American rule

Further information: History of the Philippines (1898–1946)

The islands were ceded by Spain to the United States as a result of the latter's
victory in the Spanish–American War.[141] A compensation of US$20 million was paid
to Spain according to the terms of the 1898 Treaty of Paris.[142] As it became
increasingly clear the United States would not recognize the nascent First
Philippine Republic, the Philippine–American War broke out, the First Republic was
defeated, and the archipelago was administered under an Insular Government.[143]
The war resulted in the deaths of tens of thousands of combatants as well as a
couple of hundred thousand civilians, mostly from a cholera epidemic.[143][144]
[145][146]

The Americans then suppressed other rebellious sub-states: mainly, the waning
Sultanate of Sulu, as well as the insurgent Tagalog Republic, the Cantonal Republic
of Negros in the Visayas, and the Republic of Zamboanga in Mindanao.[147][148]
During this era, a renaissance in Philippine culture occurred, with the expansion
of Philippine cinema and literature.[149][150][151] Daniel Burnham built an
architectural plan for Manila which would have transformed it into a modern city.
[152] In 1935, the Philippines was granted Commonwealth status with Manuel Quezon
as president. He designated a national language and introduced women's suffrage and
land reform.[153][154]