Additional Topics in Integration: 6.1 Integration by Parts Integral Tables

Chapter 6
Additional Topics in Integration

6.1 Integration by Parts; Integral Tables
−x
1. Both terms are easy to integrate; however,
the derivative of x becomes simpler while
4. =
I ∫ (3 − 2 x)e dx
the derivative of e − x does not. So, u = 3 − 2x dv = e − x dx

u = x and dV = e − x dx
du = dx du = −2 dx v = −e − x
V = −e − x
and I=−(3 − 2 x)e − x − 2 ∫ e − x dx
−x −x −x
∫ xe dx =− xe − ∫ −e dx =(2 x − 3)e− x + 2e − x + C
−x −x
− xe + ∫ e dx
= =(2 x − 1)e− x + C
− xe − x − e − x + C
=
5. ln 2t cannot be easily integrated. So,
=−( x + 1)e − x + C u = ln 2t and dV = t dt
1 1
du = ⋅ 2 dt = dt t2
2. I = ∫ xe x / 2 dx 2t t V =
2
and
u=x dv = e x / 2 dx
du = dx v = 2e x / 2
=I 2 xe x / 2 − 2 ∫ e x / 2 dx
= 2 xe x / 2 − 4e x / 2 + C
= 2e x / 2 ( x − 2) + C
3. Both terms are easy to integrate; however,

the derivative of 1 − x becomes simpler
while the derivative of e x does not. So, 6. I = ∫ t ln t 2 dt
u= 1− x dV = e dx x
du = − dx V = ex =u ln=
t 2 2ln t dv = t dt
and
2 t2
∫ (1 − x)e dx =(1 − x)e − ∫ e − dx
x x x
du = dt v=
t 2
(1 x)e x + ∫ e x dx
=−
t2
=(1 − x)e x + e x + C I= t 2 ln t − ∫ t dt= t 2 ln t − +C
2
= [(1 − x) + 1]e x + C
=
(2 − x)e x + C 7. Both terms are easy to integrate; however,
the derivative of v becomes simpler while
the derivative of e −v /5 does not. So,
604
Chapter 6. Additional Topics in Integration 605
u = v and dV = e −v /5 dv 2 2
− x(1 − x)3/ 2 + ∫ (1 − x)3/ 2 dx
I=
du = dv V = −5e −v /5 3 3
2 4
and =
− x(1 − x) 3/ 2
− (1 − x)5 / 2 + C
− v /5 3 15
∫ ve dv =−5ve −v /5 − ∫ −5e −v /5 dv
−5ve −v /5 + 5∫ e −v /5 dv
= 11. Both terms are easy to integrate; however,
−5ve −v /5 − 25e −v /5 + C
= the derivative of ( x + 1)8 does not. So,
−5(v + 5)e−v /5 + C
=
u = x and dV= ( x + 1)8 dx
du = dx 1
8. I = ∫ we0.1w dw =
V ( x + 1)9
9
and
u=w dv = e0.1w
∫ x( x + 1) dx
8
du = dw v = 10e0.1w 1 1
= x( x + 1)9 − ∫ ( x + 1)9 dx
9 9
=I 10 we0.1w − 10 ∫ e0.1w dw 1 9 1
= x( x + 1) − ∫ ( x + 1)9 dx
= 10 we0.1w − 100e0.1w + C 9 9
1 1
9. Both terms are easy to integrate; however, = x( x + 1) − ( x + 1)10 + C
9
9 90
the derivative of x − 6 does not. So, 12. I = ∫ ( x + 1)( x + 2)6 dx
u = x and dV= ( x − 6)1/2 dx
du = dx 2 u=x+1 dv= ( x + 2)6 dx
=V ( x − 6)3/2
3
1
and du = dx =v ( x + 2)7
7
∫x x − 6 dx
2 2
= x ( x − 6)3/ 2 − ∫ ( x − 6)3/ 2 dx I=
1 1
( x + 1)( x + 2)7 − ∫ ( x + 2)7 dx
3 3 7 7
2 3/ 2 2
= x ( x − 6) − ∫ ( x − 6)3/ 2 dx 1 1
= ( x + 1)( x + 2) − ( x + 2)8 + C
7
3 3 7 56
2 4
= x ( x − 6)3/ 2 − ( x − 6)5/ 2 + C
3 15 x
13. Rewriting, ∫ = dx ∫ x( x + 2) −1/2 dx,
x+2
=
10. I ∫x 1 − x dx
both terms are easy to integrate; however,
u=x =
dv 1 − x dx
the derivative of ( x + 2) −1/2 does not. So,
du = dx v=
2
− (1 − x)3/ 2 u = x and dV= ( x + 2) −1/2 dx
3 du = dx =
V 2( x + 2)1/2
606 Chapter 6. Additional Topics in Integration
and and
x 4 x
∫ x + 2 dx ∫−1 x+5
dx
= 2 x( x + 2)1/2 − ∫ 2( x + 2)1/2 dx =2 x( x + 5)1/2

4 4
− ∫ 2( x + 5)1/2 dx
−1 −1
= 2 x( x + 2)1/2 − 2 ∫ ( x + 2)1/2 dx
1/2 4 4
4 =2 x( x + 5)
−1 − ∫
− 2 ( x + 5)1/2 dx
1
= 2 x x + 2 − ( x + 2)3/2 + C 4
3  4 3/2 
=  2 x x + 5 − ( x + 5) 
x  3  −1
14. I = ∫ dx  4 
2x + 1 =  2(4) 4 + 5 − (4 + 5)3/2 
 3 
u=x dv (2 x + 1) −1/ 2 dx
=  4 
−  2(−1) −1 + 5 − (−1 + 5)3/2 
 3 
1 (2 x + 1)1/ 2
du = dx =
v 1
= (2 x + 1)1/ 2 =
8
2 2 3
x
I = x(2 x + 1)1/ 2 − ∫ (2 x + 1)1/ 2 dx 16. I = ∫ dx
4x + 1
(2 x + 1)3/ 2
= x(2 x + 1)1/ 2 − +C u=x dv (4 x + 1) −1/ 2 dx
=
3
15. Rewriting, 1 (4 x + 1)1/ 2

du = dx v= 1
x 4
dx ∫ x( x + 5)−1/2 dx, both
4 4
∫−1 x +=5 −1 1
2
= (4 x + 1)1/ 2
terms are easy to integrate; however, the 2
derivative of x becomes simpler while the
derivative of ( x + 5)−1/2 does not. So, x 1
−1/2
I= (4 x + 1)1/ 2 − ∫ (4 x + 1)1/ 2 dx
u = x and dV= ( x + 5) dx 2 2
du = dx =
V 2( x + 5) 1/2 x (4 x + 1)3/ 2
= (4 x + 1)1/ 2 − +C
2 12
2 x
∫0 4 x + 1 dx
2
x (4 x + 1)3/ 2 
=  (4 x + 1)1/ 2 − 
 2 12  0
3  1
= −− 
4  12 
5
=
6
1 x 1 −2 x 19. ln 3 x cannot be easily integrated. So,

17. Rewriting, ∫0 e2 x dx = ∫0 xe dx, both
u = ln 3 x and dV = x dx
terms are easy to integrate; however, the
= ln( x) 1/3
x2
derivative of x becomes simpler while the V=
1
derivative of e −2x does not. So, = ln x 2
3
u = x and dV = e −2 x dx 1
du = dx 1 du = dx
V = − e −2 x 3x
2 and
and e2
x x 1 1
1 ∫0 x ln 3 x dx
− e −2 x − ∫ − e −2 x dx
1
∫0 e2 x dx =
2 0 2 e2
0 x2 e2 x2 1
1 = ln x −∫ ⋅ dx
x 1 1
− e −2 x + ∫ e −2 x dx 6 0 2 3x
= 1
2 0
0 2 e2
1 x2 1 e2
6 ∫1
 x −2 x 1 −2 x  = ln x − x dx
=− 2 e − e  6
 4 0 1
e2
 1 −2 1 −2   1 0  x2 x2 
=−
 2 e − 4 e  − 0 − 4 e 
    =  ln x − 
 6 12 
3 −2 1  1
=− e +
4 4  (e )
2 2
(e 2 ) 2   1 1
1 =  ln(e 2 ) −  −  ln1 − 
= (1 − 3e −2 )  6 12   6 12 
4 1
= (3e 4 + 1)
ln x 12
18. I = ∫ dx
x2 −2 x
+ e − x ) dx
=
20. I ∫ x (e
1
u = ln x dv = dx
x2 u=x dv (e −2 x + e − x ) dx
=
1
− e −2 x − e − x
1 1
du = dx v= − du = dx v=
x x 2
ln x  1 
I=− − ∫  − 2  dx
x  x 
ln x 1
=− − +C
x x
e
e ln x  ln x 1
∫1 2 x
dx =
− x

− 
x1
2
=− − (−1)
e
2
= 1−
e
 1 
x  − e −2 x − e− x 
I=
 2  I =−(t − 1)e1−t − ∫ (−e1−t ) dt
 1  −te1−t + C
− ∫  − e −2 x − e− x  dx =
 2  1−t
2
2
 −te1−t  =1 − 2e −1
=
− e
x −2 x 1 −2 x
− e −x −x
− xe − e + C ∫1 (t − 1)e dt =
 1
2 4
−2 x
+ e − x ) dx
1 ln x
∫0 x(e 23. Rewriting,
x
∫ 2
dx = ∫ x −2 ln x dx, ln x
1
 x −2 x 1 −2 x 
=
− 2 e − e − xe − x − e − x  cannot be easily integrated. So,
 4 0 u = ln x and dV = x −2 dV
3 −2 5
− e − 2e −1 +
1 1
= du = dx V= −
4 4 x x
and
21. ln 2t cannot be easily integrated. So, ln x 1 1 1
u = ln 2t and dV = t dt ∫ x2 dx =− x ln x − ∫ − x ⋅ x dx
1 1
du = ⋅ 2 dt = dt t2
2t t V = =
1
− ln x + ∫ x −2 dx
2 x
and 1 1
=− ln x − + C
x x
1
=− (ln x + 1) + C
x
24. I = ∫ x(ln x) 2 dx
u = (ln x) 2 dv = x dx
2ln x x2
du = dx v=
x 2
x2
=I (ln x) 2 − ∫ x ln x dx
2
Apply integration by parts to the second
term with u = ln x and dv = x dx. Then
1 1
du = dx and v = x 2 . This leads to
x 2
x2 x2 x
=
I(ln x) 2 − ln x + ∫ dx
2 2 2
1−t
22. =
I ∫ (t − 1)e dt
=
x2
(ln x) 2 −
x2
ln x +
x2
+C
2 2 4
u=t−1 dv = e1−t dt
du = dt v = −e1−t
25. Using the hint, with u = x and a = 3.

x2
u=x and dV = xe dx ∫
2
x 2 − 9 dx
du = 2 x dx 2 1
= let u x= ; du x dx =
x 2 9
x − 9 − ln x + x 2 − 9 + C
2 2 2
1 x2
V= e
2 29. Rewriting,
and
4 x2 − 9 (2 x) 2 − (3) 2
3 x2 x2 x2 1 2 ∫ dx = ∫ dx most
∫ x e dx =
2
e − ∫ e x ⋅ 2 x dx
2
x2 x2
x2 x2 1 x2 u 2 − a2
= e − e +C closely resembles ∫ u2
du (formula
2 2
1 x2 2 #19). Now,
= e ( x − 1) + C
2 (2 x) 2 − (3) 2 4 (2 x) 2 − (3) 2
3
∫ x2
dx = ∫
4 x2
dx
x
26. I = ∫ dx (2 x) 2 − (3) 2
x2 + 1 = 2∫ 2 dx
(2 x)2
x and formula #19 can be used with u = 2x,
u = x2 dv = dx du = 2 dx, and a = 3. So,
x2 + 1
4 x2 − 9
du = 2x dx =v x2 + 1
∫ x2
dx
 − 4 x2 − 9 
= 2 + ln 2 x + 4 x 2 − 9  + C
=I x 2 x 2 + 1 − ∫ 2 x x 2 + 1 dx  2x 
 
2 − 4 x2 − 9
= x 2 x 2 + 1 − ( x 2 + 1)3/ 2 + C = + 2ln 2 x + 4 x 2 − 9 + C
3 x
x dx x dx
27. Rewriting, ∫ 3 − 5 x = ∫ 3 + −5 x which is
30.
dx
∫ (9 + 2 x2 )3/ 2
u du
of the form ∫ a + bu (formula #1). Using Use formula 12 in the table of integrals
u = x, du = dx, a = 3, and b = −5, the with u 2 = 2 x 2 and a 2 = 9 so u = 2 x,
formula yields du = 2 dx and a = 3.
x dx
∫ 3 − 5x 1 dx du
1 ∫ (9 + 2 x2 )3/ 2 =
∫
2 (9 + u 2 )3/ 2
= 3 + −5 x − 3ln 3 + −5 x  + C
(−5) 2 1  u 
=  +C
=
1
25
( 3 − 5 x − 3ln 3 − 5 x ) + C 2  9 9 + u 2 
x
= +C
28. ∫ x 2 − 9 dx 9 9 + 2 x2
Use formula 18 in the table of integrals
dx  + u 
31. As written, ∫ x(2 + 3x) is of the form du 1 1
4
∫ 16 − 3u 2 3  4 ln
= +C
3
du
∫ u (a + bu ) (formula #6). Using u = x, 2 3
 ( ) 4
3
− u 

4+ 3u
du = dx, a = 2, and b = 3, the formula 3
= ln 3
+C
dx 1 x 24 4− 3u
yields ∫= ln + C. 3
x(2 + 3 x) 2 2 + 3x
3 4 + 3u
= ln +C
t dt 24 4 − 3u
32. ∫
4 − 5t
−3w
Use formula 4 in the table of integrals 34. ∫ we dw
with u = t, a = 4 and b = −5. Use formula 22 in the table of integrals
t dt with u = w and a = −3.
∫ 4 − 5t 1
−3w
2 ∫ we dw = (−3w − 1)e −3w + C
= (−5t − 2(4)) 4 − 5t + C (−3) 2
3(−5)2 1
2 = − (3w + 1)e −3w + C
=− (5t + 8) 4 − 5t + C 9
75
35. is of the form ∫ (ln u ) n du
du du
∫ 16 − 3u 2 = ∫ 3
( 163 − u 2 )
33. Rewriting, (formula #27). Using u = x, the formula
yields ∫ (ln=
x)3 dx x(ln x)3 − 3∫ (ln x) 2 dx
1 du
=
3 ∫ 16 − u2
Applying the formula again to the last
3 term
1 du
x(ln x)3 − 3  x(ln x) 2 − 2 ∫ ln x dx 
3∫
= =
( )
2  
4 − u2 =x(ln x) − 3 x(ln x) + 6 ∫ ln x dx
3 2
3
du Applying the formula one more time (or
which is of the form ∫ a2 − u 2 (formula
using formula #23),
4 = x(ln x)3 − 3 x(ln x) 2 + 6[ x ln x − x] + C
#16). Using a = , the formula yields
3 = x(ln x)3 − 3 x(ln x) 2 + 6 x ln x − 6 x + C
∫x 2 + 5 x dx
2
36.
Use reduction formula 28 in the table of integrals with u = x, n = 2, a = 2 and
b = 5.
∫x 2 + 5 x dx
2
2  2
= x (2 + 5 x)3/ 2
5(7) 
− (2)(2) ∫ x 2 + 5 x dx  + C1

For the integral on the right apply the reduction formula again with n = 1 to find
∫x 2 + 5 x dx
2 
= x(2 + 5 x)3/ 2 − (1)(2) ∫ 2 + 5 x dx 
5(5)  
2 8
= x(2 + 5 x)3/ 2 − (2 + 5 x)3/ 2 + C2
25 375
Substituting this expression into the formula for the original integral gives, after much algebraic
simplification,
2 3/2  2 8 32 
∫ x 2 + 5 x dx = 35 (2 + 5 x)  x − 25 x + 375  + C
2
dx
37. ∫ x2 (5 + 2 x)2 is of the form
du
∫ u 2 (a + bu )2 (formula #8). Using u = x,
and
du = dx, a = 5, and b = 2, the formula
yields
dx
∫ x 2 (5 + 2 x)2
1  5 + 4x 4 x 
=
−  + ln +C
25  x(5 + 2 x) 5 5 + 2 x 
9 − x2
38. ∫ x dx
Use formula 17 in the table of integrals
with u = x and a = 3.
So,
9 − x2 3 + 9 − x2
∫ x
dx = 9 − x 2 − 3ln
x
+C
Since y = 0 when x = 0,
, or and
39.
40.
Since is easier to integrate than ,

Both factors are easy to integrate. let
However, the derivative of x becomes
and
simpler while the derivative of does
not. So,
and
So,
and
or and
Alternatively, use formula 25 in the table

of integrals with m = 2.
41. ; y = 1 when x = 0 Since y = 1 when x = 0,
Separating the variables, or and
Integrating both sides,
(or ln|y| =
Now,
with factoring and rearranging).
To integrate the right-hand side, use 42.
Then, Using formula 22 in the table of integrals

with
to integrate the right side,
1
2∫
or f ( x) = x ln x dx
Then
1  x 2   x2   1  
=   ln x − ∫     dx 
2  2   2  x  
  
43. Slope= y=′ ( x + 1)e − x  2
1 x ln x 1 
=  − ∫ x dx 
−x 2  2 
∫ y′=
dx ∫ ( x + 1)e
=
y dx 2
2 2
x ln x x
u= x + 1 and dV = e − x dx = − +C
du = dx 4 8
V = −e − x Since (2, f(2)) = (2, −3), that is, when
y =−( x + 1)e − x − ∫ −e − x dx x = 2, f(2) = −3,
=−( x + 1)e− x + ∫ e− x dx =−3
22 ln 2 22
− +C
4 8
=−( x + 1)e− x − e − x + C 1 5
Since the graph of y passes through the −3 =ln 2 − + C , or C =− − ln 2
2 2
point (1, 5), 5 =−(1 + 1)e −1 − e −1 + C or, x 2 ln x x 2 5
3 Thus f =
( x) − − − ln 2
C= 5 + . So, 4 8 2
e
−0.5t
100 ∫ te −0.5t dt
3 3
∫=
3
y =−( x + 1)e − x − e − x + 5 + =
45. Q(t )
0
100te dt
0
e
3 x+2 u = t and dV = e −0.5t dt
=5 + − x
du = dt 1 −0.5t
−2e −0.5t
e e V= − e =
−0.5
44. Let f(x) be the function whose tangent has
slope x ln x .
Then f ′( x) = x ln x for x > 0 and
1
=f ( x) ∫=
x ln x dx
2∫
x ln x dx
To integrate by parts,
u = ln x dv = x dx
1 x2
du = dx v=
x 2
or approximately 176 units (since the
fractional part does not count as
completed).
46. Let q denote the number of units produced and C(q) the cost of producing the first
dC
q units. Then, = (0.1q + 1)e0.03q and = C (q ) ∫ (0.1q + 1)e0.03q dq.
dq
u = 0.1q + 1 dv = e0.03q dq
1 0.03q
du = 0.1dq v= e
0.03
Thus
1 10
C (q )= (0.1q + 1)e0.03q − ∫ e0.03q dq
0.03 3
1 10 0.03q
= (0.1q + 1)e 0.03q
− e + C1
0.03 0.09
1 10 0.3
When q = 10, C = 200 and 200= (2)e0.3 − e + C1 or C1 ≈ 259.9937. Thus,
0.03 0.09
1 10 0.03q
C (q) ≈ (0.1q + 1)e0.03q − e + 259.9937
0.03 0.09
and
1 10 0.6
C (20) ≈ (3)e0.6 − e + 259.9937
0.03 0.09
≈ 239.75
The total cost of producing the first 20 units is about $239.75.
(3,000 + 5t )e0.05(10−t ) dt
10
=
47. FV ∫0
= e0.5 ∫ (3,000 + 5t )e −0.05t dt
10
0
=u 3,000 + 5t and dV = e −0.05t dt
du = 5 dt V = −20e −0.05t

FV = e0.5  −20(3,000 + 5t )e −0.05t − ∫ −20e −0.05t ⋅ 5 dt 
10 10
 0 0 
So,

e0.5  −20(3,000 + 5t )e −0.05t + 100 ∫ e−0.05t dt 
10 10
=
 0 0 
48. The amount in the account after 5 years is given by the future value formula
e0.04(5) ∫ (1,000te −0.3t )e −0.04t dt = 1,000e0.2 ∫ te −0.34t dt
5 5
0 0
u=t dv = e −0.34t dt
−1 −0.34t
du = dt v= e
0.34
−0.34t −t −0.34t 1 −0.34t
∫=
te dt
0.34
e +∫
0.34
e dt
−t −0.34t 1
= e − e −0.34t + C
0.34 0.342
Take C = 0 since any antiderivative may be used.
5
0.2  −t −0.34t 1 
e0.2 te −0.34t dt e −0.34t 
5
=
1,000
0 ∫ 1,000e  0.34 e

−
0.34 2
0
≈ 5,354.25
The account will accumulate $5,354.25.
5 −0.07t
49. =
PV ∫0 (20 + 3t )e dt
=
u 20 + 3t and dV = e −0.07t dt
du = 3 dt 100 −0.07t
V= − e
7
So,
5
100 5 100 −0.07t
PV =− (20 + 3t )e −0.07t −∫ − e ⋅ 3 dt
7 0 7
0
5
100 300 5 −0.07t
(20 + 3t )e −0.07t
7 ∫0
=
− + e dt
7 0
5
 100 −0.07t 30,000 −0.07t 
=  − 7 (20 + 3t )e − e 
49 0
 100 −0.35 30,000   100 30,000 0 
=  − 7 (20 + 3(5))e − e −0.35  −  − (20 + 0)e0 − e 
49   7 49 
 30,000 −0.35   2,000 30,000 
=  −500e −0.35 − e −− − 
 49   7 49 
≈ 114.17345 hundred, or $11,417.35
50. The fair asking price is given by the present value formula
6 −0.06t
∫0 (300 + 5t )e dt
u = 300 + 5t dv = e −0.06t dt
−1 −0.06t
du = 5 dt v= e
0.06
−0.06t1 5 −0.06t
∫ (300 + 5t )e dt =
− (300 + 5t )e −0.06t + ∫ e dt
0.06 0.06
1 5
=
− (300 + 5t )e −0.06t − e −0.06t + C
0.06 0.062
Take C = 0 and compute
6
 1
−0.06t −0.06t 5 
e −0.06t 
6
∫0 (300 + 5t )e dt =  − 0.06 (300 + 5t )e

−
0.06 2
0
≈ 1582.6742
The worth of the franchise is approximately $1,582,674.
51. (a) p = D(q)

D(q=
) 10 − qe0.02 q
D(5) =
10 − (5)e0.02(5) =
$4.47 each
5
∫ (10 − qe )dq − 5(4.47)
(b) CS = 0.02 q
0
5 5
∫ 10 dq − ∫ qe dq − 22.35
= 0.02 q
0 0
u = q and dV = e0.02 q dq
du = dq V = 50e0.02 q
 52 
52. D(q ) = ln  
 q +1
 52 
(a) The price at which 12,000 units are demanded is =
D(12) ln=
  ln(4) dollars or roughly
 13 
$1.39.
 52 
(b) The formula for consumer’s surplus requires computing the integral ∫ ln   dq.
 q +1
 52 
u= ln  = ln(52) − ln(q + 1) dv = dq
 q +1
1
du = − dq v=q
q +1
 52   52  −q
∫ ln =
  dq
 q +1
q ln  −∫
 q +1 q +1
dq
 52   1 
= q ln   + ∫ 1 −  dq
 q +1  q +1
 52 
= q ln   + q − ln(q + 1) + C
 q +1
The consumer’s surplus when q0 = 12 then
12
q0   52  
∫0 D(q) dq=
− p0 q0  q ln 

 + q − ln(q + 1)  − 12ln 4
 q +1 0
≈ 9.435
The consumer’s surplus is approximately $9,435.
GI 2 ∫ ( x − xe x −1 )dx
1
53.=
0
= 2  ∫ x dx − ∫ xe x −1dx 
1 1
 0 0 
u = x and dV = e x −1dx
du = dx V = e x −1
 2 1 
x  1 1 
=2  −  xe x −1 − ∫ e x −1dx  
 2  0 0 
 0 
1
 x2 
= 2 − xe x −1 + e x −1 
 2 
 0
 1  
= 2  − 1e0 + e0  − (0 − 0 + e −1 ) 
 2  
2
=1 − ≈ 0.2642
e
54. For lawyers, the Gini index is

1 1
2 ∫ ( x − L1 ( x)) dx =2 ∫ ( x − (0.6 x 2 + 0.4 x)) dx
0 0
1
= 2(0.6) ∫ ( x − x 2 ) dx
0
1 1
= 1.2  − 
 2 3
= 0.2
For engineers, the Gini index is
1
2 ∫ ( x − L2 ( x)) dx
0
= 2 ∫ ( x − x 2 e x −1 ) dx
1
0
= 2 ∫ x dx − 2 ∫ x 2 e x −1 dx
1 1
0 0
1 2 x −1
= 1 − 2∫ x e dx
0
2 1 2 x
e ∫0
= 1− x e dx
Using repeated integration by parts or integration formula 26 in the short table, gives
2 1 2 2 1
1 − ∫ x 2 e x dx =−1 [( x − 2 x + 2)e x ]
e 0 e 0
≈ 0.47152
Lawyers show a more equitable distribution of income.
55.
Since cannot be integrated,

and
10
ln ( x + 1)
50 ∫ dx
( x + 1)
2
0
 1
10
=
50  − ln ( x + 1)
 x + 1 0
10
1 
−∫ − dx 
( x + 1) 
2
0
 1 
10

= 50  − ln11 − 0  + ∫ ( x + 1) dx 
−2
 11  0 
 1   1
10

= 50  − ln11 −  
 11   x + 1 0  
 1 1 
= 50  − ln11 −  − 1 
 11  11  
≈ 34.555, or $34,555
56. The population change during the fourth hour is given by

4 4
∫3 P′(t=
) dt ∫ (1 − 0.5t )e 0.5t
dt
3
u = 1 − 0.5t dv = e0.5t dt
e0.5t
du = −0.5 dt =v = 2e0.5t
0.5
∫ (1 − 0.5t )e dt= 2(1 − 0.5t )e0.5t − (−0.5) ∫ 2e0.5t dt

0.5t
= (4 − t )e0.5t + C
We may take C = 0 to compute
4 0.5t 4
∫3 P′(t ) dt = (4 − t )e 3
= −e1.5 ≈ −4.482
The population decreases by about 4,482 bacteria.
57.=
P (t ) ∫ P=
′(t ) dt ∫ t ln t + 1 dt 58.
=u ln t + 1 and dV = t dt
= ln(t + 1) 1/2
t2
dV =
1 2
= ln(t + 1)
2
1 u=t and
du = dt
2(t + 1) du = dt
t2 t2 1
P=
(t ) ln(t + 1) − ∫ ⋅ dt
4 2 2(t + 1)
t2 1 t2
= ln(t + 1) − ∫ dt
4 4 t +1
Rewriting,
t2 1+ t2 −1
∫ t + 1 ∫ t + 1 dt
dt =
1 + (t + 1)(t − 1)
=∫ dt
t +1
1
= ∫ dt + ∫ (t − 1)dt
t +1
So,
t2
=
P (t ) ln(t + 1)
1 6 (2−0.3t )
6 − 0 ∫0
4 59. Cav = 4te dt
1 (t − 1) 2 
− ln t + 1 + +C 2
= e 2 ∫ te −0.3t dt
6
4  2 
3 0
t2
u = t and dV = e −0.3t dt
1
= ln(t + 1) − ln t + 1
4 4 du = dt 10
(t − 1) 2 V = − e−0.3t
− +C 3
8 So,
When t = 0, P(0) = 2000 thousand, so
1 1
2000 = 0 − ln1 − + C , or C = 2000.125.
4 8
So,
t2 1 (t − 1) 2
P=
(t ) ln(t + 1) − ln t + 1 −
4 4 8
+ 2000.125
and when t = 5,
25 1
P=(5) ln 6 − ln 6 − 2 + 2000.152
4 4
= 6ln 6 + 1998.125
≈ 2,008.8756 thousand.
The population will be approximately
2,008,876 people.
2 2  10 −0.3t 10 −0.3t 
6
6
Cav= e  − te −∫ − e dt 
3  3 0 3 
 0
2 2  10 −0.3t 
6
10 6
=e  − te + ∫ e −0.3t dt 
3  3 3 0 
 0
6
2  10 100 −0.3t 
=e 2  − te −0.3t − e 
3  3 9 0
2 2  10 100 −1.8 
=e  − (6)e −1.8 − e 
3  3 9 
 100 0  
−0 − e 
 9 
2 2  280 −1.8 100 
=e − e +  ≈ 29.4 mg/ml
3  9 9 
60. The number of cases in T days is given by the survival/renewal formula

10,000e −0.015T + ∫ 10te −0.1t (e −0.05(T −t ) ) dt =
10,000e−0.015T + 10e −0.015T ∫ te −0.085t dt
T T
0 0
u=t dv = e −0.085t dt
−1 −0.085t
du = dt v= e
0.085
−0.085t 1 1
∫ te = − te −0.085t + ∫ e −0.085t dt
0.085 0.085
1 1
= − te −0.085t − 2
e−0.085t + C
0.085 0.085
Take C = 0 since any antiderivative may be used. Thus the number of cases after T days is
T
 1 1 
10,000e −0.015T + 10e −0.015T  − te −0.085t − 2
e −0.085t 
 0.085 0.085 0
When T = 90 this formula predicts approximately 2,950 cases while when T = 365, there will be
roughly 48 cases.
61. With N as the number of months, in Here,

general the population # members
N 9
P0 S ( N ) + ∫ R (t ) S ( N − t )dt
= = 5,000e −0.02(9) + ∫ 5te −0.02(9 − t ) dt
0 0
−0.18 −0.18 9 0.02t
= 5,000e + 5e ∫
0
te dt
5e −0.18 1,000 + te0.02t dt 

9
=
 ∫ 0 
u = t and dV = e0.02t dt
du = dt V = 50e0.02t

= 5e −0.18 1,000 + 50te0.02t − ∫ 50e0.02t dt 
9 9
 0 0 

= 5e−0.18 1,000 + 50te0.02t − 50 ∫ e0.02t dt 
9 9
 0 0 

( )
9
= 5e−0.18 1,000 + 50te0.02t − 2,500e0.02t 
 0
= 5e −0.18 [1,000 + (50(9)e0.02(9) − 2,500e0.02(9) )

− (0 − 2,500e0 )]
≈ 4,367 members
62. (a) Let M be the number of people The solution is to be rejected

involved and G the number of people in the context of the problem, so
implicated.
63.
Using formula 6 on the left side, with Need to find t when . To find
u = G, a = M and b = −1, N, separate the variables.
Integrating both sides,
To integrate the left hand side, note that

this is of the form (formula
Solving for G,
#6) where u = N, a = 60, and b = −1.
(b) When t = 3, G = 16 so,

So,
To solve for N,
When t = 0, N = 2 (the twins), so

or, and
Multiplying both sides by and So, Scelerat will know our spy’s identity
before a week passes, and our spy will be
distributing the , a dead duck plucker.
64. Velocity = derivative of distance

= v(t ) dt ∫ te −1/2 dt
s (t ) ∫=
u = t and dv = e −t /2 dt
du = dt v = −2e −t /2
s (t ) =−2te −t /2 − ∫ −2e −t /2 dt
−2te −t /2 + 2 ∫ e−1/2 dt
=
−2te −t /2 − 4e −t /2 + C
=
Since N = 3 when t = 1, Assuming s(0) = 0, 0 =−
0 4e0 + C , or
−2e −t /2 (t + 2) + 4.
C = 4. So, s (t ) =
ln 2
65. =
area ∫0 (2 − e x )dx
ln 2
= (2 x − e x )
0
= (2ln 2 − e ) − (0 − e0 ) ln 2
= 2ln 2 − 1 ≈ 0.38629
1 ln 2
=x
0.38629 ∫0
x(2 − e x )dx
= 2.5887  ∫ 2 x dx − ∫ xe x dx 
ln 2 ln 2
 0 0 
and Let u = x and dV = e x dx
When N = 20,
u = ln x dv = x dx
du =
dx x2
v=
x 2
e2
1 2 e2 x
=I1 x ln x − ∫ dx
2 1 2
1
2
2 e
x
= e4 −
4
1
3e + 1
4
=
4
3e 4 + 1
=
Thus x ≈ 4.911.
4(e 2 + 1)
For the numerator of y
e2
I 2 = ∫ (ln x) 2 dx
1
2
2e e2
So, the centroid is (0.244, 0.353). = x(ln x) − 2 ∫ ln x dx
1 1
e2
66. y = ln x =
4e 2 − 2( x ln x − x)
e2 e2 1
A=∫ ln x dx =( x ln x − x) 1 =e + 1
2
1 = 2(e − 1) 2
For the numerator of x 2(e 2 − 1)

e 2 =
Thus y ≈ 0.762.
I1 = ∫ x ln x dx 2(e 2 + 1)
1
=
67. (a) The kiosk should be located at the centroid. Using y 2 x 2 − 1,
∫1 ( )
5 5 2
=
Area ∫1 2 x2 − 1=
dx 2x − (1) 2 dx
which most closely resembles ∫ u 2 − a 2 du (formula #18). Rewriting,
∫1 ( ) ( )
5 1 52 2
2x = ∫
− (1) 2 dx
2 1
2 x − (1) 2 ⋅ 2 dx
The formula can be used with u = 2 x, du = 2 dx, and a = 1.

5
1  2x 1 
=  2 x 2 − 1 − ln 2x + 2x −1 
2
2 2 2 1
1  2(5) 1   2(1) 1 
=  2(5) 2 − 1 − ln
2(5) + 2(5)2 − 1  −  2(1) 2 − 1 − ln 2(1) + 2(1) 2 − 1  
2  2 2   2 2  
1  35 2 1 
= 
2 2
− ln 5 2 + 7 −
2
2 1
2 2
+ ln 2 + 1  ( )

≈ 16.3768
1 5
= x
16.3768 1∫ x 2 x 2 − 1 dx
1
Using substitution with= u 2 x 2 − 1, du = x dx, and limits of integration of 2(1) 2 − 1 =1 and
4
2(5) 2 − 1 =49,
 1 49 
x = 0.06106  ∫ u1/2 du 
4 1 
49
2 
= 0.01527  u 3/2 
 3 1
= 0.010177[(49)3/2 − (1)3/2 ] ≈ 3.48
5 2
2 x 2 − 1  dx
1
=y ∫ 
2(16.3768) 1  
5
= 0.030531∫ (2 x 2 − 1) dx
1
5
 2 x3 
= 0.030531  − x
 3 1
 2(5)3   2(1)3  
= 0.030531  − 5 −  − 1 
 3   3
 


≈ 2.40
So, the kiosk should be located at the coordinates (3.48, 2.40).
(b) Writing ExerciseAnswers will vary.
68. I = ∫ (ln u ) n du U = (ln u ) n dV = du

Since the integrand involves the variable
u, we will use U and V in the integration n(ln u ) n−1
dU = du V=u
by parts formula. u
∫ U dV
= UV − ∫ V dU
=I u (ln u ) n − n ∫ (ln u ) n−1 du
∫u In the integral on the right hand side, the

n au
69. e du
power of u is the same as in the original
Let f = u nand dV = e au du integral while the power of ln u has been
df = nu n −1du 1
V = e au
reduced giving a reduction formula.
a
1 1
= u n e au − ∫ eau ⋅ nu n −1du 71.
a a
1 n au n n −1 au Both terms are easy to integrate, however
= u e − ∫ u e du
a a the derivative of is a little easier to
work with than the derivative of , so
∫u
n
70. (ln u ) m du use
Since the integrand involves the variable
u, we will use U and V in the integration
by parts formula.
∫ U dV
= UV − ∫ V dU
U = (ln u ) m dV = u n du
m(ln u ) m−1 u n+1

dU = du V=
u n +1
∫u
n
(ln u ) m du
u n+1 u n+1 m(ln u ) m−1
= (ln u ) m − ∫ du
n +1 n +1 u
u n+1 m
u n (ln u ) m−1 du
n +1∫
= (ln u ) m −
n +1
72.
Using calculator features, the points of intersection are found to occur at approximately x = 1.857
and x = 4.536.
4.536  2 − x 1 
The area between the curves is given by ∫ x e −  dx.
1.857  x
Applying integration by parts twice or integral formula 26 from the table gives
4.536  2 − x 1  4.536
 ( x 2 + 2 x + 2)e − x − ln x 
∫1.857  x e − x  dx =−
  1.857
≈ 0.1984
73. To use graphing utility to find where

curves intersect and compute the area of
region bounded by the curves,
 2  2 
Press y = and input    x − 2  for
 5  
y1 = .
 2  
Input −    x 2 − 2  for y2 =, and
 5  
input x ^ 3 − 3.5 x 2 + 2 x for y3 = . 74.
Use window dimensions [−1, 4]1 by
[−3, 5]1 for a good view of where the
graphs intersect.
Use trace and zoom to find the points of
intersection or use the intersect function
under the calc menu to find (2.966, 1.232)
and (2.608, −0.850) are the two points of
intersection. Using a calculator, the points of
To find the area bounded by the curves, intersection are when x = 1 and x ≈
we must find that the x-intercept of the 4.4337.
4.4337
hyperbola is x ≈ 2.236. Then we need
2.608 2.966
∫1 [ln x − ( x 2 − 5 x + 4)]dx ≈ 7.3598
∫ y1 − y2 + ∫ y1 − y3 4.4337
2.236 2.608
To evaluate the ∫1 ln x dx exactly,
2.608 2.608 2.966 2.966 use integration by parts with u = ln x and
= ∫ y1 − ∫ y2 + ∫ y1 − ∫ y3 dv = dx.
2.236 2.236 2.608 2.608
75. Press y =. Input e ^ (2x) + 4 for y1 = and
Use the ∫ f ( x) dx function under the calc 5e ^ (x) for y2 .
menu making sure the current equation is
activated for each integral. The area is
[−5, 25]5.
approximately 0.75834. Alternatively, you
Press graph.
can use the fnInt function from the home
screen under the math menu and enter Use the intersect function under the calc
menu to find the two points of
fnInt ( y1 − y2 , x, 2.236, 2.608)
intersection. Enter a value close to the first
+ fnInt ( y1 − y3 , x, 2.608, 2.966)
point of intersection on y1 = and also on
You can insert y1 , y2 , y3 by pressing vars
y2 = . Then enter a guess. The first point
and select Function under y-vars and then
of intersection is (0, 5). Repeat this
select which y function to insert.
process for the second point of
intersection to find (1.386, 20). To find the
area bounded by these two curves, we
must find
1.386 1.386 1.386
∫0 y2 =
− y1 ∫0 y2 − ∫
0
y1.
Use the ∫ f ( x) dx function under the calc
menu making sure the current equation is 77. To use the numeric integration feature to
activated for each integral. The area is evaluate the integral,
approximately 1.9548. Alternatively, you
Press y = and input (4 x 2 − 7) for y1 = .
can use the fnInt function from the home
screen under the math menu and enter Use window dimensions [−1, 4]1 by
fnInt ( y2 − y1 , x, 0, 1.386) [−3, 5]1.
You can insert y1 and y2 by pressing Press graph.
vars and selecting function under the Use the ∫ f ( x) dx function under the calc
y-vars. menu. Enter x = 2 for the lower limit and x
= 3 for the upper limit. We see that
3
∫2 4 x 2 − 7 dx  4.227.
To verify, we use formula #18 on the table
of integrals with
u = 2x
du = 2 dx
76. Using a calculator, 1
dx = du
2 2 2
∫1 x ln x dx ≈ 0.53530735
When x = 2, u = 4; when x = 3, u = 6.
To compute the integral exactly, first use So,
3
the laws of logarithms to rewrite ln x ,
then apply formula 25 in the table of
∫2 4 x 2 − 7 dx
1 6 2
2 ∫4
integrals with u = x and m = 2 to get = u − 7 du
2 2 2
∫1 x ln x dx = ∫ x 2 ln x1/ 2 dx
1
1 u 2
6
7 
1 2 = u − 7 − ln u + u 2 − 7 
= ∫ x 2 ln x dx 2  2 2 4
2 1
=
1  x3  1 
  ln x −  
2
=
1
2 
7
2
( ) 7
2

3 29 − ln 6 + 29 − 2(3) + ln 7 

2  3  3   1
1 = (8.45309083)
4 7 2
= ln 2 − ≈ 4.227
3 18
≈ 0.53530735
78. Using a calculator,
1 3
∫0 x 4 + 5 x dx ≈ 0.70612317
To compute the integral exactly, apply formula 28 in the short table of integrals three times with
u = x, a = 4, b = 5 and n = 3 (then n = 2 and n = 1) to get
1
1 3  3/ 2  2 3 16 2 256 2048  
∫0
x 4 + 5 x dx = (4 + 5 x)  x −
  45 525
x +
13,125
x− 
196,875  
0
139,018
=
196,875
≈ 0.70612317
79. To use the numeric integration feature to 2 u2 −1

evaluate the integral, ∫1 u2
du
Press y = and input
(( x 2 + 2 x)) / (( x + 1) 2 ) for y1 = . 2
 u2 −1 
Use window dimensions [−1, 3]1 by = − + ln u + u 2 − 1 
[−1, 2]1. Press graph.  u 
 1
Use the ∫ f ( x) dx function under the calc
3  0 
menu with x = 0 as the lower limit and =− + ln 2 + 3 −  − + ln 1 + 0 
2  1 
x = 1 the upper limit. We see that
∫0
1 x2 + 2 x
dx ≈ 0.4509
= −
2
3
( )
+ ln 2 + 3 − ln1
( x + 1) 2
≈ 0.4509
To verify, we use formula #19 on the table
of integrals: 80. Using formula 6 in the table of integrals,
with a = −6 and b = 3,
1 x2 + 2 x 1 ( x + 1) 2 − 1
∫0 ( x + 1) 2
dx = ∫
0 ( x + 1) 2
dx
Let u= x + 1
du = dx
When x = 0, u = 1; when x = 1, u = 2.
So,
F’(x) = f(x) = 0.04167

6.2 Numerical Integration
2 2 2 −1
1. For ∫1 x dx with n = 4, ∆=
x
4
= 0.25, and x1 = 1, x2 = 1.25, x3 = 1.50, x4 = 1.75, x5 = 2.
(a) By the trapezoidal rule,

2 2 ∆x
∫1 x dx= 2 [ f ( x1 ) + 2 f ( x2 ) + 2 f ( x3 ) + 2 f ( x4 ) + f ( x5 )]
0.25 2
= [1 + 2(1.25) 2 + 2(1.5) 2 + 2(1.75)2 + 22 ]
2
≈ 2.3438.
(b) By Simpson’s rule,

2 2 ∆x
∫1 x dx= 3 [ f ( x1 ) + 4 f ( x2 ) + 2 f ( x3 ) + 4 f ( x4 ) + f ( x5 )]
0.25 2
= [1 + 4(1.25) 2 + 2(1.5) 2 + 4(1.75)2 + 22 ]
3
≈ 2.3333.
1
2. f ( x) =
x
6−4
For both methods, ∆
=x = 0.2.
10
(a) Trapezoidal rule:

6 0.2
∫4 f ( x) dx ≈ 2 [ f (4) + 2 f (4.2) + 2 f (4.4) +  + 2 f (5.6) + 2(5.8) + f (6)]
≈ 0.8990743919
(b) Simpson’s rule:

6 0.2
∫4 f ( x) dx ≈ 3 [ f (4) + 4 f (4.2) + 2 f (4.4) +  + 2 f (5.6) + 4(5.8) + f (6)]
≈ 0.8989795837
1 1 1− 0
3. For ∫0 1 + x2 dx with n = 4, ∆=
x
4
= 0.25, and x1 = 0, x2 = 0.25, x3 = 0.50, x4 = 0.75, x5 = 1.

1 1 ∆x
∫0 1 + x2 dx= 3 [ f ( x1 ) + 4 f ( x2 ) + 2 f ( x3 ) + 4 f ( x4 ) + f ( x5 )]
0.25  4 2 4 1
= 1 + + + + 
3  1 + (0.25) 2 1 + (0.5) 2 1 + (0.75)2 2 
≈ 0.7854.
1
4. f ( x) =
x −1
2
3− 2
=x = 0.25.
4

3 0.25
∫2 f ( x) dx ≈ 2 [ f (2) + 2 f (2.25) + 2 f (2.5) + 2 f (2.75) + f (3)]
≈ 0.2045444139

3 0.25
∫2 f ( x) dx ≈ 3 [ f (2) + 4 f (2.25) + 2 f (2.5) + 4 f (2.75) + f (3)]
≈ 0.2027854090
0 0 − (−1)
5. For ∫−1 1 + x 2 dx with n = 4,
= ∆x = 0.25, and x1 =
4
−1, x2 =
−0.75, x3 =
−0.5,
x4 = −0.25, x5 = 0.
6. f ( x=
) 9 − x2
3−0
=x = 0.5.
6

3 0.5
∫0 f ( x) dx ≈ 2 [ f (0) + 2 f (0.5) + 2 f (1) + 2 f (1.5) + 2 f (2) + 2 f (2.5) + f (3)]
≈ 6.8894618002

3 0.5
∫0 f ( x) dx ≈ 3 [ f (0) + 4 f (0.5) + 2 f (1) + 4 f (1.5) + 2 f (2) + 4 f (2.5) + f (3)]
≈ 6.9977840328
1 − x2 1− 0
7. For ∫
0
e dx with n = 4, ∆=
x
4
= 0.25, and=
x1 0,= x3 0.50, x4 = 0.75, x5 = 1.
x2 0.25,=
2
8. f ( x) = e x
2−0
=x = 0.2.
10
2 0.2
(a) ∫0 f ( x) dx ≈
2
[ f (0) + 2 f (0.2) + 2 f (0.4) +  + 2 f (1.6) + 2(1.8) + f (2)]
≈ 17.1702101458

2 0.2
∫0 f ( x) dx ≈ 3 [ f (0) + 4 f (0.2) + 2 f (0.4) +  + 2 f (1.6) + 4(1.8) + f (2)]
≈ 16.4902028745
4 dx 4−2 1 7 8
9. For ∫2 ln x with n = 6, ∆
=x =
6 3
and=
x1 2,=
x2
3
=, x3
3
,
10 11
=
x4 3,=
x5 ,=
x6 ,=
x7 4.
3 3

4 dx ∆x
∫2 ln x ≈ 2 [ f ( x1 ) + 2 f ( x2 ) + 2 f ( x3 ) + 2 f ( x4 ) + 2 f ( x5 ) + 2 f ( x6 ) + f ( x7 )]
1
1 2 2 2 2 2 1 
= 3 + 7+ 8+ + 10 + 11 + 
2  ln 2 ln 3 ln 3 ln 3 ln 3 ln 3 ln 4 
 
≈ 1.9308

4 dx ∆x
∫2 ln x ≈ 3 [ f ( x1 ) + 4 f ( x2 ) + 2 f ( x3 ) + 4 f ( x4 ) + 2 f ( x5 ) + 4 f ( x6 ) + f ( x7 )]
1
1 4 2 4 2 4 1 
= 3 + 7+ 8+ + 10 + 11 + 
3  ln 2 ln 3 ln 3 ln 3 ln 3 ln 3 ln 4 
 
≈ 1.9228
ln x
10. f ( x) =
x+4
2 −1
For both methods, ∆=
x = 0.25.
4

2 0.25
∫1 f ( x) dx ≈ 2 [ f (1) + 2 f (1.25) + 2 f (1.5) + 2 f (1.75) + f (2)]
≈ 0.0678278031

2 0.25
∫1 f ( x) dx ≈ 3 [ f (1) + 4 f (1.25) + 2 f (1.5) + 4 f (1.75) + f (2)]
≈ 0.0685232051
13 1− 0
11. For ∫0 1 + x 2 dx with n = 4, ∆=
x
4
= 0.25 and=
x1 0,=
x2 0.25,=
x3 0.05, x4 = 0.75 , x5 = 1.

13 ∆x
∫0 1 + x dx ≈ 2 [ f ( x1 ) + 4 f ( x2 ) + 2 f ( x3 ) + 4 f ( x4 ) + 2 f ( x5 )]
2
0.25  3
= 1 + 1.0625 + 2 3 1.25 + 2 3 1.5625 + 3 2 
2  
≈ 1.0970.

13 ∆x
∫0 1 + x dx ≈ 3 [ f ( x1 ) + 4 f ( x2 ) + 2 f ( x3 ) + 4 f ( x4 ) + f ( x5 )]
2
0.25
= 1 + 4 3 1.0625 + 2 3 1.25 + 4 3 1.5625 + 3 2 
3  
≈ 1.0948
1
12. f ( x) =
1 + x3
1− 0 1
x = .
6 6

1 1  1  1 1 1 2 5 
∫0 f ( x) dx ≈ 2  6   f (0) + 2 f  6  + 2 f  3  + 2 f  2  + 2 f  3  + 2 f  6  + f (1) 
≈ 0.9083716724

1 1 1  1 1 1 2 5 
∫0 f ( x) dx ≈ 3  6   f (0) + 4 f  6  + 2 f  3  + 4 f  2  + 2 f  3  + 4 f  6  + f (1) 
≈ 0.9096240119
2 − x 2−0
13. For ∫0 e dx with n = 8, ∆
8
=
= 0.25 and=
x x1 0,=
x2 0.25,=
x3 0.5,=
x4 0.75, x5 = 1,
x6 = 1.25,
= =
x7 1.5, =
x8 1.75, x9 2.

2 − x
∫0 e dx
∆x
≈ [ f ( x1 ) + 2 f ( x2 ) + 2 f ( x3 ) + 2 f ( x4 ) + 2 f ( x5 ) + 2 f ( x6 ) + 2 f ( x7 ) + 2 f ( x8 ) + f ( x9 )]
2
0.25 
= 1 + 2e − 0.25 + 2e − 0.5 + 2e − 0.75 + 2e −1 + 2e − 1.25 + 2e − 1.5 + 2e − 1.75 + e − 2 
2  
≈ 0.8492.

2 − x
∫0 e dx
∆x
≈ [ f ( x1 ) + 4 f ( x2 ) + 2 f ( x3 ) + 4 f ( x4 ) + 2 f ( x5 ) + 4 f ( x6 ) + 2 f ( x7 ) + 4 f ( x8 ) + f ( x9 )]
3
0.25 
= 1 + 4e − 0.25 + 2e − 0.5 + 4e − 0.75 + 2e−1 + 4e− 1.25 + 2e− 1.5 + 4e − 1.75 + e − 2 
3   
≈ 0.8362.
ex
14. f ( x) =
x
2 −1
x = 0.25.
4

2 0.25
∫1 f ( x) dx ≈ 2 [ f (1) + 2 f (1.25) + 2 f (1.5) + 2 f (1.75) + f (2)]
≈ 3.068704101

2 0.25
∫1 f ( x) dx ≈ 3 [ f (1) + 4 f (1.25) + 2 f (1.5) + 4 f (1.75) + f (2)]
≈ 3.059239193
1 2 −1
15. For ∫ x 2
dx with n = 4, ∆=
x
4
= 0.25, and=
x1 1,=
x2 1.25,=
x3 1.50,=
x4 1.75, x5 = 2.

2 1 ∆x
∫1 x2 dx= 2 [ f ( x1 ) + 2 f ( x2 ) + 2 f ( x3 ) + 2 f ( x4 ) + f ( x5 )]
0.25  2 2 2 1
= 1 + + + + 
2  (1.25) 2 (1.5) 2 (1.75) 2 22 
≈ 0.5090.
M (b − a )3 M (2 − 1) 2
M
The error estimate is En ≤ 2
. For n = 1, a = 1, and b = 2, E4 ≤ 2
= ,
12n 12(4 ) 192
where M is the maximum value of f ′′( x) on 1 ≤ x ≤ 2. Now f ( x) = x −2 , f ′( x) = −2 x −3 , and
6 6 6
f ′′( x) = 6 x −4 . For 1 ≤ x ≤ 2, f ′′( x) = 4
≤ 4
= 6. So, E
=4 ≈ 0.03125.
x 1 192

2 1 ∆x
∫1 x2 dx= 3 [ f ( x1 ) + 4 f ( x2 ) + 2 f ( x3 ) + 4 f ( x4 ) + f ( x5 )]
0.25  4 2 4 1
= 1 + 2
+ 2
+ 2
+ 2
3  (1.25) (1.5) (1.75) 2 
≈ 0.5004.
M (b − a )5 M (2 − 1)5 M
The error estimate is En ≤ . For n = 4, a = 1, and b = 2, E4 ≤ =
180n 4 180(44 ) 46,080
where M is the maximum value of f (4) ( x) on 1 ≤ x ≤ 2. Now f ′′( x) = 6 x −4 ,
120 120
f (3) ( x) = −24 x −5 , and f (4) ( x) = 120 x −6 . For 1 ≤ x ≤ 2, f (4) ( x) = 6
≤ = 120. So,
x 16
120
E4 ≤ ≈ 0.0026.
46,080
2−0
16. (a) Trapezoidal rule: ∆
=x = 0.25
8
2 3
∫0 x dx ≈ 4.0625
f ′′( x) = 6 x which has a maximum value of M = 12 (at x = 2) for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2. Thus an error
bound is
M (b − a )3
E8 ≤
12n 2
12(2 − 0)3
=
12(82 )
1
=
8
= 0.125
2−0
(b) Simpson’s rule: ∆
=x = 0.25
8
2 3
∫0 x dx ≈ 4
f (4) ( x) = 0 for all x so the value of M in the error bound is 0. Thus an error bound is
M (b − a )5
0(2 − 0)5
E8 ≤ = =0
180n 4 180(84 )
which says the Simpson’s rule estimate is exact.
3 3 −1
17. For ∫1 x dx with n = 10, ∆=
x = 0.2, and=
10
x1 1,=
x2 1.2,=
x3 1.4, ..., =
x10 2.8,=
x11 3.

3
∫1 x dx
∆x
= [ f ( x1 ) + 2 f ( x2 ) + 2 f ( x3 ) +  + 2 f ( x10 ) + f ( x11 )]
2
0.2
= 1 + 2 1.2 + 2 1.4 + 2 1.6 + 2 1.8 + 2 2 + 2.2 + 2 2.4 + 2 2.6 + 2 2.8 + 3 
2  
≈ 2.7967.
M (b − a )3
The error estimate is En ≤ . For n = 10, a = 1, and b = 3,
12n 2
M (3 − 1)3 8M M
E10 ≤ 2
= = , where M is the maximum value of f ′′( x) on 1 ≤ x ≤ 3. Now,
12(10 ) 1, 200 150
1 1
f ( x) = x1/2 , f ′( x) = x −1/2 , and f ′′( x) = − x −3/2 . For 1 ≤ x ≤ 3,
2 4
1 −3/2 1 −3/2 1 1 1
f ′′( x) =− x ≤ (1 )= =
. So, E10   ≈ 0.0017.
4 4 4 150  4 

3
∫1 x dx
∆x
= [ f ( x1 ) + 4 f ( x2 ) + 2 f ( x3 ) +  + 4 f ( x10 ) + f ( x11 )]
3
0.2 
= 1 + 4 1.2 + 2 1.4 + 4 1.6 + 2 1.8 + 4 2 + 2 2.2 + 4 2.4 + 2 2.6 + 4 2.8 + 3 
3 
≈ 2.7974.
M (b − a )5
180n 4
M (3 − 1)5 32M
E10 ≤ 4
= 4
, where M is the maximum value of f (4) ( x) on 1 ≤ x ≤ 3. Now,
180(10 ) 180(10 )
1 3 15
f ′′( x) = − x −3/2 , f (3) ( x) = x −5/2 , and f (4) ( x) = − x −7/2 . For 1 ≤ x ≤ 3,
4 8 16
15 15 15 32  15 
f (4) ( x) = − x −7/2 ≤ (1−7/2= )= . So, E10   ≈ 0.0000167.
16 16 16 180(10,000)  16 
2 −1
18. (a) Trapezoidal rule: ∆=
x = 0.25
4
2
∫1 ln x dx ≈ 0.3836995094
−1 1
f ′′(=
x) = 2
which has a maximum value of M = 1 (at x = 1) for 1 ≤ x ≤ 2. Thus an error
x x2
bound is
M (b − a )3
E4 ≤
12n 2
1(2 − 1)3
=
12(42 )
1
= ≈ 0.0052083333
192
2 −1
(b) Simpson’s rule: ∆=
x = 0.25
4
2
∫1 ln x dx ≈ 0.3862595628
−6 6
f (4) (=
=
x) which has a maximum value of M = 6 (at x = 1) for 1 ≤ x ≤ 2. Thus an
4
x x4
error bound is
M (b − a )5 6(2 − 1)5
E4 ≤ =
180n 4 180(44 )
1
= ≈ 0.0001302083
7,680
1 x2 1− 0
19. For ∫0 e dx with n = 4, ∆=
x
4
= 0.25, and=
x1 0,=
x2 0.25,= =
x3 0.50, =
x4 0.75, x5 1.

2 x2 ∆x
∫1 e dx= 2 [ f ( x1 ) + 2 f ( x2 ) + 2 f ( x3 ) + 2 f ( x4 ) + f ( x5 )]
0.25 2 2 2
= [1 + 2e(0.25) + 2e(0.5) + 2e(0.75) + e1 ]
2
≈ 1.4907.
M (b − a )3 M (1 − 0)3 M
The error estimate is En ≤ . For n = 4, a = 10, and b = 1, E4 ≤ = ,
12n 2 12(42 ) 192
where M is the maximum value of f ′′( x) on 0 ≤ x ≤ 1. Now, f ( x) = e x , f ′( x) = −2 xe − x ,

2 2
2 2 6e
( x) (4 x 2 + 2)e x . For 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, f ′′( x) = [4(12 ) + 2]e1 = 6e. So, E
and f ′′= =4 ≈ 0.0849.
192

2 x2 ∆x
∫1 e dx= 3 [ f ( x1 ) + 4 f ( x2 ) + 2 f ( x3 ) + 4 f ( x4 ) + f ( x5 )]
0.25 2 2 2
= [1 + 4e(0.25) + 2e(0.5) + 4e(0.75) + e1 ]
3
≈ 1.4637.
M (b − a )5 M (1 − 0)5M
The error estimate is En ≤ 4
. For n = 4, a = 0, and b = 1, E4 ≤ 4
= ,
180n 180(4 ) 46,080
2
where M is the maximum value of f (4) ( x) on 0 ≤ x ≤ 1. Now, f ′′=
( x) (4 x 2 + 2)e x ,
2 2
f (3)=( x) (8 x3 + 12 x)e x , and f (4) ( x) = (16 x 4 + 48 x 2 + 12)e x . For 0 ≤ x ≤ 1,
2 76e
f (4) ( x) = [16(14 ) + 48(12 ) + 12]e1 = 76e. So, E4 ≤ ≈ 0.0045.
46,080
0.6 − 0 so the maximum value occurs at the

20. (a) Trapezoidal rule:=
∆x = 0.1 right endpoint and is equal to
6
0.6 x3 113.38.... We can take M = 114 for
∫0 e dx ≈ 0.6356192430 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.6. Thus an error bound is
3 M (b − a )5 114(0.6 − 0)5
f ′′( x) 3 x(3 x3 + 2)e x
= E6 ≤ =
180n 4 180(64 )
3
= 3 x(3 x3 + 2)e x = 0.000038
for 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.6. Note all the factors in
21. The integral to be approximated is
f ′′( x) are increasing functions of x 31
so the maximum value occurs at the ∫1 x dx. The derivatives of
right endpoint and is equal to 1
5.9155.... We can take M = 6 for f ( x=) = x −1 are f ′( x) = − x −2 ,
x
0 ≤ x ≤ 0.6. Thus an error bound is
f ′′( x) = 2 x −3 , f (3) ( x) = −6 x −4 , and
M (b − a )3 6(0.6 − 0)3
E6 ≤ =
12n 2 12(62 ) f (4) ( x) = 24 x −5 .
= 0.003
(a) For the trapezoidal rule,
0.6 − 0 M (b − a )3
(b) Simpson’s rule:=
∆x = 0.1 En ≤ , where M is the
6 12n 2
0.6 x3
maximum value of f ′′( x) on
∫0 e dx ≈ 0.6345139457
2 2
3 1 ≤ x ≤ 3. Now f ′′( x ) = ≤ = 2
f (4) ( x) = 9 x 2 (3 x3 + 10)(3 x3 + 2)e x x 3
13
= 9 x 2 (3 x3 + 10)(3 x3 + 2)e x
3
2(3 − 1)3 4
on 1 ≤ x ≤ 3. En ≤ 2
= ,
for 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.6. Note all the factors in 12n 3n 2
which is less than 0.00005 if
f (4) ( x) are increasing functions of x
4 < 3(0.00005)n 2 or
4 value of M = 24. The value of n must

n> ≈ 163.3. So, be chosen so that
3(0.00005)
M (b − a )5 24(4 − 0)5
164 intervals should be used. En ≤ =
180n 4 180n 4
(b) For Simpson’s rule, 2,048
= ≤ 0.00005
M (b − a )5 15n 4
En ≤ , where M is the
180n 4 Solving the above inequality for n,
maximum value of f (4) ( x) on 2048
n≥4 ≈ 40.65,
15(0.00005)
1 ≤ x ≤ 3. Now,
we find 42 (n must be even)
24 24
f (4) ( x) = 5 ≤ 5 = 24 on subintervals are needed to guarantee
x 1 the desired accuracy using Simpson’s
24(3 − 1)5
768 rule.
1 ≤ x ≤ 3. En ≤ = 4
180n 180n 4 23. The integral to be approximated is
which is less than 0.00005 if 2 1
768 < 180(0.00005)n 4 or ∫1 x dx. The derivatives of
1 1
n>4
768
≈ 17.1. So, f (=x) = x −1/2 are f ′( x) = − x −3/2 ,
180(0.00005) x 2
3 15
18 subintervals should be used. f ′′( x) = x −5/2 , f (3) ( x) = − x −7/2 ,
4 8
22. (a) f ( x) =x 4 + 2 x 2 + 1 105 −9/2
and f (4) ( x) = x .
f ′(=
x ) 4 x3 + 4 x 16
′′( x) 12 x 2 + 4
f= (a) For the trapezoidal rule,
On the interval 0 ≤ x ≤ 4, f ′′( x) has a M (b − a )3
maximum value of M = 196 at x = 4. En ≤ , where M is the
12n 2
The value of n must be chosen so that
maximum value of f ′′( x) on
M (b − a )3 196(4 − 0)3
En ≤ = 3 −5/2 3
12n 2 12n 2 f ′′( x)
1 ≤ x ≤ 2. Now = x ≤
4 4
3,136
= ≤ 0.00005 3 (2 − 1) 3
1
3n 2 on 1 ≤ x ≤ 2. En ≤ = ,
Solving the above inequality for n, 4 12n 2 16n 2
3,136 which is less than 0.00005 if
n≥ ≈ 4,572.38 1 < 16(0.00005)n 2 or
3(0.00005)
We find 4,573 subintervals are needed 1
n> ≈ 35.4. So,
to guarantee the desired accuracy 16(0.00005)
using the trapezoidal rule. 36 intervals should be used.
(b) f ′′′( x) = 24 x (b) For Simpson’s rule,
f ( x) = 24
(4)
M (b − a )5
On the interval 0 ≤ x ≤ 4, the second 180n 4
derivative f (4) ( x) has a maximum
maximum value of f (4) ( x) on chosen so that
1 ≤ x ≤ 2. Now, En ≤
M (b − a )5 8
=
()
3 (2 − 1)5
105 −9/2 105 180n 4 180n 4

=f (4) ( x) x ≤ on 1
16 16 = ≤ 0.00005
480n 4
105(2 − 1)5
7
1 ≤ x ≤ 2. En ≤ = , Solving the above inequality for n,
4
16(180)n 162n 4 1
which is less than 0.00005 if n≥4 ≈ 2.54,
480(0.00005)
7 < 192(0.00005)n 4 or we find only 4 (n must be even)
7 subintervals are needed to guarantee
n>4 ≈ 5.2. So, the desired accuracy using Simpson’s
192(0.00005)
rule.
6 subintervals should be used.
25. The integral to be approximated is
24. (a) f (=x) ln(1 + x) 2.4 x
f ′( x) =
1 ∫1.2 e dx.
1+ x
−1 (a) For the trapezoidal rule,
f ′′( x) =
(1 + x) 2 M (b − a )3
On the interval 1 ≤ x ≤ 2, f ′′( x) has a 12n 2
1 maximum value of f ′′( x) on
maximum value of M = at x = 1.
4 1.2 ≤ x ≤ 2.4. Now f ′′( x=
) e x ≤ e2.4
The value of n must be chosen so that
on 1.2 ≤ x ≤ 2.4.
En ≤
M (b − a )3 (
= 4)
1 (2 − 1)3
e 2.4 (2.4 − 1.2)3 1.728e 2.4
12n 2 12n 2 En ≤ =
1 12n 2 12n 2
= ≤ 0.00005 which is less than 0.00005 if
48n 2
Solving the above inequality for n, 1.728e 2.4 < 12(0.00005)n 2 or
1 1.728e 2.4
n≥ ≈ 20.41, n> ≈ 178.2. So,
48(0.00005) 12(0.00005)
we find 21 subintervals are needed to 179 intervals should be used.
guarantee the desired accuracy using
the trapezoidal rule. (b) For Simpson’s rule,
M (b − a )5
2 En ≤ , where M is the
(b) f ′′′( x) = 180n 4
(1 + x)3
maximum value of f (4) ( x) on
−6
f (4) ( x) = 1.2 ≤ x ≤ 2.4. Now
(1 + x) 4
) e x ≤ e2.4 on 1.2 ≤ x ≤ 2.4.
f (4) ( x=
On the interval 1 ≤ x ≤ 2, f (4) ( x)
e 2.4 (2.4 − 1.2)5
has a maximum value of M = =
6 3 En ≤ which is less
24 8 180n 4
at x = 1. The value of n must be than 0.00005 is
e 2.4 (1.2)5 < 180(0.00005)n 4 or subintervals should be used.
e 2.4 (1.2)5
n>4 ≈ 7.4. So, 8
180(0.00005)
2
26. (a) f ( x) = e x
2
f ′( x) = 2 xe x
2
′′( x) 2(2 x 2 + 1)e x
f=
On the interval 0 ≤ x ≤ 2, f ′′( x) has a maximum value of M = 18e 4 at x = 2. The value of n
must be chosen so that
M (b − a )3
En ≤
12n 2
18e 4 (2 − 0)3
=
12n 2
12e4
= 2
n
≤ 0.00005
Solving the above inequality for n,
12e 4
n≥ ≈ 3,619.88,
0.00005
we find 3,620 subintervals are needed to guarantee the desired accuracy using the trapezoidal
rule.
2
f ′′′( x) 4 x(2 x 2 + 3)e x
(b) =
2
f (4) ( x) = 4(4 x 4 + 12 x 2 + 3)e x
On the interval 0 ≤ x ≤ 2, f (4) ( x) has a maximum value of M = 460e 4 . The value of n must
be chosen so that
M (b − a )5
En ≤
180n 4
(460e4 )(2 − 0)5
=
180n 4
736e 4
=
9n 4
≤ 0.00005
Solving the above inequality for n
736e 4
n≥4 ≈ 97.21
9(90.00005)
We find 98 subintervals are needed to guarantee the desired accuracy using Simpson’s rule.
1 1− 0
27. For ∫0 1 − x 2 dx with n = 8, ∆=
x
8
= 0.125, and x1=
= 0, x2 0.125,
= x3 0.25, ..., x8 = 0.875,
x9 = 1.

1
∫0 1 − x 2 dx
∆x
= [ f ( x1 ) + 2 f ( x2 ) + 2 f ( x3 ) +  + 2 f ( x8 ) + f ( x9 )]
2
= 0.0625  1 − (0) 2 + 2 1 − (0.125) 2 + 2 1 − (0.25) 2 + 2 1 − (0.375) 2 + 2 1 − (0.5) 2

+ 2 1 − (0.625) 2 + 2 1 − (0.75) 2 + 2 1 − (0.875) 2 + 1 − (1) 2 

≈ 0.7725
(0.7725)(4) = 3.090 as an approximation of π.

1
∫0 1 − x 2 dx
∆x
= [ f ( x1 ) + 4 f ( x2 ) + 2 f ( x3 ) + 4 f ( x4 ) +  + 4 f ( x8 ) + f ( x9 )]
3
1 
= 1 − (0) 2 + 4 1 − (0.125) 2 + 2 1 − (0.25) 2 + 4 1 − (0.375) 2 + 2 1 − (0.5) 2

24 
+ 4 1 − (0.625) 2 + 2 1 − (0.75) 2 + 4 1 − (0.875)2 + 1 − (1)2 

≈ 0.7803
(0.7803)(4) = 3.121 as an approximation of π.
3( x 4  4 x )
28. Given f ( x )  x 3  1, the second derivative is given by f ( x )  . A graph of f ( x )
4( x 3  1)3 / 2
3
for 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 shows M  is a good bound for f ( x ) . Using the inequality
2
M ( b  a) 3
En 
12 n2
the necessary value of n can be determined for any possible level of accuracy. The table below
gives the value of n and the corresponding trapezoidal estimate for several different accuracy levels.
Trapezoidal
Accuracy n estimate
0.005 5 1.11499211
0.0005 16 1.11179332
0.00005 50 1.11148333
6 e −0.4 x 6 −1
29. For ∫1
x
dx with n = 10, ∆=
10
= 0.5, and=
x x1 1,=
x2 1.5,= x3 2.0, x4 = 2.5, x5 = 3.0,
x6 = 3.5,
= =
x7 4.0, =
x8 4.5, =
x9 5.0, =
x10 5.5, x11 6.0. By the Trapezoidal rule,
6 e −0.4 x
∫1 x
dx
∆x
= [ f ( x1 ) + 2 f ( x2 ) + 2 f ( x3 ) + 2 f ( x4 ) + 2 f ( x5 ) + 2 f ( x6 ) + 2 f ( x7 ) + 2 f ( x8 ) + 2 f ( x9 )
2
+ 2 f ( x10 ) + f ( x11 )
 e−0.4(1)   e−0.4(1.5)   e −0.4(2)   e −0.4(2.5)   e−0.4(3)   e −0.4(3.5) 
= 0.25   + 2   + 2   + 2   + 2   + 2  
 1   1.5 
 
 2 
 
 2.5 
 
 3 
 
 3.5 
 
e −0.4(4)  e − 0.4(4.5)  e −0.4(5)  e −0.4(5.5)  e − 0.4(6)  
+ 2  + 2  + 2  + 2 + 
 4   4.5   5   5.5   6  
         
≈ 0.6929
1
So, the estimate of the average value is (0.6929) = 0.1386.
6 −1
1 4
30. The average value is
4 −1 ∫
1
ln x dx.
4 −1
∆=
x = 0.5
6
1 4 1  0.5  
3 1 ∫
ln x dx ≈ 
3 2 
 ln1 + 2 ln1.5 + 2 ln 2 + 2 ln 2.5 + 2 ln 3 + 2 ln 3.5 + ln 4 
1
≈ (2.591333912)
3
≈ 0.8638
2
1 x 
31. Volume of S = π ∫ 
0  1 + x 
dx
1− 0 1 2 3 4
Using the trapezoidal rule with n = 7, ∆x = and=
x1 0,=
x2 =, x3 =
, x4 , x5 = ,
7 7 7 7 7
5 6
=
x6 = , x7 = , x8 1.
7 7
2
1 x  ∆x
∫0  1 + x  dx ≈ 2 [ f ( x1 ) + 2 f ( x2 ) + 2 f ( x3 ) + 2 f ( x4 ) + 2 f ( x5 ) + 2 f ( x6 ) + 2 f ( x7 ) + f ( x8 )]
1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
= 7 0 + 2 1  + 2 2  + 2 3  + 2 4  + 2 5  + 2 6  +  1 
               
2
  8  9  10   11   12   13   2  
≈ 0.114124
So, the volume is ≈ π(0.114124) ≈ 0.3585.
2
∫1 (ln x)
2
32. V = π dx
2 −1 1
∆=
x =
6 6
2
∫1 (ln x)
2
V= π dx
 1  1   
2 2 2 2 2
 7  4  3  5  11 
≈ π    (ln1) 2 + 4  ln  + 2  ln  + 4  ln  + 2  ln  + 4  ln  + (ln 2) 2 
 6  3    6  3  2  3  16  
≈ π(0.1883400329)
≈ 0.5917
33. FV = erT ∫ f (t )e − rt dt
T
0
=e 0.06(10) 10
∫ te −0.06t dt
0
te −0.06t dt
10
= e0.6 ∫
0
10 − 0
Using the trapezoidal rule with n = 5, ∆t = and= t1 0,= t2 2,= t3 4,=
t4 6,=
t5 8,=
t6 10
5
10 −0.06t ∆t
∫0 te dt ≈ 2 [ f (t1 ) + 2 f (t2 ) + 2 f (t3 ) + 2 f (t4 ) + 2 f (t5 ) + f (t6 )]
2
= 0 + 2 2e −0.12 + 2 4e −0.24 + 2 6e −0.36 + 2 8e −0.48 + 10e −0.6 
2 
≈ 14.308884
So, FV ≈ e0.6 (14.308884) ≈ 26.07249 or $26,072.
34. The formula for present value of an income stream gives the present value in this situation as
te −0.05t dt.
5
∫0 12,000
5
Applying Simpson’s rule with f (t ) = 12,000 te−0.05t , n = 10, and ∆x= = 0.5 gives
10
0.5
te −0.05t dt ≈
5
∫0 12,000 3
[0 + 4 f (0.5) + 2 f (1) +  + 4 f (4.5) + f (5)]
≈ $76,804.45
35.
q0
=
36. CS ∫0 D(q ) dq − p0 q0
100
D(q) =
2
q + q +1
5−0 5
∆=q =
6 6
5 5 1 5  10   15   20   25  
0 ∫
D(q )dq ≈    D(0) + 4 D   + 2 D   + 4 D   + 2 D   + 4 D   + D(5) 
6 3 6  6 6  6   6  
≈ 102.7593
100 100
=
D(5) =
2
5 + 5 + 1 31
100
CS ≈ 102.7593 − (5) ≈ 86.6303
31
Since the units are in hundreds, the consumer’s surplus is $8,663.03.
37. We need to approximate FV = ∫ (rate income enters)e r (b−t ) dt.

b
a
0.04
Since the readings are every 2 months, ∆t = 2, r = , a = 0, and b = 12.
12
Future value
2
≈ [(437)e(0.04/12)(12−0) + 4(357)e(0.04/12)(12−2) + 2(615)e(0.04/12)(12−4) + 4(510)e(0.04/12)(12−6)
3
+ 2(415)e(0.04/12)(12−8) + 4(550)e(0.04/12)(12−10) + (593)e(0.04/12)(12−12) ]
≈ $5949.70
38. t 1 2 3 4 5 6
P′(t ) 0.65 0.43 0.72 0.81 1.02 0.97
Using the trapezoidal rule with ∆x = 1, the total profit can be estimated as
6 1
∫1 P′(t ) dt ≈ 2 [0.65 + 2(0.43) + 2(0.72) + 2(0.81) + 2(1.02) + 0.97]
= 3.79
or $3,790.
q0
PS p0 q0 − ∫
39. We need to approximate= S (q ) dq using the trapezoidal rule. Since data was
0
collected in increments of 1 thousand units, ∆q = 1;
7 1
∫0 S (q) dq ≈ 2 [1.21 + 2(3.19) + 2(3.97) + 2(5.31) + 2(6.72) + 2(8.16) + 2(9.54) + 11.03]
= 43.01
So, PS ≈ (11.03)(7) − 43.01 = 34.2 or $34,200.
40. q 0 4 8 12 16 20 24
p = D(q) 49.12 42.90 31.32 19.83 13.87 10.58 7.25
Using Simpson’s rule with ∆x =4,

24 4
∫0 D(q) dq ≈ 3 [49.12 + 4(42.90) + 2(31.32) +  + 4(10.58) + 7.25]
≈ 586.65
The consumer’s surplus is then
24
∫0 D(q ) dq − p0 q0 ≈ 586.65 − (24)(7.25)
= 412.65.
1
41. We need to approximate ∫0 [ x − L( x)] dx using the trapezoidal rule, with ∆x = 0.125.
0.125
≈ [0 + 2(0.125 − 0.0063) + 2(0.25 − 0.0631) + 2(0.375 − 0.1418) + 2(0.5 − 0.2305)
2
+ 2(0.625 − 0.3342) + 2(0.75 − 0.4713) + 2(0.875 − 0.6758) + (1 − 1)]
≈ 0.197125
1
GI =2 ∫ [ x − L( x)] dx ≈ 2(0.197125) ≈ 0.394
0
42. (a) ft
Volume = (Depth)(Area) = 2(7720) = 15,440 ft3
(b)
T
43. P (T ) =P0 S (T ) + ∫ RS (T − t ) dt
0
−0.01(8)
+ ∫ 50 t ⋅ e−0.01(8−t ) dt
8
= 3000e
0
−0.08
+ 50e −0.08
8
= 3000e
0 ∫ te0.01t dt
= 50e −0.08 60 + ∫ te dt 

8 0.01t
 0 
8−0
Using Simpson’s rule with n = 8, ∆t = and=
t1 0,=
t2 1,=
t3 2, ...,=
t9 8.
8
8
∫0 te0.01t dt
∆t
≈ [ f (t1 ) + 4 f (t2 ) + 2 f (t3 ) + 4 f (t4 ) + 2 f (t5 ) + 4 f (t6 ) + 2 f (t7 ) + 4 f (t8 ) + f ( f9 )]
3
1
=+ 0 4e0.01 + 2 2e0.02 + 4 3e0.03 + 2 4e0.04 + 4 5e0.05 + 2 6e0.06 + 4 7e0.07 + 8e0.08 
3  
≈ 15.749112
So, the number of people with the flu is ≈ 50e −0.08 [60 + 15.749112] ≈ 3, 496 people.
44. The survival/renewal formula states the number of patients at time T is given by
T
P0 S (T ) + ∫ R (t ) S (T − t )dt.
0
Here the initial population is P0 = 300, the time period is T = 60, the survival function is S(t) = f(t)
10 1
while the renewal function is R (= t) = has been converted to units of patients per day
30 3
(assuming a 30 day month) to be compatible with the other data. The number of patients after
60 days is then
T 60 1
P0 S (T ) + ∫ R (t ) S (T − t=
) dt 300 f (60) + ∫ f (60 − t ) dt
0 0 3
 1  1 60
=300   + ∫ f (60 − t ) dt
 20  3 0
1 60
= 15 + ∫ f (t ) dt
3 0
60 60
(Note: the fact that ∫0 ∫ f (t ) dt is easy to see by using the substitution u = 60 − t in
f (60 − t ) dt =
0
the left hand side.) Applying the trapezoidal rule with the given data gives
60 5 3 3 1 1
∫0 f (t ) dt ≈ 2 1 + 2  4  + 2  5  +  + 2  15  + 20 
≈ 18.89
1
So the number of patients after 60 days will be approximately 15 + (18.89) ≈ 21.3 or 22.
3
b
45. We need to approximate ∫a f ( x) − g ( x) dx using the trapezoidal rule. Since readings are made
every 5 feet, ∆t = 5.
46. (a) Simple average:
Essay responses may vary.

(c) Simple average:
Simpson’s rule:
Essay responses may vary.

10
47. We need to approximate 2π ∫ r ⋅ D(r ) dr using the trapezoidal rule. Since measurements were
0
made every 2 miles, ∆r = 2;
10 2
∫0 rD(r ) dr = 2
[0 + 2(2)(2844) + 2(4)(2087) + 2(6)(1752) + 2(8)(1109) + (10)(879)]
= 75,630
So, the total population is ≈ 2π(75,630) ≈ 475,197 people.
11
48. (a)=N ∫0 D′(=
t ) dt D(11) − D(0)
This is the difference in cumulative deaths from t = 0 (1995) to t = 11 (2006).
(b) For the trapezoidal rule, use ∆t = 1.

1
N ≈ [51,670 + 2(38,396) + 2(22, 245) + 2(18,823) + 2(18, 249) + 2(16,672)
2
+ 2(15,603) + 2(16,948) + 2(16,690) + 2(16,395) + 2(16, 268) + 14,016]
= 229,132 deaths
(c) Writing exercise. Answers will vary.
49. Using Simpson’s rule with ,

6.3 Improper Integrals

∞ 1 N −3 ∞ 1 N 1
1. ∫1 x 3
dx = lim ∫
N →∞ 1
x dx 5. ∫3 2x −1
dx = lim ∫
N →∞ 3 2x −1
dx
N N
1 1  = lim ln 2 x − 1
1
= lim −  2 
N →∞ 2  x  N →∞ 2 3
1
1 N
1  1 1 = lim ln 2 x − 1
= − lim  2 −  2 N →∞ 3
2 N →∞  N 1 1
1 = lim [ln(2 N − 1) − ln 7]
= − (0 − 1) 2 N →∞
2 = ∞
1 So, the integral diverges.
=
2
∞
⌠ 1
∞ −3 2 6. I =  dx
2. I = ∫
1
x dx ⌡3 3
2x −1
(2 x − 1) −1 3 dx
N
∫
N −3 2
=
= lim
N →∞ 1
x ∫ dx lim
N →∞ 3
1
lim ∫ (2 x − 1) −1 3 d (2 x − 1)
N
−1 2 N =
x
= lim 2 N →∞ 3
N →∞ −1 2 N
1 1 (2 x − 1) 2 3
=2 = lim
2 N →∞ 23
3
∞ 1 = ∞
dx = lim ∫ x −1/2 dx
N
3. ∫1 x N →∞ 1
∞ 1
(2 x − 1) −2 dx
N
∫3 = ∫
N
= lim 2( x1/2 ) 7. dx lim
N →∞ 1 (2 x − 1) 2 N →∞ 3
N N
1 1 
= 2 lim ( x1/2 ) = lim − 
N →∞ 1 N →∞ 2  2 x − 1  3
= ( N −1 ) =
1 
lim  −
1 1
+ 
= ∞ 2 N →∞  2 N − 1 5 
So, the integral diverges. 1 1
= ⋅
2 5
1
=
∞ −2 3 10
4. I = ∫1 x dx
∞ −x
8. I = ∫0 e
N −2 3
= lim ∫
N →∞ 1
x dx dx
N −x
= 3 lim 3
x
N = lim ∫
N →∞ 0
e dx
N →∞ 1 N
= ∞ = − lim e − x
N →∞ o
=1
∞ −2 x ∞
dx = lim 5∫ e −2 x dx
N
9. ∫0 5e N →∞ 0
⌠
12. I =  3
x2
dx
N ⌡1 x + 2
1
= 5 lim − (e−2 x ) 1 ⌠
N
1
N →∞ 2 0 lim  = (3 x 2 ) dx
5 3 N →∞ ⌡1 x + 2
3
−2 N
= − lim (e − e0 ) 1 N
2 N →∞ = lim ln x3 + 2
5 3 N →∞ 1
= − ⋅ −1 = ∞
2
5
= ∞ x2 N x2
2 13. ∫1 dx = lim ∫
N →∞ 1 ( x3 + 2)1/2
dx
∞ 1− x
x3 + 2
10. I = ∫1 e dx Using substitution with =
u x3 + 2,
− lim ∫ e1− x (− dx)
N
= 1 N 3 + 2 −1/2
N →∞ 1
= lim ∫ u du
N →∞ 3 3
N
= − lim e1− x N +2 3
1
N →∞ 1 = lim 2(u1/2 )
=1 3 N →∞ 3
lim  N 3 + 2 − 3 
2
=
∞ x2 N x2 3 N →∞  
11. ∫1 ( x3 + 2) 2
dx = lim
N →∞ 1
∫ ( x3 + 2) 2
dx = ∞
So, the integral diverges.
Using substitution with =
u x3 + 2,
∞
xe − x dx
2
= lim ∫
1 N 3 + 2 −2
u du
14. I = ∫0
N →∞ 3 3 1
− lim ∫ e − x (−2 x) dx
N 2
N3 +2 =
1  1 2 N →∞ 0
= lim  − 
3 N →∞  u  3 1 2 N
= − lim e− x
1  1 1 2 N →∞ 0
= lim  − 3 +  1
3 N →∞  N + 2 3  =
1 1 2
= ⋅
3 3
1
=
9
∞ e− x N e− x  x N
N 1 
15. ∫1 dx = lim ∫ dx = 2 lim  − e −3 x − ∫ − e −3 x dx 
x N →∞ 1 x N →∞  3 0 3 
 0
Using substitution with u = − x ,  x N
1 N 
− N u =2 lim  − e −3 x + ∫ e −3 x dx 
= lim − 2 ∫ e du N →∞  3
 0 3 0 
N →∞ −1
N
−1  x 1 
= 2∫ u
e du = 2 lim  − e −3 x − e −3 x 
− N N →∞  3 9 0
−1
= 2 lim (eu )  N 1 
N →∞ − N = 2 lim  − e −3 N − e −3 N 
N →∞  3 9 
1 1 
= 2 lim  −   1 

N →∞  e e N −  0 − e0 
  9 
2
=  N 1 1
e = 2 lim  − e −3 N − e −3 N + 
N →∞  3 9 9
∞ 1
xe − x dx = 2⋅
16. I = ∫0 9
2
xe − x dx
N
= lim ∫
N →∞ 0
=
9
=u x=dv e− x dx ∞ 1− x
xe1− x dx
N
du = dx v = −e −x
=
18. I ∫=
0
xe dx ∫
lim
N →∞ 0
 N N −x  =u x=dv e1− x dx
I = lim  − x e− x +∫ e dx 
N →∞  0 0  du = dx v = −e1− x
N
 x 1
= lim  − x − x  I
N →∞  e e  0 N
− lim x e1− x
N 1− x
 1 
= lim  − N  = +1 1
=
N →∞ 0
− lim ∫
N →∞ 0
e d (1 − x)
N →∞  e  N
N 1
Note the use of l’Hôpital’s rule in the − lim x e1− x
= − lim
N →∞ 0 N →∞ e x −1 0
evaluation of the indeterminate form.
= e
∞ −3 x N −3 x
17. ∫0 2 xe dx = lim 2 ∫ xe
N →∞ 0
dx
∞ ln x ln x N
Use integration by parts, with u = x and
19. ∫1 x
dx = lim∫
N →∞ 1
x
dx
dV = e −3 x dx, Using substitution with u = lnx,

ln N ∞
= lim ∫
N →∞ 0
u du ⌠
22. I = 
1
dx
ln N ⌡2 x ln x
 u2  N −1 2  dx 
= lim   = lim ∫ ( ln x )  
N →∞  2  N →∞ 2  x 
0 N
1
ln N = 2 lim ln x
= lim (u 2 ) N →∞ 2
2 N →∞ 0 = ∞
1
= lim [(ln N ) 2 − 0] ∞ 2 −x N 2 −x
2 N →∞
= ∞
23. ∫0 x e dx = lim ∫
N →∞ 0
x e dx
Using integration by parts with u = x 2
∞ ln x N ln x and dV = e − x dx,
=
20. I ∫=
1 x2
dx lim
N →∞ 1
∫ x2
dx
 N 
lim  − x 2 e − x − ∫ −2 xe − x dx 
N
=
1 N →∞  0 0 
=u ln=
x dv dx
x2  2 −x N N −x 
=lim  − x e + 2 ∫ xe dx 
1 1 N →∞  0 0 
du = dx v = − Using integration by parts with u = x and
x x
N dV = e − x dx,
ln x N 1
I =
− lim + lim ∫ dx  N
N →∞ x 1 N →∞ 1 x 2 = lim  − x 2 e − x
N N N →∞  0
ln x 1
= − lim − lim  N N 
N →∞ x 1 N →∞ x 1 + 2  − xe − x − ∫ −e − x dx  
 0 0 
ln N  1 
= − lim −  lim − 1 N
N →∞ N  N →∞ N  = lim [ − x 2 e − x
N →∞ 0
= 0 − 0 +1
 N N 
=1 + 2  − xe − x + ∫ e − x dx  
 0 0 
∞ 1 N 1 1 N
21. ∫2 dx = lim ∫   dx = lim [− x 2 e − x − 2 xe − x − 2e − x ]
x ln x N →∞ 2  ln x  x N →∞ 0
2 −N −N −N
Using substitution with u = ln x, = lim [(− N e − 2 Ne − 2e )
ln N 1 N →∞
= lim ∫ du − (0 − 0 − 2e0 )]
N →∞ ln 2 u
=2
= lim ( ln u )
ln N
N →∞ ln 2
= lim [ln(ln N ) − ln(ln 2)]
N →∞
= ∞
∞
⌠ e1/ x 28.
24. I =  dx
2
⌡1 x
N  −1 
= ∫
lim
N →∞ 1
(−e1/ x )  2  dx
x 
N
= lim (−e1/ x )
N →∞ 1
= lim −e
N →∞
( 1/ N
)+e
=−1 + e
25.
29.
First, find the indefinite integral

using integration by parts.
and
Letting
26.
choose C = 0.
Since does not exist, the

integral diverges.
27.
Similarly,
Since does not exist, the integral

diverges.
30. Using the definition

with C = 0,
∞
31. PV = ∫ 2, 400e −0.04t dt
0
= lim 2, 400 ∫ e −0.04t dt
N
N →∞ 0
N
= 2, 400 lim (−25e −0.04t )
N →∞ 0
N
= −60,000 lim (e −0.04t )
N →∞ 0
−0.04 N
=
−60,000 lim (e −e ) 0
N →∞
= −60,000 ⋅ −1
= $60,000
32. To find the present value of an apartment complex generating

dollars per year, use the present value formula
.
The present value is $1,800,000.
33.
Using integration by parts with u = 100,000 + 900t and dV = e −0.05t dt.
34. To find the present value of an endowment generating

f(t) = 70,000 dollars per year, use the present value formula
+∞
∫0 70,000e −0.08t dt.
 N 
+∞ e −0.08t
∫0 70,000e −0.08t
dt = lim 70,000 
N →+∞  −0.08 
 0 
−0.08 N
=
lim (−875,000e + 875,000)
N →+∞
= 875,000
The smallest possible value of G is $875,000.
35. (a) The capitalized cost of the first machine is
Using integration by parts,
So,
The capitalized cost of the second machine is

∞
M 2 8, 000 + ∫ 1,100e −0.09 t dt
=
0
N
= 8, 000 + 1,100 lim ∫ e −0.09 t dt
N →∞
0
 1 −0.09 t 
N
=8, 000 + 1,100 lim  − e 

N →∞  0.09
 0 
= 8, 000 −
110, 000
9
lim e −0.09 t
N →∞
N
0 ( )
lim ( e −0.09 N − e0 )
110, 000
=8, 000 −
9 N →∞
110, 000
=8, 000 + ≈ $20, 222.22
9
So, the second machine should be purchased.
(b) Writing exercise; answers will vary.
36. To find the present value of an investment generating f(t) = A + Bt dollars per year, use the present
value formula
+∞
∫0 ( A + Bt )e− rt dt
u = A + Bt dv = e − rt dt
e − rt
du = B dt v=
−r
+∞  A + Bt − rt N
B − rt 
)e − rt dt
N
∫0 ( A + Bt
= lim 
N →+∞  − r
e +∫
0 r
e dt 

 0
N
 A + Bt − rt B − rt 
= lim  e − 2e 
N →+∞  − r r 0
 A + BN B  − rN  A B  
= lim  − 2 e − − 
N →+∞  −r r   −r r 2  
A B
= +
r r2
A B
The present value is + dollars.
r r2
37.
Here, , which is constant. So,
∞ −0.008 x N
38. ∫60 0.008e =
dx lim (−e −0.008 x )
N →∞ 60
−0.08 N −0.48
=lim (−e +e )
N →∞
−0.48
=e
≈ 0.61878
About 61.88% of the components last longer than 5 years.
∞ N
∫120 0.008e −0.008
= x
dx lim (−e −0.008 x )
N →∞ 120
−0.008 N −0.96
=lim (−e +e )
N →∞
−0.96
=e
≈ 0.38289
1 − 0.38289 = 0.61711
The proportion of components that fail in less than 10 years is about 61.71%, which is less than the
proportion that last longer than 5 years.
39. Number of patients 40. Of the original 200,000 people,

N
10e −( N −t )/20 dt lim 200,000e − N / 20 = 0
= lim
N →∞ 0
∫ N →+∞
will remain in the long run (after N years).
= lim 10e − N /20 ∫ et /20 dt
N
N →∞ 0 Of the 100 people moving to the city in
N the tth year,
= 10 lim e − N /20 (20et /20 )
N →∞ 0 100e −( N −t ) / 20 will still be left in N years.
− N /20
= 200 lim e (e N /20
− e0 )
N →∞
= 200 lim (e0 − e − N /20 )
N →∞
= 200 ⋅ 1
= 200 patients
Thus
+∞ 43.
P=∫ 100e −( N −t ) / 20 dt
0 Since all people are eventually infected,
N − ( N −t ) / 20
= 100 lim
N →+∞ 0
e ∫ dt
 − N / 20 N t / 20

= 100 lim  e
N →+∞ 
∫0 e dt  Now,
 N
= 100 lim e − N / 20 (20)et / 20 
N →+∞  0 
= 2,000 lim (1 − e − N / 20 )
N →+∞
= 2,000
41. Amount of drug

N
= lim ∫ 5e − ( N − t ) /10 dt
N →∞ 0
N
= lim 5e − N /10 ∫ et /10 dt
N →∞ 0
N
= 5 lim e − N /10 (10et /10 )
N →∞ 0
− N /10
= 50 lim e (e N /10
− e0 )
N →∞
= 50 lim ( e0 − e − N /10 )
N →∞
= 50 ⋅ 1 Since the integral equals one,
= 50 units
+∞
42. Q = ∫ (600)e −0.02( N −t ) dt
0
= 600 lim e−0.02 N ∫ e0.02t dt
N
N →+∞ 0
e 0.02 N
−1
= 30,000 lim 0.02 N
N →+∞ e
= 30,000 lb of waste
44.
The population within an R mile radius is
Letting ,
Now,
and
So,
45.
The population within an R mile radius is
Letting ,
Separating the integral into two,
Now,
and
Also,
can be solved using the substitution . Then, ,
, or .
The limits of integration become

and .
Putting the pieces together,
6.4 Introduction to Continuous

Probability
1. Since f(x) ≥ 0 for all x, the first condition so f(x) is not a probability density
is met. function.
∞ 40 1
∫−∞ f ( x) dx = ∫30 10 dx 3. The first condition, f(x) ≥ 0 for all x, is not
1 1
1
40 met since f (4) = [7 − 2(4)] =− .
= x 4 4
10 30 So, this is not a probability function.
1
= (40 − 30)
10  1
 x − for 1 ≤ x ≤ 2
1 4. f ( x) =  2
= (10)
10 0 otherwise
=1
f(x) ≥ 0 for all x since f(x) is either 0 and
So, the second condition is also met and
1
this is a probability density function. x − > 0 for 1 ≤ x ≤ 2. Further
2
1 ∞ 2 1
 for 0 ≤ x ≤ 1
2. f ( x) =  e ∫−∞ f ( x=
) dx ∫  x −  dx
1  2
0 otherwise 2
1 1 
f(x) ≥ 0 for all x since f(x) is either 0 or the =  x2 − x 
2 2 1
1
positive constant . However 1 1
e = (2 − 1) −  − 
∞ 11 2 2
∫−∞ f ( x) dx = ∫0 e dx =1
1 so f(x) is a probability density function.
1
= x
e 0 5. Since f(x) ≥ 0 for all x, the first condition
1 is met. Checking the second condition,
= (1 − 0)
e
1
= ≠1
e
∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
xe − x dx
10
∫−∞ f ( x) dx = ∫
0 ( x + 10) 2
dx ∫−∞ f ( x) dx = ∫0
xe − x dx
N
= lim ∫
N 10
dx
= lim ∫
N →∞ 0
N →∞ 0 ( x + 10) 2
Using integration by parts with u = x and
dV = e − x dx,
N 1
= 10 lim ∫
( x + 10)
N →∞ 0 2
dx
 N 
lim  − xe − x − ∫ 1 ⋅ −e − x dx 
N
Using substitution with u = x + 10 and =
N →∞  0 0 
du = dx,
 N 
= lim  − xe − x + ∫ e − x dx 
N
N +10 1
= 10 lim ∫ du N →∞  0 0 
N →∞ 10 u2
 N 
 1 N +10  = lim (− xe − x − e − x ) 
= 10 lim  −  N →∞  0 
N →∞  u 10  −N −N
  = lim [(− Ne − e ) − (0 − 1)]
 1 1 N →∞
= 10 lim  − +  = (0 − 0) − (0 − 1)
N →∞  N + 10 10 
=1
 1
= 10  0 +  The third condition is also met, so f is a
 10  probability density function.
=1
The third condition is also met, so f is a 1
probability density function.  x for 0 ≤ x ≤ 9
8. f ( x) =  9
 0 otherwise
 1 −2 x
 e for x≥0
6. f ( x) =  2 Since
1
x ≥ 0 for 0 ≤ x ≤ 9 and f(x) is 0
 0 for x<0 9
elsewhere, f(x) ≥ 0 for all x. However
f(x) ≥ 0 for all x since f(x) is either 0 or a
∞ 91
positive number times e to a power.
However
∫−∞ f ( x) dx = ∫0 9 x dx
∞ ∞ 1 −2 x 9
∫−∞ f ( x) dx = ∫0 2 e dx =
2 3/ 2
27
x
0
 1 −2 x N  = 2 ≠1
= lim  − e 
N →∞  4  so f(x) is not a probability density
 0 
function.
 1  1
=lim  − e −2 N  + 9. The first condition is not met. For example
N →∞  4  4
3 1
1 f (−1) = (−1) 2 + 2(−1) = − . Since it is
= ≠1 2 2
4
so f(x) is not a probability density not the case that f(x) ≥ 0 for all x, f is not a
function. probability density function.
7. Since f(x) ≥ 0 for all x, the first condition 1 2 5

 x + x for 0 ≤ x ≤ 1
is met. Checking the second condition, 10. f ( x) =  2 3
 0 otherwise
1 2 5
Since x + x ≥ 0 for 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 and f(x)
2 3
is 0 elsewhere, f(x) ≥ 0 for all x. Further ∞

∞ 1 1 5 
13. Need ∫−∞ f ( x) dx = 1, or
∫−∞ =
f ( x) dx ∫  x 2 + x  dx 2
0 2 3  ∫0 (kx − 1)( x − 2) dx =
1
1
1 5  2
∫0 (kx − 2kx − x + 2) dx =
2
=  x3 + x 2  1
6 6 0 2
 kx3 x2 
1 5  − kx 2 − + 2x  =
= + =1  3 2 
1
6 6  0
so f(x) is a probability density function. 8 
 k − 4k − 2 + 4  − 0 = 1
11. For f(x) ≥ 0 for all x, it must be the case 3 
that k − 3(1) ≥ 0, or k ≥ 3. 4 3
− k += 2 1, or=k
∞ 1 3 4
∫−∞ f ( x)=
dx ∫ (k − 3 x) dx
0 But, using this k, can find a value for x
1 3
 3x 2  such that f(x) < 0 since when x = ,
=  kx −  2
 2 
 0  
3  3  
3   3  1
3 f  =  4  2  − 1  2 − 2  =−
= k−      
2  16
2 So, no such number exists.
3
For this integral to equal 1, k − =
1, or
2 kx(3 − x) for 0 ≤ x ≤ 3
14. f ( x) = 
5 0 otherwise
k=
2 ∞ 3
Since it cannot be the case that k ≥ 3 and ∫−∞ f =
( x) dx ∫ kx(3 − x) dx
0
5 3
k = , no such number exists. = ∫0 k (3x − x
2
)dx
2
3
3 1 
4 + 3kx for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2 = k  x 2 − x3 
12. f ( x) =  2 3 0
0 otherwise
∞  27 
2 = k  − 9 − (0 − 0) 
∫−∞ f ( x=
) dx ∫ (4 + 3kx)dx
0 2 
2 9
 3  = k
=  4 x + kx 2  2
 2 0
9 2
=8 + 6k − (0 + 0) k =1 ⇒ k =
2 9
= 8 + 6k 2
7 For 0 ≤ x ≤ 3, x(3 − x) ≥ 0, so f(x) is a
8 + 6k = 1 ⇒ k = − 9
6 2
7 7 probability density function for k = .
But for k = − , 4 + 3kx =− 4 x which 9
6 2
8
is negative for x > , so there is no
7
number k which makes f(x) a probability
density function.
∞  x n 
15. Need ∫−∞ f ( x) dx = 1, or n 1
= lim  − e − kx − ∫ − e− kx dx 
n→∞  k 0 k 
1  0 
∫0 ( x − kx ) dx =
2
1
 x n
1
n 
 x 2 kx3 
1 =lim  − e − kx − 2 e − kx 
n→∞  k 0 k 
 −  = 1  0
 2 3 
  n 
0
= lim  − e − kn − 0 
1 k 3 n→∞  k 
 − −0= 1, or k =−
2 3 2  1 1 
−  2 e − kn − 2 e0  
3 k 
Then, for 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, f ( x)= x + x 2 which k
2  n 1 1 
is always greater than or equal to zero. = lim  − e − kn − 2 e − kn + 2 
n→∞  k k k 
3
Since both conditions are met, k = − . 1
2 = 2
k
 x3 + kx for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2 Setting this equal to one, k = 1. Then, for x
16. f ( x) =  ≥ 0, f ( x) = xe − x which is always greater
0 otherwise
than or equal to zero. Since both
∞ 2
∫−∞ f (=
x) dx ∫ ( x + kx)dx
3 conditions are met, k = 1.
0
k ( x + 2) −1 for − 1 ≤ x ≤ 2
2
1 1  18. f ( x) = 
=  x 4 + kx 2 
 4 2 0 0 otherwise
=4 + 2k − (0 − 0) ∞ 2 −1
= 4 + 2k
∫−∞ f =
( x) dx ∫ k ( x + 2)
−1
dx
2
3 = k ln x + 2
4 + 2k = 1 ⇒ k = − −1
2 = k (ln 4 − ln1)
3 3
But for k = − , x3 + kx = x3 − x which = k ln 4
2 2
1
6 k ln 4 = 1 ⇒ k =
is negative for 0 < x < , so there is no ln 4
2 1
number k which makes f(x) a probability For −1 ≤ x ≤ 2, > 0 so f(x) is a
( x + 2) ln 4
density function.
1
∞
probability density function for k = .
17. Need ∫0 xe − kx dx = 1, or ln 4
n − kx 5
∫ xe
lim
n→∞ 0
dx = 1 19. (a) P (2 ≤ x ≤ 5)= ∫ dx=
23
x 51
= 1
32
Using integration by parts with
∞ 5
u=x dV = e − kx dx Note: ∫−∞ f ( x) dx = ∫2 f ( x) dx in this
du = dx 1
V = − e − kx problem, so needn’t even integrate to
k conclude that the probability is 1.
4 41
(b) P (3 ≤ x ≤ 4)= ∫3
41
dx=
x
=
1 (c) P ( X ≥=
1) ∫1 8 (4 − x)dx
3 33 3
4
 x x2 
=  − 
51 x 1
5
 2 16 
(c) P ( X ≥ 4) = ∫4 3 dx = =
34 3
 1
1 1 
41 = (2 − 1) −  − 
Note: can also calculate as 1 − ∫ dx.  2 16 
0 3 9
=
2 16
2
⌠ =x x2 Note: can also calculate as
=
20. (a) I  dx = 1
⌡0 2 4 11
1 − ∫ (4 − x)dx.
0 08
2
x2
( )
2 3 4
⌠ = x 3
=
(b) I  dx
⌡1 2
=
4 4
22.=
(a) I
32 ∫0
4 x − x 2 dx
1 4
3  2 x3 
=  2x −  = 1
32  3 
1
⌠ =x 1
x2 1
=
(c) I  dx = 0
⌡0 2 4 4
( )
0
3 2
32 ∫1
=
(b) I 4 x − x 2 dx
41
21. (a) P (0 ≤ x ≤=
4) ∫0 8 (4 − x) dx
3  2 x3 
2
=  2x − 
32  3 
41 1
= ∫0 2 − 8 x dx 1
4 11
 x x2  =
=  −  32
 2 16 
 0
= (2 − 1) − 0
=1
=
(c) I
3 1
32 ∫0
(
4 x − x 2 dx)
1
∞ 4 3  2 x3 
Note: ∫−∞ f ( x)dx = ∫0 f ( x)dx in this =  2x − 
32  3 
problem, so needn’t even integrate to 0
conclude that the probability is 1. 5
=
32
31
(b) P (2 ≤ x ≤=
3) ∫2 8 (4 − x)dx
3
 x x2 
=  − 
 2 16 
 2
3 9   1
=  −  − 1 − 
 2 16   4 
3
=
16
∞ 3 1 ∞ − x 10
23. (a) P (1 ≤ x < ∞) = ∫
10 ∫5
4
dx (c) I = e dx
1 x
1
lim ∫ e − x 10 dx
N 1 N
=
= 3 lim ∫
N →∞ 1 x4
dx
10 N →∞ 5
N
 1 N = − lim e − x 10
= 3 lim  − 3  N →∞ 5
N →∞  3 x 1  = 0.6065
 
 1 1
= 3 lim  − 3 +  ∞−x 2
N →∞  3 N 3 ∫ 2 xe dx
25. (a) P ( X ≥ 0) =
0
 1
2 xe − x dx
N 2
= 3 0 + 
 3
= lim ∫
N →∞ 0
=1 Using substitution with u = − x 2 and
∞ ∞ 3 −du = 2x dx,
Note: ∫ f ( x)dx = ∫ 4 dx in this
−∞ 1 x −N 2 u
= lim − ∫ e du
problem, so needn’t even integrate to N →∞ 0
conclude that the probability is 1.  −N 2 
= lim  −eu 
2 3 N →∞  0

(b) P (1 ≤ x ≤ 2) =∫ dx
= lim (−e − N + e0 )
2
1 x4
 1 2 N →∞
= 3 − 3  = 0 +1
 3x 1  =1
 
∞ ∞
 1 1
=3  − +  Note: ∫−∞ f ( x)dx = ∫0 f ( x)dx in this
 24 3  problem, so needn’t even integrate to
7
= conclude that the probability is 1.
8
−x
2 2
(c) P ( X ≥ 2) =1 − ∫
2 3 7 1
dx =1 − =
(b) P (1 ≤ x ≤ 2) =∫ 2 xe dx
1
1 4 8 8 −4
x = − eu
−1
1 ∞ − x 10 −e −4 + e −1
=
10 ∫0
24. (a) I = e dx
1 1
1 = −
lim ∫ e − x 10 dx
N
= e e4
10 N →∞ 0
N
= − lim e − x 10 −x
2 2
N →∞ 0 ∫ 2 xe dx
(c) P ( X ≤ 2) =
0
=1 −4
= − eu
0
1 2 − x 10 =−e−4 + 1
10 ∫0
(b) I = e dx
1
2 = 1− 4
= − e − x 10 e
0
= 0.1813
1 ∞ −x 2 ∞
27. E ( X ) = ∫ x f ( x) dx
4 ∫0
26. (a) I = xe dx
∞
5 1
1
= lim ∫ xe − x 2 dx = ∫2 x ⋅ 3 dx
N
4 N →∞ 0
1 5
3 ∫2
=u x=dv e− x 2 dx = x dx
du = dx v = −2e − x 2 5
1  x2 
=  
I 3  2 
2
1  2x N 
lim  − x 2 + 2 ∫ e − x 2 dx 
N 1
= = (25 − 4)
4 N →∞  e 0  6
 0
21
1  2 −x 2 N
 =
= lim  − − 4 e  6
4 N →∞  (1 2 ) e N 2 0 
 7
=
1 2
= (4 + 4)
4 ∞
= 2 28. E ( X ) = ∫ xf ( x) dx
−∞
2 2
1 4 −x 2 ⌠ x
=
4 ∫2
(b) I = xe dx dx
⌡0 2
4 2
1 ⌠  2x 
4
x3
=   − x 2 + 2 ∫ e− x 2 dx 
4
=
4  e 2  6
⌡2  2  0
1  4 2 4  =
4
=  −2  2 −  − 4e − x 2  3
4 e e 2
= 0.3298 ∞
29. E ( X ) = ∫ x f ( x) dx
−∞
1 ∞ −x 2 1
4 ∫6
4
(c) I = xe dx = ∫ x ⋅ (4 − x) dx
0 8
1
= lim ∫ xe − x 2 dx
N 1 4
= ∫ (4 x − x 2 )dx
4 N →∞ 6 8 0
 2x N  4
=
1
lim  − x 2 + 2 ∫ e − x 2 dx 
N 1 x3 
=  2 x2 − 
4 N →∞  e
 6
6  8  3 
0
 N
  (4)3  
1 4 12
= lim  − N 2 + 3 − 4e − x 2  1
4 N →∞  e 6  =  2(4) 2 −  − 0
e 8  3  
= 0.1991
1 32
= ⋅
8 3
4
=
3
∞ 33. (a) P (10 ≤ X ≤ 15)

30. E ( X ) = ∫ xf ( x) dx
−∞ 15
4 = ∫ 0.02e −0.02 x dx
= ⌠
3 10
 (4 x 2 − x3 ) dx 15
⌡0 32  1 
= 0.02  e −0.02 x 
3  4 3 x4 
4
 −0.02  10
=  x −  15
32  3 4  = ( − e −0.02 x )
0 10
=2 =− e −0.3 + e −0.2
∞ 1 1
31. E ( X ) = ∫ x f ( x ) dx = 0.2 − 0.3 ≈ 0.078
−∞ e e
∞ 3
= ∫1 x⋅ dx 8
−0.02 x
x4
N
∫ 0.02e
(b) P ( X < 8) =
0
dx
= lim 3∫ x −3dx 8
N →∞ 1 = ( −e −0.02 x )
N 0
 1  −0.16
= 3 lim  − 2  =
−e +e 0
N →∞  2 x  1
1
N =
1 − 0.16 ≈ 0.148
3  1  e
= − lim  2 
2 N →∞  x  1
∞
−0.02 x
=
3  1 1
− lim  2 − 
∫ 0.02e
(c) P ( X ) > 12 =
12
dx
2 N →∞  N 1 = lim 0.02 ∫ e −0.02 x dx
N
3 N →∞ 12
= − ⋅ −1 N
2 = lim ( − e −0.02 x )
3 N →∞ 12
= −0.02 N
2 = lim ( − e + e −0.24 )
N →∞
∞ 1
32. E ( X ) = ∫ xf ( x) dx = 0.24
≈ 0.787
−∞ e
∞
=⌠
x − x /10
 e dx ∞
⌡0 10 (d) E ( X ) = ∫ x f ( x ) dx
−∞
1 N − x 10
= lim ∫ xe dx
N →∞ 10 0 = lim∫
N
x ⋅ 0.02e −0.02 x dx
N →∞ 0
=u x=dv e− x 10 dx N
= lim (0.02) ∫ xe −0.02 x dx
N →∞ 0
du = dx v = −10e − x 10
1  N  Using integration by parts with u = x
E ( X ) = lim  −10 xe − x 10 + 10 ∫ e − x /10 dx 
N
10 N →∞  0 0  and dV = e −0.02 x dx,
1  N 
= lim  −100e − x /10 
10 N →∞  0 
1
= (100)
10
= 10
 N ∞ −0.01x
= 0.02 lim  −50 xe −0.02 x
N →∞  0
(d) E ( X ) = ∫0 0.01xe dx
= = dv e−0.01x dx
− ∫ −50e −0.02 x dx 
N u 0.01x

du = 0.01 dx v = −100e −0.01x
0
 N N 
= lim  − xe −0.02 x − ∫ − e −0.02 x dx  E( X )
N →∞  0 0 
 N 
lim  − xe −0.01x + ∫ e −0.01x dx 
N
−0.02 x N =
=lim [ − xe − 50e −0.02 x ] N →∞  0 0 
N →∞ 0
−0.02 N −0.02 N  N N 
=lim [( − Ne − 50e ) = lim  − xe −0.01x −100e−0.01x 
N →∞ N →∞  0 0 
− (0 − 50e0 )] = 100 hours.
= 50 months.
35. (a)
34. (a) The probability density function is
f ( x) = 0.01e −0.01x Since,
for x ≥ 0. Thus
−0.01x
60
P (50 ≤ X ≤ 60) =∫ 0.01e 50
dx
60
− e −0.01x
= =
0.0577.
50
−0.01x
60
(b) P (0 ≤ X ≤ 60) =∫ 0.01e 0
dx
60
= − e −0.01x
0
= 0.4512.
∞ −0.01x
∫ 0.01e
(c) P ( X ≥ 60) =
60
dx
( ) 60
N (b)
= lim −e −0.01x
N →∞
= e −0.6
Since
= 0.5488.
5 1 −x / 4
(c) (b) P (1 ≤ X ≤ 5) =∫1 4 e dx
5
= −e − x / 4
1
−1/ 4 −5 / 4
= e −e
= 0.4923
∞1
(c) E ( X ) = ∫0 xe − x / 4 dx
4
1
=u =
x dv e− x / 4 dx
4
1
du = dx v = −4e − x / 4
4
E( X )
 N 
=lim  − xe − x / 4 + ∫ e − x / 4 dx 
N
(d)
N →∞  0 0 
Here,  N N 
=lim  − xe − x / 4 −4e − x / 4 
N →∞  0 0 
= 4 mins.
37. (a)
(b) Since is an exponential
function with parameter ,
36. (a) The probability density function is

1
f ( x) = e− x / 4 .
4
for x ≥ 0. Thus
∞ 1 −x / 4
P ( X ≥ 8) = ∫8 4 e dx
( )8
N
= lim −e − x / 4
N →∞
= e −2
= 0.1353
∞
38. (a) (c) E ( X ) = ∫ x f ( x) dx
−∞
45 1
= ∫0 x⋅
45
dx
45
1  x2 
=  
45  2 
0
45
1 2
=
(x )
90 0
(b) Answers will vary depending on
1
where the upper limit is set. It should = [(45)2 − 0]
be large, to be “approximately 90
infinite.” An upper limit of b = 100 is 45
= seconds
reasonable. 2
(c) Answer should mention increasing n 40. The waiting period, X, is represented by
and increasing upper limit b. the probability density function
1
39. The uniform density function for x, in =f ( x) for 0 ≤ x ≤ 20
20
1
 if 0 ≤ x ≤ 45
seconds is f ( x) =  45 20 1
0 otherwise
(a) P ( X=
≥ 8) ∫8 =
20
dx 0.6
15 1 5 1
∫
(a) P(0 ≤ X ≤ 15) =
0 45
dx (b) P (2 ≤ X =
≤ 5) ∫2 20=
dx 0.15
15
1
=( x) 20 x
45 0
(c)=
E( X ) ∫=
0 20
dx 10 min.
1
= (15 − 0)
45 ∞
1 41. (a) E ( X ) = ∫ x f ( x ) dx
−∞
= ∞
3 = ∫0 x ⋅ ke − kx dx
N
10 1 = lim k ∫ xe − kx dx
∫
(b) P(5 ≤ X ≤ 10) =
5 45
dx
N →∞ 0
10 Using integration by parts with u = x
1
=( x) and dV = e − kx dx.
45 5
1
= (10 − 5)
45
1
=
9
 −x N
N 1 
= k lim  e − kx − ∫ − e − kx dx  42. (a)
N →∞  k
 0
0 k 
 N N 
= lim  − xe − kx + ∫ e − kx dx 
N →∞  0 0 
N
 1 
= lim  − xe − kx − e − kx 
N →∞  k 0
 1 
= lim  − Ne − kN − e − kN 
N →∞   k 
 1 
−  0 − e0  
 k 
1
= Alternatively, note that
k
must be
1 1
So, = 5, or k = . equal to 1, and then solve
k 5
(which is twice as
21
(b) P ( X < 2) = e − x /5 dx
∫
0 5
large as ).
− x /5 2
= ( −e )
0
−2/5
=
−e + e0 (b)
1
=
1 − 2/5 ≈ 0.330
e
N 1 − x /5 Substituting
(c) P ( X > 7) =lim ∫
N →∞ 7 5
e dx
N
= lim (−e − x /5 )
N →∞ 7
− N /5
= lim (−e + e −7/5 )
N →∞
1 −0.2 x
= ≈ 0.247 5
e 7/5 ∫ 0.2e dx
43. (a) P (0 ≤ X ≤ 5) =
0
5
 1 −0.2 x 
= 0.2  e 
 −0.2 0
5
= (−e −0.2 x )
0
−1
=−e + e 0
1
=1 − ≈ 0.632
e
(b) P ( X ≥ 10)
0.2e −0.2 x dx
N
(b) P ( X > 6) =lim ∫
N →∞ 6 ∞ 1
N
= ∫ xe − x / 4 dx
lim (−e −0.2 x )
10 16
= N
N →∞ 
6
 x 
= lim (−e −0.2 N + e −1.2 ) = lim e− x / 4  − − 1 
N →∞ N →∞   4   10
−1.2
= e ≈ 0.301 7
= e−5 / 2
2
∞ = 0.2873
(c) E ( X ) = ∫ x f ( x) dx
−∞
(c) Using integration by parts or the
x(0.2e −0.2 x )dx
N
= lim ∫
N →∞ 0 appropriate reduction formula from
the table of integrals,
= lim 0.2 ∫ xe −0.2 x dx
N
N →∞ 0 E( X )
∞ 1 2 −x / 4
Using integration by parts with u = x = ∫ x e dx
and dV = e −0.2 x dx, 0 16
N
1 N    x2 
= lim  −5 xe −0.2 x − ∫ −5e −0.2 x dx 
N
= lim e− x / 4  − − 2 x − 8 
N →∞ 5  0 0  N →∞   4 
   0
 N 
lim  − xe −0.2 x + ∫ e−0.2 x dx 
N
= = 8 mins.
N →∞  0 0 
N ∞ 1 −x/3
= lim [− xe −0.2 x − 5e −0.2 x ]
N →∞ 0
45. (a) P ( X > 3) =∫3 3 e dx
−0.2 N −0.2 N
= lim [(− N − 5e ] − (0 − 5e0 )] 1 N
= lim ∫ e − x / 3dx
N →∞
N →∞ 3 3
= 5 minutes. N
1
= lim ( −3e − x / 3 )
44. (a) The probability density function is 3 N →∞ 3
1 =−1 lim ( e − N / 3 − e −1 )
f ( x) = xe − x / 4 for x ≥ 0. Thus N →∞
16
 −1 
5 1 −x / 4 = −1  
P ( X ≤ 5) = ∫0 16 xe dx .  3 
1
Using integration by parts or the table = ≈ 0.368
of integrals e
5 1 −x / 4
P ( X ≤ 5) = ∫0 16 xe dx 5 1 − x /3
∫2 3 e dx
(b) P (2 ≤ X ≤ 5) =
5
  x  5
=  e − x / 4  − − 1  = −1(e − x /3 )
  4  0 1
−5/3
9 =−1(e − e −2/3 )
= 1 − e −5 / 4 1 1
4 = 2/3 − 5/3 ≈ 0.325
= 0.3554 e e
∞ (b) P ( X ≥ 10) =
1 − P( X < 10)
(c) E ( X ) = ∫ x f ( x ) dx
−∞
= 1 − ∫ ke − kx dx
10
N 1
= lim ∫ x ⋅ e − x / 3dx 0
N →∞ 0 3  10 
1 N = 1 −  −e − kx 
= lim ∫ xe − x / 3dx  0 
N →∞ 3 0
Using integration by parts with u = x 1 + e −10 k − 1
=
and dV = e − x /3dx. = e−10 k
= e2ln 0.8
1  N N 
= lim  −3xe − x / 3 − ∫ −3e − x / 3dx 
3 N →∞  0 0  = (eln 0.8 )2
 N N  = 0.82
=lim  − xe − x / 3 + ∫ e − x / 3dx 
N →∞  0 0  = 0.64
N
= lim [ − xe − x / 3 − 3e − x / 3 ]
N →∞ 0 47. The probability density function for this
= lim [( − Ne N / 3 − 3e − N / 3 ) − (0 − 3e0 )] 0.5e −0.5 x ≥ 0
N →∞ situation is f ( x ) = 
= 3 minutes. 0 x<0
2
P ( X > 2) =1 − ∫ 0.5e −0.5 x dx
0
46. (a) P ( X ≥ 5) =1 − P ( X < 5)
 2
= 1 −  − e −0.5 x 
= 1 − ∫ ke − kx dx
5
 0
0
 2
 5 = 1 +  e −0.5 x 
= 1 −  −e − kx   0
 0 −1
= 1 + (e − e ) 0
1 + e −5k − 1
= = e −1
= e −5k 1
= ≈ 0.3679
e −5k = 0.8 e
−5k = ln 0.8
1
k= − ln 0.8 ≈ 0.0446
5
48. The uniform density function is

 1
 for 0 ≤ x ≤ 120 50.
f ( x) = 120 .
 0 otherwise
P ( X < 10) + P ( X > 110)
10 1 120 1
= ∫ dx + ∫ dx
0 120 110 120
10 120
x x
= +
120 0 120 110
10 − 0 120 − 110
= +
120 120
1 1
= +
12 12
1
=
6
49. (a) P ( X ≥ 6) 51.

N −0.0866t
= lim
N →∞ 6
∫ 0.0866e dt
N
 1 
= lim 0.0866  e −0.0866t 
N →∞  −0.0866t 6
N
= lim ( − e −0.0866t )
N →∞ 6
= lim ( e −0.0866 N + e0.5196 )
N →∞
1
= 0.5196
e
(b) P ( X ≥ 6)
N
= lim ∫ 0.135e −0.135t dt
N →∞ 6
N
 1 
= lim 0.135  e −0.135t 
N →∞  −0.135t 6
N
= lim ( − e −0.135t )
N →∞ 6
−0.135 N
=lim ( − e + e −0.81 )
N →∞
1
= 0.81
≈ 0.445
e
(c) Writing ExerciseAnswers will vary.

m −0.5t 55. Need to find m such that

∫ 0.5e dt
52. P ( X ≤ m) =
0 m 1 1
m ∫a b − a dt = 2
= −e −0.5t m
0 t 1
−0.5m =
= 1− e b−a a 2
1 m a 1
1 − e −0.5m = − =
2 b−a b−a 2
1
−e −0.5m = −
1 m − a= (b − a )
2 2
1 1
1 m= b− a+a
e −0.5m = 2 2
2 1 1
1 =m b+ a
−0.5m = ln 2 2
2 b+a
m=
1 2
m= −2ln ≈ 1.4 minutes
2
+∞aλ a
aλ a x − a −1dx
N
53. Need to find m such that 56. ∫λ xa+1 dx
= lim ∫
N →+∞ λ
m 1 1
∫0 40 dt = 2 x−a
 N 
a 
m = lim aλ
t 1 N →+∞  − a 
=  λ 
40 0 2
N
m
−0=
1 = lim (−λ a ) x − a
40 2 N →+∞ λ
−a
m = 20 seconds = lim (−λ a )( N − λ −a )
N →+∞
54. P ( X ≤ m) = ∫ λe−λx dx = (−λ )(0 − λ − a )

m a
0
m =1
= −e −λx
0 57. (a)
−λm
= 1− e
1
1 − e −λm =
2
1
−e −λm = −
2
1
e −λm =
2
1
−λm = ln
2
1 1
m = − ln
λ 2
20 1.2 20 1 0
(b) ∫10 x 2
dx = 1.2
10 x 2 ∫ dx (c) ∫−4 x 1 − 2 x dx
 1 20  Let u = x and
= 1.2  −  du = dx
 x 10 
  dV= (1 − 2 x)1/2 dx
 1 1 1 2
= 1.2  − +  =− ⋅ (1 − 2 x)3/2
 20 10  2 3
= 0.06 0
x 0 1
− (1 − 2 x)3/2 − ∫ − (1 − 2 x)3/2 dx
=
(c) Writing ExerciseAnswers will vary. 3 −4 3
−4
0
x 1 0
− (1 − 2 x)3/2 + ∫ (1 − 2 x)3/2 dx
=
3 −4
Checkup for Chapter 6 −4 3
0
 x 1 5/2 
=  − 3 (1 − 2 x) − 15 (1 − 2 x) 
3/2
1. (a) ∫ 2 x ln x 2 dx   −4
Let u = ln x 2 and dV = 2 x1/2 dx  1   4 3/2 1 5/2 
= 0 − 15 (1)  −  3 (9) − 15 (9) 
= 2ln x 2 2 3/2    
2 V= x 298
du = dx 3 = −
x 15
4 2 3/2 2 2 3/2 2
= x ln x − ∫ x ⋅ dx x −1 −x
3 3 x (d) ∫ e x
=
dx dx∫ ( x − 1)e
4 2 3/2 4 2 1/2
3 ∫
= x ln x − x dx Let u= x − 1 and dV = e − x dx
3
4 2 3/2 8 2 3/2 du = dx V = −e − x
= x ln x − x +C
3 9 =−( x − 1)e − x − ∫ −e − x dx
4 2 3/2
= x 3ln x − 2  + C =−( x − 1)e − x + ∫ e − x dx
9
=−( x − 1)e − x − e − x + C
= [(− x + 1) − 1]e − x + C
1
∫0 xe
0.2 x
(b) dx
− xe − x + C
=
Let u = x and dV = e0.2 x dx
du = dx = 5e0.2 x ∞ 1
0.2 x 1 1
2. (a) ∫1 1.1
dx
= 5 xe − ∫ 5e 0.2 x
dx x
N −1.1
∫
0
0
1
= lim x dx
N →∞ 1
= (5 xe0.2 x − 25e0.2 x ) N
lim (−10 x −0.1 )
0
=
= [5(1)e 0.2(1)
− 25e
0.2(1)
] − [0 − 25e ]
0
N →∞ 1
−0.1
= 25 − 20e 0.2 =lim [−10 N + 10(1) −0.1 ]
N →∞
= 0 + 10
= 10
∞ and lim ln( N + 1) =∞,

xe −2 x dx = lim xe −2 x dx
N
(b) ∫1 ∫
N →∞ 1
N →∞
 N 1 
Let u = x and dV = e −2 x = lim  − + ln( N + 1) + − ln 2 
N →∞  N + 1 2 
du = dx 1
V = − e −2 x = ∞
2 so, the integral diverges.
 x N
N 1 
= lim  − e −2 x − ∫ − e −2 x dx  ∞ − x2
N →∞  2
 1
1 2  (d) ∫−∞ xe dx
 x  0 − x2
∫ xe
N
1 N = lim dx
=lim  − e −2 x + ∫ e −2 x dx  M →∞ M
N →∞  2 2 1 
 N
xe − x dx
2
∫
1
+ lim
N N →∞ 0
 x 1 
= lim  − e −2 x − e −2 x  Using substitution with u = − x 2 and
N →∞  2 4 1
1
 N 1  − du = x dx,
= lim  − e −2 N − e −2 N  2
N →∞  2 4 
1 0 1 −N 2 u
 1 1  = lim − ∫ 2 eu du + lim − ∫ e du
−  − e −2(1) − e −2(1)  M →−∞ 2 − M N →∞ 2 0
 2 4  1 0 1 0
1 −2 1 −2 =− lim ∫ 2 eu du + lim ∫ 2 eu du
2 M →−∞ − M 2 N →∞ N −
=0+ e + e
2 4 1  0  1  u0 
=− lim  eu +
2 M →−∞  − M 2  2 N →∞  − N 2 
3 −2 lim e
= e
4 1 1
lim ( e0 − e − M ) + lim ( e0 − e − N )
2 2
=−
2 M →−∞ 2 N →∞
∞ x
x( x + 1) −2 dx
N
(c) ∫1 =
( x + 1) 2
dx lim∫
N →∞ 1
=
1 1
(1 − 0) + (1 − 0)
2 2
=0
Let u = x and dV= ( x + 1) −2 dx
du = dx 1
V= −
( x + 1)
∫ ( ln 3x ) dx
2
3. (a)
 x N N 1 
= lim  − −∫ − dx  = ∫ ln(3 x)1/2 ⋅ ln(3 x)1/2 dx
N →∞  x + 1 1 1 x +1 
  1 1
 x N  = ∫ ln(3 x) ⋅ ln(3 x) dx
N 1
= lim  − +∫ dx  2 2
N →∞  x + 1 1 1 x +1  1
 
N
=
4 ∫ (ln 3 x)2 dx
 x 
= lim  − + ln x + 1  which most resembles ∫ (ln u ) n du
N →∞  x + 1 1
(formula #27). Let u = 3x; then
 N 
= lim  − + ln( N + 1)  1
N →∞  N + 1  du = 3 dx or du = dx,
3
 1 
−  − + ln 2 
 2 
N 1
Since lim − =lim − =−1,
N →∞ N + 1 N →∞ 1
1 1 Let x = u, dx = du, a = −4, and b = 3,

=
4 ∫ (ln u ) 2 ⋅ du
3 1 x
= − ln +C
1
= ∫ (ln u ) du 2 4 3x − 4
12
1  4. At 10:00a.m., t = 2 and at noon, t = 4.
= u (ln u ) 2 − 2 ∫ ln u du 
12   Need
Using formula #23,
u(ln u )2 − 2 ( u ln u − u ) + C
1 
=
12  
1 
= 3x (ln 3x )2 − 2(3x )ln 3x + 6 x  + C
12  
x x x Using integration by parts,
= (ln 3x )2 − ln 3x + + C
4 2 2
x
( ln 3x ) − 2ln 3x + 2  + C
2
=
4 
 
dx
(b) ∫ is of the form
x 4 + x2
du
∫ (formula #11).
u a2 + u 2
Let x = u, dx = du, and a = 2,
1 4 + x2 + 2
=
− ln +C
2 x
dx
(c) ∫ is of the form
x2 x2 − 9
du
∫ (formula #21).
u u −a
2 2 2
Let x = u, dx = du, and a = 3,

dA
x2 − 9 5. = 0.05 A
= +C dt
9x 1
∫ A dA = ∫ 0.05 dt
dx
(d) ∫ 3x 2 − 4 x can be written as =
ln A 0.05t + C1
= e0.05t + C1
ln A
dx e
∫ x(−4 + 3x) so it is of the form =
A eC1 ⋅ e0.05t
du A=
± eC1 ⋅ e0.05t
∫ u (a + bu ) (formula #6). A(t ) = Ce0.05t
Since A = 10,000 when t = 0, 7. Since x is measured in months, we need

C = 10,000. So A(t ) = 10,000e0.05t . When
(a) P ( X > 12)
t = 10, ∞
= ∫ 0.03e −0.03 x dx
= A(10) 10,000e0.05(10) ≈ $16, 487.21. 12
N
= lim 0.03∫ e −0.03 x dx
∞ −0.06t N →∞ 12
6.=
PV ∫0 (50 + 3t )e dt
1
N
= lim 0.03 ⋅ e −0.03 x
(50 + 3t )e −0.06t dt
N
lim
N →∞ 0
∫ N →∞ −0.03 12
N
Using integration by parts with = lim ( − e −0.03 x )
N →∞
u = 50 + 3t and dV = e −0.06t dt ,
12
= lim [ − e −0.03N + e −0.03(12) ]
 50
N N →∞
= lim (50 + 3t ) − e −0.06t = e −0.36 ≈ 0.6977
N →∞  3
 0
N 50  6
−0.03 x
− ∫ − e −0.06t 3 dt  (b) P (3 ≤ x ≤ 6) =∫ 0.03e dx
0 3  3
6
 50 N = ( − e −0.03 x )
= lim  − (50 + 3t )e −0.06t 3
N →∞  3
 0 = − e −0.18 + e −0.09
≈ 0.07866
+ 50 ∫ e−0.06t dt 
N
0 
∞
50
=lim − [(50 + 3t )e −0.06t (c) E ( X ) = ∫ xf ( x) dx
N →∞ 3 −∞
= lim 0.03∫ xe −0.03 x dx
N N
+50e−0.06t ] N →∞ 0
0
50 Using integration by parts with u = x
=
− lim [50e−0.06t + 3te−0.06t
3 N →∞ and dV = e −0.03 x dx.
N  x N
+50e−0.06t ] = lim 0.03  e −0.03 x
 −0.03
0
N →∞ 0
50 N
= − lim (100e−0.06t + 3te −0.06t ) N 1 
3 N →∞ 0 −∫ e −0.03 x dx 
50 −0.06 N −0.06 N 0 −0.03 
= − lim [(100e + 3 Ne )

lim  − xe −0.03 x + ∫ e −0.03 x dx 
3 N →∞ N N
=
− (100e0 + 0)] N →∞  0 0 
50 N
= − ⋅ −100  1 −0.03 x 
3 =lim  − xe −0.03 x − e 
N →∞  0.03 0
5,000
= ≈ 1,666.6667 thousand,  1 −0.03 N 
3 =lim  − Ne −0.03 N − e 
or approximately $1,666,666.67. N →∞  0.03 
 1 0 
− 0 − e 
 0.03  
100
= ≈ 33.3 months
3
8. (a) The probability density function for 4 25 − x 2

this situation is 10. To approximate ∫3 x dx using the
1
 0 ≤ t ≤ 60 trapezoidal rule with n = 8,
f (t ) =  60
4−3
0 otherwise ∆
= x = 0.125,
8

0.125  25 − (3)   25 − (3.125)2 
60 1 2
(b) P ( X ≥ 45) = ∫45 60 dt ≈
2  3 
+ 2
 3.125


60    
t
=  25 − (3.25)2   25 − (3.375)2 
60 45 + 2  + 2 
3  3.25   3.375 
= 1−    
4  25 − (3.5)2   25 − (3.625)2 
=
1 + 2  + 2 
4  3.5   3.625 
   
15 1  25 − (3.75)2   25 − (3.875)2 
(c) P (5 ≤ x ≤ 15) =∫5 60
dt + 2
 3.75
 + 2
  3.875


15    
t
=  25 − (4)2  
60 5 +   ≈ 1.027552
1 1  4 
= −  
4 12 Using formula #17 with x = u, dx = du,
1
= and a = 5,
6 4
 
 5 + 25 − x 2 
= 25 − x − 5ln
2
 x 
9. Amount of drug  3
 
5 + 25 − 42 
=  25 − 42 − 5ln
 4 
 
 2 
5 + 25 − 3 
= −  25 − 32 − 5ln
 3 
 
= (3 − 5ln 2) − (4 − 5ln 3)
=−1 − ln 25 + ln 35
5
3
=−1 + ln  
2
3
=−1 + 5ln   ≈ 1.02736
2
Review Exercises
1−t
1. ∫ te dt
Let u = t and dV = e1−t dt

du = dt V = −e1−t
=−te1−t − ∫ −e1−t dt
−te1−t + ∫ e1−t dt
=
−te1−t − e1−t + C
=
=−e1−t (t + 1) + C
−x / 2
2. ∫ (5 + 3x)e dx
u = 5 + 3x dv = e− x / 2 dx
du = 3 dx v = −2e − x / 2
−x / 2
∫ (5 + 3x)e −2(5 + 3 x)e − x / 2 + 6 ∫ e − x / 2 dx
dx =
−10e − x / 2 − 6 xe − x / 2 − 12e − x / 2 + C
=
−2e − x / 2 (3 x + 11) + C
=
∫ x(2 x + 3)
1/2
3. dx
Let u = x and dV = (2 x + 3)1/2

du = dx
Using substitution with u = 2x + 3,
1 2  1
V =  (2 x + 3)3/2  = (2 x + 3)3/2
2 3  3
∫ x(2 x + 3)
1/2
So, dx
x 1
=(2 x + 3)3/2 − ∫ (2 x + 3)3/2 dx
3 3
Using substitution with u = 2x + 3,
x 1  1  2 
= (2 x + 3)3/2 −    (2 x + 3)5/2 + C
3 3  2  5 
x 1
= (2 x + 3)3/2 − (2 x + 3)5/2 + C
3 15
−1 y
4. ∫−9 4 − 5y
dy
1
u=y dv = dy
4 − 5y
2
du = dy v=
− 4 − 5y
5
−1
−1 y 2 2 −1
∫−9 4 − 5y
dy =
− y 4 − 5y
5 −9
+
5 ∫−9
4 − 5 y dy
−1 −1
2 −1  2  2
=
− y 4 − 5y +   (4 − 5 y )
3/ 2
5 −9 5 35 −9
 6 126   36 1,372 
=  −  +− + 
5 5   25 75 
536
= −
75
4 ln S
dS = ∫ S −1/2 ln S1/2 dS
4
5. ∫1 S 1
Let u = ln S1/2 and dV = S −1/2 dS

1
= ln S V = 2 S1/2
2
1
du = dS
2S
4 4 1
= S1/2 ln S − ∫ 2 S1/2 ⋅ dS
1 1 2S
4
= S1/2 ln S − ∫ S −1/2 dS
4
1 1
4
= ( S1/2 ln S − 2 S1/2 )
1
=  4 ln 4 − 2 4  − [1ln1 − 2(1)]
= 2ln 4 − 2
= 2ln(2) 2 − 2
= 4ln 2 − 2
∫ (ln x)
2
6. dx
u = (ln x) 2 dv = dx
2ln x
du = dx v=x
x
x) 2 dx x(ln x) 2 − 2 ∫ ln x dx
(ln=
∫
= x(ln x) 2 − 2 x ln x + 2 x + C
where the integral on the right was found using integration by parts with
u = ln x dv = dx
1
du = dx v=x
x
1
∫−2 (2 x + 1)( x + 3)
3/2
7. dx
Let =u 2 x + 1 and dV= ( x + 3)3/2 dx

du = 2 dx 2
=V ( x + 3)5/2
5
1
2 1 2
= (2 x + 1)( x + 3)5/2 − ∫ ( x + 3)5/2 ⋅ 2 dx
5 − 25
−2
1
2  4  2  
=  (2 x + 1)( x + 3)5/2 −    ( x + 3)7/2 
5  5  7   −2
2 8  2 8 
=  (2(1) + 1)(1 + 3)5/2 − (1 + 3)7/2  −  (2(−2) + 1)(−2 + 3)5/2 − (−2 + 3)7/2 
5 35  5 35 
74
=
7
x2 1
∫ x ⋅ x(3x + 2) dx= (3 x 2 + 2)3/2 − ∫ (3 x 2 + 2)3/2 2 x dx
2 2 1/2
So,
9 9
2
x 2
= (3 x 2 + 2)3/2 − ∫ (3 x 2 + 2)3/2 x dx
9 9
x2  2  1  2 
= (3 x 2 + 2)3/2 −     (3 x 2 + 2)5/2 + C
9  9  6  5 
x2 2
= (3 x 2 + 2)3/2 − (3 x 2 + 2)5/2 + C
9 135
w3
8. ∫ dw w3
1 + w2 ∫ dw
1 + w2
w = w2 1 + w2 − ∫ 2 w 1 + w2 dw
u = w2 dv = dw
1+ w 2
2
= w2 1 + w2 − (1 + w2 )3/ 2 + C
3
du = 2w dw =
v 1 + w2
∫x (3 x 2 + 2)1/2 dx =∫ x 2 ⋅ x(3 x 2 + 2)1/2 dx 2 dt 2 3 dt

3
9.
∫ ∫ =
9t + 16 3 9t 2 + 16
2
Let u = x 2 and
du = 2 x dx 2 du
= ∫
3 u 2 + 16
=
dV x(3 x 2 + 2)1/2 dx
2
Using substitution with=
u 3 x 2 + 2, =ln u + u 2 + 16 + C
3
 1  2 
= V    (3 x 2 + 2)3/2 2
 6  3  = ln 3t + 9t 2 + 16 + C
3
1
=V (3 x 2 + 2)3/2 where the integral was computed using
9 formula number 10 of the tables with
a = 4.
1x+2
10. ∫0 3x
dx
2 − w/3 − 13 w
∫w e dw = ∫ w2 e
e 13. dw
u=x+2 dv = e−3x dx which is of the form ∫ u n e au du (formula

1
du = dx
1
v = − e −3 x #26). Let w = u, dw = du, and a = − ,
3 3
1 2 − w/3 2
= w e − 1 ∫ we − w/3dw
1x+2 − 13 −3
∫0 e3x
dx
−3w2 e − w/3 + 6 ∫ we − w/3dw
=
1
1 1 1
− ( x + 2)e −3 x + ∫ e −3 x dx
=
3 0
0 3 Using formula #22,
1 1
1 1
= −3w2 e − w/3
− ( x + 2)e −3 x − e −3 x
=
3 0 9
 
0
 1  − w/3 
+ 6 
1
7 10 −3 2 3
− w − 1 e +C
= − e
9 9  − 3
1
( )
 

 1 
5 dx 5 dx 5 dx −3w2 e − w/3 + 54  − w − 1 e− w/3 + C
=
∫ 8 − 2 x2
11. = ∫=
2(4 − x 2 ) 2 ∫ 4 − x2 2 − w/3
 3
− w/3

=
−3w e − 18we − 54e − w/3 + C
du
which is of the form ∫ a2 − u 2 (formula
4 dx dx
#16). Let x = u, dx = du, and a = 2,
14. ∫ x(9 + 5 x) = 4∫ x(9 + 5 x)
5 1 2+ x  4 x
=  ln + C = ln +C
2  2(2) 2 − x  9 9 + 5x
5 2+ x using integration formula number 6 with
= ln +C u = x, a = 9, and b = 5.
8 2− x
1
∫ (ln
= ∫ (ln 2 x)3 ⋅ 2 dx
2 dt 3
15. 2 x) dx
12. ∫ 2
9t 2 + 16
which is of the form ∫ (ln u ) n du (formula
Let u = 3t so that du = 3 dt. Then
#27). Let u = 2x, du = 2 dx, and n = 3,

1
= 2 x(ln 2 x)3 − 3∫ (ln 2 x) 2 2 dx 
2  
= x(ln 2 x) 3
3
−  2 x(ln 2 x) 2 − 2 ∫ (ln 2 x)2 dx  and
2 
= x(ln 2 x) − 3 x(ln 2 x)
3 2
or,
+ 3  2 x ln 2 x − 2 x  + C
1 2 x 2 25
= x(ln 2 x)3 − 3 x(ln 2 x) 2 + 6 x ln 2 x − 6 x =y x ln x1/2 − +
+C 2 8 8
= x[(ln 2 x)3 − 3(ln 2 x) 2 + 6(ln 2 x) − 6]
1 2 1 25
= x ln x − x 2 +
+C 2 8 8
dx 1 2 + 4 − x2 18.
16. ∫ = −
2
ln
x
+C
x 4 − x2
using integration formula number 14 in
the tables with u = x and a = 2.
17. y = 3 when x = 1
Since
Using formula 16 in the table of integrals
with u = x +1 and a = 2,
Need to use integration by parts, and since

cannot integrate ,
So,
19. y = 0 when x = 1
Separating the variables gives ∞ 1

21. ∫0 1 + 2x
3
dx
Using substitution with u = 1 + 2x,

N
= lim ∫ (1 + 2 x ) −1/ 3 dx
N →∞ 0
N
Integrating both sides, 3
= lim (1 + 2 x )2 / 3
N →∞ 4 0
3
lim (1 + 2 N ) − 1
2 / 3
=
For the left hand side, use integration by 4 N →∞  
parts with = ∞.
So, the interval diverges.
+∞
22. ∫0 (1 + 2 x) −3/2 dx
(1 + 2 x) −3/2 dx
N
=l ∫
lim
N →+∞ 0
N
− lim (1 + 2 x) −1/2
=
N →+∞ 0
=1
∞ 3t
23. ∫0 t +1
2
dx
Since y = 0 when x =1, Using substitution with u= t 2 + 1,

N t
= 3 lim ∫ 2 dx
N →∞ 0 t + 1
N
1
Multiplying both sides by −1 gives = 3 lim ln(t 2 + 1)
N →∞ 2 0
. 3
= lim ln( N 2 + 1) − ln1
2 N →∞  
= ∞.
20.
So, the interval diverges.
Using formula 1 from the table of

integrals for the right side, with a = 3 and
b = 1,
+∞ ∞
3e −5 x dx = 3 lim
N −5 x
24. ∫0 ∫ e dx 25. ∫0 xe −2 x dx
N →+∞ 0
3 N Using integration by parts with u = x and
= − lim e−5 x dV = e −2 x dx,
5 N →+∞ 0
xe −2 x dx
N
=
3 = lim ∫
N →∞ 0
5
 1 N
1 N −2 x 
−2 x 
= 
lim  − xe  + ∫0 e dx 
N →∞  2 0 2 

N
 1 1 
= lim  − xe −2 x − e −2 x 
N →∞  2 4 0
1
=
4
+∞
2 x 2 e − x dx = 2 lim
3 N 2 − x3
26. ∫0 ∫
N →+∞ 0
x e dx
N
 1  − x3
= 2 lim  −  e
N →+∞  3  0
2
=
3
∞ 2 −2 x N 2 −2 x
27. ∫0 x e dx = lim ∫
N →∞ 0
x e dx
Using integration by parts twice, first with u = x 2 and dV = e −2x dx and second with
u = x and dV = e −2 x dx,
 1 2 −2 x N N 
= lim  − x e + ∫ xe −2 x dx 
N →∞
 2 
0
0
 1 N
1
N
N 1 
= lim  − x 2 e −2 x − xe −2 x − ∫ − e −2 x dx 
N →∞
 2 2 2 
0
0 0
 1 N
1 −2 x
N
1 −2 x
N

lim  − x 2 e −2 x
= − xe − e 
N →∞
 2 0 2 0 4 0 
 1  1  1 1 
= lim  − N 2 e −2 N + 0  −  Ne −2 x + 0  −  e −2 N − e0  
N →∞   2  2  4 4 
1 1
= 0−0+ =
4 4
+∞ 1 N 1 dt
28. ∫2 t (ln t ) 2
dt = lim ∫
N →+∞ 2 2
(ln t ) t
32.
N
 1 
= lim  − 
N →+∞  ln t  2
1
=
ln 2
∞ ln x N −1/2
x
29. ∫1 x dx = lim
ln x dx ∫
N →∞ 1
Using integration by parts with u = ln x
and dV = x −1/2 dx,
 N N 1 
= lim  2 x1/2 ln x − ∫ 2 x1/2 ⋅ dx 
N →∞  1 1 x 
 N 
= lim  2 x1/2 ln x − 2 ∫ x −1/2 dx 
N
N →∞  1 1 
N
= lim 2[ x1/2 ln x − 2 x1/2 ]
N →∞ 1 33.
= 2 lim [( N 1/2
ln N − 2 N 1/2
) − (ln1 − 2)]
N →∞
= ∞, so the integral diverges.
+∞ x −1 N 3 
30. ∫0=
x+2
dx lim ∫
N →+∞ 0
1 −
 x+2
 dx
Choose C = 0. Then,
0 ∞
= ∫ x 3e − x dx + ∫ x 3e − x dx
2 2
( x − 3ln x + 2 ) 0
N
= lim −∞ 0
N →+∞
0 N
= +∞
∫x e ∫x e
3 − x2 3 − x2
= lim dx + lim dx
N →−∞ N →−∞
N 0
31.
Let . Then, and
Using integration by parts with
. So,
 x +1 −1 −1

= lim  xe − ∫ e x +1dx 
N →−∞
 
N
N
Now use integration by parts with
lim ( xe x +1 − e x +1 ) 
−1
=
N →−∞ 
 N

= lim ( −e0 − e0 ) − ( Ne N +1 − e N +1 ) 
N →−∞
=−1 − 1 − 0 + 0 =−2
1
= −ue − u − ∫ −e − u du 
2  
1
(
= −ue − u + ∫ e − u du
2
)
=
1
2
( −ue−u − e−u + C )
1
(
= − x 2 e− x − e− x + C
2
2 2
)
So,
0
∫x e
3 − x2
lim dx
N →−∞
N
Since neither limit exists, the integral
1
( 
)
0
= lim  − x 2 e − x − e − x diverges.
2 2

N →−∞ 2 N
4
=
1
lim ( 0 − e0 ) − − N 2 e − N − e − N 
2 2
( ) ∫ f ( x) dx
35. (a) P (1 ≤ X ≤ 4) =
1
2 N →−∞   41
=∫ dx
1 1 1 3
= (0 − 1 + 0 + 0) =− 4
2 2 x
=
31
Similarly, =1
3
∫ f ( x) dx
(b) P (2 ≤ X ≤ 3) =
2
31
=∫ dx
2 3
3
x
=
32
1
=
3
2
∞
1 1 ∫ f ( x) dx
(c) P ( X ≤ 2) =
−∞
∫xe
3 −x
dx =− + =0 .
2
So 21
−∞
2 2 =∫ dx
1 3
2
x
34. =
31
1
=
3
Choose C = 0. Then,
∞
36. (a) ∫ f ( x ) dx
(c) P ( X ≥ 5) =
5
N
= lim ∫ 0.2e −0.2 x dx
N →∞ 5
N
= lim − e −0.2 x
N →∞ 5
= lim [ − e −0.2 N + e −1 ]
N →∞
≈ 0.3679
38. (a)
(b)
(b)
∞
(c)
∫ f ( x ) dx
37. (a) P ( X ≥ 0) =
0
N
= lim ∫ 0.2e −0.2 x dx
N →∞ 0
N
= lim ( − e −0.2 x )
N →∞ 0
−0.2 N
= lim ( − e + 1)
N →∞
=1
4
∫ f ( x) dx
(b) P (1 ≤ X ≤ 4) =
1
= ∫ 0.2e −0.2 x dx
4
1
4
= −e−0.2 x
1
−0.8
=
−e + e−0.2 ≈ 0.3694
N
39. In N years, the population of the city will be P0 f ( N ) + ∫ r (t ) f ( N − t ) dt where P0 = 100,000 is
0
−t /20
the current population, f (t ) = e is the fraction of the residents remaining for at least t years,
and r(t) = 100t is the rate of new arrivals. In the long run, the number of residents will be
lim 100,000e − N / 20
N →∞ 
+ ∫ 100te − ( N − t ) / 20 dt 
N
0 
= 0 + lim 100e − N / 20 ∫ tet / 20 dt 

N
N →∞  0 
N
lim 100e − N / 20 [20tet / 20 − 400et / 20 ]
N →∞ 0
lim 100e
N →∞
− N / 20
(
 20 Ne

N / 20
) − 0 − 400e0 
− 400e N / 20

= lim 100 ( 20 Ne − 400e − 0 + 400e
N →∞
0 0 − N / 20
)
= lim 100(20 N − 400 + 400e − N / 20 )
N →∞
= ∞
So, the population will increase without bound.
40.
(a) For calls between 2 and 3 minutes,
(b) For calls of at most 2 minutes,

(c) For calls of more than 2 minutes,
(d) A random call would last on average
41. Let x denote the number of minutes since the start of the movie at the time of your arrival. The
 1
 if 0 ≤ x ≤ 120
uniform density function for x is f ( x) = 120
0 otherwise
So, the probability that you arrive within 10 minutes (before or after) of the start of a movie is
P(0 ≤ X ≤ 10) + P(110 ≤ X ≤ 120)
= 2P(0 ≤ X ≤ 10)
10 1
= 2∫ dx
0 120
10
x
=
60 0
1
=
6
42. The number of subscribers in N years will be where is
the current number of subscribers, is the fraction of subscribers remaining at least t

years, and r(t) = 1,000 is the rate at which new subscriptions are sold. Hence, the number of
subscribers in the long run is
probability density function

(8,000 + 400t )e −0.05t dt
N
=
43. PV lim ∫
N →∞ 0 1
 if 0 ≤ x ≤ 45
Using integration by parts with f ( x) =  45
u = 8,000 + 400t and dV = e −0.05t dt 0 otherwise
 N
=lim  −20(8,000 + 400t )e0.05t
N →∞  0 So, the probability that you arrive within
5 minutes (before or after) the cookies
− ∫ −8,000e −0.05t dt 
N
0  were baked is
N P(0 ≤ X ≤ 5) + P(40 ≤ X ≤ 45)
=lim  −20(8,000 + 400t )e −0.05t = 2P(0 ≤ X ≤ 5)
N →∞  0 5 1
N 0.05t  = 2∫ dx
∫
+ 8,000 e
0 
0 45
5
−0.05t 2x
=
−20 lim [(8,000 + 400t )e =
N →∞ 45 0
N
+ 8,000e −0.05t ] =
2
0 9
−20 lim [(8,000 + 400 N )e −0.05 N
=
N →∞
−0.05 N
+ 8,000e − (8,000e0 + 8,000e0 )]
= −20 lim [16,000e −0.05 N 46.
N →∞
+ 400 Ne −0.05 N − 16,000]
The probability two cars will arrive at
= −20( −16,000)
least 6 minutes apart is
= $320,000
44. The probability the warranty will expire

before the product does is the probability
the product’s life span is greater than 1
year.
∞ N
47. (a) ∫5 0.07e −0.07u du = − lim e −0.07u
N →∞ 5
= 0.7047
15 5
∫10 0.07e −0.07u du = − e −0.07u
45. Let x denote the time (in minutes) between (b) 10
your arrival and the next batch of cookies. − e −0.35 + e −0.7 =
= 0.1466
Then x is uniformly distributed with
48. Since the distance is the integral of velocity, we need to approximate using the
trapezoidal rule. Since the readings are every 5 minutes,
(300 − 200e −0.03t )e −0.02( N −t ) dt

N
49. lim∫
N →∞ 0
300e −0.02( N −t ) − 200e −0.02 N −0.01t dt
N
lim∫
N →∞ 0
lim 300e −0.02 N ∫ e0.02t dt − lim 200e−0.02 N ∫ e−0.01t dt

N N
N →∞ 0 N →∞ 0
300 lim e−0.02 N e0.02t dt − 200 lim e−0.02 N

N N −0.01t
N →∞ 0 ∫ N →∞ 0
e dt ∫
−0.02 N  0.02t N  −0.02 N  −0.01t N 
= 300 lim e  50e  − 200 Nlim e  −100e 
N →∞  0  →∞  0 
15,000 lim e −0.02 N (e0.02 N − e0 ) + 20,000 lim e −0.02 N (e −0.01N − e0 )
N →∞ N →∞
−0.02 N −0.03 N
= 15,000 lim (e − e 0
) + 20,000 lim (e − e −0.02 N )
N →∞ N →∞
= 15,000(1 − 0) + 20,000(0 − 0)
= 15,000 pounds
50.
(a) The trapezoidal rule approximation with n = 10 subintervals is 1.1015623266.
which has a maximum value of M = 2 (at x = 1) for Thus the error
bound is
(b) The Simpson’s rule approximation with n = 10 subintervals is 1.0986605987.
which has a maximum value of M = 24 (at x = 1) for Thus the error
bound is
2 x2 2−0
51. For ∫0 e dx with n = 8, ∆
=x = 0.25, and=
8
x1 0,=
x2 0.25,=
x3 0.50, ... x8 = 1.75, x9 = 2.

2 x2 ∆x
∫0 =
e dx
2
[ f ( x1 ) + 2 f ( x2 ) + 2 f ( x3 ) +  + f ( x9 )]
0.25 2 2 2 2 2 2
= [1 + 2e(0.25) + 2e(0.5) + 2e(0.75) + 2e1 + 2e(1.25) + 2e(1.5) + 2e(1.75) + e2 ]
2
= 17.5651
M (b − a )3
The error estimate is En ≥ . For n = 8, a = 0 and b = 2,
12n 2
2 2
where M is the maximum value of f ′′( x) on 0 ≤ x ≤ 2. Now f ( x) = e x , f ′( x) = 2 xe x , and
) (2 + 4 x 2 )e x . For 0 ≤ x ≤ 2, f ′′( x ) ≤ [2 + 4(2)2 ]e( ) =

2 2
2
f ′′( x= 18e4 . So,

2 x2 ∆x
∫0 e dx= 3 [ f ( x1 ) + 4 f ( x2 ) + 2 f ( x3 ) + 4 f ( x4 ) +  + f ( x9 )]
= [1 + 4e(0.25) + 2e(0.5) + 4e(0.75) + 2e1 + 4e(1.25) + 2e(1.5) + 4e(1.75) + e( ) ]
2
0.25 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
3
= 16,536.
M (b − a )5
180n 4
2
where M is the maximum value of f (4) ( x) and 0 ≤ x ≤ 2. Now f (3)=
( x) (8 x3 + 12 x)e x , and
2 2
f (4) ( x) = (16 x 4 + 48 x 2 + 12)e x . For 0 ≤ x ≤ 2, f (4) ( x ) ≤ [16(2)4 + 48(2)2 + 12]e2 ≤ 460e4 .
So,
52.
(a) The trapezoidal rule approximation with n = 10 subintervals is 3.0606550469.
which has a maximum value of M = e (at x = 1) for found
by drawing its graph. Thus the error bound is
(b) The Simpson’s rule approximation with n = 10 subintervals is 3.0591199978.
which has a maximum value of M = 9e (at x = 1)
for found by using a graphing calculator. Thus the error bound is
2 −1 1
53. For with n = 8, ∆x = = = 0.125, and=
x1 1,=
x2 1.125,=
x3 1.25, ...,=
x8 1.875,
8 8
x9 = 2.

2 1/ x ∆x
∫1 xe dx ≈ 2 [ f ( x1 ) + 2 f ( x2 ) + 2 f ( x3 ) +  + 2 f ( x8 ) + f ( x9 )]
= 0.0625[(1)e1 + 2(1.125)e1/1.125 + 2(1.25e1/1.25 ) + 2(1.375)e1/1.375 + 2(1.5)e1/1.5
+ 2(1.625)e1/1.625 + 2(1.75)1/1.75 + 2(1.875)e1/1.875 + (2)e1/ 2 ]
≈ 2.9495
M (2 − 1)3 M
For the error estimate E8 ≤ 2
= where M is the maximum value of f ′′( x) on
12(8) 768
1 ≤ x ≤ 2.
 −1   1 
f ′( x=
) ( x)  e1/ x ⋅ 2  + (e1/ x )(1)
= e1/ x  − + 1
 x   x 
 1   1  1 
=f ′′( x) (e1/ x )  2  +  − + 1  e1/ x ⋅ 2 
 x   x  x 
1 1/ x   1 
= 2 d 1 + −  − + 1 
x   x 
1 1/ x
= 3e
x
Since f ′′( x) is always positive and decreasing on 1 ≤ x ≤ 2,
= M f ′′(1) e.
=
e
E8 ≤ ≈ 0.003539
768

2 1/ x ∆x
∫1 xe dx= 3 [ f ( x1 ) + 4 f ( x2 ) + 2 f ( x3 ) + 4 f ( x4 ) +  + 4 f ( x8 ) + f ( x9 )]
1
= [(1)e1 + 4(1.125)e1/1.125 + 2(1.25)e1/125 + 4(1.375)e1/1.375 + 2(1.5)e1/1.5
24
+ 4(1.625)e1/1.625 + 2(1.75)e1/1.75 + 4(1.875)e1/1.875 + (2)e1/ 2 ]
≈ 2.94834
M (2 − 1)5 M
For the error estimate, E8 ≤ =where M is the maximum value of f (4) ( x)
180(8) 4 737, 280
on 1 ≤ x ≤ 2.
 1  1   3  1/ x  1 3 
f (3)=
( x)  3  e1/ x ⋅ − 2  + (e1/ x )  − = 4
e − 5 − 4 
 x  x   x   x x 
 5 12   1 3  1 
= f (4) (e1/ x )  6 + 5  +  − 5 − 4  e1/ x ⋅ − 2 
x x   x x  x 
 5 + 12 x   1 + 3 x 
= e1/ x  6 
+ e1/ x  7 
 x   x 
1 1/ x
= 7 e [ x(5 + 12 x) + (1 + 3 x)]
x
1
= 7 e1/ x (12 x 2 + 8 x + 1)
x
Since f (4) ( x) is always positive and decreasing on 1 ≤ x ≤=
2, M =
f (4) (1) 21e.
21e
E8 ≤ ≈ 0.000077
737, 280
54. (a)
On the interval has a maximum value of at x = 1. The value of n must be

chosen so that
Solving the above inequality for n, we find 347 subintervals are needed to
guarantee the desired accuracy using the trapezoidal rule.
(b)
On the interval has a maximum value of The value of n must be

chosen so that
Solving the above inequality for n, we find 20 subintervals are needed to
guarantee the desired accuracy using Simpson’s rule
M (b − a )3
55. (a) En ≤ < 0.00005
12n 2
M (1 − 0.5)3
< 0.00005
12n 2
0.125M
n2 >
12(0.00005)
n 2 > 208.33333M
f ( x ) = e −1.1x
f ′( x ) = −1.1e −1.1x
f ′′( x) = 1.21e −1.1x
Since f ′′( x) is always decreasing for 0.5 ≤ x ≤ 1 but greater than zero. The
maximum value of f ′′( x) = 1.21e1.1(0.5)

= 1.21e −0.55 ≈ 0.69811.
So, n 2 > 145.439
n > 12.0598, or n =
13.
M (b − a )5
(b) En ≤ < 0.00005
180n 4
M (1 − 0.5)5
< 0.00005
180n 4
0.03125M
n4 >
180(0.00005)
n 4 > 3.4722 M
f (3) ( x) = −1.331e −1.1x
f (4) ( x) = −1.4641e −1.1x
which again is always decreasing for 0.5 ≤ x ≤ 1 and greater than zero. So the maximum value of
f (4) ( x) 1.4641e −1.1(0.5) ≈ 0.8447.
=
So, n 4 > (3.4722)(0.8447) ≈ 2.9330

n > 1.30867, or n =2
56. (a) The total cost of producing 8 units is given by
(b) With n = 8, and the trapezoidal rule estimate is
57. To use the graphing utility to find where the curves intersect, and then find the area region bounded by
the curves,
Press y = and input − x ^ 3 − 2 x 2 + 5 x − 2 for y1 = and input x ln(x) for y2 = .
Use window dimensions [−4, 3]0.5 by [−0.8, 0.4]0.1
Press graph.
Use trace and zoom to find the points of intersection or use the intersect function under the calc menu to
find that
(0.406, −0.37) and (1, 0) are the two points of intersection.
To find the area bounded by the curves, we must find
1
∫0.406 (− x − 2 x + 5 x − 2 − x ln x)dx
3 2
Use the ∫ f ( x) dx function under the calc menu (making sure that y1 is shown in the upper left corner)
1
∫0.406 (− x − 2 x 2 + 5 x − 2)dx
3
with x = 0.406 as the lower limit and x = 1 as the upper limit to find that
= 0.03465167
1
Repeat this process with y2 activated to find that ∫0.406 x ln x dx ≈ −.1344992.
The area is
0.03465167 − (−0.1344992) ≈ 0.1692.
Alternatively, you can use fnInt function under the math menu: fnInt( y1 − y2 , x, 0.406, 1)
58. intersects at and according to a
graphing utility. To find the area numerically, integrate to get
59. To use numeric integration feature to evaluate the integral,

Press y = and input for y1 = .

[−5, 5]1.
Press graph.
Use the ∫ f ( x) dx function under the calc menu with x = −1 as the lower limit and x = 1 as the upper
limit to find
60.
Let u = 2x so that and and the integral limits become u = 0 to u = 2. Then
Applying the integration formula number 13 from the table with a = 3 gives
61. To use numeric integration feature to compute the integral,

 1  ^( − x 2 )
Press y = and enter  *e for y1 = .
 π 
[−3, 3]1.
Press graph.
Use the ∫ f ( x) dx function under the calc menu with x = 0 as the lower limit and
x = 1 as the upper limit to find
1 1 − x2
∫0 π e dx = 0.4214
1
e − x dx = 0.5
10 2
Repeat this process with x = 10 as the upper limit to find ∫0 π
1
e − x dx = 0.5
50 2
Repeat this process with x = 50 as the upper limit to find ∫0 π
∞ 1
e − x appears to 0.5.
2
The improper integral ∫0 π
62. For one set of values produced by a calculator are given below.
N 10 100 1,000 10,000
I(N) 3.37581 11.41629 24.68001 43.23755
The values do not appear to be converging.

dS aS
63. =
dt b + cS + S 2
S 2 + cS + b
∫ aS
dS = ∫ dt
1 c b 1
∫  a S + a + a S  dS = ∫ dt
1 2 c b
S + S + ln S = t+c
2a a a

Additional Topics in Integration: 6.1 Integration by Parts Integral Tables

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Additional Topics in Integration: 6.1 Integration by Parts Integral Tables

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Chapter 6

Additional Topics in Integration

the derivative of e − x does not. So, u = 3 − 2x dv = e − x dx

3. Both terms are easy to integrate; however,

= 2 x( x + 2)1/2 − ∫ 2( x + 2)1/2 dx =2 x( x + 5)1/2

15. Rewriting, 1 (4 x + 1)1/ 2

1 x 1 −2 x 19. ln 3 x cannot be easily integrated. So,

25. Using the hint, with u = x and a = 3.

Since is easier to integrate than ,

Alternatively, use formula 25 in the table

41. ; y = 1 when x = 0 Since y = 1 when x = 0,

Separating the variables, or and

Integrating both sides,

To integrate the right-hand side, use 42.

Then, Using formula 22 in the table of integrals

51. (a) p = D(q)

54. For lawyers, the Gini index is

Since cannot be integrated,

56. The population change during the fourth hour is given by

∫ (1 − 0.5t )e dt= 2(1 − 0.5t )e0.5t − (−0.5) ∫ 2e0.5t dt

60. The number of cases in T days is given by the survival/renewal formula

61. With N as the number of months, in Here,

5e −0.18 1,000 + te0.02t dt 

= 5e −0.18 [1,000 + (50(9)e0.02(9) − 2,500e0.02(9) )

62. (a) Let M be the number of people The solution is to be rejected

Integrating both sides,

To integrate the left hand side, note that

(b) When t = 3, G = 16 so,

When t = 0, N = 2 (the twins), so

64. Velocity = derivative of distance

For the numerator of x 2(e 2 − 1)

which most closely resembles ∫ u 2 − a 2 du (formula #18). Rewriting,

The formula can be used with u = 2 x, du = 2 dx, and a = 1.

(b) Writing ExerciseAnswers will vary.

68. I = ∫ (ln u ) n du U = (ln u ) n dV = du

∫u In the integral on the right hand side, the

m(ln u ) m−1 u n+1

73. To use graphing utility to find where

79. To use the numeric integration feature to 2 u2 −1

F’(x) = f(x) = 0.04167

(a) By the trapezoidal rule,

(b) By Simpson’s rule,

(a) Trapezoidal rule:

(b) Simpson’s rule:

(a) By the trapezoidal rule,

(b) By Simpson’s rule,

(a) Trapezoidal rule:

(b) Simpson’s rule:

(a) By the trapezoidal rule,

(b) By Simpson’s rule,

(a) Trapezoidal rule:

(b) Simpson’s rule:

(a) By the trapezoidal rule,

(b) By Simpson’s rule,

(b) Simpson’s rule:

(a) By the trapezoidal rule,

(b) By Simpson’s rule,

(a) Trapezoidal rule:

(b) Simpson’s rule:

(a) By the trapezoidal rule,

(b) By Simpson’s rule,

(a) Trapezoidal rule:

(b) Simpson’s rule: