Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory: DC Biasing - Bjts

Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory
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DC Biasing - BJTs
Chapter 4
Ch.4 Summary
Biasing
Biasing: Applying DC voltages to a transistor in order

to turn it on so that it can amplify AC signals.
Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory © 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc
Boylestad Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved
Ch.4 Summary
Operating Point
The DC input
establishes an
operating or
quiescent point
called the Q-point.
Ch.4 Summary
The Three Operating Regions

Active or Linear Region Operation
• Base–Emitter junction is forward biased
• Base–Collector junction is reverse biased
Cutoff Region Operation

• Base–Emitter junction is reverse biased
Saturation Region Operation

• Base–Emitter junction is forward biased
• Base–Collector junction is forward biased
Ch.4 Summary
DC Biasing Circuits
Fixed-bias circuit
Emitter-stabilized bias circuit
Collector-emitter loop
Voltage divider bias circuit
DC bias with voltage feedback
Ch.4 Summary
Fixed Bias
Ch.4 Summary
The Base-Emitter Loop

From Kirchhoff’s voltage
law:
+VCC – IBRB – VBE = 0
Solving for base current:
VCC  VBE
IB 
RB
Ch.4 Summary
Collector-Emitter Loop
Collector current:
IC  IB
From Kirchhoff’s voltage law:
VCE  VCC  ICRC
Ch.4 Summary
Saturation
When the transistor is operating in saturation, current

through the transistor is at its maximum possible value.
V
ICsat  CC
R
C
VCE  0 V
Ch.4 Summary
Load Line Analysis
The load line end points are:

ICsat
IC = VCC / RC
VCE = 0 V
VCEcutoff
VCE = VCC
IC = 0 mA
The Q-point is the operating point where the value of RB sets the
value of IB that controls the values of VCE and IC .
Ch.4 Summary
The Effect of VCC on the Q-Point
Ch.4 Summary
The Effect of RC on the Q-Point
Ch.4 Summary
The Effect of IB on the Q-Point
Ch.4 Summary
Emitter-Stabilized Bias Circuit
Adding a resistor
(RE) to the emitter
circuit stabilizes
the bias circuit.
Ch.4 Summary
Base-Emitter Loop
 VCC  IE RE VBE  IE RE  0
Since IE = ( + 1)IB:
VCC  IBRB  (β  1)IBRE  0
Solving for IB:

VCC  VBE
IB 
RB  (β  1)RE
Ch.4 Summary
IE RE  VCE  ICRC  VCC  0
Since IE  IC:
VCE  VCC – IC(RC  RE )
Also:
VE  IE RE
VC  VCE  VE  VCC  IC RC
VB  VCC – IR RB  VBE  VE
Ch.4 Summary
Improved Biased Stability
Stability refers to a condition in which the currents and

voltages remain fairly constant over a wide range of
temperatures and transistor Beta () values.
Adding RE to the emitter improves

the stability of a transistor.
Ch.4 Summary
Saturation Level
The endpoints can be determined from the load line.

VCE  0 V
VCEcutoff: VCE  VCC ICsat: VCC
IC  0 mA IC 
RC  RE
Ch.4 Summary
Voltage Divider Bias

This is a very stable bias circuit.
The currents and

voltages are nearly
independent of any
variations in .
Ch.4 Summary
Approximate Analysis
Where IB << I1 and I1  I2 :
R2VCC
VB 
R1  R2
Where RE > 10R2:

VE
IE 
RE
VE  VB  VBE
VCE  VCC  ICRC  IE RE
From Kirchhoff’s voltage law: IE  IC
VCE  V CCIC (RC  RE )
Ch.4 Summary
Voltage Divider Bias Analysis

Transistor Saturation Level
V CC
I Csat  ICmax 
RC  RE
Load Line Analysis

Cutoff: Saturation:
V
VCE  VCC I  CC
C R R
IC  0 mA C E
VCE  0 V
Ch.4 Summary
DC Bias With Voltage Feedback

Another way to improve
the stability of a bias
circuit is to add a
feedback path from
collector to base.
In this bias circuit the

Q-point is only slightly
dependent on the
transistor beta, .
Ch.4 Summary
Base-Emitter Loop
VCC – IC RC –IBRB –VBE –IE RE  0
Where IB << IC: I'C  IC  IB  IC
Knowing IC = IB and IE  IC, the

loop equation becomes:
VCC – β–BRC  IBRB VBE  βIBRE  0
VCC  VBE
Solving for IB: IB 
RB  β(RC  RE )
Ch.4 Summary
Applying Kirchoff’s voltage law:
IE + VCE + I’CRC – VCC = 0
Since IC  IC and IC = IB:
IC(RC + RE) + VCE – VCC =0
Solving for VCE:
VCE = VCC – IC(RC + RE)
Ch.4 Summary
Base-Emitter Bias Analysis
Transistor Saturation Level

V CC
I Csat  ICmax 
RC  RE
Load Line Analysis

Cutoff Saturation
V
VCE  VCC I  CC
C R R
IC  0 mA C E
VCE  0 V
Ch.4 Summary
Transistor Switching Networks
Transistors with only the DC source applied can be

used as electronic switches.
Ch.4 Summary
Switching Circuit Calculations

Saturation current:
VCC
ICsat 
RC
To ensure saturation:
ICsat
IB 
βdc
Emitter-collector
resistance at VCEsat VCC
Rsat  Rcutoff 
saturation and cutoff: ICsat ICEO
Ch.4 Summary
Switching Time
Transistor switching times:
ton  tr  td
toff  ts  tf
Ch.4 Summary
Troubleshooting Hints
Approximate voltages VBE  .7 V for silicon transistors
VCE  25% to 75% of VCC
Test for opens and shorts with an ohmmeter.

Test the solder joints.
Test the transistor with a transistor tester or a curve tracer.
Note that the load or the next stage affects the transistor
operation.
Ch.4 Summary
PNP Transistors
The analysis for pnp transistor biasing circuits is

the same as that for npn transistor circuits. The
only difference is that the currents are flowing in
the opposite direction.

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Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory

Biasing: Applying DC voltages to a transistor in order

The Three Operating Regions

Cutoff Region Operation

Saturation Region Operation

The Base-Emitter Loop

+VCC – IBRB – VBE = 0

Solving for base current:

From Kirchhoff’s voltage law:

VCE  VCC  ICRC

When the transistor is operating in saturation, current

Load Line Analysis

The load line end points are:

The Effect of VCC on the Q-Point

The Effect of RC on the Q-Point

The Effect of IB on the Q-Point

Emitter-Stabilized Bias Circuit

VCC  IBRB  (β  1)IBRE  0

Solving for IB:

Improved Biased Stability

Stability refers to a condition in which the currents and

Adding RE to the emitter improves

The endpoints can be determined from the load line.

Voltage Divider Bias

The currents and

Where RE > 10R2:

Voltage Divider Bias Analysis

Load Line Analysis

DC Bias With Voltage Feedback

In this bias circuit the

Where IB << IC: I'C  IC  IB  IC

Knowing IC = IB and IE  IC, the

IE + VCE + I’CRC – VCC = 0

Since IC  IC and IC = IB:

IC(RC + RE) + VCE – VCC =0

Solving for VCE:

VCE = VCC – IC(RC + RE)

Base-Emitter Bias Analysis

Transistor Saturation Level

Load Line Analysis

Transistor Switching Networks

Transistors with only the DC source applied can be

Switching Circuit Calculations

Transistor switching times:

Test for opens and shorts with an ohmmeter.

The analysis for pnp transistor biasing circuits is

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