SEISMIC DETAILING OF RC Frame Design of Buildings November 2012 by SKJ PDF

Seismic Detailing of RC
Structures (IS:13920-1993)
Sudhir K Jain
Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar
November 2012
1
Outline
 This lecture covers:
 Covers important clauses of IS13920
 With particular emphasis on Buildings
 Many important clauses applicable to buildings may not be
discussed in this lecture in detail.
Sudhir K. Jain, IITGN Slide 2

Seismic Design of Buildings / November 2012
How to ensure ductility
 Correct collapse mechanism
 Adequate ductility at locations likely to form
hinge in collapse mechanism
 Need sufficient member ductility to ensure
adequate structural ductility.
 Prevent brittle failure mechanisms to take place
prior to ductile yielding

Collapse Mechanism
 Storey Mechanism
 Columns require too much ductility
 Columns are difficult to make ductile

Collapse Mechanism
 Beam – Hinge Mechanism (Sway Mechanism)
 Preferred mechanism
 Ensure that beams yield before columns do
 Strong Column –Weak Beam Design

R C Members
 Bond Failure: Brittle
 Shear Failure: Brittle
 Flexural Failure
 Brittle: if over-reinforced section (compression
failure)
 Ductile: if under-reinforced section (tension
failure)
 Hence, Ensure that
 Bond failure does not take place
 Shear failure does not precede flexural yielding
 Beam is under-reinforced.

Failure of RC Section
 Yielding of tension bars
 Ductile
 Tension failure
 Under-reinforced section
 Crushing of compression concrete
 Brittle
 Compression failure
 Over-reinforced section

R C Section
 Tension failure more likely if:
 Less tension reinforcement
 More compression reinforcement
 Higher grade of concrete
 Lower grade of steel
 Lower value of axial compression

Section ductility increases as
 Grade of concrete improves
 Grade of steel reduces
 Tension steel reduces
 Compression steel increases
 Axial compression force reduces
 Generally, columns are less ductile than beams

Capacity Design Concept
Brittle Ductile
Link Link
 The chain has both ductile and brittle elements.

 To ensure ductile failure, we must ensure that
the ductile link yields before any of the brittle
links fails.

Capacity Design Concept (contd…)
 Assess required strength of chain from code.

 Apply suitable safety factors on load and
material
 Design/detail ductile element(s).
 Assess upper-bound strength of the ductile
element
 Design brittle elements for upper-bound load
 Ensures that brittle elements are elastic when
the ductile elements yield.

Capacity Design Concept (contd…)
 For instance, in a RC member

 Shear failure is brittle
 Flexural failure can be made ductile
 Element must yield in flexure and not fail in shear

Capacity Design of Frames
 Choose yield mechanism
 Locate desirable hinge locations
 Estimate reasonable design seismic force on the
building
 Design the members at hinge locations
(upper bound type)
 Assess the member forces at other locations
under the action of “capacity” force
 Design other locations for that force; need not
detail these for high ductility

Materials in RC Members
 Concrete and steel have very different
characteristics
 Steel ductile: strain capacity: ~12% to 25%
 Concrete brittle: strain capacity: ~0.35%
HYSD
Mild Steel
20-25% 0.35%

Confinement of concrete
 Considerably improves its strain capacity
Stress-strain relationship for concrete proposed by Saatcioglu and

Razvi, (1992)

Confinement of Column Sections
Fig. from Paulay

and Priestley, 1992

Main Steps
 Weak Girder – Strong Column Philosophy
 Shear Failure Prevented by Special Calculations
(Capacity Design Method)
 Good Development Length
 Regions Likely to have Hinges Confined with
Closely-spaced and Closed Stirrups

Applicability of Code (Cl. 1.1.1)
 Originally, this code was applicable for:
 All structures in zones IV or V
 Structures in zone III with I > 1.0
 Industrial structures in zone III
 More than 5-storey structures in zone III
 After the Bhuj earthquake, the code made

applicable to all structures in zones III, IV and
V.
 Even though the code title says “structures”, it
was written primarily for buildings.

Background Materials
 The code emerged from the following. These also
provide commentary:
 Medhekar M S, Jain S K and Arya A S, "Proposed Draft for
IS:4326 on Ductile Detailing of Reinforced Concrete
Structures," Bulletin of the Indian Society of Earthquake
Technology, Vol 29, No. 3, September 1992, 15 - 35.
 Medhekar M S and Jain S K, "Seismic Behaviour, Design,
and Detailing of R.C. Shear Walls, Part I: Behaviour and
Strength," The Indian Concrete Journal, Vol. 67, No. 7, July
1993, 311-318.
 Medhekar M S and Jain S K, "Seismic Behaviour, Design,
and Detailing of R.C. Shear Walls, Part II: Design and
Detailing," The Indian Concrete Journal, Vol. 67, No. 8,
September 1993, 451-457.

Concrete Grade
 Originally, as per Cl.5.2: buildings more than 3
storeys high, minimum concrete grade shall
preferably be M20.
 Now, word “preferably” has been dropped.
 Most codes specify higher grade of concrete for
seismic regions than that for non-seismic
constructions. Examples:
 ACI allows M20 for ordinary constructions, but a
minimum of M25 for aseismic constructions.
 Euro code allows M15 for non seismic, but
requires a min grade of M20 for low-seismic and
M25 for medium and high seismic regions.

Steel Grade (Cl. 5.3)
 Originally, the code required that steel
reinforcement of grade Fe415 or less only be
used.
 Higher grade of steel reduces ductility. Hence,
there is usually an upper limit on grade of steel
required.

Steel Grade (Contd…)
 Recently, the code relaxed this requirement.

Cl.5.3 now reads as
5.3 Steel reinforcements of grade Fe415 (see IS 1786:1985) or less
only shall be used.
However, high strength deformed steel bars, produced by
the thermo-mechanical treatment process, of grades
Fe500 and Fe550, having elongation more than 14.5
percent and conforming to other requirements of IS
1786:1985 may also be used for the reinforcement.
 Thus, higher grades of steel are now allowed in

the Indian code subject to the above restrictions
on ductility of bars.
Steel Grade (Contd…)
 ACI has two additional requirements on steel

reinforcement:
 Actual yield strength must not exceed specified
yield strength by more than 120 MPa.
 The shear or bond failure may precede the flexural hinge
formation.
 If the difference is very high, the capacity design concept
will not work.
 Ratio of actual ultimate strength to actual yield
strength should be at least 1.25.
 To develop inelastic rotation capacity, need adequate length
of yield region along axis of the member. This attempts to
ensure that.

Flexural Members

Positive Reinforcement
 At a joint face, positive reinforcement should be at least
50% of the negative reinf.
Negative steel (At) Negative steel (At)
Positive steel (Ab 0.5At) Positive steel (Ab 0.5At)
 Two reasons:
 Need adequate compression reinforcement to ensure
ductility.
 Seismic moments are reversible.
 See next slide.

Reinforcement Elsewhere (Cl. 6.2.4)
 Steel at top and bottom face anywhere should

be at least 25% of max negative moment steel
at face of either joint.
8 Nos 20 12 Nos 20
Min 3 Nos 20
Min 4 Nos 20 Min 6 Nos 20

Reinforcement (Contd…)
 Reasons:
 Actual moments away from joint may be higher
than the design moment.
 We do not want to reduce large amount of steel
abruptly away from the joint.

External Joint of Beam with Column
 Very important to
ensure adequate
anchorage of
beam bars in the
column

External Joint (Contd…)
 Notice the top bar of beam is shown to go into
column well below soffit of the beam.
 This is a problem in the construction.
 One would cast the columns up to beam soffit
level before fixing the beam reinforcement.
 Problem arises since Indian code does not
require minimum column width.
 If column is wide enough, this will not be a
problem.
 Seismic codes generally require column width to
be at least 20 times the largest beam bar dia.
 More on column width later in the section on
joints.

Lap Splice (Cl. 6.2.6)
 Lap length development length in tension
 Due to reversal of seismic loads, the bar could
be in compression or tension.
 Lap splice not to be provided
 Within a joint
 Within a distance of 2d from joint face
 Within a quarter length of member where
yielding may occur due to seismic forces.
 Lap splices are not reliable under cyclic inelastic
deformations and hence not to be provided in the critical
regions.

Lap Splice (Contd…)
 Wherever longitudinal bar splices are provided:

 Hoops @ not more than 150 mm c/c should be
provided over the entire splice length
Ld = development length in tension

db = bar diameter

Web Reinforcement
 Most important requirement in seismic regions

Web Reinforcement (Contd…)
 Several actions by web reinforcement:

 Shear force capacity
 Confinement of concrete
 Lateral support to compression reinforcement
bars

 Vertical hoops
 Shear direction may reverse during earthquake
shaking
 Hence, inclined bars not effective.
 Closed stirrups
 Open stirrups cannot confine concrete
 135 degree hooks
 As against normal 90 degree hooks
 Provides good anchorage to stirrups
 10 dia extension ( 75 mm)
 As against 4 dia extension
 Provides good anchorage.

 Two pieces allowed:

 U-stirrup and a cross tie
 Both with 135 degree hooks at either end.
 This is more conservative than the ACI Code
 See next slide for ACI provision.

Hoops as per
ACI318

Spacing of Hoops
 Hoop spacing over 2d length at either end of
beam not to exceed
 d/4
 8 times dia of smallest longitudinal bar
Spacing >d/4
>8db
2d 2d 2d

Spacing of Hoops (Contd…)
 But, hoop spacing need not be less than 100

mm
 To ensure space for needle vibrator.
 Also, close spacing of hoops over 2d on either
side of any other location where flexural yielding
is likely
 Elsewhere, hoop spacing to not exceed d/2
 As against 3d/4 permitted by IS:456
 First hoop should be placed within 50 mm of the
joint face.

Shear Design
 Shear reinforcement to be designed for:
 Factored shear forces as per calculations for
applied design loads.
 Shear forces that will develop when flexural
yielding takes place at either end of the beam
 Capacity design concept to ensure shear failure (brittle
failure) will not precede the flexural yielding.

Capacity Design for Shear
 Cantilever Beam Example
Factored design load 100 kN,
100kN (Factored Design Load)

 Height of 5m
 Design moment at base =100 5m
x 5 = 500 kNm
 Design for this moment.
 Generally, the actual
reinforcement may be
somewhat higher than
calculated.
 Say the moment capacity of the
section is 600 kNm (instead of 500
kNm).

Cantilever example (Contd…)
 Design assumes steel stress as 0.87fy (due to

partial safety factor of 1.15)
 But, steel can take upto say 1.25fy (due to strain
hardening).
 Hence, section can take moment upto about 860
kNm (= 600x1.25/0.87).
 When moment at base is 860 kNm, the shear
force must be 172 kN (= 860/5).
 Hence, to prevent shear failure prior to flexural
yielding, design shear force is 172 kN
 As against 100 kN factored shear force!

Capacity Design (Contd…)
 Ratio 1.25 / 0.87 = 1.44 has been rounded off

to 1.4 in the code (Cl. 6.33)

Capacity Design for Shear
 Consider beam part of a frame.
EQ Force
Sagging Hogging
EQ Force
Hogging Sagging
 Flexural yielding will be in sagging at one end

and hogging at the other end, and vice versa.
Capacity Design for Shear (Contd…)
MSA MHB
MSA + MHB
Shear force =
L
MHA MSB
L
MHA + MSB
Shear force =
L

Capacity Design for Shear (Contd…)

Example
D L D L 1.2 D L
V a Vb 61.5 kN
2
' '
M pa M pb
105
L
'
' M pb 295
M pa 231
(Va)min = 61.5 -105 = - 45.5 kN
(Vb)max = 61.5 + 105 = 166.5 kN

Example (Contd…)
'
M pa M mb
102
M pa 303 M 'pb 209 L
(Va)max = 61.5 + 102 = 163.5 kN
(Vb)min = 61.5-102 = 40.5 kN
Design shear reinforcement for these shear

force values as usual.
Detailing Reqmnts for Beams

Columns

Location of Lap Splices
 All laps should be only in the central half of the
column height.
 Seismic moments are maximum in columns just
above and just below the beam: hence,
reinforcement must not change at those
locations.
 Seismic moments minimum in the central half of
the column height.
 Hence, reinforcement should be specified from
mid-storey-height to next mid-storey-height.

Locations of Laps in Columns
Region for
lap splices
Bending Moment Diagram

Lap Splices
 Should be proportioned as tension splices.
 Columns may develop substantial moments.
 The moments are reversible in direction.
 Hence, all bars are liable to go under tension.

No of bars to be lapped
 Code does not allow more than 50% of the bars
to lapped at the same location.
 For buildings of normal proportions, it means:
 Half the bars to be spliced in one storey, and the
other half in the next storey.
 Construction difficulties.
 The clause appears to be very harsh.
 It should allow all bars to be lapped at the same
location but with a penalty on the lap length.

Detailing at Lap Locations
 Hoops to be provided over entire splice length
at spacing not exceeding 150 c/c.

Transverse Reinforcement
 A hoop must be (Cl. 7.3.1):
 Closed stirrup
 Have 135 degree hook
 Have 10 dia extension (but not less than 75mm)
at each end which is embedded in core
concrete.
 10 dia extension: difficulties in construction
 ACI now allows 6 dia extension (subject to a
minimum of 75 mm).

Transverse Reinforcement
 If length of any side of hoop exceeds 300mm,
cross tie to be provided (Cl. 7.3.2)

Transverse Reinforcement (Contd…)

As per ACI318

Spacing of Hoops (Cl. 7.3.3)
 Spacing of hoops anywhere not to exceed half
the least lateral dimension of the column.
 Except where confinement reinforcement is
needed: closer spacing will be needed there.

Shear Design
 Column to be designed for larger of
 Calculated factored shear force.
 Shear force by capacity design concept
assuming plastic hinge forms at the beams on
either side.
 It is assumed in this clause that the columns will not yield
before the beams do (Strong Column – Weak Beam
Design)
 However, recall that our code does not have the clause for
strong column – weak beam design.

Design Shear Force for Column

Special Confining Reinf.
 Must be provided over a length lo from each
joint face. Length lo must be larger of:
 Larger lateral dimension of the column
 1/6 of the clear span of member
 450mm

Special Confining Reinf. (Contd…)
 If point of contraflexure not within middle half

of the member clear height:
 Special confining reinforcement should be
provided over full column height.

Column End at Footing

Spacing of Special Conf. Reinf.
 Spacing of hoops for special confinement
reinforcement
 Not to exceed ¼ of minimum column dimension.
 But need not be less than 75mm nor more than
100 mm.
 The above spacing is really for buildings.
 For large bridge piers, may allow larger spacing
 AASHTO: minimum spacing of 100mm
 Japanese code: minimum spacing of 150mm
 Indian code needs to incorporate this.

Confinement Reinf. Area
 Area of cross section of circular hoops or spirals
to be not less than:
fck Ag
Ash 0.09SDk 1.0
fy Ak

Example:
 Column dia: 300 mm
 M20 concrete, Fe415 reinforcement
 Spacing of confinement reinforcement should not
exceed 300/4 = 75, or 100mm and cannot be less
than75mm.
 Hence, spacing of confinement reinf. = 75 mm
 Assuming clear cover of 40mm:
 Core dia (Dk) is 220mm; Ak=38,000 sq.m
 Overall dia = 300mm; Ag=70,700 sq.m
Ash = 0.09 x 75 x 220 x (20/415) x [(300/220)2 - 1] = 61.5 sq.mm
Hence, 10 mm dia bars are needed.

Another Example:
 Same as earlier: change column dia to 200mm.

 Stirrup spacing will still be 75mm.
 Core dia is 120mm
Ash = 0.09 x 75 x 120 x (20/415) x [(200/120)2 - 1] = 69.4 sq.mm
Need 10 mm stirrups.
 Stirrup spacing will still be 75mm.
 Core dia is 70mm
Ash = 0.09 x 75 x 70 x (20/415) x [(150/70)2 - 1] = 81.8 sq.mm
Need 12 mm dia stirrups!!

Confinement Reinforcement
 The last term in bracket tends to increase as the

column size reduces.
 For very small sections, you will get larger dia
bars.
 Can be a problem in the detailing of boundary
elements of shear walls.

More Example
Stirrup spacing will now be 100mm.
Core dia is 1920mm
Ash = 0.09 x 100 x 1920 x (20/415) x [(2000/1920 )2 - 1]
= 70.84 sq.mm
Need 10 mm stirrups!! Clearly, too small for 2 m
dia column.

Confinement Reinforcement
 For very large diameters, the last term in

bracket tends to be very small.
 This leads to under-design of large
diameter bridge piers.

Rectangular Hoops
fck Ag
Ash 0.18Sh 1.0
fy Ak

Confinement Hoops
Thus, equations of Cl. 7.4.7 and Cl. 7.4.8
break down for very large sections and
very small sections.
This needs to be fixed in the code. IRC draft
under discussion provides additional
requirements on this.

Beam Column Joints

Joints in RC Frames
 Moment resisting frame has three components
 Beams
 Columns
 Rigid joint between beams and columns.
 Joint is a very important element.
 Earlier, joint was often ignored in RC
constructions, even though in steel constructions
adequate attention was always paid to the joint.

Codal Provisions
 Provisions in IS:13920 on joints are very weak.
 Considerable improvements are needed in the
next edition.
 Partly, this is because IS:456 lacks general
framework for joint calculations.

Reinforcement in Joint
 Joint too needs to have stirrups like columns do.
 In most constructions in our country, joints are
not provided with stirrups.
 It is often tedious to provide stirrups in joint due to
congestion.
 In gravity design, there was a practice that
bottom beam bars need not be continuous
through the joint.
 It is simply not acceptable when building has to
carry lateral loads.

RC Detailing Handbook of BIS
Incorrect
Practice

Issues
 Serviceability
 Cracks should not occur due to
 Diagonal compressionm
 Joint shear
 Strength
 Should be more than that in adjacent members
 Ductility
 Not needed for gravity loads
 Needed for seismic loads
 Ease of Construction
 Should not be congested.

Cracks in Joint Region

Type of Joints

Geometric Description of Joints

Moment Strength Ratio
 Moment strength ratio to ensure Strong
Column – Weak Beam
 Columns should have higher moment capacity
than the beams
M n( cols )
1.0
M n( beams )
 Normally, the codes require this ratio to be at

least 1.2

Moment Strength Ratio (Contd…)
 Our code does not have this requirement.
 Notice that the original draft contained in
Medhekar’s paper had this clause
 This clause requires much larger column sizes
than prevalent in India.
 It was felt that this may not be followed in
practice and hence it should be deferred for the
time being.
 It is perhaps time to think of bringing this clause
in the code.

Confinement of Concrete Core
 Core concrete acts as compression strut, and
 It carries shear force.
core
shell

Compression Strut
Compression Strut
Moment Moment

Confinement
 Provided by the beams (and slabs) around the
joint, and
Col.
Plan
 By the reinforcement:
 Longitudinal bars (from beams and columns,
passing through the joint), and
 Transverse reinforcement

Confinement (Contd…)
 Better to provide more number of smaller dia

longitudinal bars in beams and columns.
 Requirements on transverse reinforcement
reduced if joint is confined by beams on all
faces.

IS:13920
 Unless the joint is confined by beams, special
confinement reinforcement provided in the
columns to also be provided in joint.
 If beams frame on all four faces of the joint, the
joint may be provided half the reinforcement
given above. This is provided:
 Beam widths are at least ¾ column width.
 Spacing of hoops in the joint region not to
exceed 150 mm.

Shear Force in Joint

Shear Force in Joint (Contd…)

Shear Strength
 Indian code does not require shear strength of
joint to be checked.
 This should be introduced.
 ACI and other codes provide a formal method to
check shear stress within the joint region.

Anchorage for Longitudinal Bars
 Joints should be capable of providing anchorage
to beam and column bars.

External Joints
 ACI has standard hooks. Hence, the column
width is checked to ensure anchorage.
f y db l
l dh
65 f ' c

Bar Stresses
Gravity Loads Lateral Loads Under Lateral

Loads
Internal Joints
 Codes usually requi
• Seismic Codes usually require that

Column Width
20
Beam Bar Diameter


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Seismic Detailing of RC

Sudhir K. Jain, IITGN Slide 2

Sudhir K. Jain, IITGN Slide 3

Sudhir K. Jain, IITGN Slide 4

Sudhir K. Jain, IITGN Slide 5

Sudhir K. Jain, IITGN Slide 6

Sudhir K. Jain, IITGN Slide 7

Sudhir K. Jain, IITGN Slide 8

Sudhir K. Jain, IITGN Slide 9

 The chain has both ductile and brittle elements.

Sudhir K. Jain, IITGN Slide 10

 Assess required strength of chain from code.

Sudhir K. Jain, IITGN Slide 11

 For instance, in a RC member

Sudhir K. Jain, IITGN Slide 12

Sudhir K. Jain, IITGN Slide 13

Sudhir K. Jain, IITGN Slide 14

Stress-strain relationship for concrete proposed by Saatcioglu and

Sudhir K. Jain, IITGN Slide 15

Fig. from Paulay

Sudhir K. Jain, IITGN Slide 16

Sudhir K. Jain, IITGN Slide 17

 After the Bhuj earthquake, the code made

Sudhir K. Jain, IITGN Slide 18

Sudhir K. Jain, IITGN Slide 19

Sudhir K. Jain, IITGN Slide 20

Sudhir K. Jain, IITGN Slide 21

 Recently, the code relaxed this requirement.

 Thus, higher grades of steel are now allowed in

 ACI has two additional requirements on steel

Sudhir K. Jain, IITGN Slide 23

Sudhir K. Jain, IITGN Slide 24

Positive steel (Ab 0.5At) Positive steel (Ab 0.5At)

Sudhir K. Jain, IITGN Slide 25

 Steel at top and bottom face anywhere should

Min 4 Nos 20 Min 6 Nos 20

Sudhir K. Jain, IITGN Slide 26

Sudhir K. Jain, IITGN Slide 27

Sudhir K. Jain, IITGN Slide 28

Sudhir K. Jain, IITGN Slide 29

Sudhir K. Jain, IITGN Slide 30

 Wherever longitudinal bar splices are provided:

Ld = development length in tension

Sudhir K. Jain, IITGN Slide 31

Sudhir K. Jain, IITGN Slide 32

 Several actions by web reinforcement:

Sudhir K. Jain, IITGN Slide 33

Sudhir K. Jain, IITGN Slide 34

 Two pieces allowed:

Sudhir K. Jain, IITGN Slide 35

Sudhir K. Jain, IITGN Slide 36

Sudhir K. Jain, IITGN Slide 37

 But, hoop spacing need not be less than 100

Sudhir K. Jain, IITGN Slide 38

Sudhir K. Jain, IITGN Slide 39

Sudhir K. Jain, IITGN Slide 40

 Design assumes steel stress as 0.87fy (due to

Sudhir K. Jain, IITGN Slide 41

 Ratio 1.25 / 0.87 = 1.44 has been rounded off

Sudhir K. Jain, IITGN Slide 42

 Flexural yielding will be in sagging at one end

Sudhir K. Jain, IITGN Slide 44

Sudhir K. Jain, IITGN Slide 45