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‡
Corresponding Author; Habib Benbouhenni, BP: 50B Ouled Fares Chlef, Algeria, Tel: +213663956329,
habib0264@gmail.com
Abstract- This work present a Indirect Vector Command (IVC) method with three-level space vector modulation (SVM) and
Fuzzy regulator (FR) of a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) incorporated in a wind turbine system (WTS). Classical IVC
command technique using three-level SVM inverter presents considerable stator reactive and stator active powers ripples at
fixed state period. In order to guaranteed a strong IVC strategy for the DFIG-rotor side converter and decrease stator active and
stator reactive powers ripples, a three-level SVM inverter strategy based on fuzzy logic regulator (FSVM) is used in this work.
Simulation results show the competence of the proposed strategy of command particularly on the quality of the provided
energy comparatively to a classical IVC using SVM inverter.
Keywords: Doubly fed induction generator, indirect vector command, three-level space vector modulation, fuzzy controller,
fuzzy space vector modulation, wind turbine system.
hand, this technique has the following drawbacks. This The electromagnetic torque produced by the turbine is
method is unable to fully utilize the available DC bus supply expressed in the following way [13]:
voltage to the VSI. This method gives more total harmonic
distortion (THD), this modulation strategy does not smooth Pt
Tt = = 0.5ρ .π . R3 . v 2 .Ct (6)
the progress of future development of VC implementation of Ωt
AC drive. These drawbacks lead to development of a
sophisticated PWM algorithm which is SVM strategy. The Where, Ct is the torque coefficient expressed by :
SVM gives 15% more voltage output compare to the
classical PWM technique [8]. On the other hand, SVM Cp
inverter fed a DFIG of electrical drives has become an
Ct = (7)
λ
attracting theme in research and school over the past decade.
Lik an every command technique has several disadvantages 3. Modeling of the DFIG
and advantages [9]. In the aim to improve the performance of
the DFIG based on classical IVC method using SVM The universal electrical state representation of the DFIG
inverter, fuzzy space vector modulation (FSVM) it used in obtained with Park alteration is given by the following
this work to improve the stator active power and stator equations [14, 15]:
reactive powers ripples and minimize the THD value of Rotor voltage and stator voltage:
current.
⎧ d
2. Model of Turbine ⎪Vds = R s I ds +
dt
ψ ds − ωs ψ qs
⎪
The WT input power usually is [10]: ⎪V d
= R s I qs + ψ qs + ωs ψ ds
⎪ qs dt
⎨ (8)
Pv = 0.5ρSw v3 (1)
⎪V d
= R r I dr + ψ dr − ω r ψ qr
⎪ dr dt
Where ρ is air density, Sw is WT blades swept area in the ⎪
wind, v is wind speed. d
⎪Vqr = R r I qr + ψ qr + ω r ψ dr
⎩ dt
The output mechanical power of WT is:
Stator and rotor fluxes:
Pm = Cp.Pv = 0.5ρ.Cp.Sw v3 (2)
⎧ψ ds = Ls I ds + MI dr
Where Cp represents the WT energy conversion efficiency. It ⎪ψ = Ls I qs + MI qr
is a function of the tip speed ratio λ and the blade pitch angle ⎪ qs
⎨ (9)
β in a pitch-controlled WT. λ is defined as the ration of the ⎪ψ dr = Lr I dr + MI ds
tip speed of the turbine blades to wind speed : ⎪ψ qr = Lr I qr + MI qs
⎩
R.Ωt Electromagnetic torque is done as:
λ= (3)
v
3 M
Where R is blade radius. Ω is angular speed of the turbine. Tem = p (ψ qs I dr − ψ ds I qr ) (10)
Cp can be described as [11, 12]: 2 Ls
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The topology that have been used in this paper is a three 23 10/3 9/2 21
phase full bridge three levels NPC converter and the space
vector diagram of this inverter is shown in Fig. 1. The space 18 11/4 14/7/0 8/1 15
vector modulation is a good method that can be used to
command the voltage converter, with less harmonic and
commutation losses [16]. A novel SVM technique for a three
level inverter (3LI) is proposed in this article. The principle 24 5/12 6/13 26
of SVM technique is that the command voltage vector (VV)
is approximately calculated by using three adjacent
19 25 20
vectors [17].
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⎧ M
2
V ⎧ M
⎪⎪ ψ ds = ( L r − . I dr ) + M . s ⎪⎪ Ps = −V s . . I qr
Ls L s . ws Ls
⎨ (17) ⎨ 2 (19)
⎪Qs = V s . Vs M . I dr
2
⎪ψ = ( Lr − M ) I qr
⎪⎩ qs Ls ⎪⎩ Ls Ls
⎧ Ps = V ds . I ds + V qs . I qs
⎨ (18)
⎩Qs = V qs . I ds − V ds . I qs
2 2
⎧ M M
⎪⎪ Vdr = R r . I dr + ( L r − ) p. I dr − g . ws .( L r − ). I qr
Ls Ls
⎨ (20)
2 2
⎪V = R . I qr + ( Lr − M ). p. I qr + g . ws .( Lr − M ). I dr + g . M .V s
⎪⎩ qr r
Ls Ls Ls
In steady
state, we can write:
2
⎧ M
⎪Vdr = R r . I dr − g . ws .( L r − ). I qr
⎪ Ls
⎨ (21)
2
⎪V = R . I qr + g . ws .( L r − M M .V s
qr r ). I dr + g .
⎪
⎩ Ls Ls
2
⎧ M 1
I
⎪ dr = (V dr + g . ws .( L r − ). I qr ) 2
Ls M
⎪ Rr + ( Lr − )p
⎪ Ls
⎨ (22)
2
⎪ I = (V qr − g . ws .( Lr − M ). I dr − g . M .V s ) 1
⎪ qr Ls Ls M
2
⎪ Rr + ( Lr − )p
⎩ Ls
With: Vdr and Vqr : rotor voltages to impose on the machine The negative of the IVC technique is that the reactive and
to get the desired rotor currents. stator active power ripples. In order to reduce powers ripples
and minimize the THD value of stator current, we propose to
The torque has the expression:
use the fuzzy logic (FL) regulator.
M
Te = p I qrψ ds (23) FL is recently attainment rising importance in drive
Ls command applications. Recent years, FL command has
found many applications in the past two decades. This is so
Fig. 3 represents the IVC command scheme of DFIG largely increasing because FL command has the capability to
driven by a three-level inverter using SVM technique: command nonlinear uncertain systems even in the case where
The internal structure of IVC command is shown in
no mathematical model is available for the command
Fig. 4.
system [18, 19].
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Grid
SSC
Qs_ref *
Vrd
+ - d q DC bus
Gear box
S Sabc
Qs IVC DFIG
Wind
Ps_ref V
+ - RSC
* abc
Vrq
M
Ps Turbine
(Vs.Qs)/Ls
Qs_ref
+ - PII +
-
-Ls/(Vs.M) + +
- PII +
-
*
Vrd
Qs
2
Ird ws(Lr-M /Ls)
x
g
2 x
Irq ws(Lr-M /Ls)
Ps_ref
*
+ -
PI -Ls/(Vs.M) +
-
PII -
+ Vrq
Ps
Fig. 4 Structure of IVC scheme.
The FL rules that produce these command initiatives are
reported in Table 1. We use the following designations for
The courante preference of the FL is that is simple and membership functions:
easy to implement command that it has the ability of
generalization [20, 21]. It is able to give a very satisfactory NB : Negative Big
performance to command the grid side converter of DFIG. PB: Positive Big
PM : Positive Middle
For the two proposed fuzzy space vector modulation
NM : Negative Middle
(FSVM) in Fig. 5, the universes of discourses are first NS : Negative Small
partitioned into the 7 linguistic variables NB, NM, NS, EZ, EZ : Equal Zero
PS, PM, PB, triangular (Fig. 6) membership functions are PS: Positive Small
chosen to represent the linguistic variables and FL singletons
for the output are used.
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2321
e NB NM NS EZ PS PM PB
∆e
NB NB NB NB NB NM NS EZ
NM NB NB NB NM NS EZ PS
NS NB NB NM NS EZ PS PM
EZ NB NM NS EZ PS PM PB
PS NM NS EZ PS PM PB PB
PM NS EZ PS PM PB PB PB
PB EZ PS PM PB PB PB PB
NB NM NS E Z PS PM PB NB NM NS E Z PS PM PB
Membership
Membership
Degree of
Degree of
-10 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 10 -10 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 10
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Grid
SSC
Qs_ref *
Vrd
+ - d q DC bus
F Gear box
Sabc
Qs IVC S DFIG
Wind
Ps_ref RSC
+ - abc V
*
Vrq
Ps M Turbine
Fig. 7 IVC-FSVM command.
6. Simulation Results
6.1 Reference tracking test
In the objective to improve the performance of IVC
command, simulation tests are realised with a 1.5 MW The objective of this test is to study the performance of
generator coupled to a 398V/50Hz grid. The DFIG both IVC command techniques for the doubly fed induction
parameters are given in the Table. 2. Simulation of the DFIG generator. Figs 8-12 show the obtained simulation results. As
controlled by IVC command has been realised using it’s shown by Fig. 8, for the two IVC command with SVM
Matlab/Simulink. The two IVC command strategies; SVM- and FSVM respectively, the torque, the reactive and active
IVC and FSVM-IVC are simulated and compared in terms of powers tracks almost perfectly their references values.
reference tracking, stator current harmonics distortion, Fig. 12 shows the harmonic spectrums of stator current of
powers ripples and robustness against generator parameter the DFIG machine obtained using Fast Fourier Transform
variations. (FFT) strategy for both IVC command schemes. It can be
clear observed that the THD is reduced for IVC-FSVM
Table 2. The DFIG parameters. command. Table 3 show the comparative analysis of the
THD value of stator current.
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5
x 10
4
Ps (IVC-SVM)
-2
Ps (IVC-FSVM)
Ps-ref
-4
-6
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6
Time (s)
0
2 Qs (IVC-SVM)
Qs (IVC-FSVM)
-10001 Te (IVC-SVM)
Qs-ref
Te (IVC-FSVM)
0 -50
-2000
-1
-3000 -100
-20 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6
Time (s)
-3
.4 1.6 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6
Time (s)
500
Stator current Ias (A)
Ias (IVC-SVM)
0
Ias (IVC-FSVM)
-500
162
-1000
.4 1.6 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6
Time (s)
-2
-6 -3
0
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL of SMART GRID 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 0
First Author et al., Vol.x, No.x, xxxx Time (s)
2000 1000
1000
5 500
0
3
0
Reactive power Qs (VAR)
2
-1000 Te (IVC-SVM) Qs (IVC-SVM)
Te (IVC-FSVM) Qs (IVC-FSVM)
1 Qs-ref -500
-2000
0
-3000
-1 0 -1000
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 0
Time (s)
-2
-3
1.4 1.6 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6
Fig. 10 Electromagnetique torque (reference tracking test).
Time (s)
1000
500
Stator current Ias (A)
Ias (IVC-SVM)
0
Ias (IVC-FSVM)
-500
-1000
1.4 1.6 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6
Time (s)
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a)SVM-IVC b) FSVM-IVC
Fig. 12 THD of one phase stator current for a DFIG (reference tracking test).
5
x 10 x1
-2.5
-1.5
-1.6 -3
-1.7
-3.5
Ps (IVC-SVM)
-1.8 Ps (IVC-FSVM)
Ps-ref
-4
-1.9
-2 -4.5
1.2 1.21 1.22 1.23 1.24 1.25 1.26 1.27 1.28 1.29 1.215
Time (s)
-1180
480
-1200
Stator current Ias (A)
460
Torque Te (N.m)
-1220
-1240 440
-1260 Te (IVC-SVM)
Te (IVC-FSVM) 420
-1280 164
-1300 400
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5
x x10
10
4
-2.5 -2.5
-1.5
-4.5-2
28 1.29 1.215 1.22 1.225 1.23 1.235 1.24 1.245 1.25 1.255 1.26 -4.5
1.2 1.21 1.22 1.23 1.24 1.25
Time (s) 1.26 1.27 1.28 1.29 1.
Time (s)
4
x 10
480
-1180
-2.5 480
Ias (A)
-1200
460
(VAR)
-1220
-3 Qs (IVC-SVM)
current
Qs-ref 440
Stator
420
Torque
-3.5
-1260 Te (IVC-SVM)
Te (IVC-FSVM) 420
Reactive
400
-1280
-4
-1300 400
95 1.3 1.0385 1.039 1.0395 1.04 1.0405 1.041 1.0415 1.042
-1320 Time (s)
-4.5 1.255 1.26 1.265 1.27 1.275 1.28 1.285 1.29 1.295 1.3
28 1.29 1.215 1.22 1.225 1.23 1.235 Time
1.24(s) 1.245 1.25 1.255 1.26
Time (s)
480
Stator current Ias (A)
460
400
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6.2 Robustness test On the other hand this results show that the THD value of
stator current in the IVC-FSVM command scheme has been
For analizing the robustness of the used IVC command reduced significantly. Table 4 show the comparative analysis
schemes, the DFIG parameters have been intentionally of THD value. Thus it can be finished that the proposed IVC-
changed sush as the values of the stator resistances Rs are FSVM command technique is more and more robust than the
multiplied by 1.5 and the values of inductances Ls are IVC-SVM one.
multiplied by 0.8. Simulation results are presented in Figs
18-21. As its shown by these figures, these variations present Table 4. Comparative analysis of THD value
a clear effect on the reactive power, active power,
electromagnetic torque and current curves and that the effect THD (%)
appears more important for the IVC-SVM than that with IVC-SVM IVC-FSVM
IVC-FSVM method control. Stator current 3.20 0.05
5
x 10 x 10
4 4
Ps (IVC-SVM)
3
2 Ps (IVC-FSVM)
2
0
1
0
-2
-1
-4
-2
-6 -3
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 0
Time (s)
ef 02 Qs-ref
0
1
-1000
0
-500
-2000
-1
-2
-3000 -1000
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 0
-3 Time (s)
1.4 1.6 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6
Time (s)
Ias (IVC-SVM)
-4
Re
-2
2000 1000
Te (IVC-SVM)
1000 Te (IVC-FSVM)
5 500
4
VC-SVM) 0 Qs (IVC-SVM)
3 0
VC-FSVM) Qs (IVC-FSVM)
Reactive power Qs (VAR)
f -1000 Qs-ref
2
1 -500
-2000
0
-3000 -1000
-1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 0
Time (s)
-2
Fig. 19 Electromagnetic
-3 torque (robustness test).
1.4 1.6 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6
Time (s)
1000
VC-SVM)
VC-FSVM)
500
Stator current Ias (A)
Ias (IVC-SVM)
0 Ias (IVC-FSVM)
-500
-1000
1.4 1.6 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6
Time (s)
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a)SVM-IVC b) FSVM-IVC
Fig. 21 THD of stator current for a DFIG (robustness test).
4
x 10 x
4 Ps (IVC-SVM)
Ps (IVC-FSVM) 3.2
3
2
1
2.8
0
2.6
-1
0.81 0.82 0.83 0.84 0.85 0.86 0.87 0.88 0.89 0.9
Time (s)
150
200
Torque Te (N.m)
100 0
50 -200
-400
0
-600
-50
-800
0.82 0.83 0.84 0.85 0.86 0.87 0.88 0.89 0.9 0.91 168
Time (s)
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5
x 10
4
x 10
C-SVM) Qs (IVC-SVM)
C-FSVM) 3.2 Qs
4 Ps (IVC-FSVM)
(IVC-SVM)
Qs (VAR) Qs-ref
Ps (IVC-FSVM) 3.2
3
2
power
2.8
Reactive
1
2.8
Active
2.6
0
2.6
-1
0.9 0.44 0.46 0.48 0.5 0.52 0.54 0.56 0.58 0.6 0.62
Time (s)
0.81 0.82 0.83 0.84 0.85 0.86 0.87 0.88 0.89 0.9
Time (s)
Fig. 23 Zoom in the reactive power (robustness test).
600
C-SVM)
C-FSVM) 400 5 600
x 10 Te (IVC-SVM)
200
(N.m) Ias (A)
200
Reactive power Qs (VAR)
ef Ias (IVC-FSVM)
Qs-ref
-200
100 0
3
Stator
-400
Torque
50 -200
-600
2.8 -400
0
-800
0.91 0.672 0.674 0.676 0.678 0.68 0.682 0.684 0.686 0.688 0.69 -600
-50
2.6 Time (s)
-800
0.82 0.83 0.84 0.85 0.86 0.87 0.88 0.89 0.9 0.91
Time (s)
89 0.9 0.44 0.46 0.48 0.5 0.52 0.54 0.56 0.58 0.6 0.62
Time (s)
Fig. 24 Zoom in the torque (robustness test).
600
IVC-SVM)
IVC-FSVM) 400
Stator current Ias (A)
200
0 Ias (IVC-SVM)
Ias (IVC-FSVM)
-200
-400
-600
-800
9 0.91 0.672 0.674 0.676 0.678 0.68 0.682 0.684 0.686 0.688 0.69
Time (s)
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