TRANSPORT PHENOMENA

MOMENTUM, HEAT, AND MASS TRANSFER Rate of transfer as a function of gradients at the wall
ANALOGY Momentum Transfer:
For the equations which apply to turbulent flow in circular
tubes, the following definitions apply: ⎛ dv ⎞ fρV 2 ⎛ D ⎞⎛ ∆p ⎞
τ w = −µ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = − = ⎜ ⎟⎜ − ⎟
⎝ dy ⎠ w 8 ⎝ 4 ⎠⎝ L ⎠ f
⎡ hD ⎤
Nu = Nusselt Number ⎢ ⎥
⎣ k ⎦ Heat Transfer:
Pr = Prandtl Number (cPµ/k), ⎛Q⎞ ⎛ dT ⎞
⎜ ⎟ = −k ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎜ A⎟
Re = Reynolds Number (DVρ/µ), ⎝ ⎠w ⎝ dy ⎠ w
Sc = Schmidt Number [µ/(ρDm)], Mass Transfer in Dilute Solutions:
Sh = Sherwood Number (kmD/Dm), ⎛N⎞ ⎛ dc ⎞
⎜ ⎟ = − Dm ⎜⎜ m ⎟⎟
St = Stanton Number [h/(cpG)], ⎝ A ⎠w ⎝ dy ⎠ w
cm = concentration (mol/m3),
Rate of transfer in terms of coefficients
cP = heat capacity of fluid [J/(kg⋅K)],
Momentum Transfer:
D = tube inside diameter (m),
f ρV 2
Dm = diffusion coefficient (m2/s), τw =
8
(dcm/dy)w = concentration gradient at the wall (mol/m4),
Heat Transfer:
(dT/dy)w = temperature gradient at the wall (K/m),
⎛Q⎞
(dv/dy)w = velocity gradient at the wall (s–1), ⎜ ⎟ = h∆T
⎜ A⎟
f = Moody friction factor, ⎝ ⎠w
G = mass velocity [kg/(m2⋅s)], Mass Transfer:
h = heat-transfer coefficient at the wall [W/(m2⋅K)], ⎛N⎞
⎜ ⎟ = k m ∆cm
k = thermal conductivity of fluid [W/(m⋅K)], ⎝ A ⎠w
km = mass-transfer coefficient (m/s), Use of friction factor (f ) to predict heat-transfer and mass-
L = length over which pressure drop occurs (m), transfer coefficients (turbulent flow)
(N/A)w = inward mass-transfer flux at the wall Heat Transfer:
[mol/(m2⋅s)], ⎛ Nu ⎞ 2 3 f
j H = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟Pr =
(Q A) w
2
= inward heat-transfer flux at the wall (W/m ), ⎝ Re Pr ⎠ 8
y = distance measured from inner wall toward centerline Mass Transfer:
(m), ⎛ Sh ⎞ 2 3 f
∆cm = concentration difference between wall and bulk fluid j M = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟Sc =
⎝ Re Sc ⎠ 8
(mol/m3),
∆T = temperature difference between wall and bulk fluid
(K),
µ = absolute dynamic viscosity (N⋅s/m2), and
τw = shear stress (momentum flux) at the tube wall
(N/m2).
Definitions already introduced also apply.

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