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Simplifying
Al-Ajaroomiyyah
@ @
COMPILED BY: ABUL-LAYTH QASIM IBN AGGREY MUTIVA
אא
א
אعא ْ م
Types of Speech
K' (
ْ )*
+*" {א
ْ"!א$#א% Wא ْ م
Speech: Is the composed saying or utterance which is beneficial in
its placement or composition.
K9:;7 * <)=4>
{و64 7 8* {و4 5
*אW.- / /01 )2ْ و
And it is divided into three groups: Ism (noun), and F'il (verb), and
Harf (a preposition which conveys meaning).
) م#$>{وא
)ْ ) <{وאNْ {وאL
M {وI*8{و9$K {وK {و9J {و1* WI
%* {وA
"ْ B
ْ و>*א
و
And the letters of Khafdh are min E 1* Fand EelaaE9JF and 'An
E K F and 'Ala E9$K F and Fee EI*8F and Rubba EL
Q M F and
Al-Baa Eب ِ F and Al-Kaaf ERF and Al-Laam E لF.
2
K6 7 "* ْ א6 * و@ د5
@* א6 * د07 1 Z$[
? @)1> \
ْ وא
And the Harf (Preposition) is that which does not accept any of
the Ism (Noun) or F'il (Verb) indicators or signs.
L
* אK ] אL)
The chapter of Grammatical Analysis
3
' =
א ْ ْ" *د{و5
@אI*8'(
* א1 *.7
M I*8'8ْ $*ً.1
K ن
C 8 W. h
)א1W 8
K<4 Im*n G
* o*
6[
* C ? pq#عאM )h ْ א67 "* ْ *א) * {وאV l ْ = 'א
{و
*
ْ C א
As for theDhommahEkkkFW Then it is an indicator of Raf' in four
Instances: 1. The Singular Noun 2.The Broken Plural 3.The Sound
Feminine plural 4.The present tense verb which has nothing
attached to the end of it.
*<) 5
E אI*8א) *و
* q ْ = 'א
I*8W 7 (
* 1 I*8'8ْ $*ً.1
K ن
C 8 W)א ْא و1 و
K) ٍل1{و ذوR
8{وR
{وR
G {وR
WI
%* {و.*
B
ْ א
As for the WaawEوFW Then it is an indicator of Raf' in two cases:
1.The Sound Masculine plural and 2.The Five Exceptional Nouns
which are: Abooka ER
F, Akhooka ER
G F, Hamooka ER
F,
FookaER
8F, and Dhoo Maalin E) ٍل1ذوFK
K.ً s
)G*<) 5
E *א. ;* t X I*8'8ْ $*ً.1
K ن
C 8 WD
* E )א1 و
As for theAlifEאF, Then it is an indicator of Raf' specifically in
the dual forms.
4
' =
א ْ ْ" *د{و5
@אxW' (
* א1 .* /
/ I*8*[
; $*ً.1
K ن
C 8 W. \
C " ْ )א1W 8
K<4 I
m *n G
* o*
6[
* C ? و4s
* )ً *0 $K 6G
ذא دJعM )h ْ א67 "* ْ {وא
*
ْ C א
As forthe FathahEkkkF, then it is an indicator of the state of Nasb in
three instances: 1. In the Singular Nouns. 2. In broken plural
forms. 3. In the Present tense verbs if a Naasib (subjunctival)
precedes it and there is nothing attached to the last letter in the
verb.
وER
)G وR)
y? M F\
{.*
B
ْ )<*א5
E אI*8*[
; $*ً.1
K ن
C 8 WD
* E )א1 و
K c
* ذ0N m
)1
As for theAlifEאF, then it is an indicator of the state of Nasb in
the Five Nouns. Like the following example:ER )G وR)
y? M F
And whatever resembles this.
5
{>
* [
; ْ א ْ ْ" د*א5
@אxW' (
* א1 *./
/ I*8A
"ْ B
$*ً.1
K ن
C 8 Ww
ْ )א1 W 8
K * )*אV l ْ = 'א
I*8>{ و
* [
; ْ א
*
ْ C = 'א
و
As for the KasrahEk*kkF, then it is an indicator of the state of Khafdh
in three instances. 1. The Singular Noun which has vowel
markings that can be changed. 2. In Broken Plural forms where
the vowel markings can also be changed. 3. In the Sound Feminine
Plurals.
K >
q \
ْ ن{وא
j אW) نC1
K مb f
$*و
And for the state of Jazm, there are two signs. 1. The SukoonEkkkF
2. Removal
K G
* {אZ \
*[ ع אM )h ْ א67 "* ْ אI*8مb f
$*ً.1
K ن
8 W ن
j )א1W 8
As for the SukoonEkkkF, then it is an indicator of the state of Jazm
in the Present Tense Verbs which end in a sound letter. Any letter
other than E{و{אpF.
)ل78ْ E אI*8 {وG
* {א6U C 7 ْ عאM )h ْ א67 "* ْ אI*8مb f
$*ً.1
K ن
8 W>
q \
ْ )א1 و
K; نj *אT)N t
* )a7 8ْ M I*C# *א.
B
ْ א
As for Removal, then it is an indicator of the state of Jazm when
the last letter in a present tense verb is weakE{و{אpFand it is also
6
an indicator of the state of Jazm in the Five Verbs when the sign of
the state of Raf' is the fixedness of the letter Noon.
T
)
7 ْ אW64 [
8
Section: Words which contain vowel markings that can be changed
K >
* \ و
ْ )*
L 7 ? 4
2* { وT
* ) \
ْ )*
L 7 ? 4
2* W ) ن
2* T)
7 ْ א
The words which contain vowel markings that can be changed are
divided into two groups. One group is identified by diacritical
vowel markings while the other group is identified by way of
letters.
*V l ْ = 'א
{و
*
ْ C = 'א
א ْ ْ" د{ و5
@אW א ٍع.7
M *T) \
ْ )*
L 7 ? p*q# )8
K<4 Im*n G
* o*
6[
* C ? pq#عאM )h ْ א67 "* ْ א) * {وא
So the group which is identified by way of vowel markings
contains four types of nouns. 1. The Singular Noun. 2. The
Broken Plural. 3. The Sound Feminine Plural. 4. The Present tense
verb to which there is nothing attached to the end of it.
K ن
j )*
مb f
X {وw*
)*
A" B
X {و.* \
C " )*
[
; X {و.* h
)*
'8 X )a$|
و
In all of the previous nouns the condition of Raf' is indicated by a ,
DhommahEkkkF,the condition of Nasb is indicated by a FathahEkkkF
the condition of Khafdh is indicated by a KasrahEk*kkF, and the
condition of Jazm is indicated by a SukoonEkkkF.
@p*q# א5
@* { وאw*
ْ )*
[
; ? * )*אV l ْ = 'א
W< )m
./
/ c* ذK جG
و
Kn* G
* ~*>q \
* مb f
? G
* {אj6C 7 ْ عאM )h ْ א67 "* ْ { وא.* \
C " )*
A" B
? >
[
; ?
The only exceptions from those are three: 1. The Sound Feminine
Plural in which the condition of Nasb is indicated by a KasrahEk*kkF.
2. The condition of Khafdh in Nouns which vowel marks do not
change is a Fathah EkkkFK3. The Present Tense Verb which ends with
a weak letterE{و{אpFenters the state of Jazm with the removal of
its last letter.
7
{.
B
ْ )<א5
E א) * {وא
# q = 'א
{ و. ;* t C אW א ٍع.7
M >
* \ و
ْ )*
L 7 ? p*q# وא
K $*7 "ْ X ن{و$7 "ْ X ن{و$7 "ْ ? ن{و
7 "ْ X ن{و
7 "ْ ? WI
%* {و.
B
ْ )لא78ْ E وא
And the group of words which are grammatically identified by
letters are of four types: 1.The Dual Form 2. The Sound Masculine
Plural 3. The Five Nouns 4.The Five Verbs which areE ن 7 "ْ ? F and
E ن 7 "ْ X F and E ن$7 "ْ ? FandE ن$7 "ْ X F and E $*7 "ْ X FK
K<* )ْ )*
A" B
X [و
; X {وD
* * e
* '8 C 8 W. ;* t C )א1W 8
As for the Dual form then the condition of Raf' is indicated by an
AlifEאFand the condition of Nasb and Khafdh is indicated by the
the letter Yaa EpF.
K<* )ْ )*
A
" B
? [و
; ? '
*) ْא و{و8 C 8 W * )א
# q = 'א
)1 و
As for the Sound Masculine Plural, then the condition of Raf' is
indicated with the letterWaaw EوFand both the condition of Nasb
and Khafdh are indicated by the letter Yaa EpF.
K<* )ْ )*
A" B
X {وD
* * e
*
[
; X '
*) ْא و{و8 C 8 W.
B
ْ )<א5
E )א1 و
As for the Five Nouns then the condition of Raf' with them is
indicated with the letter Waaw EوFand the condition of Nasb is
indicated with the letterAlif EאF, and the condition of Khafdh is
indicated with the letter Yaa EpF.
K)a8* q \
* A" B
X [و
; X ; ن{وj )*
'8 C 8 W.
B
ْ )لא78ْ E )א1 و
As for the Five Verbs then condition of Raf' with them is
indicated by the establishment and firmness of the letter Noon EنF.
Both the conditions of Nasb and Jazm are indicated by the
removal of the letter Noon EنF.
8
) ل78ْ E אL)
The Chapter of Verbs
K L
(
{وאL
h
? {وL
(
{ \
{4 1 ع{و4 M )h1 ض{و
ٍ )1W. /
/ )ل78ْ E א
The verbs are of three types: Past Tense, Present Tense, and
Command Form. For Example:EL ( FHe hit,EL h ? F He hits,
and EL (
אF Hit (him or it)!
% وEy
Fc 2 )a7 f
? I*C#
'אM E *א+* وאb א+
J *0* وI*8))ن1 W عM )h ْ وא
Kم4 و=) ز4s
* )*0 $K 6G
+ ? 9C {ًא+
4 ع8 1
The Present tense is preceded by one of four extra letters which
are gathered together in the wordEy F and the present tense is
always in a state of Raf' until an article of Nasb or Jazm enters
upon it and alters its vowel marking.
{و9C
\ *د{و
f ْ {و @مאI
{و @موI
ذ ن{وJ ن{و {وWI
%* {وw-
K s
* ) ; ًא8
K
*) ْ")<*وא ْא و{و وLאf
ْ א
The Articles of Nasb are ten: E نF and E F andE ذ نJF andEI F
and EI
@موFand E\ *د
f ْ @مאFandE9C F and E
*) ْ")<*وא ْא وLאf
ْ אF
andE وF.
I*8E@F) *<{وK+j وא1 E {و ){و {و ){و @مאWI
%* {و
K . * ) / א زمf
ْ وא
{و9 {و ?و ?) ن{و9C1 {وp
j ){و1ذJ ){وa 1 و1 )و1نوJ ) *<{وK+j وאIa; א
K.ً s )G7
U אI*8ذא: J " ){و
){وt
The Articles of Jazm are twelve: E F and E) F andE F andE) F
and E<* )K+j وא1 E @مאFand E<* )K+j وאIa; אI*8E@FFandE) a 1 و1 )و1نوJF
and E)1ذJFand Epj FandE9C1 F and E ?و ?) نFand E9 FandE) t F
and E) " F andEא:ذJ Fwhen it is used specifically in poetry.
<* ) 5
E *אT)K8 1 L
)
The Chapter of the Nouns which are in the state of Raf'
9
{وn N G
{و+ C N ْ {وא0 $K* )8
? p*q# لא7 "ْ ْ {وא6 K* )"ْ אWI
%* {و.- 7 N 5
T)K8 ْ א
{y
7 ; אW< )m
.7
M % ع{و8 $*'
* )C{وא0* X* אG
وE نJ FN G
{و0* X* אG
وE) نF5
א
K ل+ N ْ {وא+
* C {وאD
ْ 7 ْ א
The Nouns which are in the state of Raf' are seven: They are
the E6 K* )"ْ אF verbal subject (doer), and theE0 $K* )8 ? p*q# لא7 "ْ ْ אF
subject in the passive voice, and theE + C N ْ אF Nominal Subject,
and its ENG FPredicate, andE0* X* אG )نو5 אF the Noun of Kaana
and her sisters, andE0* X* אG نوJN G F the Predicate of Inna and her
sisters, andE ع8 $*'
* )CאF the follower of something in the state of
Raf' which are four:Ey 7 ; אF the adjective, ED
ْ 7 ْ אF conjunction,
E+
* C אFemphasis, andE ل+ N ْ אF substitution.
6 K* )"ْ אL)
The Chapter of the Verbal Subject (Doer)
K4 * h
1 {و4 %* )
W
2* 9$K % و
And consists of two types:E4 %* )
F Apparent, andE4 * h 1 F Implicit.
{و ن+? b ) مא2א ن{و+? b مאS? א ن{و+? b )مא2{و+4 ? م زS? {و+4 ? )م ز2Wc
* 2 \
%* )#`)8
y1 )2{ و+4 ; %* مSX {و+4 ; %* y1 )2=) ل{وU مאS? =) ل{ وU ) مא2و ن{و+? b مאS? و
مSX ; د{وa ْ אy1 )2{ وT
א+; a ْ مאSX {وT
א+; a ْ אy1 )2א ن{و+; a ْ مאSX א ن{ و+; a ْ א
K c
* ذ0N m
)1{وI*1
مS? {وI*1 ) م2{ وR
G مS? {وR
G )م2; د{وa ْ א
So the Apparent Verbal Subject (Doer) is like the following:
E+4 ? )م ز2Fand E+4 ? م زS? Fand Eא ن+? b )مא2FandEא ن+? b مאS? Fand
Eو ن+? b ) مא2Fand Eو ن+? b مאS? Fand E=) لU ) مא2FandE=) لU مאS? Fand
E+4 ; %* y1 )2Fand E+4 ; %* مSX Fand Eא ن+; a ْ אy1 )2FandEא ن+; a ْ مאSX Fand
10
ET
א+; a ْ אy1 )2Fand ET א+; a ْ مאSX Fand E; دa ْ אy1 )2FandE; دa ْ مאSX Fand
ER
G )م2Fand ER G مS? Fand EI*1 ) م2FandEI*1 مS? وFand
whatever is similar to this.
{) C
(
{وy
*
(
{وy
(
(
;){و
{وy
(
FWc
* 2 \{
K );/ אW * h
ْ وא
KE
( (
א{و (
){و
{ وy
(
{وL (
{وC
(
{وC
(
And the Implicit Verbal Subjects (Doers) are twelve like the
following:Ey Fand E);
(
( Fand Ey FandEy
( *
(
F and E) C
(
F
and E C
(
Fand E C
(
Fand EL ( FandEy
(
F and E)
( F and
E(
א F andE
( F.
N B
ْ وא+C N ْ אL)
The Chapter of the Nominal Subject and Predicate
K.* `
* "ْ $#א61* א7 ْ אK pM)7ْ عא8 ْא5
@* א% W + C N ْ א
The Nominal Subject is a Noun in the state of Raf' which is
unaffected by grammatical factors that may alter Arabic word
vowel markings.
11
{I
%* {و% {وC { C ){وC {وy
* {وy
\ {و
){وWI
%* {و
K );/ * אh
ْ وא
K c
* ذ0N m
)1{وE) * ن2\ F{وE4 * )2)Fc* 2 \ { % { و% ){ و% و
And the Implicit Nominal Subjects are twelve like the
following:E)Fand E \ Fand Ey FandEy * Fand E) C Fand E C F
and E C Fand E % Fand EI %* FandE) % F and E % F and E % F
as in the following examples:E4 * )2)Fand E) * ن2\ Fand
whatever is similar to this.
Kدg "ْ 1 د{و4 "ْ 1 W ) ن
2* N B
ْ وא
And the Predicate is of two types: Singular and Non-Singular.
K)aX אG
وy
; ;
){وaX אG
نوJ ){وaX אG
)نوW<)m
./
/ I%* و
The Grammatical factors that can affect the Nominal Subject and
Predicate are divided into three categories: 1.E)aX אG )نوF Kaana
12
and her sisters. 2. E)aX אG نوJF Inna and her sisters. 3.E)aX אG وy; ;
F
Dthununtu and her sisters.
{و91 ) ن{وWI
%* {وN B
ْ [א
* ; X {و5
@* 'א8 X )a 8 {)aX אG
))نو1W 8
{
C* 8 )1{وc
# " )א1)زא ل{و1{وv
{وM )s{وT
)
{و6
{و9\(
{وZ N s
وZN s
{و
) ن{و ? ن{وW \
)a; 1* > [
X )1)دא م{و1)
{و1و
K c
* ذ0N m
)1 وE)ً [*G)m وK v )* ً){ و24+? ) ن زFW لSX {Z N* s
{وZ N* [
?
As for Kaanaand her sisters E)aX אG )نوF, then when they are
added to a nominal sentence consisting of a subject and predicate
they affect it by leaving the Nominal subject in the state of Raf'
and by placing the Predicate into a state of Nasb. Kaana and her
sisters E)aX אG )نوF includeE) نF andE91 F and EZ N s F and
E9\( F andE6
F and ET )
F andEM )sF and Ev F and E)زא ل1Fand
Ec # " )א1F andE C* 8 )1F and E
)1F andE)دא م1F and whatever can be
extracted by way of verb conjugation like:E ) ن{ ? ن{وF
and EZ N* s {وZ N* [
? {Z N s
F like that which is in the following
examples:E)ً *)24+? ) ن زF and E)ً [*G)m وK v F and whatever is
similar to this.
{ نW
{و
* ن{و ن{وJ WI
%* {وN B
ْ 'א8 X {و5
@* [א
* ; X )a 8 )aX אG
نوJ )1 و
نو نJ 9;7 1 {وc
* ذ0N m
)1{و
4 G
* )mً אK y
{ و4 * )2ًא+?ن زJ W لSX {6 7 {وy
و
6 7 { وIU; C $*y
{ و0* N*
C $* نW
{ وR
* אM+ C* 5
* *
* { و+*
* C $*
K' 2| C وאIU= C $*
As forE)aX אG نوJF Then they affect the Nominal sentence by
placing the E + C N ْ אF Nominal Subject into the state of Nasb and
By leaving the predicate E N B ْ אF in the state of Nasb. Inna and
her sistersE)aX אG نوJF includeE نJF andE نF and E
* F and E نW
F
and Ey F andE6 7 F. Some examples of Inna and her sisters can
be found in the following examples:E4 * )2ًא+?ن زJF and
E
4 G F and whatever is similar to this. Both Inna E نJ F
* )mً אK y
andAnna E نF are used to express affirmation. LakinnaE * F is
13
used to express rectification or correction. Ka'anna E نW F is used
when expressing comparison or likeness. LaytaEy Fis used to
express regret. La'alaE6 7 F is used to express anticipation and
expectation.
WI
%* ){وa @ن7"ْ 1 ) a 9$K N B
ْ وא+ C N ْ [א
* ; X )a 8 )aX אG
وy
; ;
)1 و
{وy
$ْ 7 =
{وT
q B
XU {وאT
+ =
{و وy
$*K {وy
? M {وy
K {و زy
$ْ G
* {وy
N
*
{وy
; ;
K c * ذ0N m
)1*[ ً){وG)mً אK y ? M )* ً){ و2ًא+? زy
; ;
W لSX ؛y7 * 5
As for Dthununtu and her sistersE)aX אG وy; ;
F Then they affect
the nominal sentence by placing both the E + C N ْ אFnominal subject
and E N B ْ אFpredicate into the state of Nasb while making them
nominal objects for Dthununtu and her sistersE)aX אG وy; ;
F.
Dthununtu and her sistersE)aX אG وy; ;
F are:Ey ; ;
F and Ey N F
*
Ey
$ْ G
* F andEy K زF and Ey ? M F andEy $*K F and ET + =
وF and ET XU אFand
q B
andEy F andEy
$ْ 7 = 7 * 5
F. Some examples of Dthununtu and her
sistersE)aX אG وy; ;
F can be found in the following examples:
E)ً *)2ًא+? زy; ;
F and E)ً [*G)mً אK y ? M Fand whatever is similar to
this.
y
* 7 ; אL)
The Chapter of the Adjective
4+? )م ز2W لSX *؛n
* ; X *و0"* ? 7 X {و0* h
* "ْ G
*و0N* [
{و0* 7* 8ْ M I*8*T7; $*4'
* )XWy
7 ; א
K6 2* )7ْ אg+? b
* TM 1 {و6 2* )7ْ אًא+? زy? אM {و6 2* )7ْ א
The adjective follows the object of description in its Raf', Nasb,
and Khafdh while also following the object of description in its
definiteness or indefiniteness as in the following examples:
E6 2* )7ْ א4+? )م ز2F andE6 2* )7ْ אًא+? زy? אM F and E6 2* )7ْ אg+? b
* TM 1 F.
14
{ و.
# 1 وg+? زW \
$7 ْ א5
@* { وאy
)وW \
h
ْ א5
@* אW<)m
.8 7 ْ وא
و6=
אW \
م#وאD* E *א0 8* p*q# א5
@* @ *<{ وאl % {وn* q* % א{وq% W \
a N ْ א5
@* א
K.* 7
M E *אnq* % 1* g+
* وא9J D (
* )1 م{و ^ ْ א
The Condition of Definiteness consists of five things: 1. Implicit
Nouns like:Ey )وF and 2. Proper Nouns like: E. # 1 و4+? زF
3. Ambiguous Nouns like:E<* @ l % {وn* q* % א{وq% F 4. Nouns which are
preceded by the definite articleEאلF like: E م ^ ْ وא6= אF 5. Nouns
which are compounded with one of the four previously mentioned
nouns.
)1j6
0N ? Sْ X {وG
~دون4+
* *وא0
* CB
? @*0
* ; =
* I*8ٍ'* )mٍ5
*אj6
Ww
* ; وא
K س
" ْ وא6=
\א
{0* $K م#وאD* E لאG دZ$s
The indefinite consists of every noun which is general in its
classification and is not easily distinguished from other nouns of
the same type. One might approximate that the indefinite includes
all of the words that can accept the definite articleEאلF like:
Eس " ْ وא6= אF.
D
*
ْ 7 ْ אL)
The Chapter of Conjunction
{
* {و @{و6
){و1J {و و{و م{و/ א ْא و{وא ْ") <{وWI
%* {وw-
K *D
ْ 7 ْ و>א
و
K' (
* א ْ אA7
I*89C
و
The Letters of Conjunction are ten: The WaawEوF, the FaaE>F,
ThummaE / F, AwwE وF, Amm E مF, ImmaE)1JF, Bal E6
F, and Laa
E@ F, LaakinE
* F, and in some instances Hatta E9C F.
{ وy
h
"* G
ٍ"ضB
1 9$K { وy
N [
* gL[; 1 9$K { وy
7 8* M ٍع8 1 9$K y"
* K ن8
وg+? b
* TM 1 ًא{وK אًو+? زy? אM و{و4 K و4+? )م ز2FW لSX {y
1 b =
ٍومbf
1 9$K
KE+ 7 Sْ ? وS ? 4+? ٍو{و زK
So if a word is conjoined with another which is in the state of Raf'
then the conjoined word also assumes the state of Raf', and if a
15
word is conjoined with another which is in the state of Nasb then
the conjoined word also assumes the state of Nasb, and if a word is
conjoined with another which is in the state of Khafdh then the
conjoined word also assumes the state of Khafdh, and if a word is
conjoined with another which is in the state of Jazm then the
conjoined word also assumes the state of Jazm. Examples of and
this can be found in the following statements:Eو4 K و4+? )م ز2F
E ًאK אًو+? زy? אM F andE ٍوK وg+? b
* TM 1 F and E+ 7 Sْ ? وS ? 4+? زF.
+*
* C אL)
The Chapter of Emphasis
WI
%* = '{و
'
* אX = '{و
{و6
{و7 ْ {وאv
"ْ ; אWI
%* {و.g 1 $7 1 g
)"ْ W
* و ?ن
مS ْ )*
TM 1 {وa $#
مS ْ אy? M {و0
"ْ 4+? )م ز2W لSX {' [
'{وC
'{وC
ْ
K 7* =
The Emphatic state is established with the following words:Evْ" F,
EK F andE6 F and E' = F and the words that can be extracted
fromE' = F like:E' C
ْ F andE' C
F and E' [
F. Examples of this can
be found in the following statements: E0 "ْ 4+? )م ز2F and
E a $#
مS ْ אy? M F and E 7* =
مS ْ )*
TM 1 F.
ل+ N ْ אL)
The Chapter of Substitution
16
ل+
{و6U
ْ א1* A7 N ْ لא+
*<{وI
א1* *<I
لא+
W) ٍم2ْ *.7
M 9$K % و
4+? زI*;7 " {و0 t $/ D * אy$ْ
{وR
G 4+? )م ز2FWc
* 2 \
{
* $^ ْ لא+
) ل{وC* m
] א
K0 ; 1* ًא+? زyْ +
W 8 y
ْ $*^ 8 א ْ " سy ? M W لSX نT دM {Eس
" ْ אًא+? زy? M { و0 $ْ K*
Substitution is divided into four categories: 1. The complete
substitution of something. 2. The substitution of a part for the
whole 3. The theoretical substitution. 4. The Substitution of error.
Some examples of the these types of substitution include:
ER G 4+? )م ز2F and E0 t $/ D * אy$ْ FandE0 $ْ K* 4+? زI*;7 " F and also in
the following phrase Eس " ْ אًא+? زy? M F. SinceE+4 ? زF was mentioned
accidentally the wordEس " ْ אF is then mentioned directly afterwards
as a substitution for the word which was mentioned mistakenly.
<* ) 5
E *אy
[; 1 L)
The Chapter of Nouns in the State of Nasb
>
)نو1b
>א
{وM + [
ْ {وא0*
* ل7"ْ ْ אWI
%* {و
K .
G
y
[; ْ א
{و0* $*=
1* ل7"ْ ْ @{وא ْ ;)د{وא5
{و*א9;t C
ْ {وאb * C א ْ ) ن{وא ْ\) ل{وא
K)aX* אG
نوJ 5
){و *אaX* G
)نوN G
{ و0 7 1 ل7"ْ ْ א
The Nouns in the State of Nasb are fifteen: The verbal object, The
infinitive, The preposition(circumstantial) of time, The
preposition(circumstantial) of place, Status(state), Specification,
Exception, The Noun of LaaE@F,The Caller, The
Causative Object, The Object of Accompaniment, The
Predicate of Kaana and her sistersE)aX* G )نوF, The Nominal
Subject of Inna and her sistersE)aX* אG نوJF.
K ل+ N ْ {وא+
* C {وאD
ْ 7 ْ {وאy
7 ; אW< )m
.7
M % {وL
* [; $ْ * '
* )Cوא
The articles which follow what has proceeded in Nasb are four: the
adjective, the conjunction, the emphatic article, and the
substitution.
17
0*
* ل7"ْ ْ אL
)
The Chapter of the Verbal Object
K س
" ْ אyN
* M ًא{و+? زy
(
W \
{6 7 "* ْ *א0
* 'S ? p*q# {אL
[; ْ {א5
@* אW % و
The Verbal Object is the Noun in the state of Nasb upon which a
verb is enacted. For example:Eًא+? زy
( FandEא ْ "سyN * M F.
4 h
1 {و4 %* )
W ) ن
2* % و
And it is divided into two types:E4 %* )
F Apparent, andE4 * h
1 F
Implicit.
n
ْ م *ذ+ S X )1*%)#`)8
The Apparent has previously been explained.
K64 [
* " ; 1 {و64 [
* C 1 W ) ن
2* h
ْ وא
And the Implicit can be divided into to groups: The Attached and
Detached.
){و
(
{وc
*
(
{وc
(
(
;){و
{وI*;
(
WI
%* {و
K );/ א6[
* C ْ )8
K a
(
{وa
(
){وa
(
){وa
(
{ و0
(
{و
(
{و
(
So the Attached Implicit Verbal Objects are twelve which include:
EI*;
( F andE);
( F and Ec F andEc
( *
(
F and E)
(
F and
E
( F andE
(
F and E0
( F andE)a
( F and E) a
( Fand
E a
(
F andE a
( F.
{و
) ? J ){و
)?J {وR
* )?J {وR
)?J ?)){وJ {وp
)?J WI
%* {و
K );/ א6[
* " ; ْ وא
K % ) ? J {و% ) ? J ){و% ) ? J ){و%) ? J {وn ) ? J {و
)?J
And the Detached Verbal Objects are also twelve which include:
Ep )?JF andE))?JF and ER )?JF andER * )?J F and E) )?J F andE ) ? J F and
E )?J F andEn ) ? J F and E)%) ? J F andE) % ) ? J F and E % ) ? J F and E % ) ? J F.
18
M + [
ْ אL)
The Chapter of the Musdar (Original Noun)
L h
? L (
W \
{6 7 "* ْ *אD?[
X I*8ً)t*)/<I*f? p*q# {אL
[; ْ {א5
@* אW % M+ [
ْ א
K)ً
(
The Musdar (Original Noun) is the Noun in the state of Nasb
which is mentioned third when conjugating Arabic verbs. For
Example: E)ً
( L h
? L (
F.
K
ً C 2 0C kْ$C 2 W \
{I
`* "ْ a 8 *0$*7 8* !"ْ 0`
"ْ 8 نوא8 p ; 7 1 {وI`
* "ْ W ) ن
2* % و
And the Musdar (Original Noun) can be divided into two groups:
The Written, and the Abstract. So if the letter composition of the
Musdar agrees with the verb which is extracted from it then the
Musdar is written like: E ً C 2 0C kْ$C 2 F
)1 ً){و82 وy 2 دًא{و72 y
$=
W \
{p
; 7 1 a 8 *0`
* "ْ *دون0$*7 8* 9;7 1 8 نوאJ و
K c
* ذ0N m
And if the meaning of the Musdar agrees with a verb consisting of
a different word structure but conveys the same meaning as the
Musdar then this Musdar is considered abstract like: Eدًא72 y $=
F
and E)ً 82 وy 2 F and whatever is similar to this.
>*א ْ ) ن
)نو1b
>*א
L)
The Chapter of the circumstantial Preposition of Time and Place
19
F andEًא+F andE.ً C K F andE)ً )Ns
E\ًא5 F andE<: )1 F andEًא+
F and
Eًא+1 F andE)ً ;
* Fand whatever is similar to this.
א م{و+2 {وD
$ْ G
) م{و1 \
EI*8F? +* Sْ C
* L[; ْ א ْ )نא5
*אW %
>א ْ )ن
K c
* ذ0N m
)1;){و% و/ ) <{وS$*X א <{وq
* زא <{وJ 'و1 {و+ ; K* {وy
\
X ق{ و8 א <{وMو
The circumstantial Preposition of Place is a noun of location
which is in the state of Nasb which conveys the meaning of "in"
as in the following examples:E) م1 F andED F andEא م+ 2 F andE< אM وF
$ْ G
E ق8 F andEy \ X F andE+ ; K* F andE< زאJ F andE' 1 F andE< אq * F and
E< )S$*X F andE / F andE);% Fand whatever is similar to this.
א ْ\) لL)
The Chapter of the Situational
20
4+? زN [
X FWc
* 2 \
{T
* وאq א1* a N * )א
U " ْ {אL
[; ْ {א5
@* אW % b * C ْ א
وE)ً 1 ?
K y? C m
אFوE)ً ْ" 4+ \
1 L)uFوE)ً \m
4
ْ
WS# " X F{وE)ً 2K
KE)ً a= وc ; 1* 6 =
FوE)ً
c; 1* م
ْ 4+? زFوE.ً f 7 7* X* y ْ $1 F
The Distinctive (Specificational) is the Noun in the state of Nasb
which gives description to an ambiguous object like the
following statements:E)ً 2K 4+? زN [ X F and E)ً \m 4 ْ
WS# " X Fand
E)ًْ" 4+ \
1 L)uF and E)ً 1 ? K y? C m
אF and E.ً f 7 7*
X* y
ْ $1 F and
E)ً
c; 1* م
ْ 4+? زF and E)ً a= وc ; 1* 6 =
F.
K م
ْ )مאX +7
@J {و@ ?نwً
* @J و@ ?ن
The Distinctive (Specificational) does not exist except in the
indefinite state and does not occur except after completed speech.
<* );t C* 5
@* אL)
The Chapter of the Exceptional
א{و+K {و
G
<{و4 א5
{و
: 5
{و
: 5
* @{و {وJ WI
%* {و.- * ) / <* );t C* 5
@* >א
و
و
K)m)
The articles of exception are eight:E@ JF andE F andE: 5 * F and
E: 5 F andE
F andE<4 א5 F andEא+K F andE)m)F.
G
جG
FوEًא+?@ زJ مS ْ )مא2FW\ {)ً N*=1ً)1Q )Xم
ْ ذא)نאJ [
; ? @
* 9;t C
ْ )8
{<* );t C* 5
@* א9$K [
; لوא+ N ْ *א0*8)ً=)ز1Q )X)"* ; 1 م
ْ ن)نאJ وE ًאK @J א;)س
*
9$K *[)ً)ن2)م
ْ ن)نאJ وEًא+?@ زJ FوEًא+?@ زJ مS ْ )مא2)1FW\
KE+g ? b
* @ J TM 1 )1F وEًא+?@ زJ y
(
)1FوE+4 ? @ زJ )م2)1FW\ {6 1* א7 ْ א
The Exceptional with E@ JF is entered into the state of Nasb if the
speech which has preceded it is complete. For example:
Eًא+?@ زJ مS ْ )مא2F and E ًאK @J جא;)سG F. If the speech is complete
and also negative then substitution here is permissible as well as
exception as in the following: Eًא+?@ زJ مS ْ )مא2)1F and Eًא+?@ زJF. If
21
the speech is deficient then its grammatical classification depends
upon the presence of other grammatical factors like those
found in the following examples:E+4 ? @ زJ)م2)1F and Eًא+?@ زJy
(
)1F
and E+g ? b
* @JTM 1 )1F.
K @4Mوf
1 {<g א5
{و
: 5
{و
: 5
* *
^ ٍ{و9;t C
ْ وא
The Exceptional with E F andE: 5 * Fand E : 5
F andE<4 א5 F are
always in the grammatical state of Jarr.
E+g ? ًא{ و ز+? ز
G
مS ْ )مא2FW\ {n j =
و0N [
زf? {)m)א{و+K {و
B
* 9;t C
ْ وא
KEٍ ْ
)
ْאًوm) FوE ٍوK ًא وK א+K Fو
The Exceptional withE G F andEא+K Fand E)m)Fcan place the
noun which follows it into either the state of Nasb or Jarr like that
found in the following examples: Eًא+? ز G مS ْ )مא2F or E+g ? زF and
E ًאK א+K مS ْ )مא2F or E ٍوK F and E)
ًْאm) مS ْ )مא2F or Eٍ ْ
F.
@ L)
The Chapter ofE@ F
@FW\ E@ FM
C X وw
* ; אT m
* )
ذאJ ٍ? ; X ^
* *Tא
* ; [א
; X E@ F ن$K J
KEM א+אI*86=
M
Know thatE@ F Places indefinite nouns without the tanween
into the state of Nasb if it is immediately followed by another
indefinite noun and the E@ F is not repeated as in the following
sentence: EM א+אI*86= M @F.
KEwً 1 و@אMא+אI*86=
M @FW\ E@ FMא
ْ X =
'و و8ْ =א
) و% m
* )NX ن8
And if it is not immediately followed by an indefinite noun then
the state of Raf' becomes obligatory as does the repetition of E@ F
as in the following example: Ew- 1 و@א46= M M א+אI8* @F
22
وEwً 1 و@אMא+אI*86=
M @FWy
$ْ 2 y m
* ن8 {)a* )^ْ J )وa ) K J :=) زE@ FT
M
X ن8
KEw- 1 و@אM א+אI*846=
M @ FWy
$ْ 2 y
m
* نJ
So if E@ F is repeated then it is permissible for it to be used as it is
also permissible for it to remain unused. So it can be said:
Ewً 1 و@אMא+אI*86= M @F as well as: Ew- 1 و@אMא+אI*846= M @F.
א ْ ;)دL)
The Chapter of Called (Vocative)
23
The Causative Object is the Noun in the state of Nasb which is
mentioned in order to explain the reason why a verb occurred as
in the following examples:E ٍو7 * ً@ =
J 4+? )م ز2 F and
Ec
8* و7 1 <)^C*
אcX + [
2 F.
0 7 1 ل7"ْ ْ אL)
The Chapter of the Accompanying Verbal Object
1* E =)<אFWc
* 2 \ {6 7 "* ْ א07 1 67* 8 1 )نN *
q ? p*q# {אL
[; ْ {א5
@* אW % و
KE. N B ْ א ْ )<وאC 5
אFوE f ْ وא
The Accompanying Verbal Object is the Noun in the state of Nasb
which is mentioned in order to explain who participated in the
enactment of the verb (action) as in the following examples:
E
f
ْ وא1* E =)<אF and E. N B
ْ א ْ )<وאC 5
אF.
I*8) %
ْ م *ذ+ S X +S 8 {)aX* אG
وE نJ F5
){وאaX* אG
وE) نFN G
)1 و
K R
);% y1 + S X +S 8 א *
'؛C אc* q
{وT
* )K8 ْ א
As for the Predicate of Kaana and her sistersE)aX* אG )نوFand
the Nominal Subject of Inna and her sistersE)aX* אG نوJ5 אF then
You will find its mention in the chapter of the Nouns in the State
of Raf' and you will also find its explanation in the chapter of the
Successors (or Followers).
<* ) 5
E א1* *T)("B
ْ אL)
The Chapter of the Nouns in the State of Khafdh
K ض
"B
$*4'
* )X{و.* 8 )(] )*
4"ضB
1 >{ و
* \
ْ )*
4"ضB
1 W א ٍع./
/ T)("B
ْ א
The Nouns in the state of Khafdh are three types: 1. The Nouns in
the state of Khafdh because of a letter 2. The Nouns in the state of
Khafdh due to compounding 3. And The Nouns in the state of
Khafdh because of Succession (Following the Vowel marking of
whatever preceded it).
24
{ووL
M {وI8* {و9$K {وK {و9J *
* {وA" B
? )1W a 8 *> \
ْ )*
"ضB
ْ )א1W 8
{وL
M ) <{و
*אوC) <{وאNْ א ْא و{ وאWI
%* {و
S ْ \و>*א
* ) م{و#$>{وא
* )ْ ) *<{وאNْ א
Kq ; 1 {وq
*
As for the Nouns in the state of Khafdh because of a letter then
they are whatever is grammatically affected by E 1* F and E9JFand
E K F andE9$K Fand EI*8F andEL M F andE<* )Nْ אF andE>* )ْ אFand E) م#$אF
andThe letters of Oath which are Eא ْא وFand E< )Nْ אFand E< )CאF and
EL
M
*אوFand Eq
* Fand Eq ; 1 F.
{ م
# )*
M+ S ? )1W
2* 9$K % وE+g ? م ز
FWc
* 2 \; 8 {.* 8 )(] )*
"ضB
ْ )א1 و
وEb
G
L / F\ { *
* M+ S ? p*q# وאE+g ? م ز
F\ م
# )*
M+ S ? p*q# )8 *
* ؛M+ S ? )1و
KE+g ? +*
C* G
FوEٍ 5 L)
F
And as for the Nouns which are placed into the state of Khafdh by
way of compounding then their example is like that of the
following:E+g ? م ز
F and is divided into two groups: 1. That which
is supposed with E م # אF like:E+g ? م ز
F and that which is supposed
with E 1* F like: Eb L / Fand Eٍ 5
G L)
Fand E+g ? +*
C* G
F.
* *א+ \
* X
Completed with all of the praise being for Allaah The Majestic
25