Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Sustainable Development
Kimberly Kurtis
Outline
Context
– Why do we care about cement and concrete, in particular?
Case Study
– Assessment and Utilization of Recycled Aggregate
1
What are cement & concrete?
Some common mineral cements:
– portland (calcium silicate-based) – gypsum (plaster of paris)
– calcium aluminate – calcium sulfoaluminate
– some dental
d t l and d bone
b cementst – aluminosilicate
l i ili t
Cement paste = +
M t =
Mortar + +
Concrete = + + +
Source: http://www.ntnu.no/sustainability/crucial
2
Why do we care about cement & concrete?
The ubiquity of concrete construction presents an
incredible opportunity for impact through development of
innovative green technologies
Ashby, 2009
Concrete Production
Embodied energy associated with concrete production
PCA, SN3001
3
Cement Manufacture: Review
Traditional cement manufacture:
Utilizes virgin materials: 1.5 t raw material is required for
1 t cement
Energy intensive: 6-8% worldwide fuel consumption
Fossil fuel intensive
Liberates CO2: CaCO3 –heat-> CaO + CO2 (Ç)
CaCO3 (limestone)
2SiO2•Al2O3 (clay, shale)
Fe2O3 (iron oxide)
SiO2 (silica sand)
Kiln
CO2 Emissions
3CaO•SiO2
2CaO•SiO2
Fuel CaO•SO3•2H2O 3CaO•Al2O3
40% Gypsum + Clinker 4CaO•Al2O3•Fe2O3
CaCO3
60% Finished
interground
cement
WRI, 2005
4
Cement Manufacture
Tremendous (40%) improvements in energy efficiency
Alternatives to fossil fuel combustion would decrease CO2
emissions associated with energy use
– Waste fuels – Hydro (regional, enviro concerns)
– Nuclear
N l ((enviro
i concerns)) – S
Solar
l (i(inefficient)
ffi i t)
Carbon capture???
Wet process (pre-1970’s)
Role of Aggregates?
Recycled waste/by-product Cement
materials Water
Air
– recycled concrete Fine Aggregate
65-75% of volume
– recycled tires
is stone & sand
– slag…
Potential for CO2
capture/sequestration
Coarse Aggregate
– reaction with hydrated cement
in recycled concrete
aggregates
– overcoming crushing energy
critical for this application
Pervious concrete pervious concrete layer
– control runoff
– filtration
open-graded gravel base
sources: PCA; Offenburg, Conc. Int., 2005.
5
Outline
Context
– Why do we care about cement and concrete, in particular?
Case Study
– Assessment and Utilization of Recycled Aggregate
6
Why would we
want to use
this as a case
study?
y
“Scientists warned… (the
earth) has not created a
significant number of new
rocks since the earth
cooled some 3.5B years
ago.
Moreover, … (this supply
has) been very slowly
depleting… due to
growing demand for
fireplace mantels, rock
gardens, gravel and
paperweights.”
7
Recycling Aggregate in Caribbean
The 2010 Haiti earthquake resulted in ~20 million cubic yards of
debris, enough to fill the Louisiana Superdome five times over .
It is estimated that debris removal could take 20 years or more to
accomplish at current removal rates.
Two years following the earthquake in Haiti, reconstruction
progresses slowly.
8
Research Plan
fcave= 1300psi
9
Concrete Æ Aggregate Æ Concrete
fcave= 3100psi
p
10
Further Testing/Implementation
Further Testing/Implementation
Assessment of seismic performance of code-based and
underreinforced beam-column connections, containing virgin
and recycled concrete aggregate.
11
Questions?
12