HEAT AND MASS

TRANSFER LAB REPORT

SUBMITTED BY:
Hamza zulfiqar
SUBMITTED TO:
Sir Adeel Qadir
SECTION:
B
REGISTRATION NO:
BSME01153057
BATCH:
2015-19
 LIST OF APPARATUS
 Heat Conduction Unit

 Thermal Conductivity of Non-Metallic Materials

 Thermal Conductivity of Liquid and Gases

 Free and Forced Convection Heat Exchanger

 Radiant Heat Transfer Unit

 Multi Heat Exchanger

 Boiling Heat Transfer

 Film & Drop wise Condensation Unit

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
1) To investigate Fourier's Law for the linear conduction of heat along a homogeneous
bar.

2) To study the conduction of heat along a composite bar and evaluate the overall
heat transfer coefficient.
3) To investigate the effect of a change in the cross-sectional area on the temperature
profile along a thermal conductor.
4) To examine the temperature profile and determine the rate of heat transfer resulting
from radial conduction through the wall of a cylinder.
5) To measure the thermal conductivity of the Glass, we’ll use the apparatus of
Thermal Conductivity of Building Materials apparatus.
6) To measure the thermal conductivity of the Wood, we’ll use the apparatus of Thermal
Conductivity of Building Materials apparatus.
7) To measure the thermal conductivity of liquids and gases.
8) To demonstrate the relationship between power input and surface temperature in
free convection.
9) To demonstrate the relationship between power input and surface temperature in
forced convection.
10) To demonstrate the use of extended surface to improve heat transfer from the
surface.

Page 1 of 31
 Experiment No.1
Objective: To Investigate Fourier’s Law for the Linear Conduction of Heat along the
Homogenous Bar

Apparatus: Linear Heat Conduction Unit

Theory:
Fourier’s Law of Conduction:
The law of heat conduction, also known as Fourier's law, states that the time rate of heat transfer,
dQ/dT, through a material is proportional to the negative gradient in the temperature and to the
area A, at right angles to direction of heat flow and to the temperature difference along the path of
heat flow, dT/dx.

Fourier’s Law;

Q́ ∞ A . dT /dx

Q́=−kA . dT /dx

Negative Sign shows that heat transfer from higher to lower concentration.

Q́=−kA . dT /dx (where k is Thermal Conductivity)

Thermal Conductivity:
Thermal conductivity (often denoted k, λ, or κ) is the property of a material to
conduct heat.

Page 2 of 31
Linear Heat Conduction Unit:
Fourier's Law of Heat Conduction is most simply demonstrated with the linear
conduction module. This comprises a heat input section fabricated from brass fitted
with an electrical heater. Three temperature sensors are installed at 10mm intervals
along the working section, which has a diameter of 25mm.

A separate heat sink section also of brass is cooled at one end by running water
while its working section is also fitted with thermistor temperature sensors at 10mm
intervals.

Procedure:
 Make sure that the main switch is initially off. Then insert a brass conductor
section (30mm diameter) intermediate section into linear module and clamp
together.
 Turn on the water supply and ensure that water is flowing from free end of the
water pipe to drain. This should be checked at intervals.
 Turn the heater power control knob control panel to fully anticlockwise position
and connect the sensor leads.
 Switch on the power supply and main switch; the digital readouts will be
illuminated.
 Turn the heater power control to 40 Watts and allow sufficient time for a steady
state condition to be achieved before recording the temperature at all six
sensor points and the input power reading on the wattmeter (Q). This
Page 3 of 31
 procedure can be repeated for other input power between 0 to 40 Watts. After
each change, sufficient time must be allowed to achieve steady state
conditions.
 Plot the graph of temperature T vs. distance x. Calculate the theoretical and
actual thermal conductivity.

Observations:
Diameter of brass= 30 mm
Heater T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 K
Power(DC)
Q ͦͦC ͦͦC ͦͦC ͦͦC ͦͦC ͦͦC ͦͦC ͦͦC ͦͦC W/m.
(Watts) K
VxA
8.6x1.18=10 44 44 43 42 40 40 37 36 36 140.84
12.1x1.68=2 58 56 55 50 48 46 41 40 40 140.84
0
14.8x2.00=3 66 63 63 57 54 51 44 43 43 140.84
0
Distance 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09
from heater
and X
(m)

Graph:

Object 9

Comments:
 K-type thermocouples are more sensitive for high temperatures.
 Thermocouple should be tightly in-contact with the bar.
Page 4 of 31
  The apparatus only displays temperature in whole numbers.
 There was the possibility of error in connection of the thermocouple.
 There was a little fluctuation in the power source of the heater and it was
definitely not suitable for any research work.

Experiment No.2
Objective: To study the characteristics of heat along a composite bar and evaluate
the overall heat transfer co-efficient.

Apparatus: Linear Heat Conduction Unit

Theory:
Overall Heat Transfer Co-efficient:
It is used in calculating the heat transfer, typically by convection or phase transition
between a fluid and a solid. ... The heat transfer coefficient is the reciprocal of
thermal insulance.

Q́=UA ∆ T (Also called as Newton’s Law of Cooling)

dQ
Q́ = Rate of Heat Transfer →
dt

A=Area
∆ T = Temperature Difference

Q́
U= A ∆T

Also Thermal Resistance can also be represented in relation with Overall Heat
Transfer Co-efficient such that:
1
UA=
Rtotal

Procedure:
 Make sure that the main switch is initially off. Insert the stainless steel section
or any other metals (without sensor) into the linear module and clamp
together.
 Turn on the water supply and ensure that water is flowing from the free end of
the water pipe to drain. This should be checked at intervals.

Page 5 of 31
  Turn the heater power control knob from control panel to fully anticlockwise
position.

 Connect the six sensor leads (T1, 2, 3 & 7, 8, 9) to the plugs on top of the
linear conduction module. Connect the left-hand sensor lead from the module
to the place marked T1 on the control panel. Repeat this procedure for the
remaining five sensor leads, connecting from left to right on the module and in
numeral order on the control panel.
 Switch on the power supply and main switch; the digital readouts will be
illuminated.
 Turn the heater power control panel to 40 Watts and allow sufficient time for a
steady state condition to be achieved before recording on the wattmeter (Q).
This procedure can be repeated for other input power between 0 to 40 watts.
After each change, sufficient time must be allowed to achieve steady state
conditions.
 Plot graph of temperature, T vs. distance, x. Calculate the overall Heat
Transfer Coefficient, U based on the knowledge of k brass ∧k stainless steel and
distances x1, x2 and x3.

Observations:
 Thermal Conductivity of Brass= 121 W/m.K
 Thermal Conductivity of Stainless Steel= 22 W/m.K

Test T1 T2 T3 T7 T8 T9 Heater
Power
Q́
ͦͦC ͦͦC ͦͦC ͦͦC ͦͦC ͦͦC (Watts)
A 51 49 47 35 34 34 15
B 60 57 54 38 37 37 20
Distanc
e from
Heater
End 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.07 0.08 0.09
(x)
m

Fourier’s Law:

Page 6 of 31
 ∆ x∫ ¿ ∆ xcool
+
k k
∆ x hot
k
+¿ Theoretical Formula
¿
1
=¿
U

dt
Q́=−kA Q́=UA ∆ T
dx

Q k
=
Adt dx

Q́=UA ∆ T

Q
=U
Adt

Calculation:

Graph:

Page 7 of 31
 Object 39

Comments:
 There may be error in the connection of thermocouples which can intern
provide wrong readings.
 There was fluctuation in power setting which may cause change in heat
provided and cause inaccuracy at a specific point of heating temperature.

Page 8 of 31
 Experiment No.3
Objective: To investigate the effect of change in the cross-sectional area on the
temperature profile long a thermal conductor.

Apparatus: Linear Heat Conduction Unit.

Theory:
Thermal Conductivity:
Thermal conductivity (often denoted k, λ, or κ) is the property of a material to
conduct heat. It is evaluated primarily in terms of Fourier's Law for heat
conduction.

Heat transfer occurs at a lower rate across materials of low thermal conductivity
than across materials of high thermal conductivity.

Procedure:
 Make sure that the main switch is initially off. Insert brass or any other metals
of 13mm diameter into the linear module and clamp together.
 Turn on the water supply and ensure that water is flowing from the free end of
the water pipe to drain. This should be checked at intervals.
 Turn the heater power control knob from control panel to fully anticlockwise
position.
 Connect the six sensor leads (T1, 2, 3 & 7, 8, 9) to the plugs on top of the
linear conduction module. Connect the left-hand sensor lead from the module
to the place marked T1 on the control panel. Repeat this procedure for the
remaining five sensor leads, connecting from left to right on the module and in
numeral order on the control panel.
 Switch on the power supply and main switch; the digital readouts will be
illuminated.
 Turn the heater power control panel to 20 Watts and allow sufficient time for a
steady state condition to be achieved before recording the temperature on all
sensors.
 Points and the input power reading on the wattmeter (Q). this procedure can
be repeated for other input power between 0 to 20 watts.
 Plot graph of temperature, T vs. distance, x.

Page 9 of 31
Observations:
TH=T3 - (T2-T3)/2

Tc=T7+ (T2-T3)/2

Test T1 T2 T3 T7 T8 T9 Heater
Power
Q
(Watts)
A 70 63 59 44 42 42 30
B 56 52 51 38 37 37 20
Distanc
e from
Heater 10 20 30
End
(X)
cm
TH=35 TC=65
Graph:

Object 41 Object 43

Comments:
 The above graphs show that there is almost a linear relationship between
distance and temperature. As the distance increases the temperature
decreases.
 Error may arise in the readings due to the loose connection of
thermocouples.

Page 10 of 31
  Inaccurate heating due to fluctuation in Power which in results would
provide inaccurate Temperature reading.

Experiment No. 4

Objective: To examine the temperature profile and determine the rate of heat
transfer resulting from radial conduction through the wall of a cylinder

Apparatus: Radial Heat conduction unit

Page 11 of 31
HEAT TRANSFER THROUGH CYLINDERS
Heat Transfer through cylinders is given by the following formula

Did you know?

Heat Transfer through cylinder is found by an integral approach as the surface
area of inner side is different from the outer side.

Procedure:
 Make sure that the main switch initially off.
 Connect one of the water tubes to the water supply and the other to drain.
 Connect the heater supply lead for the radial conduction module into the
power supply socket on the control panel.
 Connect the six sensor (T1, 2, 3 & 4, 5, 6) leads to the radial module, with the
T1 connected to the innermost plug on the radial. Connect the remaining five
sensor leads to the radial module correspondingly, ending with T6 sensor lead
at the edge of the radial module.
 Turn on the water supply and ensure that water is flowing from the free end of
the water pipe to drain. This should be checked at intervals.
 Turn the heater power control knob control panel to the fully anticlockwise
position.
 Switch on the power supply and main switch; the digital readouts will be
illuminated.
 Turn the heater power control to 40 Watts and allow sufficient time for a steady
state condition to be achieved before recording the temperature at all six
sensor points and the input power reading on the wattmeter (Q). This
procedure can be repeated for other input power between 0 to 40 watts. After
each change, sufficient time must be allowed to achieve steady state
conditions.
 Plot of the temperature, T versus distance, r. Calculate the amount of heat
transferred.
Page 12 of 31
 Observations:

Heater Power,
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6
Q
Test
(°C) (°C) (°C) (°C) (°C) (°C)
(Watts)

A 15 33 32 31 29 27 27

B 30 59 56 53 50 50 47

In r

Distance from -- .005 .015 .025 .035 .045 .055

heater end, X
(m)

Comments:
 The apparatus only displays temperature in whole numbers.
 There was the possibility of error in connection of the thermocouple.
 There was a little fluctuation in the power source of the heater and it was
definitely not suitable for any research work.


Page 13 of 31
 Experiment No.5 & 6
Objective: To measure Thermal Conductivity of Glass and wood.
Apparatus: Thermal Conductivity of Building Material Apparatus /
Thermal Conductivity Unit (Non-Metallic)
Theory:
Thermal Conductivity Unit for Non-Metallic Materials:
The apparatus consists of following structure.

1. Heater Plate (Top)

2. Specimen Area (Middle)
3. Cooling Plate (Bottom)
4. Pressing Mechanism
5. Indicator Unit

Heater:
Heater Plate is used to produce the heat source from the electrical energy.
The electrical power is applied to the heater source is measured by the
Indicator Unit has the Heat Voltage Regulator and Heat Voltage & Current
Meters. By adjusting the heater voltage regulator we can get the adjustable
applied power.

Temperature Indicator for the hot plate.

T1, T2 and T3 (temperature Hot Plate) Th= (T1+T2+T3)/3

Cooling Plate:
Cooling plate is used to produce the cooling source from the laboratory water.
The cooling water is supplied to the cooling plate from the water input line and
discharge from the water outline. The flow rate of the cooling water is
controlled by the valve installed at the discharge of cooling water. The Cooling
water inlet & outlet temperature is monitor by the display indicator of cooling
water in and out.

Temperature indicator for the cold plate.

T4, T5 and T6 Temperature Cold Plate) Tc= (T4+T5+T6)/3

Page 14 of 31
Specimen Holding Mechanism:
The apparatus have the specimen holding mechanism for the different
specimen up to 50mm of thickness. The maximum holding area of the
specimen is 300x300mm. Place the specimen between the Hot Plate and Cold
Plate and screw the specimen from the from the top of the mechanism and
tight enough so that there should no air gap between the plates & specimen.

Procedure:
 Connect the apparatus unit with the Indicator Service Unit with the each
connector to the desire point mentioned on the back of the indicator box.
 Connect the cold plate water supply connection to the lab cold water
hose bib and adjust the flow to maintain a limited flow through the unit.
Direct the discharge hose to the lab’s drain.
 Measure the thickness of glass sample at several locations prior to
inserting them into the apparatus. This will allow you to determine the
average thickness of the sample.
 Insert the sample of Glass into the apparatus and position it for testing.
 Note the temperature of the cooling water being supplied to the cold
plate by the shop water. Set the PID controller to maintain the hot plate
at 15 ͦC to 20 ͦC above this temperature.
 Monitor the TC and heat flux meter readings for stability. With these
readings reach steady-state, record the information to use in your
calculations.
 Repeat these procedures for each of the samples.
 The heat flux sensor is used to display the thermal conductivity directly
on the display.

Observations:
Heat Input Q Temperature Measurement
Tem
Te
p
mp
Test Outl
Vo Am T1 T2 T3 T4c T5c T6c Inle
Watt et
lt p hot hot hot old old old t of
of
wat
wat
er
er
Gla 67 2.0 140. 57 54 59 46 49 48 36 37
ss .7 8 8
Wo 67 2.0 138. 87 85 85 42 44 44 36 37
od .3 65 97

TEMPERATURE INDICATOR FOR THE HOT PLATE (Glass)

Page 15 of 31
 57+ 54+59
T1, T2, and T3 (Temperature Hot Plate) Th=(T1+T2+T3)/3 = 3
= 56.7

TEMPERATURE INDICATOR FOR THE COLD PLATE (Glass)

46+ 49+48
T4, T5, and T6 (Temperature cold Plate) Tc=(T4+T5+T6)/3 = 3
=
47.7

TEMPERATURE INDICATOR FOR THE HOT PLATE (Wood)

57+ 54+59
T1, T2, and T3 (Temperature Hot Plate) Th= (T1+T2+T3)/3 = 3
=¿

56.7

TEMPERATURE INDICATOR FOR THE COLD PLATE (Wood)

42+44 +44
T4, T5, and T6 (Temperature cold Plate) Tc= (T4+T5+T6)/3 = 3
=
43.3

Calculations:
∆T
Q=−kA ( )
∆x

T 1 +T 2 +T 3
T H=
3

T 4 +T 5 +T 6
T c=
3

∆ T =T H −T C
2 3
Area of Glass=1 ft x 1 ft=1 ft =0.093 m

thickness=th=5 mm=∆ x=0.005 m

Q.∆ x
−k glass = =0.84
A.∆T
2 3
Area of Wood=1 ft x 1 ft=1 ft =0.093 m

thickness=th=12 mm=∆ x=0.012 m

Q.∆ x
−k wood = =0.4
A.∆T

Comments:

Page 16 of 31
 The specimen should be tightly held between the plates.
 The wood used in the experiment was not pure. It was plywood.
 The heat transfer from the sides of the specimen was neglected.
 The specimen should be allowed to heat properly.


Page 17 of 31
 Experiment No.7
Objective: To measure the thermal conductivity of liquids and gases.
Apparatus: Thermal Conductivity Apparatus for Liquids and Gases.
Theory:
Thermal Conductivity Apparatus:
Test Module: It is a plug and jacket assembly that consists of a cylindrical
heated plug and cylindrical water cooled jacket. The fluid (liquid or gas) whose
thermal conductivity is to be measured fill a small radial clearance between the
heated plug and the water cooled jacket. It should be noted that the clearance
is made small in size to prevent natural convection in the fluid.

The cylindrical plug is made of aluminum (to reduce thermal inertia and
temperature variation) with a built-in cylindrical heating element and
temperature sensor (thermocouple). The temperature sensor is inserted into
the plug close to its external surface. The plug also has ports for the
introduction and venting of the fluid (liquid or gas) whose thermal conductivity
is to be measured. The plug is placed in the middle of the cylindrical water
jacket. The water jacket is constructed from brass and has a water inlet and

Page 18 of 31
 drain connections. A thermocouple is also fitted to the inner sleeve of the water
jacket.

Control Panel: The test module is connected to the control panel (a small
console) by flexible cables for the voltage supplied to the heating element. The
control panel includes all necessary electrical wiring with variable transformer,
power transducer, temperature controller/indicator, digital displays for
temperature, analogue meter for voltage, and thermocouple selector switch.

Procedure:
 Use air as the sample of the experiment.
 Make sure there is cooling water supply to the water jacket and it is 5-10
LPM.
 Turn on the main switch and the heater switch.
 Record the power and temperature readings T 1, T2. When all readings
are stabilized for about 10 minutes.
 Calculate the thermal conductivity of air by applying Fourier’s Equation.
Use the incidental heat loss correction value for accurate thermal
conductivity determination.
 Repeat the experiment by substituting the air with acetone with the
heating power of 175 Watts.

Observations:

Outer radius of the inner cylinder, R (m) 0.01665

Inner radius of the outer cylinder, R (m) 0.01695
Length of the cylinder, L (m) 0.10
Theoretical thermal conductivity, k of air (w/m-k) 0.026
Theoretical thermal conductivity, k of acetone
0.161
(w/m-k)

Test Q T1 T ∆ Qgenerate Qconduction Qlost Kexp. Erro

Watt ͦC 2 T Watts Watts Watt W/m. r
s ͦC s K
C
ͦ

Page 19 of 31
A(air) 10.8 54 3 20 10.8 9.376 - 0.0133 50%
4 1.424
B(acetone) 92.4 68 4 27 92.4 85.65 -6.75 0.090 44%
1
Distance( 0.
m) 1

Calculations:

K exp = Qcond ×
ln ( RR 21 )
∆ T ( 2 π )( L )

Qlost =∆ T ( 0.25 )
Qlost =6.75 W for acetone

Qlost =∆ T (0.0712) for air

Q lost =¿ 1.424
Qcond=¿ Qgenerated −Q lost
Q cond=9.376 W

K th−K exp
Error = K th
×100

Comments:
 There is very high percentage of error in the readings.
 The power should be constant.
 Acetone should be handled with care.

Page 20 of 31
 Experiment No.8
Objective: To demonstrate the relationship power input & surface
temperature in free convection.

Apparatus: Free and Force Heat Convection Apparatus.

Theory:
Free Convection:

A heated surface dissipates heat primarily through a process called

convection. Heat is also dissipated by conduction and radiation, however
these effects are not considered on this experiment. Air in contact with the hot
surface is heated by the surface and rises due to a reduction in density. The
heated air is replaced by cooler air which is in turn heated by the surface and
rises. This process is called free convection.

The hotter the temperature of the surface, the greater the convective currents
and more heat (power) will be dissipated. If more power is supplied to a
surface, the temperature of the surface must rise to dissipate this power.

Page 21 of 31
Free and Forced Heat Convection Apparatus:

The bench-mounting equipment includes a vertical duct that holds:

 A Flat Plate
 A Pinned Surface – similar to a tubular heat exchanger
 A Finned Surface – similar to the fins on air-cooled engines or electrical
heat sinks

For free convection tests, the heated air rises from the surface and up the
duct. Thermocouples measure the air temperature upstream and downstream
of the surface and the temperature at the heat transfer surface. A digital
display shows the heater power and the temperatures measured by the
thermocouples.

Procedure:
 Remove the fan assembly from the top of the duct.
 Place the finned heat exc//hanger into the test duct.
 Set the heater power control to 20 Watts (clockwise).

Page 22 of 31
  Allow sufficient time to achieve steady state conditions before noting the
heated plate temperature (tH) and ambient temperature (tA) into the table
below.
 Repeat the procedure at 40, 60 and 80 Watts.
 Plot a graph of power against temperature (t H-tA).

Observations:
Input Power Plate Temp Ambient Temp tH-tA
(tH) (tA)
Watts ͦ ͦC ͦ ͦC
20 34 24 10
40 54 24 30
60 72 24 48
80 83 24 58

Graph:

90
80
70
60
Power (Wats)

50
40
30
20
10
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
tH-tA (°C)

Comments:

Page 23 of 31
 There was a lot of fluctuation in the power setting which may have
caused inaccuracy in temperature measurement.
 The graph shows almost a linear relationship between temperature
difference and power.

Page 24 of 31
 Experiment No.9
Objective: To demonstrate the relationship between Power Input and
Surface Temperature in forced convection.

Apparatus: Free and Forced Heat Convection.

Theory:
Forced Convection:
In free convection the heat transfer rate from the surface is limited by the small
movements of air generated by this heat. More heat is transferred if the air
velocity is increased over the heated surface. This process of assisting the
movement of air over the heated surface is called Forced Convection.
Therefore a heated surface experiencing forced convection will have a lower
surface temperature than that of the same surface in free convection, for the
same power input.

Free and Forced Heat Convection Apparatus:

The bench-mounting equipment includes a vertical duct that holds:

 A Flat Plate
 A Pinned Surface – similar to a tubular heat exchanger
 A Finned Surface – similar to the fins on air-cooled engines or electrical
heat sinks

For forced convection tests, a variable-speed fan draws air up through the
duct and across the surface. Thermocouples measure the air temperature
upstream and downstream of the surface and the temperature at the heat

Page 25 of 31
 transfer surface. A digital display shows the heater power, air velocity and the
temperatures measured by the thermocouples.

Procedure:
 Remove the fan assembly from the top of the duct.
 Place the finned heat exchanger into the test duct.
 Set the Heater Power Control to 80 Watts (clockwise). Allow sufficient
time to achieve steady state conditions before noting the Heated Plate
Temperature (tH) and the Ambient Temperature (tA).
 Set the Fan Speed Control to give a reading of 0m/s on the thermal
anemometer, allow sufficient time to achieve steady state conditions.
Read heated plate temperature (tH) and ambient temperature (tA).
 Repeat the procedure by setting the fan speed control to give 1m/s and
1.5m/s.
 Plot a graph of power against temperature (t H-tA).

Observations:
Input Power Plate Ambient tH-tA Air
Temp. Temp tA Velocity
Watts tH ͦ ͦC
ͦͦC m/s
80 83 24 59 0
80 77 24 53 1
80 68 24 44 1.5
80 54 24 30 2

Graph:
2.5

2
Velocity (m/s)

1.5

0.5

0
25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65
tH-tC (°C)

Page 26 of 31
Comments:
 There was a lot of fluctuation in the power setting which may have
caused inaccuracy in temperature measurement.
 The trendline of the graph shows it to be a linear relation however the
flaw in readings has caused the graph to deviate from its original path.

Page 27 of 31
 Experiment No.10
Objective: To demonstrate the use of extended surface to improve heat
transfer from the surface.

Apparatus: Free and Forced Heat Convection.

Theory:
Forced Convection:
In free convection the heat transfer rate from the surface is limited by the small
movements of air generated by this heat. More heat is transferred if the air
velocity is increased over the heated surface. This process of assisting the
movement of air over the heated surface is called Forced Convection.
Therefore, a heated surface experiencing forced convection will have a lower
surface temperature than that of the same surface in free convection, for the
same power input.

Procedure:
 Place the fan assembly on the top of the duct.
 Place the flat plate heat exchanger into the test duct.
 Set the Heater Power Control to 80 Watts (clockwise). Allow the
temperature to rise to 80 degrees centigrade and then adjust the heater
power control to 15 watts until a steady reading is obtained.
 Set the Fan Speed Control to give a reading of 0m/s on the thermal
anemometer. Record heated plate temperature (t H) and the ambient
temperature (tA).

Page 28 of 31
  Repeat the procedure by setting the fan speed control to give 1m/s ,
1.5m/s and 2m/s.
 Repeat the experiment by replacing the flat plate with finned and pinned
plate.
 Plot a graph of velocity against temperature (t H-tA).

Observations:
Power= 80 watts
Air Plate Temp. Ambient tH-tA
Velocity tH Temp tA °C
ͦͦC

m/s Fi Pi Fla ͦ ͦC Fi Pi Fla

n n t n n t
0 83 82 30 24 59 58 6
1 77 63 27 24 53 39 4
1.5 68 49 25 24 44 25 2
2 54 41 24 24 30 17 1

Graph:

Finned Pinned
2.5 2.5

2 2
Velocity (m/s)

Velocity (m/s)

1.5 1.5

1 1

0.5 0.5

0 0
25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
tH-tA (°C) tH-tA (°C)

Page 29 of 31
 Flat
2.5

Velocity (m/s)
1.5

0.5

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
tH-tA (°C)

Comments:
 There was a lot of fluctuation in the power setting which may have
caused inaccuracy in temperature measurement.
 The trendline of the graph shows it to be a linear relation however the
flaw in readings has caused the graph to deviate from its original path.
 Pinned surface provides maximum heat transfer.

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