Wastewater | Treatment Concepts and Design Approach GL. Karia Re AN Christian ,Re. 325.00 WASTEWATER TREATMENT: CONCEPTS AND DESIGN APPROACH G.L. Karia and R.A. Christian © 2006 by Prentice-Hall of India Private Limited, New Delhi. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by mimeograph or any other means, without permission in writing trom the publishor. ISBN-81-203-2860-4 ‘The export rights of this book are vested solely with the publisher. Published by Asoke K. Ghosh, Prentice-Hall of India Private Limited, M-97, Connaught Circus, New Delhi-110001 and Printed by Meenakshi Art Printers, Delhi-110006.Contents Preface xi Acknowledgements xiii L_WASTEWATER AND TREATMENT CONCEPTS d= LO_Fundamentals of Wastewater J L1_ Types of Wastewater 2 L2 Concept of Treatment_ 2 L3_Treatment Methods 3 13.1 Unit Operations 3 13.2 Unit Processes 3 L4 Treatment Systems 5 14.1 Preliminary Treatment System 5 1.4.2 Primary Treatment System 6 14.3 Secondary Treatment System 7 14.4 Tertiary or Advanced Treatment System & 1.5. Selection of Treatment System 9 Summary 10 Exercises if BASI: v E] io Haaeisial’ Caosidecih 22 ‘Sheaath and Characteristics of Wastewater 12 22 Flow rates and Their Fluctuations 14 2.2.1 Daily Variation 14 2.2.2 Seasonal Variation 15 2.2.3 Maximum and Minimum Fi ian FS 224 Definiti Various Flow. 5 2.2.5 Useful Ratios 16 1= CONTENTS I 2.3. Concept of Mass Load 17 2.3.1 Variation in Mass Loading 2/ 2.4 Concept of Design Criteria 22 Detention Time (Hydraulic Retention Time, HRT) a 5 243 Settling Velocity. v.27 face Loading Rate (SLR) or Overflow Rate (OFR) 28 ‘eit Loading Rate, WLR_ 29 6 Organic Loading 32 2.4.7 _Food-Microorganism (F/M) Ratio 32 2.4.8 Mean Cell Residence Time, 6, or Solids Retention Time, SRT 35 24.9 Hydraulic Loading 37 2.4.10 Volumetric Loading 38 2.4.11 Length : Breadth: Depth Ratio 39 5__Hydraulic Flow Diagram (HFD) 39 Summary 40 reises 4, $E CEDURE DESIGN CALCULATIONS 42-54 3.0 Objective 42 3.1_Types of Treatment Units 42 3.2 Sizing of Units 43 a3 ‘alculation Procedure 44 Summary 4.0 Design Essentials _55 4.1 Concept of Reactions 55 4.1.1 Types of Reactions 56 2= Reaction Rates 56 4.2 Illustrative Examples 59 4.2.1 Temperature Effect 61 2 zyme Reactions 64 4.3__Concept of Reactors 66 43.1 Reactors (Treatment Units) 66 43.2 Types of Reactors 67 433 Reactors in Series 78 Exercises 85a 5.0 ential Prerequisites 86 5.1__Design of Sump and Pump Wells of Pumping Stations 87 3.1.1 Concept 87 5.1.2 Design Considerations 87 5.1.3 Design Examples 89 5.2. Design of Approach Channel 93 5.2.1 Concept 93 §.2.2 Design Criteria 93 5.2.3 Design Example 94 5.3 Design of Equalization Basins 96 5.3.1 Concept 96 .2__Determination of Capacity of Equalization Tank 97 5.3.3 Design Examples 98 5.4 Design of Screen Chamber _/02 5.4.2 Design Considerations 102 5.43 Design Criteria /03 5.5 Design of Grit Chambers 107 3.5.1 Concept 107 5.5.2 Types of Grit Chambers 107 Design Criteria 108 4 Determining Settling Velocity 108 5.5.5 Design Examples 177 5.5.6 Design of Flow Control Device 1/4 5.5.7_Design Assumptions 120 5.6 Aerated Grit Chamber 126 5.6.1 Concept 126 5.6.2 Design Criteria 127 5.6.3 Design Example 127 5.7 Oil and Grease Trap (Skimming Tank) /29 5.7.1 Design Criteria 129 5.7.2 Design Example 130 Summary 130 Exercises 131 . DESIGN OF PRIMARY TREATMENT UNITS 133-162 6.0 Introduction 133 6.1 Concept of Primary Settling Tank 134 6.1.1 Types of Settling 134 6.2 Functions of Primary Sedimentation Tank 135 6.3 Design Criteria 136 6.4 Design Examples 138CONTENTS 6.5 Flotation 153 1 Concept of Removal Mechanism 153 6.5.2. Flotation Systems 155 6.5.3 Design Considerations 156 6.5.4 Design Criteria 157 Summary 161 Exercises 162 7. BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF WASTEWATER: AEROBIC PROCESSES 163-198 7.0 Concept of Biological Treatment 163 7.1 Removal Mechanism 163 7.2 Objectives of Biological Treatment 164 7.3 Classification of Treatment Processes 164 7.3.1 Processes According to Operational Conditions 164 7.3.2. Processes According to Microbial Maintenance in the System 165 74 Aerobic Biological Treatment 165 7.4.1 Principle 165 7.4.2. Bio-kinetic Coefficients (Growth Constants) 166 7.5 Significant Bio-kinetic Coefficients 167 7.5.1 Basic Kinetic Constant Equations _/70 Laboratory Procedure 171 7.6.2 Illustrative Examples 172 7.7 Design Application of Bio-kinetic Constants 177 7.7.1 Basic Design Equations for CMR 178 7.7.2_Design Examples 180 7.8 Design Considerations _/8i 728.1 Solids Content 181 7.8.2 Organic Content 182 7.83 Mustrative Examples 183 Type of Reactor Selected 187 Hydraulic Retention Time 188 Mean Cell Residence Time 188 Food to Microorganisms (F/M) Ratio 188 Organic Loading 189 Amount of Oxygen Required 190 7.8.10 Quantity of Air Required 191 11 Power Required for Oxygenation 192 12 Sludge Production 193 7.8.13 Sludge Wasting Flow Rates 194CONTENTS vil 7.8.14 Settling Quality of Sludge 195 7.8.15 Effluent Quality 196 Summary 197 Exercises 198 8. DESIGN OF SECONDARY BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT UNITS: SUSPENDED GROWTH PROCESS 199-261 8.0 Suspended Growth Treatment Units 199 8.1 Activated Sludge Process 199 8.1.1 Concept 199 8.1.2 Removal Mechanism 200 8.1.3 Types and Modifications of Activated Sludge Process 20/ 8.1.4 Design Considerations 205 8.1.5 Design Steps 205 8.1.6 Design Criteria for ASP 206 8.2 Secondary Settling Tank 207 8.2.1 Concept 207 8.2.2 Design Criteria for Secondary Settling Tank (SST) 207 8.3. Design Examples 208 84 Extended Aeration System 227 8.4.1 Oxidation Ditch 228 8.4.2 Aerated Lagoons 241 8.4.3 Design Example 243 8.5 Waste Stabilization Ponds 250 85.1 Removal Mechanism 252 8.5.3 Design Considerations 253 4 Design Criteria 254 8.5.5 Design Examples 255 Swnmary 259 Exercises 259 9. DESIGNS OF AEROBIC BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT UNITS: ATTACHED GROWTH PROCESSES 26; 2.0 Introduction 262 9.1 Trickling 911 Concept 263 912 Removal Mechanism 262 9.1.3 Classification 265 9.1.4 Design Criteria 266 9.1.5 Design Equations 266 1.16 Design Examples 272 9.2 Biotowers 281CONTENTS 9.3 Rotating Biological Contactors 28? 9.3.1 Concept 283 9.32 Removal Mechanism 284 9.3.3 Staging 285 9.3.4 Design Considerations 285 9.35 Design Criteria 286 9.3.6 Design Example 286 Summary 288 Exercises 289 10.0 Introduction 297 10.1 Removal Concept 292 10.2 System Concept 293 10.3 Design Considerations 293 10.4 Design Procedure and Criteria 294 10.4.1 Design Criteria 294 10.5 Anaerobic Reactors 295 10.5.1 Case I: Attached Growth Reactors 295 10.5.2 Case II: Suspended Growth Anaerobic Reactors 298 10.6 Design Examples 299 Summary 312 Fa 313 DESIGN OF SLUDGE TREATMENT UNITS 315-350 11.0 Introduction 225 1.1 Treatment Concept 376 11.2 Design Essentials 3/6 Sludge Soures 316 11.2.2 Sludge Quantities 3/7 Sludge Quality and Characteristics 3/7 11.2.4 Volume-Weight Relationship 318 11.3 Mlustrative Examples _ 320 114 Sludge Digestion 325 11.4.1 Anaerobic Sludge Digestion 325 11.4.2 Types of Digesters 326 11.5 Design Considerations 328 11.5.1 Design Criteria 328 11.5.2 Design Methods 329 11,5,3 Design Example 333 11.6 Quantity of Methane Gas Produced 337 11.7 Aerobic Digestion 342 11.7.1 Design Considerations 343CONTENTS 11.7.2 Design Criteria_343 11.7.3 Design Example 343 11.8 Sludge Drying Beds 345 11.8.1 Design Criteria 345 11.8.2 Design Example 346 Summary 348 Exercises 349 Appendix I List of Some Useful Conversion Factors 351-353 Appendix II Dimension Details of Parshall Flume (mm) 354 Appendix II Physical Properties of Water 355 Appendix IV. Symbols and Units Used in Wastewater Treatment (in SI Units) 356-357 References 359-360 Index. 361=26:Preface Wastewater treatment is a vast subject covering the technical elements of treating domestic and industrial wastewaters. Though there are many excellent textbooks that elucidate the theory and design of wastewater treatment plants, it was nevertheless felt that there was a need for another book that would not only deal the design approach but also cover the computational methods for the design of all units of a wastewater treatment plant. Though the idea of writing such a book was conceived by the senior author during his teaching years, we decided to put this project into practice as many of our students really appreciated the introduction of design computations in classroom lectures. The main objectives of this book are therefore threefold: (a) To highlight the basic principles of operation of the processes that are normally used for wastewater treatment. (b) To provide a clear understanding of the design criteria for sizing the treatment units. (c) To illustrate the design approach with step-by-step computations of the conventional domestic wastewater treatment plant units, normally employed in the field. It should however be noted that this book is not a manual or handbook for the design of wastewater treatment plants. Students and other users of this book should understand very clearly that a complete and exhaustive design of a wastewater treatment plant requires a vast experience and knowledge of mechanical and electrical elements of plant units or reactors, and know-how of the factors related to the field conditions. The illustrated design examples in the book, however, will provide the necessary guidelines on how to apply the design concepts in real situations, mainly to determine the size of the teatment units. Chapters have been organized in logical order starting from the design fundamentals to the order in which the treatment units appear in a conventional wastewater treatment plant. Chapter 1 introduces the basic concepts related to wastewater, the need of treatment and the types of treatment systems that are normally selected to treat domestic wastewater. While Chapter 2 covers the basic design considerations, Chapter 3 explains the general procedure for the design computations. Chapter 4 deals with the types of reactors most generally used and the reactions that normally take place in the reactors. xiEu PaaE Chapters 5 and 6 cover the basic principles and design of preliminary and primary treatment systems units. The aerobic and anaerobic biological processes and the design steps for the conventional secondary treatment units are covered in Chapiers 7 through 10. Finally, Chapter 11 deals with the design aspects of sludge treatment. The most frequently used design criteria have been listed just ahead of the design examples for ease of reference. Tn all, about a hundred design examples have been included along with their solutions. A lot of significant theoretical and computational information has been presented in NOTE boxes while useful design hints have been provided in TIP boxes. The authors have referred to many technical journals, reports, papers, manuals of Practice, textbooks, etc. during their teaching periods. The design criteria suggested as guidelines in this book are, therefore, based on such references and the publications of many research workers and the field experience of many engineers. These criteria may be found varying in the references provided. Therefore, it is the normal practice to determine the design criteria based on laboratory studies. As a prerequisite, it is presumed that the user of this book would have an adequate theoretical background related to chemistry and microbiology of design aspects of wastewater treatment. It is hoped that the book will be useful to the students of civil engineering and environmental engineering for the course in wastewater engineering. Practising engineers as well as governmental authorities involved in the design of wastewater treatment plants should also find this book beneficial. Though utmost care has been taken to ensure the correctness of computations, the authors would welcome communication of errors, useful suggestions and comments for improvement of the book in its subsequent reprints/editions. G.L. KARIA R.A. CHRISTIANAcknowledgements We gratefully acknowledge all the authors whose works have been referred to by us during our academic years for teaching the subject of wastewater treatment. We also wish to thank our colleague Dr. J.H. Pandya, Microbiologist, Civil Engineering Department, SVNIT, Surat for his useful comments and suggestions while going through the manuscript of this book. Special appreciation is due to our ex-students, Mr. Jigesh Mehta, M.S. (CE). Purdue University, USA and his wife, Mrs. Mehali Mehta, for diligently going through the manuscript and suggesting changes to the text and computations of design examples. We would also like to acknowledge gratefully the fact that the development and publication of this book would not have been possible without the encouragement of Prentice-Hall of India, the motivation provided by our students, and the patience and support of our fami “G.L. KARIA R.A. CHRISTIAN xiiiWastewater and Treatment Concepts 1.0 FUNDAMENTALS OF WASTEWATER Before one starts with the design and detailing of a wastewater treatment plant, one must have a very clear understanding of the concept of what wastewater is and what its treatment means. In simplest words, it can be said that wastewater is nothing, but the used water or liquid waste generated by the community due to its various activities, and contains the impurities in excess of the permitted/regulated statutory limits. Technically, however, wastewater can be defined as any water or liquid that contains impurities or pollutants in the form of solids, liquids or gases or their combinations in such a concentration that is harmful if disposed into the environment. Q Impurities in wastewater are mainly due to the presence of solids in the water. The solids may be organic or inorganic in nature and may be present in suspended, colloidal, dissolved or in the various forms of their combinations. The prescribed limit or acceptable level of concentration of impurities or pollutants is laid down by the local authorities such as a municipality or State Pollution Control Board (SPCB) or Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) in India. QO The final discharge of wastewater will normally be either into the body of water or onto the land, The receiving bodies of water may be streams, lakes, ponds, canals, rivers, seas, estuaries, etc.WASTEWATER TREATMENT: CONCEPTS AND DESIGN APPROACH ‘The wastewater disposed onto the land ultimately reaches the subsurface water strata/aquifer by percolation and infiltration. Thus, final disposal of wastewater except for volatilization of certain pollutants is always into a water body— surface or subsurface. 1.1. TYPES OF WASTEWATER Depending upon the source of generation, wastewaters are broadly classified as domestic wastewater and industrial wastewater. Domestic Wastewater Domestic wastewater, also known as municipal wastewater or sanitary wastewater or simply sewage, is the used water, which has been discharged from the residential, commercial and institutional zones of a city or a town or community and collected through sewerage system. Sometimes, partially-treated liquid wastes from small industries are also collected and discharged into the sanitary sewers and thus included with domestic wastewater. In general, domestic wastewater contains organic and inorganic solids and microorganisms, mainly bacteria. The composition of wastewater will depend on the source of its generation. Domestic wastewater, in general, is 99.9% water and contains only 0.1% solids. Industrial Wastewater Normally the wastewaters generated by large and medium scale industries are called industrial wastewaters. These wastewaters vary in quantity and quality from industry to industry and from process to process for the same industry. In general, a majority of manufacturing dustries generate a large volume of high strength wastewaters. Pkaem | As there are numerous kinds of industries and wastewater characteristics are process dependant, comprehensive coverage of design calculations for industrial wastewater is beyond the scope of this book. 1.2, CONCEPT OF TREATMENT The treatment of wastewater, in general, means the partial reduction or complete removal of excessive impurities present in wastewater, The excessive impurities imply to the constituent(s) concentration(s) that is more than the acceptable level(s) for final disposal or suitable reuse of treated wastewater.SARE AA REET = The partial reduction or complete removal of impurities depends on the intended level of treatment. If the objective is to simply dispose of the final effluent into the body of water (receiving streams), or onto the land, the concentration(s) of specific constituent(s) is reduced only up to acceptable limits prescribed by the statutory body like Pollution Control Boards or local authorities such as municipalities. For example, the prescribed limit of concentration of BOD; in final effluent of wastewater is 30 mg/L or less, if discharged into inland surface water, i.e. a stream or river. So, the objective of treatment will be to remove the initial concentration of BODs only up to 30 mg/L or less. On the other hand, to reuse the treated wastewater in some industrial process, the concentration of specific constituent is reduced to a particular level or completely removed as per the need. Since impurities are normally due to the presence of solids in wastewater, treatment of wastewater, in general, means the reduction or removal of the solids from wastewater. 1.3. TREATMENT METHODS Usually, physical, chemical or biological means are applied for wastewater treatment, and the treatment units are designed to carry out specific functions on the principles of either one or a combination of the means employed. Based on the means used, treatment methods have been broadly classified as unit operations and unit processes as described briefly in the following paragraphs [5, 9, 15, 20]. 1.3.1. Unit Operations The means of treatment in which the application of physical forces predominates are known as unit operations. Major treatment methods falling under this category are as follows: Screening Mixing Flocculation Sedimentation Floatation Elutriation Vacuum filtration Heat transfer and drying cooooo0oo 1.3.2 Unit Processes The types of treatment in which the removal of contaminants is brought about by the addition of chemicals or the use of biological mass or microbial activities are known as unit processes. Based on the type of agent used, these are further classified as follows: