Human Identification through Gait Recognition

Aliya Amirzhanova
Warwick University

Abstract
Nowadays there are several image based human biometrics, such as iris recognition, fingerprints, face.
However, all of them require close human contact. To solve this problem there is a relatively new
technique, called gait recognition, which can be done at a distance. Moreover, it has advantages such as
recognition of low resolution videos, recognition when individual information is confidential [6].
Certainly, there are effects of covariates such as change in viewing angle, change in shoe, walking
surface, carrying conditions, and elapsed time [8] that make gait recognition problem more challenging
for research. There are several approaches for studying gait recognition system such as model-based and
model-free one. This project work was based on model-free approach. The main aim is to apply
Machine Learning techniques to the gait recognition application system and find an optimal solution for
the identification, while the dataset is robust to covariates.

Keywords
Gait recognition, gait, biometrics, model-free approach, model-based approach, PCA, silhouette,
covariates

Glossary
Covariates – natural potential variations in data and factors on performance that can affect data, such as
change in view type, walking surface, change in shoe, carrying conditions, etc.
Gait – a particular way or manner of walking / moving on foot [19]
Gait recognition – human biometrics based on a gait that can be done at a distance [7]
Gallery – a training set
GEI (Gait Energy Image) –averaged image representation of walking silhouette
Probe – test data, in this project there are three different probes that are in use.

Introduction
The general definition of gait is a particular way or manner of walking [19]. According to Boyd and
Little [20], gait is “the coordinated, cyclic combination of movements that result in human locomotion”.
The motion is considered to be coordinate, because it occurs with a particular temporal pattern [20]. The
motion is considered to be cyclic because of periodic cycles of steps [20]. There are different types of
gaits, for example walking, jumping, running, climbing stairs [20].
Gait analysis was a subject of interest a long time ago. So, Aristotle can be considered as a pioneer in
this field. Shakespeare in his play “The Tempest” made a reference of a unique gait pattern [5]. A
number of psycho physiological studies then have proved that a sex of the person can be recognised by
his gait [25]. Moreover, these studies have succeeded in recognising friends and colleagues, achieving a
performance rate of more than 70% [25]. Research on gait recognition is still underway, but it has
already attracted a big interest and is becoming more popular [4], because of its advantages and non-
invasiveness. Nowadays, with rapid development of computer based technology, it is possible to
identify people with a success rate of 90% or higher [25]. However, these findings are depended on
various factors such as a small dataset or laboratory based conditions [25], thus an optimal solution is
still a matter of research and study.

Gait Recognition and Relation to Other Biometrics

Gait recognition relates to other biometrics as well. It has the potential to be fused with other biometric
authentication systems such as face recognition, ear recognition and hand gestures [5]. Such multi-
modal biometric systems can either fuse multiple biometric features or can automatically switch among
various biometric features, depending on specific operational conditions.

Applications of Gait analysis

Security
In recent years, automated visual surveillance has been under a big interest [10]. This is mainly due to
the vital purpose to provide a safe environment [10]. As a result, there is a rapid increase in
synchronised closed-circuit television (CCTV) cameras, which require an intelligent approach [21].
Thus, these ideal systems should be able to recognise the identity of the subject if they detect a
suspicious behaviour [21]. Basically, such systems, having monitored the process, should be able to give
a warning before the actual event happens, and be able to identify the subject from the crowd
immediately [21]. The gait recognition is the most suitable biometric measure for these reasons [21].
Also its unobtrusiveness feature that does not require observed subjects’ cooperation [6] makes gait
recognition more attractive to study for security reasons. Thus, the gait recognition will be a very useful
and powerful tool to identify perpetrators.

Gait Analysis in Medicine

A gait recognition technique is not limited to security applications, a lot of medical applications are
based on this technique [4]. For example, the main objective in medicine linked with gate is to identify
walking conditions to treat pathologically abnormal patience [4], to identify different neuromuscular
disorders, such as multiple sclerosis and Parkinson’s disease, in their early stage [4].
Gait Analysis in Sport
Gait analysis is in wide use in sports biomechanics applications. It helps people involved in sports to
improve performance and reduce injury risks by tracking the walking and running process and
identifying posture or movement-related problems that might occur [24].

Gait Covariate Factors

Research on gait recognition is a very challenging task, as there are different gait covariates and
variations that can affect the performance of data. Thus, gait can be affected by the mood of a person [5,
14] or even by music [15]. It is obvious if a person is in a good normal mood; he/she has a usual
walking condition. If he/she is excited then walking might be changed to a faster mode, and if he/she is
sad, then vice versa, walking might be changed to a slower pace. Another covariate is injuries, which
affect walking highly. Shoe type [7, 13] and walking surfaces also directly affect walking. Load [7, 11,
12] can definitely alter the way people walk. Time and angle of view also can affect the data. People can
lose or gain weight within time as well. Different clothes: loose, tight, or heavy clothing [5] can
transform the natural motion. Age transforms the way people walk as well [5], involving change in
posture and gait, as muscles, bones and joints become weaker [16].

Therefore, the question might arise: “Why study gait recognition then?” Firstly, all other biometrics
have their own covariates as well. For example, face recognition has covariates such as face expression,
illumination, injury, angle of view, age, etc. Secondly, as it was described earlier, gait recognition has a
lot of advantages compared to other biometrics. Thus, the purpose of any gait recognition technique is to
identify people invariant to these natural potential factors.

Main Approaches of Gait Recognition

Model-based Approach
The model-based approach obtains a series of static and dynamic body parameters by modelling or
tracking body components such as limbs, legs and arms [6]. This method aims to derive the movement
of the body [5]. Systems based on this approach mainly consist of gait capture, a model, feature
extraction scheme, a gait signature and a classifier [3]. This approach has its own advantages such as
reliable handling of occlusion, noise, as well as employing the scale and rotation of the model-free
approach, which can be significantly important for practical applications [3]. However, it has
disadvantages as well. Model-based approach is sensitive to the quality of gait sequences [6], and is
considered to have high computational time costs. These disadvantages mean the model-free approach is
used more.
Model-free approach
Most of the current analyses of gait recognition are based on the model-free approach [5]. Model-free
approaches focus on shapes of silhouettes or the whole motion of bodies by deriving a set of
measurements to describe these shapes and motion in a sequence of images [6]. This approach is
insensitive to the quality of silhouettes [6], has low computation costs and is less time-consuming. This
project is based on the model-free approach.

Related Work
One of the first works on model-free approach can be considered studies by Kale et al. [26], and
Sundaresan et al. [25], basing evaluation on Hidden Markov Model algorithm and considering two
different image features: the entire binary silhouette and the width of the outer contour of the silhouette
[25]. The use of PCA technique can be found in paper proposed by BenAbdelkader et al. [28]. Their
work is based on self-similarity and structural stride parameters (stride and cadence) [28], where PCA
have been applied to self-similarity plots that are derived by differencing. Classification has been
performed using k-nearest neighbor classifier and it has been showed that recognition can be achieved
[28]. Sarkar et all’s approach [8] uses baseline algorithm that estimates silhouettes by background
subtraction and performs recognition by temporal correlation of silhouettes [8]. Identification rate in
their findings ranges from 78% to 3%, depending on covariates involved. Thus, identification rate with
involvement of one, two covariates shows higher results than with involvement of three and four
covariates together. In addition, experiment with involvement of one covariate view or show type gives
higher results than involvement of surface covariate. Bhanu and Han’s approach [29] has been used
kinematic and stationary features to estimate 3D walking parameters [29]. Hild [30] in his paper
examines the 3D motion trajectory with further estimation of leg frequency from the area between the
legs [30]. Zhao et al. [31] used the mean amplitude of key poses in his evaluations [31]. Lee et al. [32]
has used separation of gait into style and content by generating temporally aligned gait sequences via
local linear embedding with separation by a bilinear model [32]. Their approach has achieved a good
performance [32]. Han and Bhanu [7] have used GEI by averaging silhouettes and then implemented
PCA and multiple discriminant analysis to learn features for fusion [7]. In their approach they [7]
applied a feature fusion strategy to improve recognition performance [7], increasing capability beyond
that of other individual approaches [5]. The results obtained have exceeded the baseline algorithm, and
have shown a great performance [7].

Methods
The aim of this project work was to develop the gait recognition system by applying Machine Learning
techniques and algorithms that would be able to recognise subjects from the given test set and the
gallery set. This system should be able to perform algorithms such as Direct Matching, PCA. The
recognition rate should be obtained, after using these algorithms, which represents percentage ratio of
successful matching. The main objective of this project is to learn T, which is the transformation matrix
(feature extractor) that can reduce the effect of covariates.

Direct Matching
The main aim of the Direct Matching technique is for the given probe set, to find exact matching from
the gallery using Euclidean distance between vectors representing probe set and training set. The output
is then compared with ground truth to see whether the exact match has been found. If yes, then the
identity has been recognised, if not – rejection occurs. Thus, recognition rate is calculated for each
probe. This is a simple basic method that allows one to deal with data, and provides the basics for PCA
(several pieces of code used in this technique are necessary in PCA), and shows great performance,
which is then needed to compare with other methods in the evaluation stage.

PCA
PCA or Principal Component Analysis is unsupervised learning technique that reduces the
dimensionality of the data. The directions of the data with the most variation are found; the
eigenvectors corresponding to the largest eigenvalues of the covariance matrix, and the data is then
projected onto those directions [9].

PCA using covariance matrix

Algorithm:
1. Obtain vector representation of the dataset
2. Subtract off the mean for each dimension
3. Calculate the covariance matrix
4. Find eigenvectors and eigenvalues
5. Extract the diagonal of matrix as vector
6. Sort the variances
7. Project the original data set

Dataset
The database used was the USF HumanID gait database [8], that is represented through GEI (gait energy
images) [7], which reflects main representation of silhouettes and their changes over the gait cycle [7].
In other words, GEI is the sum of images of the walking subject divided by the number of images [23].
Dataset consists of the gallery set (training data), consisting of 122 subjects, and 3 probes (testing data):
A, B, C, which are distinct and classified regarding their variations in covariates: probe A in shoe type,
probe B in view, and probe C in both view and shoe type simultaneously.

Table 1. Dataset overview.

Figure1. Images from a

surveillance came 1

Results
As the PCA algorithm has been implemented it is essential to create a scree plot that shows the total
proportion of variance versus a number of principal components. This graph helps to identify the
appropriate number of principal components to retain with meaningful variances. To determine this, a
point on the graph with the most valuable variances should be identified, so called ‘elbow’ point [33].
There are 11,264 principal components in total for the training set, because of the dimensionality of
data. It can be seen from the graph (1) that by examining all those principal components it is difficult to
see, exactly where the ‘elbow’ point is, which is in between 0 and 1000.
 Figure 1. Scree plot of 11,264 principal components

Figure1. Images from a surveillance came 2

Thus, another graph has been provided (2) with 300 principal components. It can be revealed that the
‘elbow’ point in this graph (2) is somewhere next to 100 or 200. Therefore, in order to be sure enough
244 principal components have been retained, according to Han and Bhanu [14] approach, where d =
2*c. In this case, d is a number of principal components to retain, and c is a number of classes (122).

Figure 2. Scree plot of 300 principal components

Figure1. Images from a surveillance came 3

In this project for the evaluation measurement, recognition rate is used. Recognition rate is a number
represented as a percentage that is a number of recognised subjects is divided by class number in the
probe set and multiplied by 100%.
 Implemented Recognition Rate for Each Probe
Algorithm Probe A Probe B Probe C
Direct Matching 81.97% 87.04% 74.07%
PCA 88.52% 87.04% 68.52%
Table 2. Recognition Rate.

Figure1. Images from a

surveillance came 4
According to table, for PCA Probe A gives 88.52%, meaning that 108 subjects from 122 have been
identified in this set. Probe B achieves 87.04%, thus that 47 subjects from 54 presented in the probe
have been identified. Probe C shows recognition rate of 68.52%, where 37 subjects from 54 have been
recognised.

Overall, it can be seen that the results are high for probe A. A possible explanation might be that view
point variation does not affect performance so much. Whereas, covariates involved in probe C such as
difference in view and shoe type together makes to be a rather difficult experiment. Probe B has
variations in shoe type and it shows the same result when applying three different methods. However, in
order to identify exactly how shoe type affects the identification, different experiments should be
undertaken. Moreover, it can be concluded that performance with one covariate is higher than with two
covariates. Although, other experiments with different probe sets including different variations in
covariates should be done as well.

In order to check elapsed time taken to run each algorithm, functions tic and toc have been used in
MATLAB. Tic starts a stopwatch timer to measure performance of internal time at execution [34]. Toc
command is for displaying the elapsed time in seconds on screen.

Implemented Elapsed Time Taken for Each Probe in Seconds

Algorithm Probe A Probe B Probe C
Direct Matching 10.99 4.96 4.99
PCA 19.88 15.12 15.18

Table 3. Elapsed time taken

Figure1. Images from a

surveillance came 5

Conclusion
This project succeeded in its main objective in developing the gait recognition system by applying
algorithms such as Direct Matching, PCA. It is able to find for a given probe set the exact matching
from the training set. According to the results the recognition rate is high for probe with variation in
view type. Covariates with two variations give less recognition rate performance compared to one
variation, meaning that the experiment including two covariate factors is more difficult. Performance on
probe with variation in shoe type has not been changed after applying different algorithms. In order to
identify the purpose other algorithms should be implemented. The Direct Matching technique gives
good results, whereas it is simple technique.

Limitations and future work

There are several limitations of this work. Firstly, the recognition system does not use user-friendly GUI
technique in MATLAB that allow setting up and running the program easily. Secondly, the use of small
dataset cannot allow performing techniques on different experiments, with other covariate factors
involvement. Thirdly, the use of only two techniques cannot allow investigating further the
performance on probes. Fourthly, whereas GEI is an effective gait recognition feature, it does not
contain enough human body structure information, which negatively affects its robustness in covariate
factors [35]. The introduction of the new gait recognition method such as structural gait energy image
(SGEI) [35] has proved to achieve higher recognition rates than GEI.
The gait recognition is on its development stage and a lot of research work is still has being proposed.
Indeed, future work involves implementation of other different techniques, methods and algorithms and
investigation their performance using various databases with different covariate factors.

Acknowledgements
I would like to thank my supervisor, Professor Chang-Tsun Li, for the initial project proposal of the
final year project, for his great effort, time spent and help in guidance of my project. I am also very
grateful for his contribution and support to my presence in BCUR with my spoken paper based on this
project.

I would also like to thank Yu Guan, one of Professor Li’s PhD students, who helped me a lot to solve a
number of various problems during the progress of this project, especially dealing with methods and
algorithms for this project.

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