decline of central authority: after Aurangzeb’s death in il 1707 was
. co
ma
followed by the weakening of Hyderabad’s control after ar@
the death of
g
m
Nizam-ul-Mulk Asaf Jah in 1748. Moreover, the Maratha od
ku chiefs regularly
i n
invaded Hyderabad and the rest of South collecting (vs
a v chauth. All these
d
factors led to politically unsettled conditions A na & administrative
n
n
disorganization. Sara
or
df
2. Succession disputes in Carnatic: Carnatic na
lise was one of the subah’s of the
o
mughal deccan and as such came is p
e r s under the Nizam of Hyderabad’s
authority. But just as in practice, n t the Nizam had become independent of
u me
c
Delhi, so did the deputyis governor
do of Carnatic also called as the Nawab of
h
Carnatic had freed himself
T of control of hyderabad and made his office
hereditary.
• After 1740, bitter succession disputes erupted in Carnatic and after 1748 in
Hyderabad which gave an opportunity to European trading companies to
directly interfere in Indian politics
• The French East India company was founded in 1664. It was firmly
established at Chandernagore near Calcutta & Pondicherry on the east
coast.
o m)
• First Carnatic War- 1742-48: In 1742, outbreak of the Austrian ail. c
gm
r @
succession war provided immediate political context d ku
ma for the rivalry
o
between the two main European counterparts, a vin
the French & English for
d (vs
n
control over Indian territories. French attacked A na the English positions in
r a n
Madras. British surrendered Madras,d fappealed Sa to Nawab of Carnatic for
or
e
help. Thus the first Carnatic warrsbegan, alis the Nawab sent a force against
on
e
is p
the french, but it suffered a ecrushing defeat.
nt
m
ocu
• However, with the cessation is d
of hostilities in Europe in 1748 by the
Th
treaty of Aix-La-Chappelle, the first round of Anglo French rivalries
came to an end in India as well. The English possession's in India were
returned, while the french got back their North American possessions.
 Carnatic Hyderabad
o m)
. c
ail
gm
r @
Succession dispute mbetween a Nasir Jang
Chand Sahib began to conspire against k u
(Nizam’s son) and no Muzaffar Jang (Nizam’s
d
Nawab Anwaruddin a vigrandson)
s
n d(v
a
n An
r a
r Sa
fo d
1749- Battle of Ambur: Dupliex sealed a lise
secret deal with Chand Sahib and n a French supported Muzzafar Jung, he was
e rso
Muzaffar Jang. Killed Nawab Anwaruddin. p made the Nawab of Hyderabad.
n t is
His son, Muhammad Ali fledme
ocu
is d
Th
Substantial territorial concessions were granted to french in the form
of Northern Sarkars as a jagir, Masulipatam and villages around Pondicherry
were handed over to them. Also Dupliex stationed his best officer Bussy at
Hyderabad with a french army, thus ensuring continued french influence in his court
• Second Carantic War-1749-1754: the expansion of French in the south
alarmed the British. The British held secret discussion with Nasir Jang
and Muhammad Ali. British supported Muhammad Ali, attacked the
)
capital of Carnatic, Arcot. Chanda Sahib was captured &ail.ckilled om and
gm
Muhammad Ali was placed on throne of Carnatic. The a french forces
r @
m
ku
suffered defeats at the hands of English. v i n od
(vsa
nd
• 1754-Treaty between English and French: a n
na
AThe French agreed to
r
English demand for recall of Dupliexd ffrom Sa India. In return, they were
or
lise
allowed to retain control of Carnatic, rs o na four Northern Sarkars &
p e
controlling influence over Hyderabad
e n t is court. The french power in south
m
was thus far from over. is docu
Th
• 1756 & the seven year war: the outbreak of seven year war between
English & French in Europe provided the context for the third & final
decisive round of Anglo-French conflict in India.
• Third Carnatic War-1758-1763: French lost their positions
successively, first in Chandernagore in Bengal, then when
m)
Bussy was recalled to help Count De Lally in Carnatic,ailthe
.co
gm
Northern Sarkars were exposed to English attack mfrom
a r @ Bengal.
u
odk
vin
• 1760- Battle of Wandiwash: the french wered(vdecisively sa defeated
a n
as Pondicherry was seized by British. This r a n An was followed by the
Sa
capture of Mahe port along malabar ed
focoast. After this the french
r
l i s
na
were left without a toe-hold inerIndia.
so
t is p
en
• 1763- treaty of Paris: Frenchoc
got back all the territories in India
u m
s d
prior to 1749 with theThiprovision that it could not fortify
Chandernagore but the balance of power was decisively shifted
in favour of English with the expansion of East India Company.
 Consequences of Anglo Carnatic wars
1. French wound up their operations in 1769 & thus the main european
rivals were eliminated. m) o
a il.c
m
2. Hyderabad became completely dependent on British a r@ & the Nizam in
g
um
1766 gave them Northern Sarkars in return for vmilitary
in o dk support
sa
against its over mighty neighbours- Maratha
a n d(v& Mysore
n An
ara
3. The Anglo-French rivalry by bringingfo in crown troops to India in
r S
d
se
significant numbers considerably n enhanced the military powers of
a l i
e rso
p
the British vis-à-vis other Indian
e n t is states. The balance of power now
m
began decisively tilt inisitscu
do favour.
Th
4. The English learnt valuable lessons from French, that they could
advance their economic and political interests by taking advantage
of the mutual conflicts of Indian rulers.
 Factors responsible for French defeat:
)
1. Financial difficulties affected the military operation of the il. co mfrench
ma
forces. ar@
g
m
dku
2. The rashness and arrogance of Lally alienated ino
sa nearly all french
v
d ( v
officers at Pondicherry thus affecting the an
nefficiency of the force.
n A
Sara
r fo
3. Above all, the superiority of English l i sed Navy and the ready supply of
na
finances at their disposal afterperthe so plassey plunder tilted the balance
t i s
in their favour against the
cu
mfrench.
en

is do
Th
 CHAPTER SUMMARY
Causes of anglo carnatic wars m)
. co
• Weakening of hyderabad state-constant maratha invasions ail
gm
ar@
• Bitter succession disputes in Carnatic dku
m
vino
a
• (vs
Anglo french rivalry and the austrian succession disputes
n d
a
An
• Key Battles- third carnatic war, Battle of Wandiwash Sa
r a n (1760) and Treaty of Paris
(1763) fo r
l i sed
a
Impact of anglo r s on carnatic wars
e
t is p
• French- the key european rivals u
en
mwere eliminated
o c
• The nizam became completely h is d dependent on British for Military support
T
• Brought in Crown troops in India.
• Became a template/model for future British interventions in succession disputes
of regional powers
 MYSORE
In South India, the emergence of Mysore as a significant power in mid 18th
century was most spectacular. ) m
i l. co
Earlier a part of the Vijayanagra empire in 16th century, Mysore gm was
a
r @
transformed into an autonomous principality by the Wodeyar ma
ku th
dynasty. Its
d
centralized military power began to increase from late a vin 17 century under
o
s
Chikkadevraja Wodeyar (1672-1704), but reachedanits d(v real period of glory
n
under Haidar Ali. ran
A
Sa
f or
Mysore under Haidar Ali underwent a series lise
d of reforms aimed at establishing
a
a centralized administrative-militaryerstructure.so
n These were:
p
t is
1. Military reforms: Haidar Aliumorganized
en the army on European lines with
c
French experts. A system h is d of risala’s was setup, with a clear chain of
o
T
command, going upto the ruler. Each risala had a fixed number of
soldiers, weapons and a commander appointed by Haidar himself. Also a
modern arsenal factory was setup in Dindigal in 1755.
• Subjugated the local warrior chiefs/hereditary overlords like deshmukhs and
poligars.
2. A centralized system of revenue administration: Introduced a new
system of imposing taxes directly on peasants and collecting them
through salaried officials in cash, thus enormously increasing the
m)
resource base of state. ail. co
gm
ar@
• The land revenue system was based upon a detailed o dk survey and
um
vin
classification of land. d(v
sa
n an
• The land revenue system of Haidar Ali and a r a
A
nlater Tipu Sultan has been
S
or
termed as “Military fiscalism”. In this,lisetaxes df were collected directly by state
n a
machinery in order to build & maintain p e rso a large army.
t i s
en
• The mughal system of jagirdari oc
u m was largely replaced and this was part of
d
his centralized military hegemony by abolishing the
the project to establishTa
intermediaries who were co-sharers of power in a segmentary state.
 o m)
3. Provided encouragement to Agriculture and Trade: ail. cin order
gm
to expand its resource base, provided encouragement m ar@ for the
d ku
development of agriculture. Modernized the sa vin agricultural
o
d(v
economy by repairing and expandingAnirrigation a n systems, by
r a n
promoting agriculture manufacturing fo r Sa & promoting
e d
sericulture. o n alis
p ers
• In 1793, launched StatemCommercial
en
t is
Corporation to set up
c u
factories outside Mysore.
i s do
Th
• Sent emissaries to france, turkey, iran, china to develop foreign
trade.
 ANGLO-MYSORE WARS
the reasons for the outbreak of Anglo-Mysore wars were:
1. Rapid territorial expansion: In a few years, under Haidar Ali o m)
and later
il. c
under Tipu Sultan, Mysore’s boundaries stretched from r @
gKrishna
m a
in North
a
to Malabar coast in west which brought it in conflict dk
uwith
m its neighbors,
Maratha’s and Hyderabad. Mysore’s expansion salso a vin
o
appeared to be a
( v
military threat in Madras and in Carnatic. nand
r a nA
2. Anglo-French rivalry: Also, Marathas and f or
Sa Hyderabad also acted in
collusion with English, who suspected a lise
d Mysore’s friendship with French.
n
rso
3. Mysore’s control of Malabar coast: t is
p e Mysore’s control over the rich trade of
n
Malabar coast was seen as c uma threat to English trade in pepper &
e
o
Cardamom. In 1785, Tipu
T h is d imposed a ban on export of pepper and
cardamom from ports within his kingdom & in 1788, he explicitly
prohibited trade with English traders.
4. Tipu aimed to establish a centralized militarized state with a desire to
control south indian politics was perceived as a security threat by the
English to their positions in Madras and Carnatic
ANGLO-MYSORE WARS

o m)
. c
ail
gm
m ar@
dku
vino
( v sa
d
nan
nA
Sara
fo r
ed
alis
rson
pe
t is
en
um
doc
This
• 1st Anglo-Mysore war (1767-69): Maratha’s & Nizam colluded with the
English against Haidar Ali. m) o
a il.c
g m
r@
u ma
dk
• Anglo-Mysore war (1780-84) Maratha’s andvsaNizam joined hands with
2nd vin
o
d(
Mysore against English. n an
nA
Sara
fo r
ed
alis
rson
• 3rdAnglo-Mysore war (1790-92)- pe
nt
is Maratha’s and Nizam again sided with
e
English in under Lord Cornwallis um against Mysore because Tipu had
d oc
i s
recently attacked theirThally, Maharaja of Travancore.
 • 4th Anglo-Mysore war (1799):
• It was the decisive round. Sriringapatnam, the capital of Mysore
o m)
was captured, while Tipu died defending it. Mysore was ail once again
. c
gm
placed under Wodeyar dynasty and was brought uunder r@ the
ma
d k
subsidiary alliance system of Lord Wellseley. ino
vThis meant an end to
v sa
d (
the independent status of Mysore. An
an
n
Sara
fo r
ed
alis
rson
• The alliance forbid it from enteringpe
t is
into any relationship with any other
e n
European powers. o c um
h is d
• A contingent of company’s
T
army would be stationed at Mysore and the
provision for its maintenance would be come from its treasury.
CHAPTER SUMMARY
• Features of Mysore empire- . co m)
ail
gm
• Military reforms-Risala system ar@
um
o dk
• Revenue reforms-Centralized system of revenue (v sa vin administration
n d
• Agriculture and trade reforms ran
A na
Sa
or
df
alise
• Causes of Anglo-Mysore wars
pe
rs on
t is
en
• Rapid territorial expansion
um
oc
of mysore
is d
• Th
Anglo-French rivalry
• Mysore’s control of malabar coast
• Perceived as a security threat by english