Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Strain Hardening PDF
Strain Hardening PDF
Until now, we
•Defined stress and strain
•Established stress-strain relations for an elastic material
•Learned stress transformation
•Discussed yield (failure) criteria
http://www.tanaka-bondingwire.com
Yield Strength : Comparison
Graphite/
Metals/ Composites/
Ceramics/ Polymers
Alloys fibers
Semicond
20 00
Steel (4140) qt
10 00
Yield strength, sy (MPa)
Ti (5Al-2.5Sn) a
Hard to measure,
Al (6061) ag
200 Steel (1020) hr ¨
Ti (pure) a
Ta (pure)
Cu (71500) hr Based on data in Table B4,
Callister 7e.
100 a = annealed
dry
70 PC
hr = hot rolled
60 Al (6061) a Nylon 6,6 ag = aged
50 PET
cd = cold drawn
40 PVC humid
cw = cold worked
PP
30 HDPE qt = quenched & tempered
20
LDPE
Tin (pure)
10
Material Properties
• Modulus of elasticity (Hooke’s Law)
s E
• Modulus of Resilience
1 s pl
2
1
ur s pl pl
2 2 E
• Modulus of Toughness
– It measures the entire area
under the stress-strain diagram
450
E 75.0 GPa
0.006
• From triangle CBD,
E
BD 600 106
75.0 109
CD CD
CD 0.008 mm/mm
TS
Stress
Strain
Note that:
– the engineering fracture strain εf and the % elongation are only different
ways of stating the same quantity. Also, the %RA and εf can be calculated from
each other.
Measures of Ductility
Ductility is a qualitative, subjective property of a material. It usually
indicates the extent to which a metal can be deformed without fracture.
Two methods one can obtain ductility from tension test are:
The two properties are obtained by putting the fractured specimen back
together, and taking measurements of Lf and Af.
Both elongation and reduction of area are usually expressed as a
percentage.
The value of f will depend on the gage length Lo in necked specimens. The
reduction in area is a better method of reporting elongation, especially for
ductile materials.
Measures of Ductility
• Plastic tensile strain at failure: Lf Lo
% EL x 100
Lo
smaller %EL
Engineering
Texnsile stress
s larger %EL Ao
Lo Af Lf
Adapted from Fig. 6.13,
Callister 7e.
20
Elongation depends on the original gauge length Lo.
% elongation decreases as Lo increases.
• This satisfies for elastic strain where DL is very small, but not for plastic strain.
• Definition: true strain or natural strain is the change in length referred to the
instantaneous gauge length.
• Hence the relationship between the true strain and the engineering strain becomes
True stress calculation accounts for change in the cross-section of the sample.
The corrected line accounts for the complex state of stress within the neck
region
True Stress and True Strain
For many metals, the region of uniform
plastic deformation of the sT – T curve can
be approximated by the Ludwik-Holloman
power law relationship:
K( )
completely elastic : n= 1
ideal plastic : n=0
Sensitive to thermamecanical treatment
Hardness tests are simple to make, and they can be made on production parts as
quality control checks without destroying the part.