Title of Lecture: REVIEW ON NEUROANATOMY

Date of Lecture: September 12, 2018

Tutor: Dr. Elton Ong
Transcriber: San Pedro, Silva, Vista

b. Myelencephalon-----Medulla
Overview:

I. Nervous System
II. Cells of the Nervous System
III. Action Potential
IV. Neurotransmitters

I. Nervous System
 Derived from the ectoderm
3 germ layer:
o Ectoderm- skin and nervous system
o Mesoderm- everything in between the
skin and nervous system and other
internal structures
o Endoderm- internal structures

 Initial structure of the ectoderm is called Notochord

 Neural crest
o Remaining cells that did not join to form the
whole neural tube
o Gives rise to the PNS
 Alar plate – sensory
 Basal plate – motor

II. Cells of the Nervous System

 Neuron
o Abundant cells in the brain
o Primary cells in the nervous system
o Contains processes: axons and dendrites
 Neural tube
a. Axon – motor
o Elongated tube that gives rise to the
-first part of axon doesn’t contain Nissl
whole CNS
substance
o Spinal cord is the most primitive, that
b. Dendrites – sensory, receive impulses from
retain mostly the original structure in
other cells
the neural tube
o Nissl substance- consists of rosettes of
o Upper portion of the neural tube
polysomes and rough ER, for protein synthesis,
differentiated into three vesicles:
not seen in the axon hillock
1. Prosencephalon
o Axon Hillock – where action potential are
a. Telencephalon -Cerebral
generated
hemispheres
- First part of the axon
b. Diencephalon -Thalamus
o Myelin Sheath –white fatty layer, has two
etc.
functions: insulation & saltatory conduction
2. Mesencephalon
*Sodium channels are absent in myelin sheath
a. Midbrain
o Nodes of Ranvier – devoid of myelin sheath
3. Rhombencephalon
*In myelinated nerve, the areas with myelin do
a. Metencephalon------Pons and
Cerebellum not have to generate action potential
 Title of Lecture: REVIEW ON NEUROANATOMY
Date of Lecture: September 12, 2018
Tutor: Dr. Elton Ong
Transcriber: San Pedro, Silva, Vista

*Nerve impulse is faster in myelinated nerve

due to saltatory conduction
o Saltatory conduction – skipped the myelinated
areas and jump from one node of Ranvier to the o Diffusion – process that acts passively,
next don’t need energy
 Schwann cell o Na-K ATPase Pump – an active transport
o Produces the myelin in PNS that maintains more sodium outside and
o 1:1 ratio more potassium inside; pumps 3Na from
 Oligodendrocytes the inside going back to the outside and
o Produces the myelin in CNS
o 1:20 ratio
o pumps 2K from the outside going back to
o more active
the inside
*In doing action potential, requires more
 Glial cells
positive or less negative by opening the
o Supporting cells in the nervous system
sodium channel
o Can be big glial cells (macroglia)
1. Astrocytes – forms scars in damaged
brain areas, foot processes serve as Resting membrane potential: At the resting state, the
BBB, buffer K conc. in ECF, plays a role
cell membrane is negatively charged (-70)
in metabolism of neurotransmitters)
*Brain is unique in the sense that it has
*Negative charge is due to the presence of
a very well developed blood brain
proteins, phosphates and anions inside the
barrier: blood will have difficulty to
mebrane
enter in the brain
*Once sodium gets in the inside will turn into less
Blood brain barrier – barrier between
negative
the blood from the systemic circulation
o Depolarization – process of generating the action
and the brain
potential through the opening of sodium channel
2. Oligodendrocytes - forms myelin in
o All or None Law – like a domino effect; one action
CNS, 1:20
potential all will follow, no action potential no one will
o Small glial cells (microglia) - from
follow
monocytes, scavengers, phagocytic cell in
-When the threshold is reached, Action Potential is
the nervous system
generated ->All or None Principle -> No Action
* Only part in the nervous system that did
potential, no impulse transmission
not arise from ectoderm
*Once you have finished with the transmission of
*Microglia is another term of macrophages
impulse, you have to go the original resting state by
acting as scavengers
these 3 steps:
1. Ependymal cells – line the central
1. Closing of Na channel
canal and ventricles
2. Opening of K channel
2.Choroid plexus- produces CSF
3. Activation of Na-K ATPase Pump
3. Schwann cells – forms myelin in the
PNS (1:1 internode) IV. Neurotransmitters
III. Action Potential  Synaptic Cleft Synapse – space between nerve endings
o Pre synapse
o Cell membrane is a semi-permeable
o Post synapse
membrane
 Neuromuscular junction – space between nerve and
o Negatively charged molecules in the inside
muscles
and positively charged molecules on the
outside
 Title of Lecture: REVIEW ON NEUROANATOMY
Date of Lecture: September 12, 2018
Tutor: Dr. Elton Ong
Transcriber: San Pedro, Silva, Vista
 Acetylcholine
o Muscular Contraction (NMJ)
o Involved in Parasympathetic Nervous System
 Catecholamines
o Involved in Sympathetic Nervous System
Norepinephrine and Epinephrine– needed for
the sympathethic nervous system
Dopamine – has 3 functions depending on its
location:
a. Lack of dopamine in the substantia
nigra (in the midbrain) will developed
Parkinson’s disease
b. Excess of dopamine (excitatory) in
the mesocortical and mesolimbic tract,
it will developed Schizoprenia
c. Also involved in the endocrine
system, dopamine inhibits (inhibitory)
prolactin release in the mammary
glands
 Serotonin
o Happy hormone along with
norepinephrine
Nerve Impulse Transmission across Synapse
o Controls sleep-wake cycle
1. Action potential at the end of the nerve ending
*SNRI (Serotonin Norepinephrine Re-
activates the calcium channel in the presynaptic
uptake Inhibitor)
area.
-Treats depression
2. Opening of calcium channels and influx of calcium.
3. Calcium causes the contraction of vesicles
containing the neurotransmitters.
-Inhibits the reuptake of serotonin and
4. Neurotransmitters are released from the
norepinephrine in the same synapse going back
vesicle through exocytosis in the synaptic cleft to the pre synaptic area for recycling
5. Neurotransmitters bind to the receptors on the
postsynaptic area.  Endogenous opiates (endorphins, enkephalins
6. Action potential generated and dysnorphins)
*Neurotransmitter once used, will be cleaved and will o Modulation of pain
recycled  Substance P
o Produces pain
 Glycine/GaBA
o Purely inhibitory neurotransmitter
 Glutamate/aspartate
o Purely excitatory neurotransmitter
*Epilepsy- abnormal excessive
discharge of the neurons in the cerebral
cortex
-Treatment: enhance GABA &
Glycine, block glutamate

NOTE:
Red marks are from notes and recording
Title of Lecture: REVIEW ON NEUROANATOMY
Date of Lecture: September 12, 2018
Tutor: Dr. Elton Ong
Transcriber: San Pedro, Silva, Vista