2.

6 Review of Related Literature on Production Equipment

Extraction of Cellulose from Sugarcane Bagasse

A. Pre-treatment

Based from the journal entitled “Isolation and characterization of cellulose from

sugarcane bagasse”

“Sugarcane bagasse was obtained from a local sugar factory. It was first dried in

sunlight and then cut into small pieces (1-3 cm). The cut bagasse was ground to

pass a 1.0 mm size screen. The dried powder was first extracted with toluenee

ethanol (2:1, v/v) in a Soxhlet apparatus for 6 h, and the dewaxed meal was

allowed to dry in an oven at 60 (C for 16 h. The chemical composition (%, w/w)

of the SCB is cellulose 43.6%, hemicelluloses 33.5%, lignin 18.1%, ash 2.3%,

and wax 0.8% on a dry weight basis.”

Based from the journal entitled “Study of Sugarcane Bagasse Pretreatment with

Sulfuric Acid as a Step of Cellulose Obtaining”

“In order to minimize losses of cellulose and increase the extraction of

hemicellulose and lignin, a kinetic study was performed to determine the best

parameters for this step. Bagasse (15,00 g) and H2SO4 (10% v/v) were placed,

under a consistency of 10% (w/v), in a polypropylene beaker with a capacity of 4

L. The reaction was carried out in thermal bath with heating ramp and when the

temperature reached 100 ° C, the time counting started. It was conducted reactions

in the times of 0, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 min. At the end of each reaction

time, the material was washed with distilled water until pH neutral and
characterized for the determination of chemical composition and profiles of

component and mass losses as a function of time.”

Based from the journal entitled “Recent updates on different methods of

pretreatment of lignocellulosic feedstocks: a review”

Sant Ana da Silva et al. (2010) performed a comparative analysis on effects of

ball milling and wet disk milling on treating sugarcane bagasse and straw and

found ball milling better pretreatment method than wet disk milling in terms of

glucose and xylose hydrolysis yields. Ball milling-treated bagasse and straw

produced 78.7 and 72.1 and 77.6 and 56.8%, glucose and xylose, respectively.

Kim et al. (2013) compared three different milling methods i.e., ball, attrition, and

planetary milling. Attrition and planetary mills were found more effective in

reducing the size of biomass as compared to ball milling. Planetary mill produced

highest amount of glucose and galactose than other milling methods tested. It is to

be noted that all the mill pretreatment methods do not produce any toxic

compounds like hydroxymethylfurfuraldehyde (HMF) and levulinic acid. This

makes milling pretreatment a good choice of preliminary pretreatment method for

a wide variety of lignocellulosic feed stocks.”

B. Extraction of Fat

Based from the journal entitled “Study of Sugarcane Bagasse Pretreatment with

Sulfuric Acid as a Step of Cellulose Obtaining”

“ The dewaxed SCB (40 g) was sequentially treated with 300 ml H2O at 55 (C for

2 h with or without first ultrasonic irradiation for 40 min, 0.5 M NaOH, 0.5%,
1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0%, and 3.0% H2O2 in 200 ml 0.5 M NaOH, and 200 ml 2 M

NaOH at 55 (C for 2 h. The insoluble residue was collected by filtration, washed

with distilled water until the pH of the filtrate was neutral, then dried at 60 C”

Fig. 2.6-A Scheme for isolation of cellulose from sugarcane bagasse with

or without ultrasonic irradiation.

C. Extraction of Protein

Based from the journal entitled “Study of Sugarcane Bagasse Pretreatment with

Sulfuric Acid as a Step of Cellulose Obtaining”

“The scheme for isolation of cellulose by delignification with acidified sodium chlorite is shown
in Fig. 2. The extractive free bagasse (40 g) was first treated with distilled water for 2 h at 70 and
80 (C, respectively. Further the two water-soluble free samples were delignified with 1.3%
sodium chlorite at pH 3.5e4.0, adjusted with 10% acetic acid, at 75 (C for 2 h. Finally the
holocellulose was extracted with 10% potassium hydroxide
and 10% sodium hydroxide for 10 h at 20 (C, respectively. After filtration, the two residues were
washed thoroughly with distilled water and 95% ethanol and dried in an oven for 16 h at 60 (C.

D. Bleaching of the Cellulose

According to Park et. al from the patent “Method of bleaching cellulosic materials

with hydrogen peroxide”

“Chemical wood pulp is often submitted to a sequence of bleaching steps which

include a treatment with chlorine, a treatment with alkali (such as sodium

hydroxide), a treatment with alkali metal hypochlorite (e.g., sodium hypochlorite),

and one or more additional steps employing hydrogen peroxide or other oxidizing

agent to produce a final high degree of whiteness.”

Direct Conversion of Cellulose to Glycolic Acid With ___ Catalyst

A. Direct Conversion of Cellulose to Glycolic Acid

B. Separation of Glycolic Acid from the other product stream

C. Purification Process

D. Catalyst Recovery