The Practice of English Language Teaching Jeremy Harmer FOURTH EDITIONContents Page Introduction 10 Acknowledgements M PART 1: LANGUAGE CHAPTER 1: THE CHANGING WORLD OF ENGLISH A Alanguage story 13 Al The triumph of English? 14 A2__ Theeffect of English 16 A3_—_ English asa global language 7 A4 The future of English 18 B EFL, ESL, ESOL & ELF 19 Bl English asa Lingua Franca (ELF) 20 B2 Teaching English in the age of ELF 21 B3__Native speaker varieties and other Englishes 21 B4 World English education 2 CHAPTER 2: DESCRIBING THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE A Language in use 25 B What we want to say 26 BI Formand meaning 26 B2 Purpose 27 B3__ Appropriacy and register 7 C Language as text and discourse 29 C1 Discourse organisation 29 C2 Genre 30 D Grammar 32 D1 Choosing words 32 E Lexis 33 El Language corpora 33 E2 Word meaning 35 E3 Extending word use 36 E4 Word combinations 37 F The sounds of the language 38 Fl Pitch 38 F2 Intonation 38 F3 Individual sounds 39 F4 Sounds and spelling a2 F5 Stress 42 G__ Paralinguistic features of language 43 G1 Vocal paralinguistic features B G2___ Physical paralinguistic features 44 H_ Speaking and writing 45PART 2: THEORIES, METHODS AND TECHNIQUES, CHAPTER 3: BACKGROUND ISSUES IN LANGUAGE LEARNING ‘A The miracle of language 49 Al Acquisition and learning 50 A2 The contributions of behaviourism 51 A3_— ‘Language learning will take care of itself 52 Ad Focus on form or focus on forms? 53 AS Making sense of it all 54 B The importance of repetition 56 C Thinking about language 37 D Arousal, affect and humanistic teaching 58 E When you're ready! 59 F Language play 60 CHAPTER 4: POPULAR METHODOLOGY A Approaches, methods, procedures and techniques 62 Al Grammar-translation, Direct method and Audiolingualism 6 A2 Presentation, practice and production 64 A3___ PPP andalternatives to PPP 66 Ad Four methods 68 AS Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) 9 6 Task-based learning (TBL) 7 AT The Lexical approach 4 A8 Teachers and students in dialogue together 75 B What methodology? 76 Bl Methods and culture 76 B2 Bargains, postmethod and context-sensitivity 7 B3_— Making choices 78 PART 3: LEARNERS AND TEACHERS CHAPTER 5: DESCRIBING LEARNE! A Age 81 Al Young children 82 A2 Adolescents 83 A3 Adult learners 84 B Learner differences 85 BI Aptitude and intelligence 85 B2 Good learner characteristics 86 B3__Learner styles and strategies 88 B4 Individual variations 89 BS What to do about individual differences 9 C Language levels 95 C1 Methodology 96 C2 Language, task and topic 7 D Motivation 98 D1 Defining motivation 98 D2 External sources of information 98 D3 The motivation angel 99