02 PM Book Tamil

,e;jpahtpd; rPupa tsHr;rpf;F cWjpahd ghij tFj;j> 'ey;y MSif
kw;Wk; Nkk;ghl;bd; je;ij" ghuj uj;dh jpU.mly; gp`hup th[;gha;[P

mtHfSf;F ehd; ,e;j Gj;jfj;ij fhzpf;ifahf;FfpNwd;. mtuJ
mw;Gjkhd jiyikapd; fPo;> Njrj;jpd; tsHr;rpf;fhd topfhl;lYk;>
nghUshjhu epiyg;Gj;jd;ik kw;Wk; Nkk;ghl;bw;fhd ,yf;FfSk;
fpilf;fg;ngw;wij ed;wpAld; epidT$HfpNwd;.
2
3
cs;slf;fq;fs;
xg;Giu............................................................................................................................... 4
Kd;Diu........................................................................................................................... 5
1. nghJ kf;fspd; tho;thjhuj;jpw;F jpwdspj;j jpl;lq;fs;................... 9
2. Njrj;jpd; Nkk;ghl;bw;F jpwdspj;j jpl;lq;fs;....................................... 63
3. Coiy xopj;J Njrj;jpd; gzj;ij
fhg;ghw;wpa jpl;lq;fs;........................................................................................ 79
4. Njrj;jpd; Nkk;ghl;bw;fhd kj;jpa muR
mikr;rfq;fspd; Kf;fpa gq;fspg;Gfs;..................................................... 93
5. jkpo;ehL khepyj;jpw;fhf kj;jpa muR toq;fpa jpl;lq;fs;........... 115
4
xg;Giu
,g;Gj;jfj;jpy; gl;bayplg;gl;Ls;s gpujk ke;jpupap;;d; ey;tho;T jpl;lq;fs; &
tpguq;fs;> kj;jpa muR mikr;rf ,izajsq;fs; kw;Wk; Md;iyd; Clfj;jpy;
fpilf;fg;ngWk; jfty;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L njhFf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
,jd; Nehf;fk;> ekJ ngUikf;Fupa Njrj;jpy; cs;s midj;J Fbkf;fSk;>
,j;jifa mw;Gjkhd> kf;fs; ey;tho;it $HNehf;fkhff; nfhz;l
jpl;lq;fs; Fwpj;j tpopg;GzHit ngWtijAk;> mwpe;J nfhs;tijAk; kw;Wk;
mky;gLj;Jtij VJthf;FtijAk; rhj;jpakhf;FtNj MFk;.
xt;nthU FbkfDf;Fk; jpwdspf;Fk; tifapYk; kw;Wk; 'rg;fh rhj; rg;fh

tpfh];" toq;Fk; tifapYk; mHgzpg;GzHT kw;Wk; cWjpg;ghLld; nrayhw;wp
tUk; ekJ khz;GkpF gpujk ke;jpup jpU.eNue;jpu Nkhb mtHfSf;Fk;> midj;J
gpw khz;GkpF kj;jpa muR mikr;rHfs;> khz;GkpF khepy Kjy;tHfs;>
khz;GkpF khepy mikr;rHfs;> muR mikg;Gfs;> mYtyHfs; kw;Wk; kj;jpa
muR kw;Wk; khepy muR gzpahsHfSf;Fk; vdJ kdkhHe;j ed;wpfis ,jd;
topahf njuptpj;Jf; nfhs;fpNwd;.
5
KfTiu
fle;j 72 Mz;Lfhy Rje;jpu ,e;jpahtpy;> ngUk;ghd;ikahd ,e;jpa kf;fSf;F>
kfhj;kh fhe;jp> lhf;lu; mk;Ngj;fu;> ru;jhu; ty;ygha; gl;Nly;> gz;bl; jPdjahs;
cghj;ahah kw;Wk; jq;fs; xl;Lnkhj;j tho;f;ifiaAk; ek; ehl;bw;F Nrit
Guptjw;fhf mu;g;gzpj;Jf;nfhz;l gpw gy njhiyNehf;F ,yl;rpak; nfhz;l
jiytu;fspd; xU khngUk; tuyhw;W Afj;jpd; xU mq;fkhf ,Ug;gjw;F
ek;kpy; gyUf;F tha;g;G fpilf;ftpy;iy. mj;jiytHfs;; 'Rje;jpu ,e;jpah"
vd;w xU nghJthd Fwpf;NfhSf;fhf jd;dykpd;wp ghLgl;lhu;fs;.
xU gj;jhz;bw;F Nkw;gl;l fhyj;jpy; (2014 Mz;Lf;F Kd;G) ,e;jpah KOtJk;

cs;s 125 Nfhbf;F Nkw;gl;l Fbkf;fSf;F cupa ey eltbf;iffis
toq;Ftjpy; xU ntw;wplk; ,Ue;Js;sJ. mtHfs; ,g;NghJ Njrgf;jp>
ehl;Lg;gw;W> jd;dykpy;yh Nrit kw;Wk; Nkk;ghL Mfpait nfhz;l
jiyikf;F vjpHNehf;fp fhj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;jhHfs;;. 2014 Nk khjj;jpy;
xU njhiyNehf;F ghHit nfhz;l jiytH jpU. eNue;jpuNkhb mtHfis
gpujkuhfg; ngWtjw;F ,e;jpah nfhLj;J itj;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. mtH
mJNghyNt 'rg;fh rhj; rg;fh tpfh];" vd;w mtHfSila njhiyNehf;F
Fwpf;Nfhis epiwNtw;wpapUf;fpwhH.
ehk; ek; epidit 2013k; Mz;bw;F gpd;Ndhf;fpr; nrYj;JNthk;:

zz ,e;jpah> 'Coy; jiyefuk;" vd;W miof;fg;gl;lJ
zz 5 Nfhb Viog;ngz;fs; vy;gp[p vupthA ,y;yhky; rpukg;gl;ldH

zz 8.6 Nfhb Vio kf;fSf;F foptiwfis mZFtrjp ,y;iy

zz 32 Nfhb kf;fSf;F tq;fp Nritfis ngw trjpapy;iy

zz 19 Nfhb kf;fSf;F fhg;gPL (MAs; & tpgj;J) ngw trjpapy;iy

zz 1 5 Nfhb Vio tptrhapfSf;F mtHfSila tptrha epyj;jpd; kz;
tsk; njupahJ
zz 10 Nfhb Vio tptrhapfs; gapH fhg;gPL ngw Kbatpy;iy

6
zz 35% tptrhapfSf;F kl;LNk A+upah fpilf;fg;ngw;wJ

zz 18>600f;Fk; Nkw;gl;l fpuhkq;fspy; kpd;rhuk; trjpfs; ,y;iy.

zz 1>76>000 fpkP J}uj;jpw;F fpuhk rhiyfs; ,y;iy

zz Vio kf;fSf;fhd muR khdpag; gzk; &gha; 90>000 Nfhb
#iwahlg;gl;lJ
zz 2 4 yl;rk; Kd;dhs; gil tPuHfs; kw;Wk; 6 yl;rk; NghH tpjitfSf;F
xU gjtpf;F xU Xa;T+jpak; fpilf;fg;ngwtpy;iy
zz 1 .7 Nfhb Xa;T+jpajhuHfs; Xa;T+jpa gzk; ngWtjw;F mYtyfj;jpw;F
eilaha; elf;f Ntz;bapUe;jJ
zz 1 3.5 Nfhb kf;fSf;F jpwik ,Ue;jNghjpYk;> rpWnjhopy; njhlq;Ftjw;F
Kbatpy;iy
zz 1.2 Nfhb fHg;gpzp ngz;fSf;F cupa cly;ey rpfpr;ir fpilf;ftpy;iy
zz nghJkf;fs;> jq;fsJ cly; ey rpfpr;irf;fhf nra;Ak; nrythy; mjpf
Rikahy; mtjpAWfpd;wdH@ xt;Nthuhz;Lk; ,r;RikahdJ 16>000 Nfhb
&gha; mjpfupj;JtUfpwJ
zz t;Nthuhz;Lk; jdp ,uapy;Nt gl;n[l; fhuzkhf &. 10>000 Nfhb
x
gzk; tPzbf;fg;gl;lJ
zz nghJkf;fshy; muRld; njhlHGnfhs;s Kbatpy;iy
zz 3 yl;rk; Nghyp epWtdq;fs; ,aq;fp tUfpd;wd

vdNt> ehl;bd; Nkk;ghl;L tsHr;rp Ntfj;ij 2013k; Mz;L Ntfj;ijf;nfhz;L
ehk; fzf;fpLNthkhdhy; ,e;jpah Nkw;fz;l ,yf;Ffis va;jp Kbg;gjw;F
NkYk; 40 Mz;Lfs; vLj;Jf;nfhs;s Ntz;bapUf;Fk;.
ek; ehl;bw;F 2014 Nk khjj;jpy; xU NeHikahd gpujkH jpU. eNue;jpuNkhb

fpilj;jjhy; ,e;jpah Ntfkhf Kd;NdwpaJ.
xU rhjidkpf;f nray;ghl;L Ntfj;jpy;> gpujkH Nkhb mtHfshy; 4

Mz;L ey;yhl;rpapy;> 48 khjq;fspy; Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l ,yf;Ffs; vl;lg;gl;ld
7
nghJthfNt khz;GkpF gpujkH Nkhb mtHfspd; ciufis ehd; xUNghJk;
Nfl;fj;jtWtjpy;iy kw;Wk; 72tJ Rje;jpu jpd nfhz;lhl;l jpdj;jd;W
ek;Kila ngUik kpF ehl;bd; khz;GkpF gpujkH mtHfspd; ,yf;Ff;
Fwpf;Nfhs;fs; gw;wpa ciuia ehd; Nfl;gjw;F kpfTk; MHtkhf ,Ue;Njd;.
ek;Kilaijg; Nghd;w ngUikkpF ehl;bd; xU gpujkH vd;gtH> ek; ehl;bd;

jpwid ntspg;gLj;jp gfpHe;Jnfhs;sf;$ba Njrgf;juhf> ehl;Lg;gw;WzHT
nfhz;ltuhf> neQ;Ruk; nfhz;l cWjpG+z;ltuhf> mHg;gzpg;G nfhz;ltuhf>
JzpTkpf;ftuhf> ijupakhdtuhf> njhiyNehf;Filatuhf kw;Wk; kf;fs;
eydpy; mf;fiw nfhz;ltuhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. mly; gp`hup th[;gha[p p
mtHfSf;Fg; gpwF ,e;j Fzq;fs;> gz;Gfs; midj;Jk; ek; khz;GkpF gpujkH
Nkhb mtHfsplk; ehd; ,Uf;ff; fz;Nld;. 2014f;F Ke;ija xU gj;jhz;L
rfhg;jj;jpy; ,j;jifa Fzq;fis> gz;Gfis Ml;rpnra;j jiytHfsplk;
,e;jpah fhzj; jtwpaJ.
ek; khz;GkpF gpujkH mtHfs; nrhd;d xU fUj;J vd;id cj;Ntfk; ngwr;

nra;jJld; vd;id ngUkpjg;glf;$batdhfTk;> nghWg;GilatdhfTk
Mf;fpaJ. midj;J eyj;jpl;lg; gad;fisAk; kf;fSf;F nfhLf;fr; nra;jJld;>
Vio kf;fis Mw;wyjpfhuk; kpf;ftHfshf khw;wr; nra;j ngUik NeHikahd
tup nrYj;JgtHfisNa NrUk;>" vd;W gpujkH $wpa ,e;j thHj;ijfs;> ek;
ehl;L tsHr;rpf;F gq;fhw;Wtjw;F kpfTk; nghWg;Gilatdhf vd;id czur;
nra;jJ.
ek; ehl;bw;F xU NeHikahd gpujkH fpilj;jjhy; ,e;jpah Kidg;Gld;

Kd;Ndw;wk; ngw;W tUfpwJ kw;Wk; midj;J khepyq;fSk; eyj;jpl;lq;fshy;
gad; ngw;W tUfpd;wd.
khz;GkpF Nkhb mtHfs; ,e;jpa gpujkuhf Mtjw;F Kd;G> 13 Mz;Lfhyk;

F[uhj; Kjyikr;ruhf ,Ue;jhH. mg;NghJ mtUila KO rk;gsj;ijAk;
ed;nfhilahf nfhLj;jhH kw;Wk; md;gspg;G kw;Wk; gupRfshf ngw;w
midj;ijAk; Vyk; tpl;L mjpypUe;J ngw;w gzk; midj;ijAk; ngz;
8
Foe;ijfspd; fy;tp kw;Wk; eyDf;fhf ed;nfhilahf toq;fpdhu;.
2014 Nk khjj;jpypUe;J gpujkH Nkhb mtHfs; ngUikkpf;f ek; ehl;bd;

Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;fhfTk; kw;Wk; tsHr;rpf;fhfTk; tpLg;Ng vLf;fhky; xt;nthUehSk;
18 kzpNeuKk; mauhJ ciog;gjw;F jd;id mHg;gzpj;Jf;nfhz;bUf;fpwhu;.
ngUikkpF ,e;jpah> xt;nthU ,e;jpaidAk; ngUkpjg;gl itj;j gpujkH...
fhHj;jpf; jpUehuhazd;
gpujkH eyj;jpl;l xUq;fpizg;ghsH - jkpo;ehL khepyk;
9
nghJ kf;fspd; tho;thjhuj;jpw;F
jpwdspj;j jpl;lq;fs;
10
ngz;fs; eyj;jpl;lq;fs;
ngz;fis mjpfhuk; ngwr;nra;jy;
(ngz;fSf;F mjpfhuk; toq;fy;):
2011 Mk; Mz;L kf;fs;njhif fzf;nfLg;gpd;gb ek; nkhj;j kf;fs;njhifapy;
48.5 rjtpfpjk; ngz;fs; Mthu;fs;. xU ngz; mjpfhuk; / Mw;wy; ngwr;
nra;ag;gLthuhdhy; xU ehNl mjpfhuk; ngw;wjhFk;. ngz;fs; FLk;gj;ij
Nkk;gLj;JtNjhL kl;Lky;yhky; ehl;ilAk; Nkk;gLj;Jfpwhu;fs;. 'ngz;fs;
mjpfhuk; ngwr; nra;jy; kw;Wk; ngz;fs; jiyikapyhd tsu;r;rp" rhu;e;j
ehL kl;LNk khw;wkila KbAk; vd;W khz;GkpF gpujku; Nkhb ek;Gfpwhu;.
ngz;fis mjpfhuk; / Mw;wy; ngwr;nra;tjw;fhf ngz;fs; eyj;jpl;lq;fs; gy

njhlq;fg;gl;Ls;sd. tuyhw;wpy; Kjy; Kiwahf cyfpNyNa ngz;fis
mjpfhuk; ngwr;nra;tjw;fhf gy eyj; jpl;lq;fis eilKiwg;gLj;jpa Kjy;
ehL ,e;jpah MFk;.
xU rpy Kf;fpa eyj;jpl;lq;fs; fPNo gl;bayplg;gl;Ls;sd:
11
1. fu;g;gpzp ngz;fSf;F ,ytr gupNrhjid
,e;j jpl;lk; vjw;F?
jha; kw;Wk; Foe;ij ,wg;GtPjj;ij Fiwg;gjpy; ,e;jpah fzprkhd Kd;Ndw;wk;
ngw;Ws;s epiyapy;> xt;Nthuhz;L fu;g;gk; rhu;e;j tpisTfspd; fhuzj;jhy;
Vwf;Fiwa 44000 ngz;fs; ,d;Wk; ,we;J Nghfpwhu;fs; kw;Wk; Vwf;Fiwa 6.6
yl;rk; gr;rpsq;Foe;ijfs; gpwe;j Kjy; 28 ehl;fSf;Fs; ,we;JtpLfpd;wd.
fu;g;gpzp ngz;fSf;F jukhd cly;ey ftdpg;G toq;fg;gLkhdhy; ,e;j

,wg;Gfspy; gytw;iw jLf;fyhk; kw;Wk; gy capu;fis fhg;ghw;wyhk;.
jpl;lg;gad;fs;:
fu;g;gpzp ngz;fSf;F ,ytr gupNrhjid (gpujhd; ke;jpup Ruf;~pj; khl;upl;th
mgpahd;) jpl;lk; Nkhb murhy; njhlq;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;jpah KOtjpYk; midj;J
fu;g;gpzp ngz;fSf;Fk; muR kUj;Jtkidfspy; / Rfhjhu ikaq;fspy;
xt;nthU khjKk; 9 Mk; Njjpad;W cWjpaspf;fg;gl;l> tpupthd kw;Wk;
jukhd Foe;ij gpwg;gpw;F Ke;ija fu;g;gfhy ftdpg;G rpfpr;ir ,ytrkhf
toq;FtJ ,jd; Nehf;fkhFk;.
fu;g;gk; jupj;j ngz;fSf;F epakpf;fg;gl;l muR Rfhjhu ikaq;fspy; xU

Foe;ij gpwg;Gf;F Ke;ija fu;g;gfhy ftdpg;G rpfpr;iria ,ytrkhf
toq;Ftjw;F ,e;j jpl;lk; cj;juthjkspf;fpwJ.
zz a;tf gupNrhjidfs;: `PNkhFNshgpd;> rpWePu; my;Gkpd; kw;Wk; ru;f;fiu

M
msT> kNyupah VDRL, n`r;Itp> ,uj;j tifg;gpupT Nru;j;jy;>OGTT
Kjypait gad;gLj;jp GDM f;F ];fpuPdpq; nra;jy; Kjypad.
zz my;l;uhNrhNdhfpuhgp (USG): gjpTnra;ag;ngw;w midj;J PMSMA
gadhspfSf;Fk; kfg;NgW kUj;Jtuhy; / kUj;Jt mjpfhupahy; xU
gupNrhjid Ma;T nra;ag;gLk;;.
12
zz ,Q;n[f;\d; nll;ld]; lhf;]ha;l;> mad; /Nghypf; mkpy khj;jpiu>
fhy;rpak; khj;jpiu kw;Wk; kUj;Jt mjpfhupahy; Fwpj;Jiuf;fg;gLk;
NtW VJk; kUe;J.
zz fye;jhNyhrid: midj;J fu;g;gpzp ngz;fSk; (10-12 Ngu; nfhz;l
FOf;fshf) czT> cwf;fk;> xOq;FKiwahd Vvd;rp gupNrhjid>
jha;g;ghY}l;Ljy;> fu;g;gj;jilfs; Kjypad Fwpj;J kUj;Jtu;fsplk;
fye;jhNyhrid ngWthu;fs;.
zz nghJ Nghf;Ftuj;J trjpapy;yhj my;yJ Nghf;Ftuj;J trjp Nkhrkhf
cs;s gFjpfspy; FbapUf;ff;$ba fu;g;gpzp ngz;fSf;F Nghf;Ftuj;J
trjpfs; toq;fg;gLk;. ghjpf;fg;glf;$ba rKjhaq;fisr; ru;e;j kw;Wk;
20 rjtpfpjj;jpw;F Nky; tPl;by; gpurtk; epfo;fpw gFjpfspy cs;s
fu;g;gpzp ngz;fSf;F Nghf;Ftuj;J trjp toq;fg;gLk;.
,e;j jpl;lk;> jdpahu; JiwAld; Nru;e;J xU jpl;lkpl;l mZFKiwia
gpd;gw;WfpwJ. ,jpy; ,e;j tpopg;Gzu;T gpur;rhuj;jpw;F Kd;tUkhW jdpahu;
njhopyhw;Weu;fis Cf;Ftpj;jy;> tpopg;Gzu;it cz;lhf;Ftjw;Fupa
cj;jpfis cUthf;Fjy; kw;Wk; muR Rfhjhu ikaq;fspy; mgpahdpy;
gq;Nfw;FkhW jdpahu; JiwapdUf;F Ntz;LNfhs; tpLj;jy; Mfpait
cs;slq;Fk;.
,e;j jpl;lj;jpy; Nru;tJ vg;gb?

fu;g;gpzp ngz;fs; ,j;jpl;lj;jpy;; gjpTnra;J> gad;gLj;jpf;nfhs;tjw;F ve;j
muR kUj;Jtkid / Rfhjhu ikaj;ijAk; mZfyhk;.
nkhj;j gadhspfs;:
,Jtiu> ,e;jpah KOtjpYkpUe;J 1-2 Nfhbf;F Nkw;gl;l fu;g;gpzp ngz;fs;
(2018 Mf];l; 16 Mk; Njjpapy; cs;sgb) ,j;jpl;lj;jpypUe;J gadile;Js;sdu;.
13
2. fu;g;gpzp ngz;fs; cly;ey ftdpg;G jpl;lk;
,e;j jpl;lk; vjw;F?
cyfstpy; gpurtj;jpd;NghJ> jha;fspd; capupog;G vz;zpf;ifapy; ,e;jpahtpd;
gq;F kl;Lk; 17 rjtpfpjk; MFk;. mjpf mstpy; jha; kw;Wk; Foe;ij
,wg;Gf;F Kf;fpa fhuzq;fs; fu;g;gfhyk; kw;Wk; Foe;ij gpwg;gpd;NghJ jhapd;
Nkhrkhd Cl;lr;rj;J kw;Wk; nkhj;j kUj;Jt ftdpg;G NghjhikNa MFk;.
Cl;lr;rj;Jf;FiwT ,e;jpahtpy; ngUk;ghd;ikahd ngz;fis njhlu;e;J

Nkhrkhf ghjpf;fr; nra;fpwJ. ,e;jpahtpy; xt;nthU %d;whtJ ngz;Zk;
Fiw Cl;lr;rj;Jilatu;fs; kw;Wk; xt;nthU ,uz;lhtJ ngz;Zk;
,uj;jNrhif cilatu;fs;. xU FiwCl;lr;rj;Jila jha;> Fiwe;j gpwg;G
vilAs;s xU Foe;ijia ngw;nwLf;fpwhu; kw;Wk; ,J Foe;ijapd; MAis
ghjpf;fr;nra;Ak;.
jpl;lg;gad;fs;:
zz muR kUj;Jtkidfspy; Foe;ij ngw;nwLf;ff;$ba fu;g;gpzp
ngz;fSf;F (Kd;Gk; & gpd;Gk;) &gha; 6000 tiu epjpAjtp.
zz fu;g;gfhyj;jpd;NghJk; kw;Wk; fu;g;gfhyj;jpw;Fg; gpwFk; ngz;fs;
MNuhf;fpakhd czT kw;Wk; cupa kUe;jpd; %yk; cly;eyj;ij
Nkk;gLj;j KbAk;.
zz ey;y MNuhf;fpakhd Foe;ij gpwg;igAk; kw;Wk; Foe;ijg;NgWf;F
gpwF Foe;ijfSf;F MNuhf;fpa MjuitAk; nfhLf;f KbAk;.
zz ngz;zpd; tq;fpf;fzf;fpw;F 3 jtizfspy; gzk; Neubahf tuT
itf;f KbAk; (&gha; 3>000> 1500 1500)
14
zz fu;g;gpzpg; ngz; vtUk; ,e;j jpl;lj;jpy; Nru KbAk;. mtu; ,ij VJk;
xU muR kUj;Jtkidapy; gjpTnra;a Ntz;bapUf;Fk; (rk;gsj;Jld;
$ba gpurt tpLg;G vLf;Fk; gzpGupAk; ngz;fs; ,jpypUe;J
tpyf;fg;gLthu;fs;).
nkhj;j gadhspfs;:
,Jtiu> ,e;jpah KOtJk; 1.2 Nfhbf;F Nkw;gl;l fu;g;gpzp ngz;fs; (2018
Mf];l; 19-k; Njjpapy; cs;sgb) ,e;j jpl;lj;jpd; %yk; gadile;jpUf;fpwhu;fs;.
15
3. J}a;ik ,e;jpah (];tr; ghuj;) - fopg;giw fl;Lkhdk;
,e;j jpl;lk; vjw;F?
56 rjtpfpjj;jpw;Fk; Nkw;gl;l ,e;jpau;fs; mbg;gil Jg;GuT trjpapd;wp
,Uf;fpwhu;fs; vd xU ru;tNjr njhz;L epWtdj;jpd; mwpf;if njuptpf;fpwJ.
“J}a;ik ,e;jpah” vd;gJ kfhj;kh fhe;jpapd; njhiyNehf;F ,yl;rpakhFk;.

“2019–y; kfhj;kh fhe;jpapd; 150-tJ gpwg;G Mz;by; ‘J}a;ik ,e;jpah’ vd;w
fhe;jp[papd; njhiyNehf;if epiwNtw;w cjtNtz;baJ ,e;jpa Fbkf;fs;
vd;w tifapy; ek;Kila r%fg;nghWg;ghFk;” vd;W ek;Kila khz;GkpF
gpujku; Fwpg;gpl;lhu;.
jpl;lg;gad;fs;:
tPl;by; fopg;giw trjpapy;yhj v];rp> v];b gpupitr; Nru;e;j ve;jnthU
egUk;> jd;Dila tPl;by; fopg;giwia fl;Lthuhdhy;> mtUf;F murplkpUe;J
&.12>000 &gha; tiu khdpaj;njhif fpilf;fg;ngWk;.
,e;j jpl;lj;jpy; NrUtJ vg;gb?

zz ePq;fs; trpf;ff;$ba cq;fs; thu;L / g;shf;-I ftdpj;Jf; nfhs;sf;$ba
cs;Su; J}a;ik ,e;jpah jpl;l mjpfhupaplk; nrd;W ePq;fs; ];tr; ghuj;
mgpahd; jpl;lj;jpd; fPo; xU fopg;giw fl;l tpUk;Gtjhf mtuplk;
nrhy;Yq;fs;.
zz me;j mjpfhup cq;fsplk; xU urPJ nfhLg;ghu;. mJ> ];tr; ghuj;
mgpahd; jpl;lj;jpd; fPo; fl;Lkhd eltbf;ifia ePq;fs; njhlq;fyhk;
vd;gjw;F xU Mjhur;rhd;W MFk;. fl;Lkhdk; Kbf;fg;gl;lTld;
khdpaj;njhifia ngw ePq;fs; flg;ghLilatuhtPu;.
zz 45-50 ehl;fSf;Fs; foptiwia fl;b Kbf;f Ntz;Lk;. fl;b Kbf;fg;gl;l
foptiwf;F xU fjT> xU jz;zPu;j;njhl;b kw;Wk; tpsf;F trjp
,Uf;fNtz;baJ mtrpakhFk;.
16
zz fl;b Kbj;jgpwF> ];tr; mjpfhupaplk; nrd;W fl;Lkhdk; Kbe;Jtpl;lij
njuptpj;J khdpaj;njhifia toq;FkhW Nfl;fTk;. (,jw;F Nu\d;
ml;il> Mjhu; ml;il> tq;fp gh];Gf; efy;gb kw;Wk; gh];Nghu;l;
msT epow;glk; Mfpatw;iw ePq;fs; rku;g;gpf;f Ntz;bapUf;Fk;).
Mtzq;fis rku;g;gpj;jgpwF> me;j mjpfhup &.12000 my;yJ &.15000
(v];rp kw;Wk; v];b) vd;w njhifia cq;fSf;F toq;Fthu;.
nkhj;j gadhspfs;:
,Jtiu ,e;j jpl;lj;jpd;fPo;> ,e;jpah KOtJk; ngUk;ghYk; Vio ngz;fs;
kw;Wk; Foe;ijfs; gadilAk; tifapy; 8.6 Nfhbf;F Nkw;gl;l fopg;giwfs;
(2018 Mf];l; 19 Mk; Njjpapy; cs;sgb) fl;lg;gl;Ls;sd.
17
4. gpujk ke;jpupapd; rpW kw;Wk;; FW njhopy;fs;
tsu;r;rpj; jpl;lk; (MUDRA)
,e;j jpl;lk; vjw;F?
,e;jpah> jpwikAk;> tsKk; epiwe;j xU ehL. Nfhbf;fzf;fhd kf;fs;>
Fwpg;ghf ngz;fs; rpW njhopy;KidNthu;fshf MFk; jpwikAilatu;fs;.
Mdhy; ,e;j rpW njhopy;KidNthu;fs; ,ay;ghd topKiwfspy; epjpAjtpf;
fld;fs; ngWtij rpukkhff; fhz;fpd;wdu;. vdNt ,tu;fs; kpfTk; mjpf
tl;b tPjj;jpy; re;ijapypUe;J fld; ngWfpwhu;fs;. ,jdhy; rpwpa mstpyhd
njhopy;fs; ,e;jpahtpy; Fiwe;J NghtJld; ,j;njhopypy; ePbj;jpUf;f
Kbahky; kf;fs; NghuhLfpd;wdu;.
kf;fs; mtu;fSila tho;thjhuj;jpw;F mjpfhuk; ngwr; nra;tjw;F

mtu;fSf;F Kiwg;gb ve;j epjp MjuTk; jug;gLtjpy;iy.
jpl;lg;gad;fs;:
zz . 10 yl;rj;jpw;Fl;gl;l epjpAjtp Njitg;gLk; cw;gj;jp nra;jy;>
&
tzpfk; / tu;j;jfk; nra;jy; kw;Wk; Nritg; gzpfs; nra;jy; Nghd;w
tptrhaj;Jiw rhuh midj;J tU;khdk; ngUf;Fk; nray;eltbf;iffSk;
Kj;uh (MUDRA) fld;fs; vdg;gLk;.
1. ~p~_: &.50>000/- tiuapyhd fld;fs;
2. fpN~hu;: &.50>0000f;F Nkw;gl;l kw;Wk; &.5 yl;rk; tiuapyhd

fld;fs;
3. jUz;: &. 5 yl;rj;jpw;F Nkw;gl;l kw;Wk; 10 yl;rk; tiuapyhd

fld;fs;
zz tUkhdk; ngUf;Fk; ve;j tifapyhd tzpfj;njhopy;fSf;Fk; Kj;uh

(Mudra) tpd; fPo; epjpAjtp jug;gLfpwJ.
18
zz zf;fkhd gzk; jpUg;gpr;nrYj;Jk; fhymsTld; kpfTk; Fiwe;j
,
tl;b
zz izahd kw;Wk; guprPyidf; fl;lzq;fs; ,y;yhky; xU jq;Fjilaw;w
,
kw;Wk; ,zf;fkhd fld; jpl;lk;
zz vLj;Jf;fhl;L: ijay; filfs;> czT ikak;> cw;gj;jp nra;Ak;
mikg;G> moFgLj;J epiyak; (gpA+l;b ghu;yu;) Mu;X epiyak;
epWTjy;> jr;R epWtdk;> Ml;Nlhupf;\h cl;gl tUkhdk; ngUf;Fk;
ve;jtifapyhd tzpfj;njhopy;fSf;fhd NjitfSf;F Kj;uhtpd; fPo;
epjpAjtp toq;fg;gLfpwJ.
Nrkpg;G tq;fpfzf;F cs;stu;fs; midj;J nghJj;Jiw tq;fpfs;>
jdpahu;Jiw tu;j;jf tq;fpfs;> 29 RRBs kw;Wk; 47 NBFCs / MFI fis mZfyhk;.
nkhj;j gadhspfs;:
,Jtiu 13.55 Nfhbf;F Nkw;gl;ltu;fs; (2018 Mf];l; 19-k; Njjpapy; cs;sgb)
Kj;uh jpl;lj;jpd; fPo; gadile;Js;sdu; kw;Wk; &gha; 6 yl;rk; Nfhbf;F
Nkw;gl;l njhif ,e;jpah KOtJk; ,e;j jpl;lj;jpd; fPo; epjp fld;fshf
tpdpNahfpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
gadile;jtu;fspy; 70 rjtpfpjk; Ngu; ngz;fs; (9.5 Nfhb ngz;fs;)

,jpy; ngUk;ghyhdtu;fs; Kj;uhtpd; %yk; jq;fs; tho;f;ifapy; mjpfhuk;
ngwr;nra;ag;gl;l Vio ngz;fshthu;fs;. .
19
5. gpujk ke;jpupapd; c[;thyh Nah[dh (PMUY)
,e;j jpl;lk; vjw;F?
,e;jpah 24 Nfhbf;F Nkw;gl;l FLk;gq;fSf;F jhafkhfj;; jpfo;fpwJ. ,jpy;
Vwf;Fiwa 10 Nfhb FLk;gq;fs; ,d;Dk; rikay; vupnghUshf vy;gp[p
,y;yhky; ,Uf;fpwhu;fs;. mtu;fs; rikg;gjw;F tpwF> epyf;fup> twl;b
Kjypatw;iw gpujhd Mjhukhf rhu;e;jpUf;f Ntz;bapUf;fpwJ.
,e;j vupnghUs;fis vupg;gjpypUe;J tUk; Gif mghafukhd fhw;W khRit

cUthf;FfpwJ kw;Wk; gy RthrNeha; NfhshWfis tpistpj;J ngz;fs;
kw;Wk; Foe;ijapd; cly;eyj;ij kpfTk; ghjpf;fr; nra;fpwJ.
J}a;ikaw;w vupnghUspypUe;J ngz;fshy; cl;Rthrpf;fg;gLk; Gif xU kzp

Neuj;jpy; 400 rpfnul;Lfis Gifg;gjw;F rupepfuhFk;.
jpl;lg;gad;fs;:
J}a;ikahd rikay; vupnghUshd vy;gp[pia toq;Ftjd; %yk; ngz;fs;
kw;Wk; Foe;ijfspd; cly;eyk; ghJfhf;fg;gLk;> ,jdhy; mtu;fs;
Gifg;gbe;j rikayiwfspy; mtu;fSila cly;eyj;ij nfLj;Jf;nfhs;s
Njitapy;iy.
ngz;fs; mjpfhuk; ngwr;nra;tij Fwpg;ghf> Cuf ,e;jpahtpy;> cWjpnra;Ak;

tifapy;> FLk;gg;ngz;fspd; ngaupy; vupthA ,izg;Gfs; toq;fg;gLk;.

zz gpgPvy; FLk;gj;ijr; Nru;e;j xU ngz; xU Gjpa vy;gp[p ,izg;G
Nfhup (tFj;Jiuf;fg;gl;l Kiwg;gb) mUfhikapy; cs;s vy;gp[p
tpdpNahfpg;ghsuplk; tpz;zg;gpf;fyhk;.
zz tpz;zg;gg;gbtj;ij rku;g;gpf;Fk;NghJ> tpupthd Kftup> tq;fpf;fzf;F
kw;Wk; FLk;gj;jpYs;s midj;J mq;fj;jpdu;fspd; Mjhu; vz;izAk;
rku;g;gpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
20
zz pz;zg;gj;ij guprPyid nra;j gpwF ghuj; Nf];> ,d;Nld; kw;Wk;
t
n`r;gp Nf]; Nghd;w vz;nza; re;ijahf;fy; epWtdq;fshy; (OMCs)
jFjptha;e;j gadhspfSf;F ,izg;G toq;fg;gLk;.
zz Efu;Nthu; EMI-f;F tpUk;Gk; Neu;tpy;> xt;nthU uP/gpy;ypYk; Efu;NthUf;F
nfhLf;fg;gl Ntz;ba khdpaj;njhifapd; Ngupy; ,vk;I njhif
rupfl;lg;gLk;.
nkhj;j gadhspfs;:
,Jtiu> ,e;jj;jpl;lj;jpd; fPo;> 5>20>000-w;Fk; Nkw;gl;l Viog; ngz;fs; (2018
Mf];l; 19 – Mk;; Njjpapy; cs;sgb) gadile;Js;sdu;.
jpl;lkplg;gl;ljw;F 8 khjq;fSf;F Kd;Ng 5 Nfhb tpdpNahfpg;G ,yf;if

muR ntw;wpfukhf va;jpAs;sJ.
21
6. gpujkupd;> midtUf;Fk; tPl;Ltrjp jpl;lk
(efu;g;Gwk; kw;Wk; fpuhkg;Gwk;)
,e;j jpl;lk; vjw;F?
,e;jpah 75 Mz;L Rje;jpuj;ij (2022) G+u;j;jpnra;Ak;NghJ xt;nthU FLk;gKk;
FbePu; ,izg;G> fopg;giw trjpfs;> 4x7 kpd;rhu toq;fy; kw;Wk; mZf;f
trjpAld; xU gf;fh tPl;il nrhe;jkhf itj;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ
,yf;fhFk;.
efu;g;Gw efuq;fspy; kw;Wk; Cuf fpuhkq;fspy; trpf;Fk; Vio kf;fSf;F

nrhe;j tPLfs; ,Uf;fhJ kw;Wk; tPl;Ltrjp fld;fSf;F mjpf tl;b nrYj;j
,ayhJ.
nrhe;j tPL vd;gJ Vio kf;fspd; tho;thjhuj;ij Nkk;gLj;Jk;É Vio kf;fspd;

FLk;g Rikia Fiwf;Fk; kw;Wk; midtUf;Fk; Fiwe;j tpiyapy; tPl;L
trjpia toq;Fk;.
jpl;lg;gzpfs;:
efu;g;Gwk;:
zz %d;W fl;lq;fspy; Kjy; tFg;G> 500 efuq;fspy; Muk;g Kidg;Gld;
4041 efuq;fs; nfhz;l xl;Lnkhj;j efu;g;Gw gFjpapy; 5 Nfhb tPLfs;.
(i) Fbirg; gFjpapy; 5 Nfhb tPLfs;
(ii) eype;j gpuptpdUf;fhf Fiwe;j tpiyapy; tPl;L trjp jpl;lq;fis

Cf;Ftpj;jy;
(iii) nghJ kw;Wk; jdpahu; JiwfSld; $l;Ltfpg;gpy; Fiwe;j tpiyapy;

tPl;L trjp
(iv) gadhspfSf;F jdptPL fl;Lkhdj;jpw;F khdpak; toq;Fjy;.
22
zz j;jpl;lj;jpd; gadhspfs; nghUshjhu uPjpapy; eype;j gpuptpdu; (EWS),
,
Fiwe;j tUtha; FOtpdu; (LIG) & kw;Wk; eLj;ju tUkhdf;FOtpdu;
(MIG)
EWS – %d;W yl;rk; tiu Mz;L tUkhdk; (6 yl;r fld;fSf;F 6.5
rjtpfpj tl;bapy; tq;fpf;fld;)
LIG – 3 yl;rk; Kjy; 6 yl;rk; tiu Mz;L tUkhdk;
MIG I – 6 yl;rk; Kjy; 12 yl;rk; tiu Mz;L tUkhdk;
MIG II – 9 yl;rk; Kjy; 18 yl;rk; tiu Mz;L tUkhdk;
zz 6.5 rjtpfpj tl;bapy; 6 yl;rk; tiu tq;fpf;fld;fs;

zz 9 rjtpfpjk; tl;bapy; 6 yl;rk; tiu tq;fpf;fld;fs; (MIG I & II)
Cufg;gFjp :
zz Fbir tPLfspy; trpg;gtu;fSf;F Cufg; gFjpfspy; 1 Nfhb tPLfs;
zz 1.2 yl;rk; tiu (rkntspg;gFjpfs;) kw;Wk; 1.3 yl;rk; tiu
(kiyg;gFjpfs;) epjpAjtp
zz ];tr; ghuj; kp\d; (fpuhkpd;) fPo; fopg;giw fl;Ltjw;F cjtpj;njhif
ngwyhk;.
zz MGNREGS -ypUe;J njhopy;jpwdw;w Ntiyf;F 90-95 Ms; jpdj;jpw;F
gadhsp cupikj; jFjpAilatuhthu;.
efu;g;Gwk;
zz xU gadhsp vd;why;> fztu;> kidtp kw;Wk; jpUkzkhfhj Foe;ijfs;
cs;slq;fpa xU FLk;gk; vd;W nghUs; tiuaiw nra;ag;gl;bUf;fpwJ.
,jpy; ngz;fSf;F Kd;Dupikaspf;fg;gLk;.
zz mj;jifa gadhsp> ,j;jpl;lj;jpd; fPo; kj;jpa muR cjtpngWtjw;F
,e;jpahtpd; ve;jg;gFjpapYk; mtUila ngaupNyh my;yJ mtUila
23
FLk;gj;jpy; cs;s mq;fj;jpdu; vtUila ngaupNyh xU gf;fh tPL
nrhe;jkhf itj;jpUf;ff; $lhJ.
zz ,ij mky;gLj;Jtjw;F khepy muR nghWg;GilajhFk;.
zz tPl;L trjpf; fld;fSf;fhf ,e;j jpl;lj;jpw;F 45 tPl;L trjp epjp
epWtdq;fs;> 15 ml;ltizaplg;gl;l n\l;A+y; tq;fpfs;> tl;lhu Cuf
kw;Wk; $l;LwT tq;fpfs; cs;spl;l 70 fld;nfhLf;Fk; epWtdq;fs;
MjuT toq;Ffpd;wd.
Cufg;gFjpfs;
zz ufg;gFjpfspy; fr;rh tPLfspy; trpf;Fk; kw;Wk; nrhe;jkhf tPL vJTk;
C
,y;yhj gadhsp ,e;j jpl;lj;jpw;F tpz;zg;gpf;fyhk;. ngz;fSf;F
Kd;Dupik toq;fg;gLk;.
zz mj;jifa gadhsp ,j;jpl;lj;jpd;fPo; kj;jpa muR cjtpngWtjw;F
,e;jpahtpd; ve;jg; gFjpapYk; mtUila ngaupNyh my;yJ mtUila
FLk;gj;jpYs;s mq;fj;jpdu; ngaupNyh xU gf;fh tPL nrhe;jkhf
itj;jpUf;ff;$lhJ.
zz ,ij mky;gLj;Jtjw;F khepy muR nghWg;GilajhFk;.
zz tPl;L trjpf; fld;fSf;fhd ,e;j jpl;lj;jpw;F 45 tPl;L trjp epjp
epWtdq;fs;> 15 ml;ltizaplg;gl;l tq;fpfs;> tl;lhu Cuf
kw;Wk; $l;LwT tq;fpfs; cs;spl;l 70 fld;nfhLf;Fk; epWtdq;fs;
Mjupf;fpd;wd.
nkhj;j gadhspfs;:
,Jtiu> ,j;jpl;lj;jpd;fPo;> 1>00>00>000-f;F Nkw;gl;l tPLfs; Vio kf;fSf;fhf
(Fwpg;ghf ngz;fSf;F) fl;lg;gl;Ls;sd (2018 Mf];l; 19 Mk; Njjpapy;
cs;sgb)
24
7. gpujk ke;jpupapd;> ngz; njhopy;KidNthHfis
mjpfhuk;ngwr; nra;jy; jpl;lk; (epkpHe;J epy; ,e;jpah)
,e;j jpl;lk; vjw;F?
ngz;fs;> ,e;jpa tsHr;rpapd; J}z;fs; MthHfs;. SC, ST kw;Wk; ngz; njhopy;
KidNthHfs; Kidtfq;fis epWTtjpy;> fld;fs; ngWtjpy; kw;Wk;
tzpf njhopypy; ntw;wpngWtjw;F Njitahd gpw cjtpia ngWtjpy;
rthy;fis vjpHnfhs;fpd;wdH. r%fj;jpy; ngz;fis Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;F
ngz; njhopy;KidNthHfis Mw;wy; / mjpfhuk; ngwr; nra;jy; kpfTk;
Kf;fpakhFk; kw;Wk; ngz;fs; ,e;jpahtpd; nghUshjhu Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;F
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f tifapy; gq;fspf;f KbAk;.
jpl;lg;gad;fs;:
zz w;gj;jp nra;jy;> Nritfs; my;yJ tHj;jfj; Jiwapy; (18 kw;Wk;
c
mjw;F Nkw;gl;l taJ) Kjy; Kiwahf Gjpa Kidtfk; epWTtjw;F
&gha; 10 ,yl;rk; Kjy; 1 Nfhb &gha; tiu tq;fpf; fld; toq;Ffp-
wJ.
zz pfTk; Fiwe;j tl;b tPjj;jpy; jtizfhy fld; kw;Wk; elg;G %yjdk;
k
cs;spl;l nray;jpl;l nrytpy; 75% $l;Lf;fld;
zz 7 Mz;Lfspy; fld; jpUg;gpr; nrYj;jj;jf;fJ.

zz Kjd;ik gpizak; jtpu> tq;fpfSf;Nfw;wgb ,iz gpizaj;jpd;
%yk; fld; ngwyhk;.
,j;jpl;lj;jpd;fPo; ml;ltizaplg;gl;l midj;J tq;fpfspd; fpisfspy;
Nruyhk;.
nkhj;j gadhspfs;:
,Jtiu> ,e;j jpl;lj;jpd;fPo;> v];rp / v];b kw;Wk; ngz; njhopy;KidNthHfSf;F
54>730f;F Nkw;gl;l fld;fs; xg;Gjyspf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. (2018 Mf];l; 19k;
Njjpapy; cs;sgb)
25
tptrhapfspd; eyj;jpl;lq;fs;
tptrhapfis Mw;wy; / mjpfhuk; ngwr;nra;jy;:
tptrhapfs; ek; ehl;bd; capHehbfs; MthHfs;. ,e;jpahtpd; kf;fs;njhifapy;
58% NgUf;F tptrhaNk tho;tpd; Kjd;ik MjhukhFk;. tptrha epyj;jpd;
nkhj;j ,af;F cilikfspy; 85%, 2-n`f;NlUf;Fk; Fiwthd rpW kw;Wk;
FW cilikfshFk; vd;W Ntshz; fzf;nfLg;G $WfpwJ.
Av];V-Tf;F mLj;jgbahf ,e;jpahTf;F ,uz;lhtJ kpfg;ngupa mstpy;

tptrha epyk; cs;sJ. Mdhy; ,e;jpahittpl 40% mjpf NfhJikAk; kw;Wk;
muprpAk; rPdh cw;gj;jp nra;fpwJ. cyfpNyNa goq;fs; kw;Wk; fha;fwpfs;
mjpfstpy; cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; ,uz;lhtJ kpfg;ngupa ehL ,e;jpah MFk;.
Mdhy; ,e;jpahittpl 3 klq;F mjpfstpy; gok; cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; ehL
rPdh MFk;.
Vio tptrhapfspd; tho;thjhuj;ij Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;F Ntshz;ikapy;

cw;gj;jpj;jpwid Nkk;gLj;Jjy;> njhopy;El;g mwpit Nkk;gLj;Jjy; kw;Wk;
Gjpa cj;jpfis gpd;gw;Wjy; Mfpait tptrhapfis mjpfhuk; / Mw;wy;
ngwr; nra;tjw;F kpfTk; Kf;fpakhFk;.
tptrhapfspd; tUkhdk; 2022k; Mz;L Kbtpy; ,ul;bg;ghtjw;Fupa ghijia

mikj;JUthf;fp> gy Kidg;G eltbf;iffisf; nfhz;L tptrhapfis
Kjd; Kjypy; mjpfhuk; ngw;wtHfshf Mfr;nra;tjpy; Nkhb muR Kidg;G
nfhz;bUf;fpwJ.
ePyg;Gul;rpAk; kw;Wk; ghy; cw;gj;jpAk; tptrhapfspd; tUkhdj;ij

mjpfupf;fr; nra;jJ. 100% A+upah fpilf;Fk; epiy Fwpg;gplj;jf;f tifapy;
cw;gj;jpj;jpwid Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;F tptrhapfSf;F cjtpaJ. Nkhb murpd;
gy;NtW njhopy;El;gq;fs; rhu;e;j Kaw;rpfs; tptrhapfspd; tho;f;ifapy;
khw;wj;ij nfhz;L te;jpUf;fpwJ.
26
1. gpujk ke;jpupapd; tptrhap gapH fhg;gPL (PMFBY)
,e;j jpl;lk; vjw;F?
,e;jpa kf;fs; njhifapy; 58% NgUf;F tptrhaNk tho;f;iff;F Kjd;ik
tho;thjhukhf ,Ue;J tUfpwJ kw;Wk; 85% tptrha epyk; 2 n`f;NlHfSf;Fk;
FiwthdjhFk;. ,e;jpah KOtJk; cs;s twl;rp khtl;lq;fs; kw;Wk;
xOq;FKiwaw;w kiog;nghopthy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l khtl;lq;fisr; NrHe;j
tptrhapfs; gapH gapuPl;by; ngUk; nghUshjhu ,og;Gfshy; ghjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sdH.
tptrhapfs;> tho;thjhuj;ij Nkk;gLj;Jjy; kw;Wk; mtHfSila gapH

KjyPl;il ghJfhj;jy;. ,aw;if NguopTfs;> G+r;rpfs; kw;Wk; Neha;fspd;
fhuzj;jhy; mwptpf;if nra;ag;gl;l VJk; gapH tpisr;ry; jtWk;gl;rj;jpy;
tptrhapfSf;F KO fhg;gPL ftNu[; kw;Wk; epjpAjtp toq;Fjy;.
tptrhapfis GJikahd kw;Wk; etPd Ntshz; eilKiwfis gpd;gw;WkhW

Cf;Ftpj;jy;. Ntshz;Jiwf;F fld; fpilf;fr; nra;tijAk; kw;Wk;
tptrhapfSf;F fhg;gPl;L jtizj;njhif Rikia Fiwf;fr; nra;tijAk;
cWjpnra;jy;.
jpl;l gad;fs;:
zz czTg; gapHfs; (jhdpaq;fs;> rpWjhdpaq;fs; & gUg;G tiffs;)>
vz;nza;tpj;Jf;fs;> kw;Wk; tUlhe;jpu tzpf / tUlhe;jpu Njhl;lf;fiy
gapHfs;.
zz fup/g; gUt gapHfSf;F fhg;gPL jtizj;njhif fhg;gPL nra;ag;gl;l
njhifapy; 2%> ugp gUt gapHfSf;F 1.5% kw;Wk; tzpf gapHfs;
kw;Wk; Njhl;lf;fiy gapHfSf;F 5% kl;LNk ,Uf;Fk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: &gha; 1 yl;rj;jpw;F fhg;gPL nra;ag;gl;l ney;gapuPL
nfhz;l 2 Vf;fH epyj;jpw;F fhg;gPL gpuPkpak; (jtizj;njhif) &gha;
2000 kl;LNk ,Uf;Fk;.
27
zz e;j jpl;lj;jpw;F midj;J tptrhapfSk; (fld; ,Ue;jhYk; kw;Wk;
,
,y;iiy vd;whYk;) jFjpAilatuhthHfs;.
zz
t ptrhapfs; ,jpy; NrUtjpypUe;J cupikf;Nfhupf;if gl;Lthlh
nra;tJtiu> xl;Lnkhj;j fhg;gPL jpl;l nray;KiwAk; Nkhrb
,y;yhky;> gaDfe;j jpl;lkhf ,Uf;fr; nra;tjw;F kpd;dZ uPjpahf
nra;ag;gLfpwJ.
zz gpd;tUtd Nghd;w Mgj;Jfs;/,og;GfSf;F fhg;gPl;Lj;njhif
toq;fg;gLfpwJ:
- tpisr;ry; ,og;Gfs;
- tpijj;jy; jLg;G
- mWtilf;Fg;gpd; ,og;Gfs;
- cs;SH NguopTfs;
- G+r;rpfs;> Neha;fs;

Nrkpg;G tq;fpf; fzf;F cs;s tptrhapfs; fhg;gPL jpl;lj;jpw;F tpz;zg;gk;
nra;ayhk; kw;Wk; NrHj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;F tq;fpfs;> fhg;gPL epWtdq;fs;>
$l;LwT rq;fq;fs; Kjypadtw;iw mZfyhk;.
nkhj;j gadhspfs;:
,Jtiu> ,e;jpah KOtJk; 10>00>00>000f;Fk; Nkw;gl;l tptrhapfs; ,e;jj;
jpl;lj;jpd;fPo; gadile;Js;sdH.
28
2. gpujk ke;jpupapd; tptrhap kz; ts ml;il jpl;lk;
(SHC)
,e;j jpl;lk; vjw;F?
gy Vio tptrhapfs; cw;gj;jpj;jpwid Nkk;gLj;j Kbatpy;iy> Vnddpy;
kz;ts epiy vg;gb ,Uf;fpwJ> Njitahd cuq;fs; vd;d kw;Wk; gpw kz;
MNyhrid cs;sPLfs; vd;d vd;gJ mtHfSf;F njupahJ.
Fiwe;j nrytpy; caH tpisr;riy tptrhapfs; ngwr; nra;tjw;F> kz;

gupNrhjid rhHe;J cuq;fis rkr;rPuhf gad;gLj;Jtij Cf;Ftpg;gNj ,e;j
jpl;lj;jpd; Nehf;fkhFk;.
jpl;lg;gad;fs;:
zz pwg;ghd Kiwapy; cs;sPLfs; gad;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; cw;gj;jpj;jpwid
r
Nkk;gLj;j cjTtjw;fhf jdpegH tptrha epyq;fSf;F Njitahd
Cl;lr;rj;Jf;fs; kw;Wk; cuq;fis gapHthup gupe;Jiufis
Nkw;nfhs;sf;$ba kz;ts ml;ilfis murhq;fk; tptrhapfSf;F
toq;FfpwJ.
zz z; ts ml;il – ,J> xU tptrhapf;F
k nrhe;jkhd xt;nthU
epyj;jpw;Fk; toq;fg;gLk; xU mr;rbf;fg;gl;l mwpf;ifahFk;. ,jpy;
12 msTNfhy;fSf;Nfw;g mtUila kz;zpd; epiy Fwpj;j
jfty;fs; cs;slq;fpapUf;Fk;. ,jpy; tptrha epyj;jpw;F Njitahd
cuq;fs; kPjhd gupe;JiufSk; kw;Wk; kz; jpUj;j MNyhridAk;;
mlq;fpapUf;Fk;.
zz kz; ts ml;il tptrhapfSf;F ,ytrkhf toq;fg;gLfpwJ kw;Wk;
mjd; gupNrhjid KbTfs;> MNyhridfs; Mfpait cs;slq;Fk;.
tptrhapfSf;F toq;fg;gLk; midj;J NritfSf;Fk; khepy muRf;F
Nkhb muR gzk; nrYj;JfpwJ.
zz 3 Mz;LfSf;F xUKiw kz;ts ml;il toq;fg;gLk;.
29
zz tptrhap> cs;SH Ntshz; mYtyfj;ij / Jiwia mZfp ,e;j
jpl;lj;jpy; Nruyhk;. ,e;j jpl;lj;ij mky;gLj;Jtjw;F khepy muR
nghWg;ghFk;.
zz khepy muR> mjDila Ntshz; Jiw gzpahsHfs; %yk; my;yJ
ntsp Kfikg; gzpahsHfs; %yk; kz; khjpupfis Nrfupf;Fk;. cs;SH
Ntshz;ik / mwptpay; fy;Y}upfisr; rhHe;j khztHfisAk; khepy
muR gad;gLj;jyhk;.
nkhj;j gadhspfs;:
,Jtiu> ,e;jpah KOtJk; 15.34 Nfhbf;F Nkw;gl;l tptrhapfs; ,e;j
jpl;lj;jpd;fPo; gadile;Js;sdH (2018 Mf];l; 19k; Njjpapy; cs;sgb)
30
3. gpujk ke;jpupapd; tptrhapapd; ghrd jpl;lk; (PMKSY)
,e;j jpl;lk; vjw;F?
xt;nthU tptrhapapd; epyKk; ePHghrdk; ngw;W xU Jspf;F mjpf gapH
cw;gj;jp nra;a Ntz;Lk;. ,e;jpahtpy; 142 kpy;ypad; n`f;NlH gapupL
epyq;fs; cs;sd. 45% tptrha epyk; kl;LNk ghrdk; ngWfpwJ kw;Wk; 55%
,aw;ifia rhHe;jpUf;fpwJ.
,e;j jpl;lk;> tptrha epyq;fSf;F nrhl;LePH ghrdtrjp toq;FfpwJ kw;Wk;

tptrha epyq;fspy; ePH gad;ghl;Lj; jpwid mjpfupf;fr; nra;fpwJ. ,e;j
jpl;lj;jpd;fPo;> ghrd jpl;lq;fSf;F KjyPL fs mstpy; Neubahfr; nra;ag;gl
Ntz;Lk; kw;Wk; ePiu Nrkpg;gjw;F mjpetPd njhopy;El;gk; gpd;gw;wg;gl
Ntz;Lk;.
jpl;lg;gad;fs;:
zz Gjpa ePH ts Mjhuq;fis cUthf;Fjy;> nraypoe;j ePHts
Mjhuq;fis gOJghHj;jy;> kW rPuikj;jy; kw;Wk; GJg;gpj;jy;
zz ePH Nrkpg;G fl;likg;Gfis fl;Lkhdk; nra;jy;> ,ilepiy & FW
Nrkpg;G> epyj;jbePH Nkk;ghL fpuhk mstpy; kuG rhHe;j ePH epiy
Mjhuq;fis mjpfupf;fr; nra;jy;
zz idj;J epyq;fSf;Fk; ghrd trjp Ntshz; cw;gj;jpia Nkk;gLj;Jk;>
m
czTg; nghUl;fspd; tpiyia fl;Lg;gLj;Jk;.
zz ePH jhuhskhf fpilf;Fk;NghJ (kiog;gUtk;) ePiu Nrkpg;gjw;F fhy;tha;
mikg;G Kbtpy; ,ilepiy ePH Nrkpg;G fl;likg;Gfs;.
zz jz;zPH jhuhskhf ,Uf;ff;$ba gy;NtWgl;l miktpl Mjhuj;jpypUe;J
jz;zPiu> ePH gw;whf;Fiw cs;s mUfpYs;s gFjpfSf;F jpUg;gp
tpLjy;.
31
zz ptrhapfspd; ghrd eyj;jpl;lj;ij mky;gLj;Jtjw;F khepy Ntshz;
t
Jiw nghWg;Gila top elj;Jk; Jiwahf ,Uf;Fk;.
nkhj;j gadhspfs;:
,Jtiu> ,e;jpah KOtJk; 28.88 yl;rk; n`f;NlUf;F Nkw;gl;l Vio
tptrhapfs; epyk;> &. 5>207 Nfhbf;F Nkw;gl;l xl;Lnkhj;j epjpAjtp nfhz;L
gadile;Js;sJ.
32
4. gpujk ke;jpupapd; Njrpa Ntshz; re;ij (eNAM)
,e;j jpl;lk; vjw;F?
eNAM vd;gJ> ,e;jpahtpy; Ntshz; nghUl;fSf;Fupa xU Md;iyd;
tHj;jf jskhFk;. ,e;j re;ij> nghUl;fspy; Md;iyd; tHj;jfk; nra;tjw;F
tptrhapfs;> tHj;jfHfs; kw;Wk; thq;FgtHfSf;F tif nra;fpwJ. ,e;j
re;ij ey;y tpiyia fz;lwptjw;Fk; kw;Wk; mtHfspd; cw;gj;jpg;nghUis
jq;Fjilapd;wp re;ijg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; cupa trjpfis toq;FtJld;>
,jd;%yk; ,ilj;jufH xopf;fg;glr; nra;fpwJ.
gpujhd czT jhdpaq;fs;> fha;fwpfs; kw;Wk; goq;fs; cs;spl;l 90

nghUl;fs; tHj;jfj;jpw;F fpilf;ff;$ba nghUl;fs; gl;baypy; jw;NghJ
gl;bayplg;gl;Ls;sd.
jpl;l gad;fs;:
zz jhdpaq;fs; cldbahf vil Nghlg;gLfpd;wd> kw;Wk; mNj ehs;
nfhs;Kjy; nra;ag;gl;L> mjw;Fupa gzk; Md;iyd; topahf
toq;fg;gLfpwJ.
zz zpdpfs; nfhz;L my;yJ nkhigy; nrayp %yk; (8 nkhopfspy;
f
fpilf;fpwJ) midj;J e-NAM re;ijfspy; Md;iydpy; tHj;jfk;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ.
zz tptrhapfs;: mtHfs; VJk; jufHfs; my;yJ ,ilj;jufHfs; jiyaPL
,y;yhky; tpisnghUis tpw;W> mjd; %yk; mtHfs; nra;j
KjyPl;bypUe;J rpwe;j tUtha; ngwyhk;.
zz Hj;jfHfs;: ,e;jpahtpy; ve;j ,lj;jpypUe;Jk; xU APMC-apypUe;J
t
NtnwhU APMC-f;F ,ilepiy tHj;jfk; nra;a KbAk;. cs;SH
tHj;jfHfs; ,ilepiy tHj;jfj;jpw;F ngupa Njrpa re;ijf;F mZf;fk;
ngwKbAk;.
33
zz
n fhs;KjyhsHfs;> nray;KiwahsHfs; kw;Wk; Vw;WkjpahsHfs;:
ngupa rpy;yiw tpw;gidahsHfs;> nray;KiwahsHfs; my;yJ
Vw;WkjpahsHfs; Nghd;w nfhs;KjyhsHfs; ,e;jpahtpYs;s ve;j
re;ijapypUe;Jk; nghUl;fis thq;fp mjd; %yk; ,ilj;juF nryit
Fiwf;fyhk;.
zz EfHNthHfs;: eNAM tHj;jfHfspd; vz;zpf;ifia mjpfupf;f nra;Ak;
kw;Wk; mtHfspilNa Nghl;bia mjpfupf;fr; nra;Ak;. ,J> epiyahd
tpiyfs; kw;Wk; EfHNthHfSf;F nghUl;fs; fpilf;Fk; epiyapy;
ed;ikahf khwf;$Lk;.
zz z;bfs;: fzf;Fg; gjptpay; kw;Wk; upg;NghHbq; njhlHGila gzpfs;>
k
jhdpaf;fkhf cUthf;fg;gLk; vd;gjhy; ,J njhlHghd gzpfs;
FiwAk;. tHj;jfHfs; kw;Wk; fkp\d; V[z;l;fis fz;fhzpj;jy;
kw;Wk; xOq;FKiwg;gLj;Jjy; ,jdhy; vspjhFk;.
,j;jpl;lj;jpy; NrUtJ vg;gb?
zz ,j;jpl;lj;jpy; NrUtJ Fwpj;J tptrhapfs; / tHj;jfHfs; cs;SH
APMC re;ijfs; / kz;bfsplk; Nfl;lwpa Ntz;Lk;.
nkhj;j gadhspfs;:
,Jtiu> ,e;jpah KOtJk; 585 re;ijfs;> 16 khepyq;fs; kw;Wk; 2
A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fs; (2018 Mf];l; 19k; Njjpapy; cs;sgb) ,e;j
jpl;lj;jpd;fPo; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,jpy; Nfhbf;fzf;fhd tptrhapfs;
gadile;jpUg;gJld;> mtHfSila tpisnghUSf;F ey;y tpiy fpilf;f
cjtp nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.
34
5. gpujk ke;jpupapd; Fiwe;jgl;r MjuT tpiy
(MSP) cau;T
,e;j jpl;lk; vjw;F?
Vio tptrhapfSf;F czT jhdpaq;fis nghJ tpdpNahfj;jpw;F nfhs;Kjy;
nra;jy; kw;Wk; tpw;gid nra;jYf;F cjtpGuptJ Kf;fpa Nehf;fq;fshFk;.
kpif cw;gj;jp kw;Wk; re;ijapy; Njf;fk; fhuzkhf mwptpf;fg;gl;l
Fiwe;jgl;r tpiyf;Fk; fPNo nghUSf;fhd re;ij tpiy tPo;r;rpailAk;
Neu;tpy;> tptrhapfshy; toq;fg;gLk; xl;Lnkhj;j msit> mwptpf;fg;gl;l
Fiwe;jgl;r tpiyapy; muR Kfikfs; thq;fpf;nfhs;Sk;. 2022k; Mz;L
KbTf;Fs; Ntshz; tUkhdj;ij ,ul;bg;ghf;Ftjw;F tptrhapfSf;F
cjTjy;.
jpl;lg;gad;fs;:
zz NITI MNahf; Ma;tpd;gb> Nkhb murhy; mwptpf;fg;gl;l MSP, Nkk;gl;l
tptrha Kiwfis gpd;gw;Wtjw;fhf Ma;tpd;fPo; 78 rjtpfpjk;
tptrhapfis Cf;Ftpf;fpwJ.
zz Vio tptrhapfSf;F epjp ];jpuj;jd;ik kw;Wk; Fiwe;jgl;rk; 50
rjtpfpjk; ,yhg tuk;ig nfhLf;fpwJ
nghUs; 2018-19
t.vz; fup/g; gapu;fs; nryT MSP nryTf;F
fpilj;j
gad; %
1 ney; (nghJ) 1166 1750 50.09
(fpNul;A)^ 1770
2 N[hthu; (fyg;gpdk;) 1619 2430 50.09
(khy;jz;b) ^ 2450
3 fk;G 990 1950 96.97
35
4 Nrhsk; 1131 1700 50.31
5 Nfo;tuF 1931 2897 50.01
6 Jtiu (Tur) 3432 5675 65.36
7 gr;irgapW 4650 6975 50.00
8 cSe;J 3438 5600 62.89
9 gUj;jp (kPbak; ];Nlgps;) 3433 5150 50.01
(yhq; ];Nlg;gps;) ^ 5450
10 XLld; $ba epyf;fliy 3260 4890 50.00
11 #upafhe;jp tpj;J 3592 5388 50.01
12 NrhahgPd; 2266 3399 50.01
13 vs; 4166 6249 50.01
14 ie[u; tpj;J 3918 5877 50.01

zz ptrhapfs; jq;fSila fup/g; Ntshz; tpisnghUis jpUj;jg;gl;l
t
MSP-Ald; tpw;gid nra;tjw;F (Nkw;fz;l gl;baiy ghu;f;fTk;)
,e;jpa czT fofj;jpd; my;yJ Kiwg;gb khepy rptpy; rg;is];
fhu;g;gNu\d; ypkpnll;-d; nfhs;Kjy; ikaq;fis mZfyhk;.
nkhj;j gadhspfs;:
ehL KOtJk; cs;s midj;J tptrhapfSf;Fk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f gad;fs;
36
6. gpujk ke;jpupapd; ePyg;Gul;rp jpl;lk; (kPdtu;fs;)
,e;j jpl;lk; vjw;F?
kPd;tsk; vd;gJ> gy;NtWgl;l ts Mjhuq;fs; kw;Wk; tha;g;Gj; jpwd; cs;s>
Kjd;ik epiyapy; 1.4 Nfhbf;Fk; Nkw;gl;ltu;fs; kw;Wk; cs;ehl;by; kw;Wk;
fly;rhu;e;j kjpg;G njhlu; neLNf ,d;Dk; gyu; <Lgl;Ls;s xU Kf;fpa
Jiw MFk;. ,e;jpahtpy; MWfs; kw;Wk; fhy;tha;fs; (1.95 yl;rk; fp.kP):
nts;sg;ngUf;F Vupfs; (7.98 yl;rk; n`f;Nlu;) Fsq;fs; kw;Wk; njhl;bfs;
(24.33 yl;r n`f;Nlu;): ePu;Njf;fq;fs; (29.26 yl;r n`f;Nlu;) kw;Wk; cg;G ePu;
(11.55 yl;r n`f;Nlu;) vd;w tbtpy; tha;g;Gj;jpwd; cs;sJ
2.2 kpy;ypad; rJu fpNyhkPl;lu; nfhz;l gpuj;Naf nghUshjhu kz;lyj;Jld;

(EEZ) 8118 fp.kP. ehl;bd; ePz;l flNyhu flw;fiu gFjp kw;Wk; 0.53 kpy;ypad;
rJu fp.kP. nfhz;l fhd;bndd;ly; n~y;/g; gFjp kPdtu;fspd; tsu;r;rpf;Fk;
kw;Wk; mjpfhuk; ngwr;nra;jYf;Fk; ngUk; tha;g;G toq;FfpwJ.
kPdtu;fspd; tUkhdj;ij ,ul;bg;ghf;FtJ kw;Wk; ,e;jpahtpw;F czT kw;Wk;

Cl;lr;rj;J ghJfhg;ig mjpfupf;fr; nra;tJ ,j;jpl;lj;jpd; ,yf;fhFk;.
jpl;lg;gad;fs;:
zz uGrhu;e;j glFfis nrhe;jkhf itj;jpUf;ff;$ba kPdtu;fSf;F
k
Gjpa Nkhl;lhu; glFfis thq;Ftjw;F epjpAjtp (&gha; 1.2 yl;rk;
tiu> kuj;jpyhd glFfs; (&gha; 4 yl;rk; tiu)
zz [pgpv];> jfty;njhlu;G rhjdk;> vjpnuhyp xypg;ghd;> capu;ftrk;
(fhg;Gr;rl;il)> capu;fhty; kpjit> Jau; c\hu;gLj;Jk; buhd;];kPl;lu;
(DAT), capu;fhg;G cgfuzq;fs;> kPd; fz;Lgpbg;Gf;fUtp> fhg;G Ngl;lup>
NjLtjw;F kw;Wk; kPl;gjw;Fupa tpsf;F Kjypad.
zz xU khjj;jpw;F xU kPd;gpb glfpw;F 500 ypl;lu; tiu Xuhz;by; 9
khjj;jpw;F kPdtu;fSf;F cau;Ntf BrYf;F tpw;gid tupapy; js;Sgb.
37
zz kPd; Nghf;Ftuj;J cs;fl;likg;gpw;F epjpAjtp (I]; ngl;bfSld;
$ba nug;up[pNul;ll; buf;Ffs;> Ml;Nlhupf;\h kw;Wk; Nkhl;lhu;igf;Ffs;
thq;Ftjw;F).
,j;jpl;lj;jpy; NrUtJ vg;gb?:
zz kuG rhu;e;j glFfis nrhe;jkhf itj;jpUf;ff;$ba kw;Wk; nry;yj;jf;f
gjpTr;rhd;wpjo; kw;Wk; nry;yj;jf;f kPd;gpb cupkk; itj;jpUf;ff;$ba
kPdtu;fs; ,j;jpl;lj;jpw;F tpz;zg;gpf;fyhk;.
zz kPdtu;fs; jpl;lj;jpy; NrUtjw;F Kiwg;gb cs;Su; muR mjpfhupfis
mZfyhk;.
nkhj;j gadhspfs;:
ehL KOtJk; cs;s midj;J Vio kPdtu;fSf;Fk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f gad;fs;
38
,isQu;fs; eyj;jpl;lq;fs;
,isQu;fis Mw;wyjpfhuk; ngwr;nra;jy;:
35 taJf;Fl;gl;ltu;fs; 60 rjtpfpjj;jpw;F NkNyAs;s cyfpNyNa kpfTk;
,sikahd ehLfspy; ,e;jpahTk; xd;whFk;. ,e;jpahtpYs;s ,isQu;fs;
ek; kf;fs;njhifapd; kpfTk; RWRWg;ghd kw;Wk; Jbg;ghd gpupitr;
rhu;e;jtu;fshthu;fs;. ngUk;ghyhd tsu;e;j ehLfspy; tajhd njhopyhsu;fis
vjpu;nfhs;Sk; epiyapy;> ,e;jpahtpd; jpwikrhypfs; nfhz;l njhFg;G>
tsu;r;rpf;F xU ngUk; tha;g;ig nfhLf;Fk;.
Ra Ntiytha;g;Gfis cUthf;Fjy;> jpwd;fs; %yk; mjpfhuk; ngwr;nra;jy;

Mfpait jpwik tha;e;j ,isQu;fSf;F njhopy;KidT jsj;ijAk;>
jpwik tha;e;j Gj;jhf;f eltbf;iffis cUthf;Ftjw;Fupa xU
jsj;ijAk; ,ay;tpf;fr; nra;fpwJ. xU ehl;bd; ntw;wp vg;NghJk; mjd;
,isQu;fspd; ntw;wpiaNa rhu;e;jpUf;fpwJ. Rje;jpuk; ngw;wjpypUe;J
Kjy;Kiwahf> ,isQu;fsplk; cs;s Nkw;fz;l gz;Gfis ntspf;nfhzHe;J
mjpfhuk; ngwr;nra;tjw;fhfek; khz;GkpF gpujku; eNue;jpuNkhb mtu;fs;
,isQu;fSf;fhd gy;NtW eyj;jpl;lq;fis toq;fpapUf;fpwhu;.
39
1. gpujkupd; jpwik ,e;jpah jpl;lk; (PMKVY)
,e;j jpl;lk; vjw;F?
ntWk; rpwpa msT nfhz;l ,e;jpa njhopyhsu;fs; kl;LNk Kiwg;gb
njhopw;jpwd; gapw;rp ngw;Ws;sdu;. ,e;jpah> cyfpy; kpfg;ngupa msT
nfhz;l ,isQu; kf;fs; njhifiag; ngw;Ws;sJ kw;Wk; mtu;fSf;F
njhopw;gapw;rpAk; kw;Wk; njhopw;jpwDk; Njit. ,e;jpahtpd; nghUshjhuk;
tsuNtz;Lkhdhy;> cw;gj;jpj;jpwid Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;F xt;nthU Jiwf;Fk;
njhopw;jpwDs;s njhopyhsu;fs; Njit.
cyfpd; tajhd kf;fs; njhif nfhz;l tsu;e;j ehLfSf;F njhopw;jpwd;kpf;f

njhopyhsu;fis toq;Fk; ehlhf Mtjw;F ,e;jpahtpw;F tha;g;Gj;jpwd;
cs;sJ. njhopw;jpwd; gapw;rpia Nkw;nfhs;sr; nra;tjw;F gy ,e;jpa
,isQu;fis ,ay;tpf;fr;nra;J> xd;Wjpul;b> mtu;fis Cufg;gFjpfspy;
Ntiynra;J> mq;fpUe;J tho;thjhuj;ij <l;lf;$batu;fshf khw;w Ntz;Lk;.
jw;NghJs;s njhopyhsu;fspd; cw;gj;jpj;jpwid mjpfupf;fr; nra;aNtz;Lk;.

mj;Jld; ehl;bd; NjitfSf;Nfw;g gapw;rp kw;Wk; rhd;whf;f nray;ghl;il
nray;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
jpl;lg;gad;fs;:
zz ,e;j jpl;lj;jpd;fPo; 1 Nfhb ,isQu;fSf;F gapw;rpaspf;fg;gLfpwJ
kw;Wk; gapw;rpf;Fj; Njitahd fl;lzq;fis &.12>000 Nfhb nfhz;l
gl;n[l;bypUe;J murhq;fk; nrYj;JfpwJ.
zz 8461 gapw;rp ikaq;fs;> 2249 gapw;rpaspg;gpy; $l;Ltfpg;gtHfs; kw;Wk; 3
yl;rj;jpw;Fk; Nkw;gl;l ,isQHfSf;F gapw;rpaspf;fg;gl;lJ.
zz gs;sp/fy;Y}upapypUe;J gbg;ig ghjpapy; epWj;jptpl;ltHfSf;F my;yJ
Ntiyapy;yhj ,isQHfSf;F FWfpafhy gapw;rp. Ntiy thq;fpj;jUk;
cjtpAld; 300 kzpNeuk; tiu ,ytr gapw;rp.
40
zz e;j egH Ntz;Lnkd;whYk; Njrpa jpwd; tsHg;G fofj;jpw;F nrd;W
v
,j;jpl;lj;jpy; (NSDC) NrHe;J nfhs;syhk;. gjpT nra;tjw;F my;yJ
mUfpy;; cs;s jpwd; tsHg;G ikaj;ij fz;lwptjw;F 088000-55555
vd;w vz;zpy; njhlHGnfhs;sTk;.
http://www.pmkvyofficial.org/Index.aspx
nkhj;j gadhspfs;:
zz ,e;j jpl;lj;jpd;fPo; 5 yl;rj;jpw;F Nkw;gl;l ,isQHfs; Ntiy
fpilf;fg;ngw;Ws;sdH.
41
2. gpujk ke;jpupapd; Gjpa njhopy;KidNthH
Nkk;ghl;L jpl;lk; (];lhHl; mg; ,e;jpah)
,e;j jpl;lk; vjw;F?
,e;jpa kf;fsplk; ek; nghUshjhuj;jpw;F gq;fspg;gjw;F Njitahd
Mw;wy; tsk;> jpwik kw;Wk; jpwd; cs;sJ. gy jpwik tha;e;j ,sk;
njhopy;KidNthHfs; nrhe;jkhf njhopy; njhlq;f tpUk;GfpwhHfs;. Mdhy;
epjpAjtp ,y;yhj fhuzj;jhy; mtHfshy; nrhe;jkhf njhopy; njhlq;f
Kbatpy;iy.
ek; kf;fs;njhifapy; 65% NgH ,isQHfs;. mtHfs; NtiyNjLtjw;F gjpy;>

Ntiytha;g;Gfis cUthf;f Ntz;Lk;.
jpl;lg;gad;fs;:
zz njhopy; njhlq;Ftij Cf;Ftpg;gjw;F vd &gha; 10>000
Nfhb epjp xJf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jpy; 12>589 njhopy;KidTfs;
mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;Ls;sdH.
zz kpd;dZ gjpT & Ra rhd;wpjo; ,zf;fk;
zz Kjy; 3 Mz;LfSf;F Ma;T gupNrhjid fpilahJ.

zz Kjy; 3 Mz;L ,yhgq;fs; kPJ tUkhd tup fpilahJ.
zz xNu ehspy; Kidtf gjptpw;F nkhigy; nrayp
zz xNu njhlu;GKid ikakhf ];lhu;l; mg; ,e;jpah
zz vspa ntspNaW nfhs;if
zz ngz; tpz;zg;gjhuu;fSf;F rpwg;G Vw;ghL
,e;j jpl;lj;jpy; NrUtJ vg;gb?:
zz ,izf;fg;gl;l / gjpT nra;ag;gl;l me;j NjjpapypUe;J 7 Mz;L
tiu xU jdpahu; tiuaWf;fg;gl;l epWtdkhf my;yJ xU gjpTngw;w
42
$l;Ltfpg;G epWtdkhf my;yJ xU tiuaWf;fg;gl;l flg;ghLila
$l;L epWtdkhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
zz ve;j xU epjpahz;bYk; &gha; 25 Nfhbf;F Nkw;glhj tpw;WKjy;.
zz njhopy;El;gk; my;yJ mwpTrhu; nrhj;Jupikahy; ,af;fg;gLfpw Gjpa
jahupg;Gfs;> nray;Kiwfs; my;yJ Nritfis Gjpjhf cUthf;Fjy;>
Nkk;gLj;Jjy;> gad;gLj;Jjy; my;yJ tu;j;jf kakhf;Fjy;.
https://www.startupindiahub.org.in/content/sih/en/startup-scheme.html
nkhj;j gadhspfs;:
zz j;jpl;lj;jpd;fPo; 12 Mapuj;J 588
, f;F Nkw;gl;l Kidtfq;fs;
(];lhHl;-Mg;) mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
43
3. gpujk ke;jpupapd; Muha;r;rp Ma;T cjtpj;njhif
(PMRF)
,e;j jpl;lk; vjw;F?
Njrpa Kd;Dupikfs; kPJ Kidg;Gld; mjpetPd mwptpay; kw;Wk; njhopy;El;gk;
rhu;e;jtw;wpy; Muha;r;rp Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhf ,e;jpa njhopy;El;g fofk; (IIT)
kw;Wk; ,e;jpa mwptpay; fofj;jpd; (IISC) Kidtu; (Ph.D) Ma;tpw;F ehl;bd;
jpwikahdtu;fis <u;g;gJ ,e;j jpl;lj;jpd; Nehf;fkhFk;.
,j;jpl;lj;jpd; gad;fs;:
zz gpd;tUtd PMRFw;F /ngy;Nyh\pg; ];ghd;rH njhifahf ,Uf;Fk;
Mz;L njhif
(,e;jpa
&gha;)
1k; Mz;L 70,000
2k; Mz;L 70,000
3k; Mz;L 75,000
4k; Mz;L 80,000
5k; Mz;L 80,000
zz ,J jtpu> xt;nthU Ma;T khztUk; (/ngy;Nyh) Xuhz;bw;F &.2 yl;rk;

tPjk; 5 Mz;LfSf;F (nkhj;jk; & 10 yl;rk;) Muha;r;rp cjtpj;njhif
ngWtjw;F jFjpAiltuhthH.
zz ,e;j ngy;Nyh\pg; fhymsT> xUq;fpize;j ghltFg;Gfisr;
NrHe;jtHfSf;F ehd;F Mz;LfshfTk; kw;Wk; B.Tech; khztHfSf;F
Ie;J Mz;LfshfTk; ,Uf;Fk;.
44
zz jpfgl;r vz;zpf;ifapy; Muha;r;rp cjtpj;njhif nfhLg;gij
m
Cf;Ftpg;gjw;fhf CSR epjpAjtp %yk; PMRF jpl;lj;jpy; njhopy;Jiwapd;
gq;Nfw;G fz;lwpag;gLk;.
,e;j jpl;lj;jpy; NrUtJ vg;gb?:
zz tpz;zg;gjhuH IIEST/IISc/IITs/NITs/IISERs kw;Wk; kj;jpa epjpAjtpapy;
,aq;Fk; IIT-fspypUe;J mwptpay; kw;Wk; njhopy;El;gj;jpy; Ie;jhz;L
gl;lg;gbg;G – KJepiy gl;lg;gbg;G my;yJ Ie;jhz;L xUq;fpize;j M.Sc
my;yJ Ie;jhz;L xUq;fpize;j M.Tech my;yJ ehd;fhz;L (my;yJ
Ie;jhz;L) ,sq;fiy gl;lg;gbg;gpy; ,Wjpahz;L gbf;ff;$batuhf
my;yJ Kbj;jtuhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
zz
t pz;zg;gjhuH Fiwe;jgl;rk; (10.0 msTNfhypy;) 8.0 CGPA/
CPI ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. Ie;jhz;L xUq;fpize;j my;yJ ,uz;L
gl;lg;gbg;G jpl;lq;fspy; cs;s tpz;zg;gjhuHfSf;F jpl;lj;jpd; UG
kw;Wk; PG gFjpfSf;F jdpNa CGPA/CPIfs; toq;fg;gLkhdhy; mg;NghJ
UG gFjpapd; (Kjy; ehd;fhz;L) CGPA/CPI guprPypf;fg;gLk;.
zz filrp Ie;jhz;Lfspy; Njitahd fy;tp jFjpia tpz;zg;gjhuH
Kbj;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
zz ntWkNd jFjp Njitia epiwTnra;tJ fy;tpr;Nru;f;iff;F
cj;juthjkspf;fhJ. fLikahd NjHT nray;Kiwia njhlHe;J>
tpz;zg;gjhuHfspd; Nru;f;iff;fhd ,Wjp NjHT nra;ag;gLk;.
NkYk; tptuq;fis https://pmrf.in/ -y; fpilf;fg;ngwyhk;.
45
4. gpujk ke;jpupapd; mly; ,d;NdhNt\d; jpl;lk; (AIM)
,j;jpl;lk; vjw;fhf?
mjpfg;gbahd ,isa rKjhaj;jpdiuAk; kw;Wk; Mw;wiyAk; nfhz;Ls;s
,e;jpa njhopy;JiwfSf;F> gy;NtW gpupTfspy; mjpfg;gbahd Gj;jhf;fq;fs;
Njitg;gLfpwJ. ntspehLfspd; kPjhd rhu;Gepiyfis Fiwf;fTk; kw;Wk;
rpwe;J tpsq;fTk; ,J cjTk;. tsUk; ehL vd;Dk; epiyapypUe;J ekJ
ehl;il tsu;e;j ehlhf khw;Wk;; jpwd; Gj;jhf;fj;jpw;F kl;LNk cs;sJ.
epjp MNahf;fpd; Kf;fpa Kd;Kaw;rpfspy; xd;whd ,J> ehl;bd; midj;J

%iy KLf;FfspYk; Gj;jhf;fk; kw;Wk; njhopy;Kidit Nkk;gLj;Jk;
Nehf;fpy; cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ
cau;epiyg;gs;spfs;> mwptpay;> nghwpapay; kw;Wk; cau;fy;tp epWtdq;fs;>

SME/MSME njhopy;Jiw> ngUepWtdq;fs; kw;Wk; muRrhuh njhz;LepWtdq;fs;
vd gyjug;gl;l epiyfspy; Gj;jhf;fk; kw;Wk; njhopy;KidT R+oyikg;gpid
cUthf;Fjy; ,jd; Nehf;fkhFk;.
jpl;lj;jpd; gyd;fs;:-
zz ly; bq;fupq; Nyg;]; (ATL) - ,J> gs;spfSf;F murplkpUe;J toq;fg;gLk;
m
&.20 yl;rk; khdpaj;Jld;> 1200-1500 rJu mbfs; gug;gstpy;> 3b
gpupz;lu;fs;> Nuhghl;bf;];> ,d;lu;nel; M/g; jpq;]; (IOT), kpdpNar;ru;L
vnyf;l;uhdpf;]; Mfpaitfs; nghUj;jg;gl;lnjhU gpuj;jpNafkhd
Gj;jhf;f gzpaplkhFk;. 6-k; tFg;G Kjy; 12-k; tFg;G tiuapyhd
khztu;fs; ,q;F> mj;jifa etPd njhopy;El;gq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp>
Gj;jhf;f jPu;Tfis cUthf;FtJ Fwpj;J fw;Wf;nfhs;syhk;.
zz mly; ,d;FNg\d; nrd;lu; (AIC) - ,J> gy;fiyf;fofq;fs; kw;Wk;
njhopy;Jiwfspy; cyfj;juj;jpyhd njhopy;Kidit Nkk;gLj;Jk;.
ntw;wpfukhd tpz;zg;gjhuu;fSf;F &.10 Nfhb epjpAjtp toq;fg;gLk;.
46
zz mly; epA+ ,e;jpah NryQ;ru; kw;Wk; mly; fpuhz;l; NryQ;r]; - ,J> r%f
kw;Wk; tu;j;jf jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jj;jf;f njhopy;El;gk; ce;jg;gl;l
Gj;jhf;fq;fs; kw;Wk; jahupg;Gfs; cUthf;Ftij Nkk;gLj;Jk;.
ntw;wpfukhd tpz;zg;gjhuu;fSf;F &.1.Nfhb epjpAjtp kw;Wk; fpuhz;l;
NryQ;r];fSf;F &.30 Nfhb tiuapyhd epjpAjtp toq;fg;gLk;.
,j;jpl;lj;jpy; gjpT nra;tJ vg;gb?
zz ATL:

gs;spfs; rk;ge;jg;gl;l midj;J Mtzq;fisAk; (http://aimapp2 aim.gov.
in/atldocument/documents.php) epug;g Ntz;Lk; kw;Wk; http://www.aim.
gov.in/index.php vd;Dk; ,izajsj;jpy; mij rku;g;gpf;fNtz;Lk;.
zz AIC
cau;fy;tp epWtdq;fs;> Muha;r;rp kw;Wk; Nkk;ghl;L mikg;Gfs; Nghd;w
fy;tp epWtdq;fs; kw;Wk; fhu;g;gNul; njhopy;Jiw epWtdq;fs;> nrgpapy;
gjpT nra;Js;s khw;W KjyPl;L epjpfs;> Kd;Ndw;w mikg;Gfs;>
jdpegu;fs; FO kw;Wk; jdpegu;fs; Nghd;w fy;tp rhuhj gpuptpdu;fs;
,jw;F tpz;zg;gpf;f jFjpngw;wtu;fs; Mtu;.
http://www.aim.gov.in/index.php
zz ,e;jpah NryQ;r; kw;Wk; fpuhz;l; NryQ;r];:

http://www.aim.gov.in/idex/
nkhj;j gyd;jhuu;fs;:
zz 2441 gs;spfs; Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd kw;Wk; 5000 gs;spfspy;
ATL nray;glj;Jtq;fTs;sd. ,e;jpah KOtJk; 19 AIC-fs;
Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;Ls;sdu;.
47
5. gpujk ke;jpupapd; tpisahL ,e;jpah
,j;jpl;lk; vjw;fhf?
ekJ ehl;bd; xl;Lnkhj;j Nkk;ghl;bd; kpf Kf;fpa mk;rq;fspy; xd;whf
tpisahl;Lfs; jpfo;fpd;wd.
kf;fspd; tho;tpy; tpisahl;Lfs; kw;Wk; clw;jFjpapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;;
msg;ghpajhFk;. tpisahl;Lfis tpisahLtJ> FO czu;it tsu;f;fpwJ
kw;Wk; nray;jpl;lk; rhu;e;j> gFg;gha;T kpf;f rpe;jidfis Nkk;gLj;JfpwJ>
jiyikj;Jt czu;it tYg;gLj;JfpwJ> ,yf;fpid epu;zapj;jy; kw;Wk;
,lu;g;ghLfis re;jpj;jy; jpwd;fis $u;ikahf;FfpwJ. xt;nthU jdpegUk;
MNuhf;fpakhfTk; kw;Wk; rupahd clw;jFjpiaAk; nfhz;bUe;jhy;> mtu;fs;
,Uf;Fk; r%fKk; MNuhf;fpakhFk; kw;Wk; xl;Lnkhj;j NjrKk; Mw;wy;ngWk;.
ekJ ehl;by; tpisahlg;gLk; midj;J tpisahl;LfSf;fhfTk;> xU
cWjpahd fl;likg;gpid mbj;jl;L epiyapy; cUthf;Ftjd; topahf>
,e;jpahtpd; tpisahl;L fyhr;rhuj;ij kPl;Fk; tifapy; ,j;jpl;lk; mwpKfk;
nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ kw;Wk; ,jd; Nehf;fk; ,e;jpahit tpisahl;Lfspy;
rpwe;jnjhU ehlhf khw;WtjhFk;.
jpl;lj;jpd; gyd;fs;:
zz gy;NtW tpisahl;Lfspy; rpwe;J tpsq;Fk; tPuu;fs;> gs;sp mstpy;> xU
cau;-Mw;wy; kpf;f FOtpduhf gy;NtW epiyfspy; fz;lwpag;gLtu;
kw;Wk; mtu;fSf;F njhlu;e;J 8 Mz;LfSf;F xt;nthU Mz;Lk; &.5
yl;rk; tUlhe;jpu epjpAjtp toq;fg;gLk;.
zz 17 tajpw;F fPo;g;gl;l gs;spf;Foe;ijfs; kl;LNk ,j;jpl;lj;jpw;F jFjp
ngWtu;. Nkyjpf jfty;fSf;F ghu;f;fTk; https://kheloindia.gov.in/
zz ,e;jpah KOtJk;> ,j;jpl;lj;jpd; fPo;> tpisahl;Lfspy; <Lgl> 1.6
Nfhbf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l Foe;ijfs; cWjpnkhop Vw;Ws;sdu;
48
MNuhf;fpag;guhkupg;G kw;Wk; fhg;gPl;Lj;jpl;lq;fs;
MNuhf;fpag;guhkupg;G jpwdspg;G:
Fbkf;fspd; kpf Kf;fpa Njitfspy; xd;W> midtUf;Fk; fl;Lg;gbahFk;
MNuhf;fpag;guhkupg;G fpilf;fg;ngw Ntz;Lk; vd;gNj MFk;. ngUk;ghyhd
kf;fSf;F> Fwpg;ghf fpuhkg;Gwg; gFjpfspy; trpf;Fk; kf;fSf;F> mbg;gil
MNuhf;fpag;guhkupg;G mikg;GfSf;fhd mZFtrjp vd;gJ ,d;dKk;
vl;lhf;fdpahfNt cs;sJ. gy kf;fs;> Fwpg;ghd Viofs; kw;Wk; ngz;fs;>
‘fl;Lg;gbahFk; MNuhf;fpag;guhkupg;G” fpilf;fg;ngwhjjd; fhuzkhf
capupof;fpd;wdu;.
ViofSf;F MNuhf;fpag;guhkupg;gpid toq;Ftjpy;> ,e;jpahtpd; MNuhf;fpag;
guhkupg;G mikg;gpy; ,y;yhjJ ey;y MSifNa.
‘midtUf;Fk; fl;Lg;gbahFk; MNuhf;fpag; guhkupg;G” jpwdspg;gpid
Nkw;nfhs;s> ekJ gpujk ke;jpu Nkhb mtu;fs;> Vio kf;fSf;F cjTk;
tifapy;> MNuhf;fpag; guhkupg;G mikg;gpw;fhd mZFtrjpia VJthf;f
gy;NtW eyj;jpl;lq;fis mwptpj;Js;shu;. mtw;Ws; rpy> ,g;gpuptpy;
tptupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
ViofSf;fhd fhg;gPL:
,e;jpahtpy;> 2014 - k; Mz;by;> rhiytpgj;jpdhy; Vw;gl;l kuzq;fspd;
xl;Lnkhj;j vz;zpf;if 1>41>526 MFk;. ,jpy; Kjy; Ie;J ,lq;fspy;
,Uf;Fk; khepyq;fs; cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;> jkpo;ehL> k`huh~;;buh> fu;ehlfh
kw;Wk; uh[];jhd; MFk;.
tpgj;J my;yJ ,aw;if kuzq;fs; fhuzkhf> FLk;gj;jpy; xUtu; ,wg;gJ>
FLk;gj;jpd; tUtha; Mjhuj;ij ngupJk; ghjpf;Fk; kw;Wk; Fwpg;ghf Viofshy;
,jw;fhd fhg;gPl;bw;fhd mjpf gpuPkpak; njhifia nrYj;jKbahj epiyAk;
cs;sJ.
,jw;fhf> JujpU~Êltrkhd Neu;Tfshy; ghjpf;fg;gLk; Viof;FLk;gq;fSf;F
epjpapay; uPjpapy; cjtpaspf;f kw;Wk; mtu;fis ghJfhf;f> gpujk ke;jpup
Nkhb mtu;fs;> fl;Lg;gbahFk; vspa fl;lzj;jpy; tpgj;J kw;Wk; MAs;
fhg;gPl;bid mwpKfk; nra;Js;shu;.
49
1. gpujk ke;jpupapd; Ne\dy; n`y;j; Gnuhnlf;\d; kp\d;
(Njrpa MNuhf;fpag; ghJfhg;G jpl;lk;) (MA\;khd; ghuj;)
,j;jpl;lk; vjw;fhf?
Kf;fpa cly;eyf;FiwghLfSf;fhd fl;Lg;gbahFk; MNuhf;fpag;guhkupg;G
mikg;gpw;fhd mZFtrjpapd;wp 50 Nfhbf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l kf;fs;> Fwpg;ghf
Vio kw;Wk; tpspk;Gepiy FLk;gq;fs; ghjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sdu;.
,j;jpl;lj;jpd;fPo;> 100 Nfhb Vio kf;fs; kw;Wk; tpspk;Gepiy FLk;gq;fSf;F

(Njhuhakhd 50 Nfhb gyd;jhuu;fs;) xU FLk;gj;jpw;F> xU Mz;bw;F
,uz;lhk; epiy kw;Wk; %d;whk; epiy kUj;Jtg; guhkupg;gpw;fhf &.5 yl;rq;fs;
tiuapyhd fhg;GWjp toq;fg;gLk;.
,j;jpl;lj;jpd; topahf> rupahd Neuj;jpy; rpfpr;irfs; fpilf;fg;ngWk;>

MNuhf;fpa ntspg;ghLfspy; Kd;Ndw;wk;> Nehahsp jpUg;jpepiy Nkk;gLjy;>
mtu;fsJ gilg;ghw;wy; kw;Wk; nray;jpwd; mjpfupj;jy; Mfpaitfs;
rhj;jpakhFk; kw;Wk; tpiutpy; gzpahw;w jahuhtjd; fhuzkhf mtu;fsJ
tho;f;if juk; Nkk;gLk;.
Vio kf;fSf;F> Kf;fpakhd cly;eyf; FiwghLfSf;fhd rpfpr;irfSf;F

mZFtrjpia toq;Fk; cyfpd; kpfg;ngupa MNuhf;fpa guhkupg;G jpl;lkhf
,J jpfo;fpwJ kw;Wk; ,J ekJ ehl;by;> MNuhf;fpag; guhkupg;G gpuptpy; xU
kpfg;ngupa khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;jTs;sJ.
zz
k f;fs;njhifapy; 40 rjtpfpjj;jpdUf;F fl;Lg;gbahFk;
MNuhf;fpag;guhkupg;gpid mspf;fpwJ
zz Lk;gj;jpd; msT vJthf ,Ug;gpDk;> FLk;gj;jpYs;s midtUf;Fk;>
F
,j;jpl;lj;jpd;fPo;> 50 Nfhb Vio kf;fs; kw;Wk; tpspk;Gepiy
50
FLk;gq;fSf;F &.5 yl;rk; tiuapyhd ,ytr MNuhf;fpaf; fhg;gPL
fhg;GWjp toq;fg;gLk;.
zz ehLKOtJk; cs;s ve;jnthU gjpTnra;ag;gl;l nghJ / jdpahu;
kUj;JtkidfspYk; (Nf\;ny];) nuhf;fkpy;yhky; rpfpr;ir ngWk;
trjp.
zz rkPgj;jpa r%f-nghUshjhu tFg;G fzf;nfLg;gpd;gb> Vio kw;Wk;
tpspk;Gepiy FLk;gq;fs; kl;LNk ,jpy; gjpTnra;tjw;fhd jFepiyiaf;
nfhz;bUg;gu;.
zz e;jpah KOtJk;> ,j;jpl;lj;jpd;fPo;> 10.74 Nfhbf;Fk;
, Nkw;gl;l
FLk;gq;fSf;F (50 Nfhb kf;fs;) fhg;GWjp toq;fg;gLk;.
51
2. gpujk ke;jpupapd; Njrpa lahyprp]; jpl;lk;
,j;jpl;lk; vjw;fhf?
,e;jpahtpd; kpfg;ngupa MNuhf;fpag;gpur;ridfspy; xd;whf rpWePuf Neha;fs;
jpfo;fpd;wd. Njhuhakhf xUtUf;F mjw;fhd lahyprp]; rpfpr;irf;F
xUKiwf;F &.2000 tiu nrythfpwJ kw;Wk; xt;nthU Mz;Lk; mjw;F &.3
yl;rk; tiu nrythfpwJ.
Vio kf;fshy; mj;jifa nrytPdq;fis Nkw;nfhs;s Kbtjpy;iy kw;Wk;

mjd; fhuzkhf mtu;fSf;F mj;jifa rpfpr;irfSf;fhd mZFtrjp
fpilf;fg;ngWtjpy;iy.
zz Vio NehahspfSf;F mUfpYs;s khtl;l kUj;Jtkidfspy;
,ytrkhd kw;Wk; rpwg;ghd lahyprp]; rpfpr;ir.
zz Rfhjhu mikr;rfk;> Njitahd rhjdq;fs; kw;Wk; rkPgj;jpa
cs;fl;likg;Gfis khtl;l kUj;JtkidfSf;F toq;Fk;
zz me;je;j khepyq;fSf;F ,jw;fhf Rfhjhu mikr;rfj;jpypUe;J Vw;fdNt
jdpg;gl;l epjp xJf;fPL nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.
zz Vio kf;fs; (nghUshjhuuPjpapy; eypTw;w gpuptpdu;) ,r;rpfpr;iria
mUfpYs;s khtl;l kUj;Jtkidfspy; ngwyhk;.
zz ,e;jpah KOtJk; ,j;jpl;lj;jpd; fPo;> 2.3 yl;rj;jpw;Fk; Nkw;gl;l kf;fs;
gyd;ngWtu;.
52
3. gpujk ke;jpupapd; Vio kf;fSf;fhd kUe;jfq;fs;
([d; xs\jp) jpl;lk;
,j;jpl;lk; vjw;fhf?
,e;jpahtpy; gpuhz;blg;gl;l kUe;Jfs; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fsT mjpf tpiyfspy;
tpw;gid nra;ag;gLtJ ehk; midtUk; mwpe;jNj. ehL KOtJk; Vio
kf;fs; mjpfkhf cs;s epiyapy;> epahakhd tpiyapy; jukhd kUe;Jfis
re;ijapy; fpilf;fr;nra;tJ midtUf;Fk; gydspf;Fk;. Fwpg;ghf Viofs;
kw;Wk; tpspk;Gepiy kf;fSf;F kpFe;j gydspf;Fk;.
,j;jpl;lk;> jukhd cs;ehl;L kUe;Jfs; midtUf;Fk;> Fwpg;ghf Viofs; kw;Wk;

tpspk;G epiy kf;fSf;F fl;Lg;gbahFk; tpiyfspy; fpilf;fg;ngWtij cWjp
nra;Ak;. ‘[d; Xs;~jp nkbf;fy; ];Nlhu;” vd;Dk; gpuj;jpNaf mTl;nyl;fs;
topahf fpilf;fg;ngWk; ,J> MNuhf;fpag;guhkupg;gpd; nrytPdq;fis
ntFthff; Fiwf;Fk;.
zz kf;fSf;F kpff;Fiwthd tpiyfspy; gpuhz;blg;gl;l kUe;JfSf;F
rkkhd ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; kUj;Jt nray;jpwd; nfhz;l cs;ehl;L
kUe;Jfs; fpilf;fg;ngWk;.
zz ve;jnthU muRrhuh njhz;L epWtdq;fs; / ju;k];jhgdq;fs; /
Ra-cjtpf;FOf;fs; / jdpegu; njhopy;KidNthu; / kUe;jfj;jpdu; /
kUj;Jtu;fs; MfpNahu;> kUj;Jtkid tshfj;jpw;F ntspNa my;yJ
NtW gpw nghUj;jkhd ,lq;fspy; [d; xs\jp Nfe;jpuq;fis
Jtf;fyhk;.
zz kj;jpamuR ,j;jifa kUe;jfq;fis Jtf;Ftjw;fhd epjpAjtpia
(&.2.5 yl;rq;fs; tiu) mspf;fpwJ
53
zz iwahd thlif xg;ge;jk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l thlif miktplk;
K
my;yJ nrhe;j miktplk; Ntz;Lk;.
zz BPPI tiuaiwfspd; gb Fiwe;jgl;r miktpl mstPdq;fs; ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk;. mjhtJ> Fiwe;jgl;rk; 120 rJu mbfs;. Kiwahd
mYtyuplk; tpw;gid cupkk; ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. (tpz;zg;gjhuupd;
ngaupy; uPnlapy; buf; cupkk; kw;Wk; / my;yJ bd; vz;.)
zz fzpzp mwpTld; $ba xU kUe;jhSdu; (kUe;jhSdupd; ngau;)> khepy
fTd;rpypy; gjpT…Mfpaitfs; rku;g;gpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
zz le;j %d;W Mz;LfSf;F> tu;j;jfk; Nkw;nfhz;l jzpf;if nra;ag;gl;l
f
fzf;Ffs; (fle;j %d;W Mz;LfSf;fhd tq;fpf;fzf;F mwpf;iffs;
my;yJ jdpegu;fs; vdpy;> flid toq;f xg;Gf;nfhz;L tq;fp jUk;
mDkjp fbjk;)
zz ‘gpujhd; ke;jpup [d;xs\jp Nfe;jpuhf;fs;” vd;w ngaupy; kUe;jf cupkk;
zz
g jpTnra;a Md;iydpy; tpz;zg;gpf;fTk; http://janaushadhi.gov.in/
online_registration.aspx
zz 3919-f;Fk; Nkw;gl;l fl;Lg;gbahFk; tpiyapy; tpw;gid nra;Ak;
kUe;jfq;fs; jpwf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,e;jpah KOtJk; cs;s
VioNehahspfSf;F ,jd; topahf> 50 rjtpfpjk; Kjy; 90 rjtpfpjk;
tiu kUj;Jt nryT kpr;rkhFk;.
54
4. gpujk ke;jpupapd; ,ja ];nlz;l; jpl;lk;
,j;jpl;lk; vjw;fhf?
,ja Neha;fs; njhlu;e;J mjpfupj;J tUk; epiyapy;> fle;j 5 Mz;Lfspy;
ekJ ehLfspy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; MQ;rpNahgpsh];b rpfpr;irfspd; vz;zpf;if
,uz;L klq;fhf mjpfupj;Js;sd.
];nlz;Lfspd; xt;nthU tpdpNahf kw;Wk; thq;Fjy; gbepiyapYk;

mjpfg;gbahd khu;[pd;fs; ,Ug;gJ> Nehahspf;F mJ fpilf;fg;ngWifapy; mjd;
mry; tpiyiaf;fhl;bYk; kpf mjpfkhf tpiyf;F fpilf;fg;ngwr;nra;fpwJ
(Vwf;Fiwa 650 rjtpfpjk; mjpfkhd tpiyapy;)
capu;-fhf;Fk; fNuhdup ];nlz;Lfs; – xU ];gpupq; Nghd;w kUj;Jt rhjdk;>

jkdpfspy; Vw;gl;Ls;s milg;ig ePf;f cjTfpwJ – &.28>000 vd;Dk;
tpiyfspy; ,J fpilf;fg;ngWk;. jw;NghJ tu;j;jfuPjpapy; fpilf;fg;ngWk;
jahupg;GfSld; xg;gpLifapy;> ,J 85% tiu Fiwthd tpiyahFk;.
zz jag;gpur;ridfs; cs;s gy yl;rk; kf;fs;> Fwpg;ghf Vio kf;fs;
,
,j;jpl;lj;jhy; mjpfg;gbahf gyd;ngWtu;.
zz Ngu; nkl;ly; ];nlz;Lfs; (Ke;ija tpiyfs;) – &.45>000

zz Ngu; nkl;ly; ];nlz;Lfspd; Gjpa tpiy – &. 7623

zz kUe;Jfis ckpOk; ];nlz;Lfs; (Ke;ija tpiyfs;) – &.1.21 yl;rk;
zz kUe;Jfis ckpOk; ];nlz;Lfspd; Gjpa tpiy – &.28>000
zz ,jdhy; ,jaNehahspfSf;fhd nrytPdq;fspy; Mz;bw;F Vwf;Fiwa
&.4>450 Nfhb kpr;rkhFk;.
55
zz midj;J gpupTfisAk; Nru;e;j nghJkf;fSk; ,e;j tpiyFiwg;gpd;
gyd;fisg; ngwyhk;
zz idj;J jdpahu;
m kw;Wk; muR kUj;JtkidfspYk; ,g;gyd;
fpilf;fg;ngWk;
zz ,j;jpl;lj;jpw;F vj;jifa jdpg;gl;l Mtzq;fSk; Njitapy;iy
zz ,e;j ,ja ];nlz;l; tpiy Fiwg;gpdhy;> ,ja NehahspfSf;fhd
nrytPdq;fspy; Mz;bw;F &.4>450 Nfhbfs; Nrkpf;fg;gLk;> Fwpg;ghf
%j;j Fbkf;fSf;F ,J kpfTk; gydspf;fj;jf;fjhFk;.
56
5. gpujk ke;jpupapd; %l;L mWitrpfpr;ir jpl;lk;
,j;jpl;lk; vjw;fhf?
ekJ ehl;by; 3 Nfhbf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l Nehahspfs; %l;L gpur;ridfshy;
ghjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sdu; kw;Wk; %l;L mWit rpfpr;irfSf;fhf mjpfk; nrytopj;J
tUfpd;wdu;. Fwpg;ghf> Vio vspa kf;fshy;> cau; rpfpr;ir fl;lzq;fs;
fhuzkhf mj;jifa rpfpr;irfSf;fhf mjpfk; nrytopf;f Kbtjpy;iy.
%l;L nghUj;Jjy;fs;> xt;nthU tpdpNahf kw;Wk; thq;Fjy; gbepiyapYk;

mjpfg;gbahd khu;[pd;fs; ,Ug;gJ> Nehahspf;F mJ fpilf;fg;ngWifapy; mjd;
mry; tpiyiaf; fhl;bYk; kpf mjpfkhf tpiyf;F fpilf;fg;ngwr;nra;fpwJ
(Vwf;Fiwa 450 rjtpfpjk; mjpfkhd tpiyapy;)
%l;L gpur;rid cs;s Nehahspf;F %l;L khw;W mWitrpfpr;ir nra;a

,dp ntWk; &.54>720 NghJk;. jw;NghJ tu;j;jfuPjpapy; fpilf;fg;ngWk;
jahupg;GfSld; xg;gpLifapy;> ,J 70% tiu Fiwthd tpiyahFk;.
zz 3 Nfhbf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l kf;fs;> Fwpg;ghf Vio kf;fs; ,j;jpl;lj;jhy;
mjpfg;gbahf gyd;ngWtu;
zz fhghy;l; FNuhkpak; %l;L mWit rpfpr;ir (Ke;ija tpiyfs;) –
N
&.1>58>324
zz Gjpa tpiy – &.54>720
zz l;L khw;W mWit rpfpr;irf;F gad;gLk; rpwg;G nghUl;fs; (Ke;ija
%
tpiyfs;) – &.2.49 yl;rk;
zz kUe;Jfis ckpOk; ];nld;Lfspd; Gjpa tpiy – &.76>600
,j;jpl;lj;jpy; gjpT nra;tJ vg;gb?:
zz midj;J gpupTfisAk; Nru;e;j nghJkf;fSk; ,e;j tpiyFiwg;gpd;
gyd;fisg; ngwyhk;.
57
zz midj;J jdpahu; kw;Wk; muR kUj;JtkidfspYk; ,g;gyd;
fpilf;fg;ngWk;
zz ,j;jpl;lj;jpw;F vj;jifa jdpg;gl;l Mtzq;fSk; Njitapy;iy
nkhj;j gyd;fs;:
zz ,e;j %l;L mWitrpfpr;ir tpiy Fiwg;gpdhy;> %l;L gpur;ridAs;s
Nehahspfspd; nrytPdq;fspy; Mz;bw;F &.1>500 Nfhbfs; Nrkpf;fg;glyhk;>
Fwpg;ghf %j;j Fbkf;fSf;F ,J kpfTk; gydspf;fj;jf;fjhFk;.
58
6. gpujk ke;jpupapd; jdpegu; tpgj;J ghJfhg;G jpl;lk;
(PMSBY)
,j;jpl;lk; vjw;fhf?
zz
v e;jnthU jdpegu; kw;Wk; FLk;gj;jpw;Fkhd mbg;gil
mj;jpahtrpaj;Njitahd fhg;gPl;L ghJfhg;gpid ngUk;ghyhd Vio
kw;Wk; Fiwthd trjpfisg; ngw;Ws;stu;fs; nfhz;bUf;ftpy;iy.
zz VNjDk; JujpU\;ltrkhd Neu;Tfspy;> xl;Lnkhj;j FLk;gKk; epjpapay;
uPjpapy; ntFthf ghjpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
zz Vio kw;Wk; Fiwthd trjpfisg; ngw;w kf;fshy;> mjpfstpyhd
fhg;gPL gpuPkpaj;ij nrYj;j KbahJ kw;Wk; mtu;fsJ fhg;gPL Fwpj;j
tpopg;Gzu;Tk; FiwthfNt cs;sJ.
zz tpgj;jpdhy; Vw;gLk; ,wg;G my;yJ cly; Cdj;jpypUe;J &.2 yl;rk;
tiuapyhd fhg;GWjpia toq;Fk; xU Mz;L jdpegu; tpgj;J
fhg;gPl;Lj;jpl;lk;
gyd;fs; fhg;gPl;Lj; njhif(&)

A ,wg;G 2 yl;rq;fs;
B ,uz;L fz;fSk; my;yJ ,uz;L 2 yl;rq;fs;
iffs; my;yJ fhy;fSk; KOikahf
kw;Wk; Fzg;gLj;j Kbahj mstpw;F
ghjpf;fg;gLjy;
C VNjDk; xU fz; my;yJ xU if my;yJ 1 yl;rk;
xU fhy; KOikahf kw;Wk; Fzg;gLj;j
Kbahj mstpw;F ghjpf;fg;gLjy;
59
zz xU cWg;gpdu;> xU Mz;bw;F nrYj;j Ntz;ba gpuPkpak; njhif &.12
MFk;.
zz gpuPkpak; njhif cq;fs; Nrkpg;G fzf;fpypUe;J gpbj;jk; nra;ag;gLk;
zz Fepiy: Nrkpg;G fzf;F nfhz;Ls;s 18 Kjy; 70 taJ tiuapyhd
j
taJila kf;fs;
zz f;fhg;gPl;Lj; jpl;lj;jpy; 9.93 Nfhb Vio kf;fs; ,ize;Js;sdu;
,
(khu;r; 2017)
zz q;Nfw;G tq;fpfspy; Nrkpg;G fzf;Ffisf; nfhz;Ls;s midj;J
g
18 Kjy; 70 tajpw;F cl;gl;l egu;fSk; ,jpy; NrUk; jFjpiaf;
nfhz;Ls;sdu;.
zz U jdpegu; gy;NtW Nrkpg;Gf; fzf;Ffis xd;W my;yJ mjw;F
x
Nkw;gl;l tq;fpfspy; nfhz;bUf;Fk; NghJ> VNjDk; xU Nrkpg;Gf;
fzf;fpd; topahf kl;LNk ,jpy; Nru KbAk;.
zz
k f;fs; mtu;fsJ elg;G tq;fp Nrkpg;G fzf;Ffspy; ,jw;F
tpz;zg;gpf;fyhk;. ,j;jpl;lj;ij Mf;bNtl; nra;a gbtk; xd;W epug;gp
tq;fpapy; rku;g;gpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
zz 1 3.5 Nfhb kf;fs; ,e;j tpgj;J fhg;gPl;Lj; jpl;lj;jpy; gjpT nra;Js;sdu;
(Mf];l; 2018)
60
7. gpujk ke;jpupapd jdpegu; MAs; ghJfhg;G jpl;lk;
(PMJJBY)
,j;jpl;lk; vjw;fhf?
zz ve;jnthU jdpegu; kw;Wk; FLk;gj;jpw;Fkhd mbg;gil mj;jpahtrpaj;
Njitahd fhg;gPl;L ghJfhg;gpid ngUk;ghyhd Vio kw;Wk; Fiwthd
trjpfisg; ngw;Ws;stu;fs; nfhz;bUf;ftpy;iy.
zz VNjDk; JujpU\;ltrkhd Neu;Tfspy;> xl;Lnkhj;j FLk;gKk; epjpapay;
uPjpapy; ntFthf ghjpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
zz io kw;Wk; Fiwthd trjpfisg; ngw;w kf;fshy;> mjpfstpyhd
V
fhg;gPL g;uPkpaj;ij nrYj;j KbahJ kw;Wk; mtu;fsJ fhg;gPL Fwpj;j
tpopg;Gzu;Tk; FiwthfNt cs;sJ.
zz pgj;jpdhy; Vw;gLk; ,wg;gpw;F &.2 yl;rk; tiuapyhd fhg;GWjpia
t
toq;Fk; xU Mz;L jdpegu; MAs; fhg;gPl;Lj; jpl;lk;
gyd;fs; fhg;gPl;Lj; njhif (&)
A ,wg;G 2 ,yl;rq;fs;
zz U cWg;gpdu;> xU Mz;bw;F nrYj;j Ntz;ba gpuPkpak; njhif &.330

x
MFk;.
zz gpuPkpak; njhif cq;fs; Nrkpg;G fzf;fpypUe;J gpbj;jk; nra;ag;gLk;.
zz Fepiy: Nrkpg;G fzf;F nfhz;Ls;s 18 Kjy; 50 taJ tiuapyhd
j
taJila kf;fs;
61
zz q;Nfw;G tq;fpfspy; Nrkpg;G fzf;Ffisf; nfhz;Ls;s midj;J
g
18 Kjy; 50 tajpw;F cl;gl;l egu;fSk; ,jpy; NrUk; jFjpiaf;
nfhz;Ls;sdu;.
zz U jdpegu; gy;NtW Nrkpg;Gf;fzf;Ffis xd;W my;yJ mjw;F
x
Nkw;gl;l tq;fpfspy; nfhz;bUf;Fk;NghJ> VNjDk; xU Nrkpg;Gf;fzf;fpd;
topahf kl;LNk ,jpy; Nru KbAk;.
zz kf;fs; mtu;fsJ elg;G tq;fp Nrkpg;Gf;fzf;Ffspy; ,jw;F
tpz;zg;gpf;fyhk;. ,j;jpl;lj;ij Mf;bNtl; nra;a gbtk; xd;W epug;gp
tq;fpapy; rku;gpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
zz 5 .3 Nfhb kf;fs; ,e;j tpgj;J fhg;gPl;Lj; jpl;lj;jpy; gjpT nra;Js;sdu;
(Mf];l; 2018)
62
63
Njrj;jpd; Nkk;ghl;bw;F
jpwdspj;j jpl;lq;fs;
64
Njrj;jpd; Nkk;ghl;bw;Fj; jpwdspj;Js;s
gpujk ke;jpupapd; ey;tho;T jpl;lq;fs;
“2020-f;Fs; tsHe;j ,e;jpah” vd;gJ> kf;fs; jiytH> lhf;lH. APJ mg;Jy;
fyhk; mtHfsJ fdthFk;. xU Njrk; tsu mjw;F jpwd;fs; kl;Lkpd;wp>
uj;jj;jpy; Njrg;gw;Wk; kw;Wk; kdjpy; Njr Nkk;ghLk; nfhz;l jiyikAk;
Njit.
ViofSf;F jpwDk;> mjpfhuKk; mspf;fg;gl;lhy;> xU NjrNk jpwd;ngw;wjhf

khWk;.
ekJ khz;GkpF ghujg;gpujkH Nkhb mtHfs;> ekJ ngUik kpf;f Njrj;jpid

“tsHr;rp” ghijapy; nfhz;L nry;Yk; tifapy;>“2020-f;Fs; tsHe;j ,e;jpah”
vd;Dk; ,yf;fpid vl;Lk; Nehf;fpy;> ekJ Njrj;jpd; gazj;jpw;F jpwdspf;Fk;
tifapy; gy;NtW ey;tho;T jpl;lq;fis mwpKfk; nra;Js;shH.
mj;jifa Nkk;ghl;bid $HNehf;fkhff; nfhz;l Kd;Kaw;rpfis

Gupe;Jnfhs;s Ntz;baJk; kw;Wk; Njr Nkk;ghl;bw;fhd gq;fspg;gpid toq;f
Ntz;baJk; xt;nthU Fbkfdpd; flik kw;Wk; nghWg;ghfj; jpfo;fpwJ.
rpy Kf;fpa jpl;lq;fs; kPs;ghHitf;fhf fPNo gl;bayplg;gl;Ls;s.
65
1. [pv];b (GST)
,k;Kd;Kaw;rp vjw;fhf?
[pv];bf;F Kd;G ,e;jpah “tup jPtputhjj;jhy;” ghjpf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ vd;why;
mJ kpifay;y. 29 khepyq;fs; kw;Wk; 7 A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;s
,e;jpahtpy;>“36 NtWgl;l ehLfisg; Nghd;w” NtWgl;l tuptpjpg;Gfs;> nghJ
kf;fis kpfTk; ghjpj;jJ. xl;Lnkhj;jkhd 17 kiwKf tupfs; kw;Wk; 23 gpw
tif tupfs; kf;fSf;F tpjpf;fg;gl;ld.
xU “tsHe;j ehlhf” khw ,e;jpahtpw;F xU cWjpahd> rPuhd tup fl;likg;G

Njitg;gl;lJ.
jw;NghJ ,e;jpa tup fl;likg;G – Neub tupfs; kw;Wk; kiwKf tupfs; vd

,uz;L tiffisf; nfhz;Ls;sd.
Neub tupfs; kw;wtHfspd; kPJ nghWg;gpid khw;w Kbahj tupfshFk;.

cjhuzk; tUkhd tup. tUtha; <l;Lk; ePq;fNs> mjw;fhd tupia nrYj;Jk;
nghWg;gpidf; nfhz;Ls;sPHfs;.
kiwKf tupfisg; nghWj;j tiu> mjw;fhd nghWg;GWjpia nghJ kf;fSf;F

khw;wyhk;. mjhtJ> xU filapd; cupikahsH mtuJ rhHghf VAT tup
nrYj;j Ntz;Lnkdpy;> mjd; nghWg;gpid thbf;ifahsUf;F khw;wyhk;.
vdNt> thbf;ifahsH nghUspd; tpiyAld; VAT tupf;Fk; gzk; nrYj;JtH.
,jdhy;> thbf;ifahsH nghUspd; tpiyia khj;jpuk; nrYj;jhky;> mjw;fhd

tup nghWg;gpw;Fk; NrHj;J gzj;ij nrYj;Jtjhy;> xU nghUspd; thq;Fjy;
tpiy mjpfkhfj; jpfo;fpwJ.
[pv];bapd; gyd;fs;:
ruf;F kw;Wk; Nritfs; tup xU “xU ehL xU tup” mikg;ghFk;. ,J>
nghJ kf;fspd; (thbf;ifahsHfs;) kPJ nrYj;jg;gLk; $Ljy; tupr;Rikia
Nghf;FfpwJ kw;Wk; jpwd; tha;e;j tup t#iy rhj;jpakhf;FfpwJ> Coiy
66
xopf;fpwJ kw;Wk; khepyq;fSf;F ,ilapy; ruf;Ffs; Rygkhd guptHj;jid
nra;ag;gLtij rhj;jpakhf;FfpwJ.
zz sUk; ehL vd;Dk; epiyapypUe;J “tsHe;j ehL” vd;Dk; epiyf;F

t
,e;jpah khw [pv];b cjTfpwJ.
zz ,e;jpahtpw;F Kd;ghf cyfshtpa mstpy; 160 ehLfs; [pv];bia
mkyhf;fk; nra;Js;sd (M];jpNuypah> fdlh> /gpuhd;];> ,j;jhyp>
[g;ghd;> rpq;fg;g+H> njd; nfhupah> ANf> ,d;d gpw ehLfs;)
zz 1954 – k; Mz;L> [pv];bia Kjypy; mky; nra;j ehL /gpuhd;];
MFk;. ,e;jpahtpy; [pv];bf;fhd tiuT Ma;T 2000 – tJ Mz;bNyNa
Jtq;fg;gl;Ltpl;lJ.
zz pv];b topahf &.12.2 yl;rk; Nfhbfs; (Mf];l; 2018 tiu)
[
t#ypf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ> Njrj;jpy; gy;NtW Nkk;ghl;L Kd;Kaw;rpfis
mky;gLj;j ,J cjtpAs;sJ.
zz hepyj;jpy; ruf;Ffs; Eiotij epHtfpg;gjw;fhd midj;J Nrhjid
k
rhtbfSk; mfw;wg;gl;Ls;sJ> ruf;Ffspd; Ntfkhf ,lg;ngaHtpw;F
cjtpAs;sJ.
“GST = ey;y kw;Wk; vspikahd tup”
67
2. gzkjpg;gpog;G
fle;j rpy Mz;Lfshf>“Coy; kw;Wk; fUg;Gg; gzk;” fhuzkhf ,e;jpah
kpf Nkhrkhf ghjpf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ kw;Wk; mJ ehl;bd; Vio kf;fspd;
tsHr;rp kw;Wk; jpwdspg;gpid ntFthf eyptilar;nra;jJ. 2014–k; Mz;L
tiu> “Coy;fs; kw;Wk; Nkhrbfspd; jiyefukhf” ,e;jpah jpfo;e;jJ. rpy
Fwpg;gpl;l r%fg; gpuptpduhy;> mtHfsJ Raeyk; kpFe;j Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf
Coy; r%fj;jpy; GiuNahbg; NghapUe;jJ. mj;jifa kf;fs; Viofspd;
Nkk;ghl;bid Gwf;fzpj;jdH kw;Wk; gyd;fis jq;fSf;Fs; Raeyj;Jld;
gfpHe;Jnfhz;ldH.
Coypd; mstpw;Fk;> Gof;fj;jpy; ,Ue;j nuhf;fj;jpd; mstpw;Fk; Neub njhlHG

,Ue;jJ.
Coy; gzj;jpd; jtwhd gad;ghL fhuzkhf tPLfs;> epyk;> caHfy;tp>

MNuhf;fpag; guhkupg;G Nghd;w gy;NtW mj;jpahtrpa ruf;Ffs; kw;Wk;
Nritfspd; tpiyfs; nraw;ifahf mjpfupj;jd. caH nuhf;fg;guptHj;jid
`thyh tHj;jfj;jpidAk; tYg;gLj;jpaJ kw;Wk; Neubahf fUg;Gg;
gzk; kw;Wk; rl;lj;jpw;Fg; Gwk;ghd MAj tHj;jfj;Jld; ,izg;gpidf;
nfhz;bUe;jJ.
xU ehl;bd; Nkk;ghl;bw;F cWjpahd kw;Wk; jPHkhdkhd nray;ghl;bid

Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;ba Neuk; xt;nthU ehl;bd; tuyhw;wpYk; Vw;gLk;. gy
Mz;Lfshf Coy;> fUg;Gg; gzk; kw;Wk; jPtputhjj;jhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;L>
Kd;Ndw;wg; gazk; jilgl;lnjhU ehlhf ekJ ehL ,Ue;jJ.
,e;j eltbf;ifahdJ> Coy;> fUg;Gg; gzk; kw;Wk; fs;s Nehl;Lfs;

Nghd;wtw;Wf;F vjpuhd Nghuhl;lj;jpy;> nghJ kf;fspd; fuq;fis tYg;gLj;Jk;
tifapy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
68
gzkjpg;gpog;gpd; gyd;fs;:
zz Coy; kw;Wk; fUg;Gg; gzj;jpw;F xU KOikahd Kw;Wg;Gs;sp
zz 3 yl;rk; Nghyp &gha; Nehl;Lfs; Gof;fj;jpypUe;J ePf;fg;gl;ld
zz ,e;jpahtpy; ,Jtiuapy;yhj mstpw;F fUg;Gg; gzk; fz;lwpag;gl;lJ.
zz jPtputhjk; kw;Wk; ef;ry;thjq;fSf;F ngUj;j mb cz;lhdJ
zz xU epiyahd epjpapay; mikg;gpd; gyd; ,e;jpahtpw;F fpilj;jJ.
zz Viofspd; tsHr;rp kw;Wk; Nkk;ghl;bw;F jpwdspf;fg;gl;lJ
zz upf;fhd ,zq;fy; jd;ik mjpfkhf caHe;jJ. 6.86 Nfhb kf;fs; Ib
t
upl;lHd;fis gjpT nra;jdH. 2014 – y; ,e;j vz;zpf;if ntWk; 3.8
Nfhbfshf ,Ue;jJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
zz b[pl;ly; Kiwapy; gzk; nrYj;Jk; Kiw ngUk; tsHr;rpaile;jJ.

zz kjpg;gpog;G nra;ag;gl;l gzj;jpy; 99.3 rjtpfpjk; tq;fpf;F jpUk;gpAs;sJ
zz kf;fSf;F Fiwthd tpiyapy; fld;fs; fpilf;fg;ngw;wd kw;Wk;
mj;jpahtrpa nghUl;fspd; tpiyfs;; Fiwe;jjhy; mjd; gyd;fs;
kf;fSf;F fpilj;jJ.
zz ,e;jpahtpd; nghUshjhu tsHr;rp Nkk;gl cjtpaJ
69
3. gpujk ke;jpupapd; b[pl;ly; ,e;jpah Kd;Kaw;rp
fle;j rpy Mz;Lfshf> ey;y MSifapd;wpAk; kw;Wk; muR mikg;Gldhd
,izg;G mikg;G ,d;wpAk; nghJkf;fs; kpfTk; rpukg;gl;ldH.
“tsHe;j ,e;jpah” vd;Dk; fdit rhjpf;f>“nghJ kf;fSf;F njhopy;El;gj;

jpwdspg;gpid toq;FtJ” ,e;jpahtpw;F Njitg;gl;lJ. MSif
nray;Kiwfspy; nray;jpwd;> tsHr;rp> epiyg;Gj;jd;ik kw;Wk; “ey;y
MSiff;fhd mbj;jsk;” Mfpatw;iw njhopy;El;g mkyhf;fk; cUthf;Fk;.
,jd; Nehf;fk; fpuhkg;Gw gFjpfis caH-Ntf ,iza tiyaikg;Gfspy;

,izj;jy; kw;Wk; b[pl;ly; fy;tpia Nkk;gLj;Jjy; MFk;.
kpd;dZ Nritfs;> jahupg;Gfs;> cw;gj;jp kw;Wk; Ntiy tha;g;Gfs;

Nghd;wtw;wpy;> xU cl;gl;l tsHr;rpia Vw;gLj;JtNj b[pl;ly; ,e;jpah
jpl;lj;jpd; ,yf;F MFk;.
xt;nthU FbkfDf;Fk; b[pl;ly; cs;fl;likg;gpid xU gad;ghl;L

topKiwahf toq;Fjy;> Njitg;ghl;bw;F Vw;w MSif kw;Wk; Nritfs;
kw;Wk; Fbkf;fspd; b[pl;ly; jpwdspg;G Mfpa %d;W Kf;fpa tifg;ghLfis
b[pl;ly; ,e;jpah ikakhff; nfhz;bUe;jJ.
b[pl;ly; ,e;jpahtpd; gyd;fs;:

zz Vio kw;Wk; nghJ kf;fSf;F mur Nritfs; kw;Wk; gyd;fs;
Neupilahff; fpilf;fg;ngWk;. ,jdhy; ,il egHfspdhy;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; Coy;fs; xopf;fg;gLk;.
zz f;fpa ehLfspy; kpd;-MSif FwpaPl;L Nuq;fpq;fpy;> 2012 – k; Mz;by;
I
,Ue;j epiyapypUe;J (2012 – y; 124tJ ,lk;) ,e;jpah 28 ,lq;fs;
Kd;Ndwp> 96tJ ,lj;ijg; gpbj;Js;sJ.
zz nghJ kf;fSf;fhd kpd;-MSif NritfshdJ xU ehisf;F 64.4

70
yl;rk; (2013) vd;gjpypUe;J xU ehisf;F 9 Nfhbfshf (Mf];l; 2018)
caHe;Js;sJ.
zz MjhH – b[pl;ly; milahsk; kw;Wk; ey;y MSifapd; fPo; 120 Nfhb
kf;fs; xUq;fpizf;fg;gl;ldH (2013 – y; 61 Nfhbfs;)
zz 1>09>900 fpuhk gQ;rhaj;Jfs; (Nk 2018 tiuapyhd fhyfl;lj;jpy;)
b[pl;ly; tiyaikg;gpd; topahf ,izf;fg;gl;lJ> fpuhkg;Gw kf;fSf;F
b[pl;ly; uPjpapy; jpwdspj;jJ.
zz 2.92 yl;rk; nghJ Nrit ikaq;fs; (CSC) – vd;Dk; muR Nritfis
toq;Ftjw;fhd ikaq;fs; cUthf;fg;gl;ld kw;Wk; mjd; topahf>
rpW efuq;fs; kw;Wk; fpuhkq;fspy; b[pl;ly; njhopy; KidNthH
cUthfpdH. 54>000 ngz;fs; cl;gl> 10 yl;rk; Ntiytha;g;Gfs; CSC
ikaq;fs; topahf cUthf;fg;gl;ld
zz fpuhkq;fSf;fhd b[pl;ly; fy;tp – mLj;j 2 Mz;Lfspy;> 6 Nfhb
fpuhkg;Gw kf;fSf;F b[pl;ly; mwptpw;fhd gapw;rpfs; toq;fg;glTs;sd.
zz [pl;ly; MNuhf;fpa guhkupg;G - ,jd; fPo; 232 kUj;Jtkidfs; kpd;-
b
kUj;Jtkidfshf ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sd kw;Wk; nghJ kf;fSf;F ,jd;
topahf gy;NtW MNuhf;fpag; guhkupg;G Nritfs; rhj;jpakhfpAs;sd
(,Jehs; tiu 3.3 Nfhb Nehahspfs; cl;gl;Ls;sdH)
zz kpd;dZ mikg;G kw;Wk; tbtikg;G cw;gj;jpapy; jpwd; Nkk;ghL (2.8
yl;rk; khztHfSf;F ,Jtiu gapw;rpaspf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ)
zz b[pl;ly; MAs; rhd;wpjo; topahf> 1.7 Nfhb %j;j Fbkf;fs;
Xa;T+jpajhuHfs; gyd; ngw;Ws;sdH. ,jdhy; mtHfs; ngd;\d;
njhifia thq;f Neupy; tuNtz;Lk; vd;Dk; eilKiw xopf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
71
4. gpujk ke;jpupapd; fpuhkg;Gw Nkk;ghl;L Kd;Kaw;rpfs;
2011 – k; Mz;bd; fzf;nfLg;gpd; gb> ,e;jpa kf;fs; njhifapy; Vwf;Fiwa
69% kf;fs;, 6 yl;rj;jpw;Fk; Nkw;gl;l fpuhkg;Gwq;fspNyNa trpj;J tUfpd;wdH.
xU fpuhkg;Gwj;jpYs;s ViofSf;F jpwdspf;fg;gl;lhy;> xU Njrk; Nkk;gLk;.
fle;j rpy Mz;Lfshf> ey;y MSifapd;wpAk; kw;Wk; muR mikg;Gldhd
,izg;G mikg;G ,d;wpAk; nghJkf;fs; kpfTk; rpukg;gl;ldH.
ehl;bd; xl;Lnkhj;j tsHr;rp nray;jpl;lj;jpy;> fpuhkg;Gw Nkk;ghL vd;gJ xU

Kf;fpa gq;fpid vg;NghJk; nfhz;Ls;sJ. tho;thjhu tha;g;Gfis mjpfupj;jy;>
r%f ghJfhg;G tiyia toq;Fjy; kw;Wk; tsr;rpf;fhd cs;fl;likg;gpid
Nkk;gLj;Jjy; Nghd;wtw;wpw;fhdnjhU gy;Kid nray;jpl;lj;jpd; topahf>
fpuhkg;Gw ,e;jpahtpd; epiyf;fj;jf;f kw;Wk; midj;ijAk; cs;slf;fpa
tsHr;rpia rhj;jpakhf;FtNj ,yf;fhFk;. fpuhkg;Gw ,e;jpahtpd; tho;f;if
juj;ij Nkk;gLj;JtJk; kw;Wk; tsHr;rp rkepiyaw;w jd;ikfis
rupnra;tJk;> nray;Kiwfis ,yf;fhff; nfhz;bUg;gJk; kw;Wk; r%fj;jpd;
kpFe;j eypTw;w gpuptpdiu nrd;wiltJNk ,jd; ,yf;fhFk;.
,jd; ika ,yf;Ffs;:

zz
t Wikf;Nfhl;bw;F fPOs;s FLk;gq;fs; (BPL)kPjhd gpuj;jpNaf
$HNehf;fj;Jld;> ngz;fs; kw;Wk; gpw eypTw;w gpuptpdUf;F tho;thjhu
tha;g;Gfis toq;Fjy;
zz xt;nthU epjpahz;bYk; Fiwe;jgl;rk; 100 ehl;fs; cj;juthj $yp
Ntiyia toq;fp> fpuhkg;Gw gFjpfspy; cs;s kf;fspd; tho;thjhu
Nkk;ghl;bw;F cjTjy;
zz ,izg;G trjpfs; ,y;yhj fpuhkg;Gw gFjpfSf;F midj;J
thdpiyfspYk; nrayhw;wj;jf;f ,izg;Gj;jd;ikfis toq;Fjy;
kw;Wk; re;ijf;fhd mZFtrjpia toq;Fk; tifapy; Vw;fdNt cs;s
rhiyfis Nkk;gLj;Jjy;
72
zz puhkg;Gw gFjpfspy; cs;s tWikf;Nfhl;Lf;F fPNo cs;s (BPL)
f
FLk;gq;fSf;F mbg;gil tPl;L trjpfis toq;Fjy;
zz KjpNahu;> fztid ,oe;NjhH kw;Wk; khw;Wj;jpwdhspfSf;F r%f
cjtpfis toq;Fjy;
zz puhkg;Gw tho;f;if juj;ij Nkk;gLj;j> fpuhkg;Gw gFjpfspy; efHGw
f
trjpfis toq;Fjy;
zz fpuhkg;Gw nray;ghLfSf;F jpwd; fl;likg;G kw;Wk; gapw;rpfis
toq;Fjy;
zz fpuhkg;Gw Nkk;ghl;bw;fhf jd;dhHtyHfs; kw;Wk; jdpegHfspd;
<Lghl;bid tsHj;jy;
zz epyj;jpy; ,oe;j my;yJ mope;j cw;gj;jpj;jpwid kPl;ly;.
fpuhkg;Gw Nkk;ghl;bd; gyd;fs;:
zz 100 ehs; Ntiy tha;g;G jpl;l cj;juthjj;jpdhy; 11 Nfhb fpuhkg;Gw
kf;fs; gyd; ngw;Ws;sdH
zz ‘ fpuhkg;Gwj;jpy; midtUf;Fk; tPL” jpl;lj;jpd; fPo; 91 yl;rj;jpw;Fk;
Nkw;gl;l tPLfis fl;l mDkjpaspf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ
zz puhkg;Gw gFjpfspYs;s Ra-cjtpf;FOf;fisr; NrHe;j 47.5 yl;rk;
f
ngz;fSf;F epjpAjtpfs; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sd
zz fpuhkg;Gw gFjpfspy; 1>77>524 fpkP ePs rhiyfs; mikg;G gzp
epiwTnra;ag;gl;Ls;sd. 2014–y; xU ehisf;F 69 fpkP rhiyaikg;G
vd;gJld; xg;gpLifapy;> jw;NghJ xU ehisf;F 134 fp.kP J}uj;jpw;F
rhiyfs; mikf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
zz 18>600 fpuhkq;fSf;F kpd;rhu trjpfs; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
zz 2017-18 Mz;by;> rhjid msthf Ntshz; cw;gj;jp jpfo;fpwJ (czT
jhdpaq;fs; 277.49 nkl;upf; ld;> muprp 111.01 nkl;upf; ld;)
zz fpuhkg;Gw gFjpfisr; NrHe;j 5.54 yl;rk; kf;fSf;F fpuhkg;Gw jpwd;
Nkk;ghl;L jpl;lj;jpd; fPo; gapw;rpaspf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
73
5. gpujkupd; rhfHkhyh jpl;lk;
Vd; ,e;j Kidg;G jpl;lk;?
ruf;Ffs; Nghf;Ftuj;jpw;F ,e;jpa ruf;F Nghf;Ftuj;J Jiw Vwf;Fiwa
87% rhiy my;yJ ,uapiy gad;gLj;JfpwJ. ruf;if Vw;wp ,wf;Ftjpy;
cs;s nray;jpwd; rpukq;fspd; fhuzkhf JiwKfq;fSf;F NghFk; topapy;
neLQ;rhiyfspy; ,e;j ruf;F yhupfs; fhj;jpUf;f Ntz;ba epiyik
,Uf;fpwJ. JiwKfq;fis cw;gj;jp kw;Wk; EfHT ikaq;fSf;F ,izf;Fk;
,uapy; ghijfspYk; ,j;jifa rpukq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
ePHtop Nghf;Ftuj;J> gpw Nghf;Ftuj;J topKiwfNshL xg;gpLifapy; mjpf

ghJfhg;ghdjhf> kypthdjhf kw;Wk; J}a;ikahdjhf ,Uf;fpwJ vd;whYk;,
ePHtop Nghf;Ftuj;ij mjpfkhf gad;gLj;j eltbf;if vLg;gjw;F Kd;ghf
,e;jpa JiwKfq;fs; mitfspd; cl;fl;likg;G kw;Wk; ,af;f nray;ghLfspy;
cs;s rthy;fis Kjypy; vjpHnfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> fly; topahf epyf;fupia vLj;Jr; nry;tjw;F MFk; nryT

xU ld;Df;F xU fpNyh kPl;lUf;F 0.20 igrh kl;LNk. ,JNt ,uapy;
Nghf;Ftuj;jpy; xU ld;Df;F xU fpNyh kPl;lUf;F &. 1.20 - 1.40 igrh vd
nrythfpwJ. vdpDk;> jw;NghJ epyf;fup Nghf;Ftuj;jpy; 90%f;Fk; mjpfkhf
,uapy;Ntia ifahz;L tUfpwJ.
flNyhu fly; top kw;Wk; cs;ehl;L ePH epiyfspy; eilngWk; Nghf;Ftuj;jpd;

gq;fspg;G:
1. ,e;jpah 6% 2. Av]; 12.4% 3. [g;ghd; 34% 4. rPdh 47%
,e;ehl;bd; tHj;jfj;jpd; KJnfYk;ghf fly; tHj;jf gpupT ,Ue;J tUfpwJ.

fle;j rpy Mz;Lfspy; ,J gd;klq;fhf tsHr;rpaile;J te;jpUf;fpwJ.
,e;jpahtpd; 7>500 fpkP ePsKs;s flw;fiu> 14>500 fpkP-f;F ngupa glFfs;/
fg;gy;fs; nry;tjw;F rhj;jpaKs;s ePHtopfs; kw;Wk; rHtNjr fg;gy; tHj;jf
topj;jlq;fspy; ekJ ehL mike;jpUf;Fk; Mjhak; Mfpatw;iw ,d;Dk;
74
rpwg;ghf gad;gLj;jp tsHr;rp ngWtjw;fhf ,e;ehl;by; JiwKfq;fis
Kd;dpiyg;gLj;jp Kd;Ndw;wj;ij tsHg;gij ,yf;fhff; nfhz;l
rhfHkhyh jpl;lk; vd;w kpfg;ngupa nray;jpl;lj;ij gpujkH Nkhbapd; muR
njhlq;fpapUf;fpwJ.
rhfHkhyh nray;jpl;lj;jpd; gyd;fs;:

zz . 8 yl;rk; Nfhbf;Fk; mjpfkhd KjyPl;NlhL 500 nray;jpl;lq;fs;
&
(,jpy; 59 jpl;lq;fs; epiwtile;Js;sd kw;Wk; ,e;j Mz;by;
Kbf;fg;gLtjw;F 98 jpl;lq;fs; ,yf;F epHzapf;fg;gl;bUf;fpd;wd)
zz 3 0 Mz;Lfspy; 5 ePHtop ghijfs; cUthf;fk; vd;gNjhL xg;gpLifapy;
4 Mz;Lfspy; Gjpjhf 106 ePHtop ghijfs;
zz 1>164 M.T vd;w rhjidg; gjpTld; jpwid ntspg;gLj;Jk; tifapy; kpf
caHe;j ruf;F Vw;wg;gl;Ls;sJ (2017-18)
zz ,j;jpl;lj;jpd;fPo; 1 Nfhb Ntiy tha;g;Gfs; cUthf;fk;.
zz iwKfq;fNshL ,uapy; topahf ,izg;Gj;jpwd; Nkk;ghL (35
J
jpl;lq;fs;) kw;Wk; rhiy topahf ,izg;G trjp (115 jpl;lq;fs;)
zz jpa JiwKfq;fs; cUthf;fk; (6 Gjpa JiwKfq;fs;) - thjthd;
G
(k`huh\;l;uh)> ,izak; (jkpo;ehL)> Nj[;G+H (Nkw;F tq;fk;)> ghujPg;
ntspg;Gw JiwKfk; (xbrh)> rPHfhop (jkpo;ehL)> ngyf;Nfup (fHehlfh)
zz Jiw Kfq;fisr; rhHe;J njhopy; ikaq;fis tsHj;jy;> flNyhu
khepyq;fs; kw;Wk; A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fs; midj;jpYk; 14 flNyhu
nghUshjhu kz;lyq;fs; (CEZ). F[uhj;> kfhuh\;l;uh> jkpo;ehL &
Me;jpu gpuNj\; Mfpatw;wpy; 4 Kd;Ndhb CEZ.
zz lNyhu r%fj;jpd; Kd;Ndw;wk; - Vio kPdtHfSf;fhf 11 kPd;gpb
f
JiwKf jpl;lq;fs; (&.922 Nfhb KjyPl;by;) & jpwd; Nkk;ghl;Lf;fhf 21
flNyhu khtl;lq;fs; NjHT (,Jtiu 3000 egHfs; gydile;Js;sdH)
75
6. gpujk ke;jpupapd;> ViofSf;fhd tq;fp fzf;F
([d; jd; jpl;lk;)
,j;jpl;lk; vjw;F mtrpak;?
,j;jpl;lk; mky;gLj;jg;gLtjw;F Kd;G ,e;jpahtpy; 40 f;Fk; mjpfkhd
kf;fSf;F tq;fp fzf;F ,y;iy. epjprhH mjpfhuj;ij ngWtjw;fhd xU
Fbkfdpd; mbg;gil cupikf;F tq;fpapy; Nrkpg;G fzf;F nfhz;bUg;gJ
mj;jpahtrpakhdJ. muR toq;Ffpd;w midj;J gyd;fs;> epjpAjtpfis
Vio kf;fs; ngWtij ,e;j epjprhH mjpfhuk; ngWjy; VJthf;Fk; (fld;fs;
kw;Wk; gpw Mjhag;gyd;fs; cl;gl). ,jd;%yk;> ,ilaPl;lhsHfs; Coy;
nra;tJ jtpHf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
jpl;l gyd;fs;:
zz Vio kf;fs; tsHr;rp ngw cjTfpwJ kw;Wk; epjprhH epiyg;Gj;jd;ikia
mtHfSf;F jUf;fpwJ
zz Nrkpg;G gzj;jpd; kPJ tl;b.
zz &.1 yl;rk; tiu tpgj;Jf;fhd fhg;gPL gyd;
zz G+[;[pa epYitj; njhif tq;fpf;fzf;F
zz ,e;jpah KOtjpYk; vspjhf gzj;ij mDg;Gk; trjp
zz uR jpl;lj;jpy; gyd; ngWgtHfSf;F ,f;fzf;Ffspy; gyd; njhif
m
Neubahf tuT itf;fg;gLfpwJ
zz Xa;T+jpak; kw;Wk; fhg;gPL jpl;lq;fis mZfp ngw trjp
zz xU tPl;bw;F xU tq;fp fzf;fpw;F &.5000/- tiu kpifg;gw;W trjp@
Fwpg;ghf FLk;g jiytpf;F ,J mDkjpf;fg;gLk;.
76
,j;jpl;lj;jpy; vg;gb NrHtJ:
1. MjhH ml;il / MjhH vz; ,Uf;Fkhdhy; NtW ve;j Mtzq;fSk;
Njitg;glhJ. Kftup khwpapUf;Fkhdhy; mg;NghJ jw;Nghija
Kftup Fwpj;J xU Ra xg;Gjy; rhd;wpjo; NghJkhdJ.
2.
MjhH ml;il ,y;iy vd;why;> fPNo Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s
mjpfhuG+Htkhf nry;yj;jf;f Mtzq;fSs; Vjhtnjhd;W tq;fp
fzf;if njhlq;Ftjw;F Njitg;gLk;:
thf;fhsH milahs ml;il> Xl;LeH cupkk;> Ngd; ml;il>

gh];NghHl; & NREGA ml;il. ,e;j Mtzq;fspy; cq;fs; Kftup
,lk;ngw;wpUf;Fkhdhy;> mitfs;> cq;fsJ Kftup kw;Wk;
milahsk; Mfpa ,uz;Lf;Fk; rhd;whf Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLk;.
xU egupd; epow;glj;ij Kiwahf xU murpjo; gjpTngw;w mjpfhup

rhd;nwhg;gk; nra;J toq;Ffpw fbjk;
ePq;fs; mZff;$ba tq;fpfspd; ml;ltiz:
midj;J nghJj;Jiw tq;fpfs; kw;Wk; jdpahH Jiw tq;fpfs;
nkhj;j gadhspfs;:
,j;jpl;lj;jpd; %yk; ,e;jpah KOtjpYk; 32.5 Nfhbf;Fk; mjpfkhd Vio
kf;fs; (Mf];l; 2018) ,Jtiu gadile;jpUf;fpd;wdH
77
7. gpujk ke;jpupapd; ];khHl; rpl;b (nghypT efu) jpl;lk;
Vd; ,e;j Kidg;G jpl;lk;?
lhf;lH. VgpN[ mg;Jy; fyhk; mtHfspd; fdT jpl;lkhd "tsHr;rpaile;j
,e;jpah 2020” ep[khtjw;F ,e;jpahtpd; tsHr;rpf;F Mw;wy; mspf;Fk;
tifapy; efHg;Gw Kd;Ndw;wk; Nkk;gLtJ mtrpakhFk;. nly;yp> Kk;ig>
nrd;id kw;Wk; nfhy;fj;jh Mfpa ngUefuq;fis fle;J Gjpa efuq;fis
cUthf;FtJ kpf Kf;fpakhFk;. ,e;jpa efuq;fs; midj;jpYk; rkj;Jt
epiyNahL gy jpwd;kpf;f nghUshjhu tha;g;Gfis kf;fSf;F efHg;Gw
Nkk;ghl;L nray;ghL toq;Fk;. ,jd;%yk;> midj;J gpupTfisAk; NrHe;j
kf;fs; rpwg;ghd tho;thjhuq;fis ngwKbAk;.
xU ];khHl; rpl;b (nghypT efuk;) vd;gJ> ,af;f jpwid mjpfupg;gjw;F>

nghJkf;fSld; jftiy gfpHe;Jnfhs;tjw;F kw;Wk; muR Nritfs; kw;Wk;
Fbkf;fspd; eyd; Mfpa ,uz;ilAk; Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;F kpf rkPgj;jpa jfty;
kw;Wk; jfty;njhlHG njhopy;El;gq;fis gutyhf jpwk;gl gad;gLj;Jfpw
xU efuhl;rpahFk;.
];khHl; rpl;bapd; rpwg;gk;rq;fs;:

zz NghJkhd msT ePH toq;fg;gLjy;
zz cj;juthjj;Jld; $ba kpd;rf;jp toq;fg;gLjy;
zz jplf;fopT Nkyhz;ik cl;gl Jg;GuT
zz jpwikahd efHg;Gw efHTj;jpwd; kw;Wk; nghJ Nghf;Ftuj;J trjp

zz fl;Lgbahff; $ba vspa KjyPl;by;> Fwpg;ghf ViofSf;F tPl;Ltrjp
zz tYthd jfty; njhopy;El;g ,izg;G trjp kw;Wk; b[pl;ly; kakhf;fk;
zz rpwe;j MSif@ Fwpg;ghf kpd;-MSif kw;Wk; Fbkf;fs; gq;Nfw;G
zz epiyf;fj;jf;f Rw;Wr;#oy; kw;Wk; Fbkf;fspd; Fwpg;ghf ngz;fs;>
Foe;ijfs; kw;Wk; KjpNahupd; ghJfhg;G> cly;eyk; kw;Wk; fy;tp.
78
rk mstpyhd mZFKiwapd; mbg;gilapy; khepyq;fs; kw;Wk; A+dpad;
gpuNjrq;fspypUe;J nkhj;jj;jpy; 100 efuq;fs;> ];khHl; rpl;b jpl;lj;jpw;fhf
NjHT nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd. khepyk;/A+dpad; gpuNjrj;jpd; efHg;Gw kf;fs; njhif
kw;Wk; khepyk;/A+dpad; gpuNjrj;jpYs;s rl;luPjpahd efuq;fspd; vz;zpf;if
Mfpa ,uz;Lf;Fk; rk kjpg;ngz;iz toq;fp ,e;j NjHT nra;ag;gl;bUf;fpwJ.
];khHl; rpl;b jpl;lj;jpd; gyd;fs;:

zz Vwf;Fiwa 10 Nfhb kf;fSf;F gadspf;Fk; tifapy; &.2>03>172
Nfhb vd;w jpl;l kjpg;gpy; ,e;jpah KOtjpYk; 100 efuq;fs; rpwg;ghd
Nkk;ghl;Lf;fhf milahsk; fhzg;gl;Ls;sd.
zz xt;nthU ];khHl; rpl;b jpl;lj;jpw;Fk; &.500 Nfhb vd;w epjp toq;fg;gLk;
zz jpfgl;r ];khHl; rpl;b jpl;lq;fs; cj;jugpuNj\; (13)> jkpo;ehL (12)>
m
kfhuh\;l;uh (10) Mfpa %d;W khepyq;fSf;F toq;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
zz gy;NtW ];khHl; rpl;b jpl;lq;fSf;fhf Vw;fdNt &.10>459 Nfhb
epjpahdJ toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ
zz rhkhdpa kf;fspd; tho;f;if juj;ij ,J Nkk;gLj;JfpwJ kw;Wk;
midj;J efuq;fspYk; nghUshjhu tsHr;rpia ,J KLf;fptpLfpwJ
79
Coiy xopj;J ehl;bd; gzj;ij
fhg;ghw;wpa jpl;lq;fs!
80
2013y;> ,e;jpah ‘Coy; jiyefukhf” fUjg;gl;lJ kw;Wk; gy;NtW Nkhrbfs;
kw;Wk; Coy; fhuzkhf ehL ngupJk; ghjpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;jpahtpd; ew;ngaH
cyfstpy; rPHnfl;Lg; NghdJld; ek; nghUshjhu tsHr;rp kw;Wk; Nkk;ghl;il
ghjpj;jJ. tq;fpfs; Nghd;w ek;Kila epjpaikg;Gfs; epiyFiye;JNghapd.
,e;jpah Rje;jpukile;jjpypUe;J 2008 tiu tq;fpfs; fld; toq;fpaJ
&. 18 yl;rk; NfhbahFk;. Mdhy;> 2008 ypUe;J 2014 tiu tq;fpfs; fld;
nfhLj;jJ &.52 yl;rk; Nfhb MFk;.
rhjhuz kw;Wk; Vio kf;fspd; mj;jpahtrpa nryT mjpfupj;jJ. Vio

kf;fs; mjpfk; nrytpl;ldH> Mdhy;; rupahd kUj;Jt rpfpr;irfisf;$l
mtHfshy; ngwKbatpy;iy.
,e;jpahTf;F Coiy xopg;gjw;F kl;Lk; my;;y, ehl;bd; gzj;ij

ghJfhg;gjw;Fk; xU tYthd jiytH Njitg;gl;lhH.
ek;Kila khz;GkpF gpujkH = eNue;jpu Nkhb mtHfs; Coiy xopg;gjw;Fk;

kw;Wk; ehl;bd; gzj;ij ghJfhg;gjw;Fk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f cW;jpahd
eltbf;iffs; vLj;jhH.
xU rpy Kf;fpa Kidg;G eltbf;iffs; kl;Lk; ,q;F vLj;Jf;fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd.
jpl;lq;fs; Nkhb murhq;fj;jhy; Mz;L

uPjpahf Nrkpf;fg;gl;Ls;s gzk;
Neub gad; khw;W (DBT) &. 90,000 Nfhb
nehbg;G epiy jpthy;epiy rl;lk; (IBC) &. 83,000 Nfhb
Nghyp / ,ul;bg;G Nu~d; ml;ilfis &. 17,000 Nfhb
mfw;Wjy;
cly;ey guhkupg;G nryTfis Fiwj;jy; &. 16,000 Nfhb
vy;<b(LED) tpsf;Ffis nghUj;Jjy; &. 50,000 Nfhb
gpdhkp nrhj;J rl;lk; &. 4,300 Nfhb
81
1. gpujk ke;jpupapd; Neubg; gad; khw;W (DBT) eltbf;if
,e;j eltbf;if vjw;F?
murhq;fj;jpd; gy;NtW eyj; jpl;lq;fspd; gad;fs; Vio kf;fSf;F khdpakhf
toq;fg;gLfpd;wJ. Mdhy; ,e;j eyj; jpl;lq;fspypUe;J fpilf;Fk; khdpa
epjpfs; ,ilj;jufHfshy; #iwahlg;gl;ld.
Neubg; gad; khw;wk; - gy;NtW murhq;f eyj;jpl;l khdpag; gad;fis Vio

kf;fspd; tq;fpf; fzf;FfSf;F Neubahf khw;Wtjw;Fupa muR eltbf;if.
ek; gpujkH Nkhb mtHfs;> ,ilj;jufHfs; ,y;yhky; Vio kf;fs;

mtHfSila cupikfis (murhq;f eyj; jpl;lq;fspd; khdpa epjp) ngwr;
nra;tjw;F DBTf;fhd xU typikahd fl;likg;ig cUthf;fpdhH.
Nkhb mtHfspd; murhq;fk;> DBT ,ay;tpg;Gfshf [d;jd;> MjhH kw;Wk;

nkhigy; Mfpatw;iwf; nfhz;L khepyq;fs; kw;Wk; A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fs; cs;gl
ehL KOtJk; midj;J ey jpl;lq;fspYk; DBTI nray;gLj;Jtjw;Fupa xU
jdpj;Jt tha;g;ig toq;fpaJ. DBT-ahdJ> murhq;f mikg;gpy; nray;jpwd;>
gaDfe;jjd;ik> ntspg;gilj;jd;ik kw;Wk; nghWg;Gilikia toq;fpaJld;
MSikapy; Fbkf;fsp;lk; ek;gpf;ifia Cl;baJ.
Fiwe;jgl;r murhq;fk; mjpfgl;r MSik vd;w fdit epidthf;Ftjw;F

Vio kf;fSf;F cjTtjw;F etPd njhopy;El;gj;ijAk; kw;Wk; jfty;
njhopy;El;gf; fUtpfisAk; jpwk;gl gad;gLj;Jjy;.
DBT apd; gad;fs;:

zz 5 6 mikr;rfq;fspy; 433 eyj;jpl;lq;fis DBT cs;slf;fpapUf;fpwJ.
(2013-14y; ntWk; 28 eyj;jpl;lq;fs; kl;LNk cs;slf;fg;gl;lJ).
zz &.4>40>931 Nfhb ey jpl;lq;fspd; khdpa epjpfs; gad;ngWk; Vio
kf;fspd; tq;fp fzf;FfSf;F Neubahf khw;wg;gl;lJ. ,J &. 90>000
Nfhb murhq;f gzj;ij fhg;ghw;wp Coiy jLj;jJ.
82
2. gpujk ke;jpupapd; nehbg;G epiy jpthy;epiy rl;lk; (IBC)
,e;jpahtpy; tq;fpfs; ,e;jpag; nghUshjhuk; kw;Wk; epjp fl;likg;gpd;
KJnfYk;ghFk;. ngUk;ghd;ikahd ,e;jpa tq;fpfs; nghJj;Jiw rhHe;jit.
tq;fp nray;Kiwapy; VJk; Njhy;tpAWkhdhy; mJ ,e;jpahtpd; tsHr;rpia
ngupJk; ghjpf;Fk;.
,e;jpah Rje;jpukile;jjpypUe;J 2008 tiu> &.18 yl;r Nfhb kjpg;Gs;s

gzj;ij tzpfj; njhopYf;F fld;fshf tq;fpfs; nfhLj;jd. Mdhy; 2008
ypUe;J 2014 tiu ntWk; 6 Mz;Lf;Fs; &. 52 yl;rk; Nfhb kjpg;Gs;s fld;fis
midj;J tpjpKiwfisAk; xJf;fp itj;Jtpl;L ve;j rpuj;ijAk; ,y;yhky;
tq;fpfs; nfhLj;Js;sd. fld;fs; jpUk;gp tuhJ vd;W njupe;jNghjpYk; fld;
kW fl;likg;G nra;ag;gLfpwJ vd;w ngaupy; fld; fl;lj;jtwpatHfSf;F
NkYk; epjpfs; nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ.
tq;fpj; Jiwia jtwhd Kiwapy; epHthfk; nra;jJ tq;fpfisAk; kw;Wk;

,e;jpa epjpaikg;igAk; xU Nguoptpw;Fs; Mokhf js;sptpl;lJ. Nkhrkhd
fld;fs; my;yJ nray;glh nrhj;Jf;fs; &gha; 9 yl;rk; Nfhbia vl;btpl;lJ.
fld; fl;lj;jtwpatHfsplkpUe;J Nkhrkhd fld;fis t#ypj;J kPl;gjw;fhf

ek; khz;GkpF gpujkH Nkhb mtHfs; xU cWjpahd epjp fl;likg;ig
cUthf;fpAs;sJld; fLikahd rl;lq;fisAk; nfhz;Lte;Js;shH. nehbg;G
epiy jpthy; epiy rl;lk; (IBC) mwpKfg;gLj;jpajd; %yk; xt;nthU &ghAk;
t#ypj;J kPl;gjw;F ,yf;Fnfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
nehbg;Gepiy jpthy; epiy rl;lk; - xU FWfpa fhytuk;gpw;Fs;

Nkhrkhd fld;fis tq;fpf;F jpUg;gpr; nrYj;JkhW ngupa fld;fis
nrYj;jj;jtwpatHfis epHge;jpf;fr; nra;tJld;> mg;gb nrYj;jj; jtwpdhy;
fk;ngdpapd; tzpfr; nray;ghl;il Klf;fr; nra;Ak; rl;l eltbf;ifia
vjpHnfhs;s itf;Fk; xU fLikahd rl;lk; gpujkH Nkhb mtHfshy; 2016y;
mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
83
nehbg;Gepiy jpthy; epiy rl;lg; gad;fs;:
zz fld; jpUg;gpr; nrYj;jj; jtwpa epWtdq;fsplkpUe;J ,Jtiu &gha;
83>000 Nfhbia tq;fpfs; jpUg;gpt#ypj;Js;sd.
zz pwpa KjyPl;lhsHfspd; eyd;fs; ghJfhf;fg;gLtJld; tzpf njhopy;
r
nra;Ak; Kiwia ntspg;gilahd Kiwapy; vspjhf;fr; nra;jy;.
84
3. Nghyp / ,ul;bg;G Nu\d; ml;ilfis xopg;gjw;F
gpujkupd; eltbf;if
Nu~d; ml;il - khepy muR filfspypUe;J khdpa tpiy czT jhdpaq;fs;
kw;Wk; gpw mj;jpahtrpa nghUl;fis thq;Ftjw;F jFjpAs;stHfSf;F
murhq;fj;jhy; mq;fPfupf;fg;gLk; xU mjpfhuG+Ht Mtzk;. Nu~d; ml;il>
xU mjpfhuG+Ht milahs ml;ilfspy; xd;whfTk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
Njrpa czT ghJfhg;G rl;lj;jpd;gb ,uz;L tif Nu\d;

ml;ilfs; cs;sd:
zz d;Dupik Nu\d; ml;ilfs; - vd;git> khepy murhy; epHzapf;fg;gl;l
K
jFjp msTNfhiy va;jf;$batHfSf;F toq;fg;gLk; Kd;Dupik Nu\d;
ml;ilfshFk;. xt;nthU Kd;Dupik tPl;bw;Fk; xU cWg;gpdUf;F
5 fpNyhfpuhk; tPjk; czT jhdpak; ngWtjw;F cupikj;jFjpAz;L.
zz md;bNahjah (AAY) Nu\d; ml;ilfs; vd;git Vio kf;fSf;F
toq;fg;gLgit. xt;nthU AAY tPl;Lf;Fk; 35 fpNyhfpuhk; czT
jhdpak; ngWtjw;F cupikj;jFjpAz;L.
Mdhy; Nu~d; ml;il Kiwapd; nray;jpwid ghjpf;Fk; gy gpur;ridfs;
cs;sd. Nfhbf;fzf;fhd Nkhrbahd kw;Wk; jFjpngwhj Nu~d; ml;ilfs;
cs;sd. mNj rkak; Nfhbf;fzf;fhd Vio FLk;gq;fs; Nu~d; ml;il
,y;yhky; cs;sd.
Nu~d; fil nghWg;G tfpg;gtHfSk; kw;Wk; mjpfhupfSk; khdpa

czTg;nghUs; rg;isia kw;Wk; ngl;Nuhypaj;ij fUg;G re;ijfSf;F
jpir jpUg;gptpLfpd;wdH. ngha;ahd ngaHfspy;> ,we;J NghdtHfspd;
ngaHfspy; my;yJ cz;ikahd Mdhy; jFjpaw;wtHfshy; ml;il vz;fs;
cUthf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
85
Vio kf;fspd; cupikfs; jtwhfg; gad;gLj;jhkypUg;gij cWjpnra;tjw;fhf
Nghyp kw;Wk; ngha; Nu~d; ml;ilfis ePf;Ftjw;F gpujkH Nkhb mtHfs;
fLikahd eltbf;iffis vLj;Js;shH. kpd;-MSik kw;Wk; njhopy;El;g
cjtpAld; Nkhb murhq;fk;> Vio kf;fSf;fhd midj;J gad;fSk;
jFjpAs;stHfSf;F kl;LNk toq;fg;gLtjw;F cWjpnra;Js;sJ.
zz MjhH ,ay;tpg;Gld; jFjp rupghHg;G Nrhjid

zz MjhH ,ay;tpg;Gld; gadhspia cWjpnra;tJ
zz MjhH ,ay;tpg;Gld; Neub gad; khw;wk;
zz kpd;-Nu\d; ml;ilfs; (];khHl; fhHLfs;) Nritfs;
,e;j eltbf;ifapd; gad;fs;:
zz czT jhdpaq;fs; kw;Wk; gpw mj;jpahtrpag; nghUl;fs; rupahdtHfSf;F
toq;fg;gLtij cWjpnra;Ak; tifapy; 3 Nfhb ngha; / Nghyp Nu\d;
ml;ilfs; ePf;fg;gl;Ls;sd@ Coy; jLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
zz ,e;j eltbf;if xt;Nthuhz;Lk; &.17>000 Nfhb gzj;ij Nrkpf;fpwJ.
86
4. MNuhf;fpag; guhkupg;G nrytPdq;fisf;
Fiwg;gjw;fhd gpujk ke;jpupapd; Kd;Kaw;rp
,j;jpl;lk; vjw;fhf?
Nkhrkhd MNuhf;fpak; kf;fis njhlHe;J Vo;ik epiyapNyNa tho itf;Fk;.
njhw;wj;jf;f kw;Wk; Kiwahf ftdpf;fg;glhj ntg;g kz;ly Neha;fs;>
xt;nthU Mz;Lk; r%fj;jpd; gy;NtW eypTw;w kw;Wk; tpspk;G epiy kf;fspd;
tho;it ghjpf;fpwJ kw;Wk; capHfis gwpf;fpwJ.
Vio kf;fs; ngUk;ghYk;> Neha;fis jtpHg;gjw;fhd kw;Wk; mjw;fhd rpfpr;ir

ngWtjw;fhd Nghjpa jfty;fs;> gzk; my;yJ MNuhf;fpa NritfSf;fhd
mZFtrjp ,y;yhikahy; kpfTk; Nkhrkhf ghjpf;fg;gLfpd;wdH.
kUj;JtHfs;> kUe;Jfs; kw;Wk; MNuhf;fpa ikaj;jpw;F nrd;W tUtjw;fhd
Nghf;Ftuj;J Mfpatw;Wf;fhd fl;lzq;fs; mtHfis kpfTk; ghjpf;fpwJ
kw;Wk; mjw;F mtHfs; gpw jdpegHfs; my;yJ cwtpdHfspd; cjtpfis
vjpHNehf;Ffpd;wdH.
Nkhrkhd NeHTfspy;> Nehapd; Rik fhuzkhf> FLk;gq;fs; mtHfSf;F

nrhe;jkhd nrhj;Jfis tpw;gid nra;a Ntz;baJk;> Foe;ijfspd; gbg;ig
epWj;jp tpl;L mtHfis Ntiyf;F mDg;g Ntz;ba epiyAk; Vw;gLfpwJ.
tPl;bd; nryTfis rkhspf;Fk; tifapy;> FLk;g cWg;gpdHfshf cs;s
Foe;ijfs; mtHfsJ gbg;ig iftpl;L tpl;L> $yp NtiyfSf;F nry;yj;
Jtq;Fk; epiy Vw;gLfpwJ.
ngz;fSf;F tho;tpd; gpw;gFjpapy; fpilf;Fk; gy;NtW tha;g;Gfis

jtwtpLtjw;Fk; kw;Wk; mtHfsJ nrhe;j cly; epiy ghjpf;fg;gLtjw;Fk;>
fy;tpapdik toptFf;Fk;.
Vio kw;Wk; vspa kf;fSf;F> Fwpg;ghf ngz;fSf;F> MNuhf;fpa guhkupg;G

Nritfs; jpwdspg;gpid VJthf;Fk; tifapy; gpujk ke;jpup Nkhb mtHfs;
gy;NtW MNuhf;fpag; guhkupg;G Kd;Kaw;rpfis mwpKfk; nra;Js;shH.
87
zz 50 Nfhb kf;fSf;F &.5 yl;rk; MNuhf;fpag; guhkupg;G fhg;gPL jpl;lq;fs;
zz fHg;gtjpfSf;F ,ytr MNuhf;fpa gupNrhjid

zz Vio kf;fSf;fhd ,ytr lahyprp];

zz tpiy Fiwf;fg;gl;l mj;jpahtrpa kUj;Jt rpfpr;irfs;

zz 1054 mj;jpahtrpa kUe;Jfspd; tpiyfs; Fiwf;fg;gl;Ls;sd –
xt;nthU Mz;Lk; kf;fSf;F &.10>000 Nfhbfs; kpr;rkhFk;.
zz gpujuke;jpupapd; kUe;jfq;fs; topahf> fl;Lg;gbahfj;jf;f kUe;Jfs; -
3000 filfs; kw;Wk; kUj;Jt nryTfspy; 50% Nrkpg;Gfs;
zz Gw;WNeha; kw;Wk ,jatpay; NehahspfSf;fhd AMRIT kUe;jfq;fs; -
kUe;Jfspd; kPJ 60% Kjy; 90% tiuapyhd js;Sgb
zz hHbahf; ];nld;Lfs; kw;Wk; %l;L khw;Wg;nghUj;Jjy;fspd; tpiyfs;
f
70% tiu Fiwf;fg;gl;Ls;sd – xt;nthU Mz;Lk; kf;fSf;F &.6>000
Nfhbfs; Nrkpg;G.
88
5. gpujk ke;jpupapd; LED gy;Gfs; tpdpNahfk;
,j;jpl;lk; vjw;fhf?
Njrj;jpd; tsHr;rpg; ghijapy;> Gjpa njhopy;El;gq;fis mkyhf;fk; nra;tJ>
tsHr;rp kw;Wk; nghUshjhu jpwdspg;gpw;F Fwpg;gplj;jf;f Mjutpid
toq;FfpwJ. nghJ kf;fs;> kpd;rhu ntl;L kw;Wk; mjpfg;gbahd kpd;rhu
fl;lzq;fshy; ntFthf ghjpf;fg;gLfpd;wdH.
njhopy;El;gk; VJthf;fg;gl;l> vjpHfhyj;jpw;Fk; - jahuhd jPHTfs; cs;s

epiyapYk;> kpd;rhuj;jpw;fhd mZFtrjp Fiwthf cs;s gFjpfs; ehL
KOtJk; epiwe;Js;sd. ,j;Njitg;ghl;Lld;> Rw;Wr;#oy; jhf;fKk; njhlHe;J
mjpfupj;J tUfpwJ. ,e;j epiyapy;> Vio vspa kf;fSf;F> kpd;rhuj;ij
kpr;rk; gpbf;Fk; mNj Neuj;jpy;> kpd;rhu Njitg;ghl;bid kw;Wk; Rw;Wr;#oy;
jhf;fj;jpid Fiwf;Fk; xU vspikahd> fl;Lg;gbahFk; kw;Wk; mstPdk;
nfhz;l jPHTfs; Njit.
ekJ> khz;GkpF kf;fs; gpujkH jpU.eNue;jpu Nkhb mtHfsJ jiyikapd;

fPo;> kj;jpa muR> cyfpd; kpfg;ngupa Kd;Kaw;rpahd “Njrpa LED gy;G
tpdpNahfk;” Kd;Kaw;rpia mwpKfk; nra;Js;sJ.
,j;jpl;lj;jpd; fPo;> muR 20W LED ba+g; iyl;Lfs; kw;Wk; 5-];lhH Nul;bq;
nfhz;l kpd;rf;jp Mw;wy; kpf;f kpd;tprpwpfis EfHNthUf;F mspf;fpwJ. NkYk;>
tof;fkhd 40W ba+g; iyl;Lfisf; fhl;bYk; 50% mjpf kpd;rhu Nrkpg;gpid
rhj;jpakhf;Fk; ,e;j ba+g; iyl;Lfs;> re;ijapy; fpilf;fg;ngWk; &.400-600
tpiyfSld; xg;gpLifapy; xU ba+g; &.220 – tpiyapy; toq;fg;gLfpwJ.
,j;jpl;lk; ,e;jpahtpd; kpd;tprpwpfs; re;ijapYk; xU Gul;rpia

cz;lhf;fpAs;sJ. ,jd; fPo;> 5 el;rj;jpu Nul;bq; nfhz;l kpd;rf;jp Mw;wy;
kpf;f kpd;tprpwpfs; toq;fg;gLfpd;wd. tof;fkhd kpd;tprpwpfisf; fhl;bYk;
,it 30% mjpf kpd;rhuj;ij Nrkpf;Fk; jpwidf; nfhz;Ls;s NghjpYk;>
mit ntWk; &.1200/- vd;Dk; Fiwthd tpiyapNyNa toq;fg;gLfpwJ.
89
zz ,e;jpah KOtJk; 30 Nfhbf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l LED gy;Gfs; tpdpNahfk;
nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd kw;Wk; ,e;jpah KOtJk; xl;Lnkhj;j kpd;
fl;lzq;fspy; &.50>000 Nfhbfs; tiu Nrkpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
zz of;fkhd gy;GfSld; xg;gpLifapy; LED gy;Gfs; 90% tiu
t
Fiwthd kpd;rhuj;ijNa gad;gLj;Jk;. ,J nghJ kf;fspd; kpd;rhu
fl;lzq;fisf; Fiwf;f cjTk;.
zz
, J Rw;Wr;#oYf;Fk; cfe;jjhFk; (tof;fkhd gy;GfSld;
xg;gpLifapy;> LED gy;Gfs; 10% Fiwthd ntg;gj;ij ntspg;gLj;Jk;).
,J tPLfspy; kw;Wk; gpw ,lq;fspy; ghJfhg;gpid Nkk;gLj;Jk;.
zz LED gy;Gfspd; MAs; 10-15 Mz;LfshFk;. ,J tof;fkhd gy;Gfisf;
fhl;bYk; 133 klq;Ffs; mjpfkhdjhFk;.
90
6. gpujk ke;jpupapd; gpdhkp nrhj;J rl;lk;
,j;jpl;lk; vjw;fhf?
fUg;Gg; gzk; ,e;jpahtpd; cz;ikahd rhgf;NflhFk;. upay; v];Nll;
tHj;jfj;jpy; fUg;Gg; gzk; mjpfg;gbahf Goq;FfpwJ. nrhj;Jfis
thq;Ftjpy; 50% - f;F Nkw;gl;l gzj;ij nuhf;fkhf toq;Fk; tof;fk;
,e;jpah KOtJk; gutpAs;sJ.
cjhuzj;jpw;F: xU NeHikahd egH> xU nrhj;jpid thq;f tpUk;gpdhy;> mtH
mjw;fhd flDjtpiag; ngw tq;fpf;F nry;thH. nrhj;jpd; njuptpf;fg;gl;l
kjpg;gpy; tq;fpfs; 80-90% tiu fldhf toq;Fk;. cjhuzkhf> nrhj;jpd;
kjpg;G &.1 Nfhb vdpy;> me;j eguplk; 50% fUg;G gzkhf nrYj;JkhW
Nfhupdhy;> tq;fp fld; mjpfgl;rk; 45 yl;rq;fshf kl;LNk ,Uf;Fk;. kPjKs;s
55 yl;rk; nuhf;fkhf toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. NeHikahd kf;fshy; mt;thW
nra;a KbahJ vd;gjhy;> mtHfshy; nrhj;jpid thq;f Kbahj epiy
Vw;gLfpwJ.
,j;jifa nray;ghLfs; Coy;thjpfSf;F gydspf;fpd;wd kw;Wk; mj;jifa
fUg;Gg; gzk; gy;NtW tsHr;rpf;F vjpuhd kw;Wk; Njrj;jpw;F vjpuhd
nray;ghLfSf;fhf gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
fUg;Gg; gzj;ijAk; kw;Wk; CoiyAk; xopf;Fk; tifapy;> ekJ khz;GkpF
gpujk ke;jpup Nkhb mtHfs;> “gpdhkp nrhj;J rl;lj;ij” mwpKfk; nra;Js;shH.
xU nrhj;jhdJ xU egUf;F nrhe;jkhdjhf ,Ue;jhYk; NtnwhU eguhy;
mjw;F gzk; toq;fg;gLk; guptHj;jidNa ‘gpdhkp’ MFk;.
,r;rl;lj;jpd; fPo;> ngha;ahd guptHj;jidfspy; <LgLk;> gpdhkpjhuHfs; kw;Wk;
cz;ikahd cupikahsHfs; rl;lj;jpdhy; jz;bf;fg;gLthHfs; kw;Wk;
mtHfsJ nrhj;Jk; ifg;gw;wg;gLk;. NkYk; mtHfSf;F rpiw jz;lid (7
Mz;Lfs; tiu) my;yJ mguhjKk; tpjpf;fg;gLk;.
zz &.4>300 Nfhbfs; kjpg;gpyhd gpdhkp nrhj;Jfs; murhy; kPl;fg;gl;Ls;sd
zz nghJkf;fs; nrhj;Jfis fl;Lg;gbahFk; mry; tpiyapy; thq;fTk;
kw;Wk; Coiy xopf;fTk; cjTfpwJ
91
7. (gpujk ke;jpupapd;) jg;gpNahLk; nghUshjhu
Fw;wthspr; rl;lk;
,j;jpl;lk; vjw;fhf?
nghUshjhu Fw;wq;fspy; <LgLgtHfis jz;bf;f ,e;jpahtpy; tYthd
rl;lq;fs; ,y;iy. rl;lg;gbahd eltbf;iffspypUe;J jg;gpf;f> ngupa
mstpyhd fld; Nkhrbfspy; <Lgl;ltHfs; ntspehL jg;gpr; nry;tJ
eilKiwahf cs;sJ. tprhuizapd; NghJ Fw;wthspfs; ,q;F ,y;yhky;
,Ug;gJ> tprhuiz elj;Jk; Kfikfspd; nray;ghLfis ghjpg;gJld;>
ehl;bd; rl;lj;jpd; kPjhd kjpg;igAk; Fiyf;fpwJ.
tsHr;rpia cUthf;fTk; kw;Wk; Coiy mopf;fTk; cWjpg;ghL Nkw;nfhz;Ls;s

ekJ ghujg; gpujkH Nkhb mtHfs;> Fw;wthspfis jz;bf;Fk; tifapy;
gy;NtW fbdkhd rl;lq;fis mwpKfk; nra;Js;shH.
jg;gpNahLk; nghUshjhu Fw;wthspfs; rl;lk;> ehl;bypUe;J jg;gpNahba

nghUshjhu Fw;wthspfspd; nrhj;Jfis ifg;gw;w mYtyHfSf;F
jpwdspf;fpwJ.
,k;Kd;Kaw;rpapd; topahf> rl;lj;jpw;F cl;gl;L tof;fpid re;jpf;f Fw;wk;

rhl;lg;gl;ltH kPz;Lk; ehl;bw;Fs; tuNtz;bajpUf;Fk;. NkYk;> ,J tq;fpfs;
kw;Wk; gpw epjp epWtdq;fs;> mj;jifa jg;gpNahba nghUshjhu Fw;wthspfs;
Nkhrb nra;j gzj;ij mjpfsT t#y; nra;tijAk; kw;Wk; mj;jifa
epjp epWtdq;fspd; epjpapay; MNuhf;fpaj;ij Nkk;gLj;jpf;nfhs;tijAk;
rhj;jpakhf;Fk;.
zz Nkhrkhd fld;fis kPl;fTk; kw;Wk; epjpapay; mikg;ig tYg;gLj;jTk;
cjTfpwJ
zz nghUshjhu tsHr;rp> Nkk;ghL kw;Wk; KjyPl;L tha;g;Gfis tsHf;Fk;
xU ntspg;gilahd ehlhf ,e;jpahtpd; Njhw;wj;ij cyfshtpa
mstpy; jiy epkpur;nra;Ak;.
92
93
Njrj;jpd; Nkk;ghl;bw;fhd kj;jpa muR
mikr;rfq;fspd; Kf;fpa gq;fspg;Gfs;
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
jkpo;ehL khepyj;jpw;fhf kj;jpa
muR toq;fpa jpl;lq;fs;
116
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119
120
[dehafj;jpy;> xU nghWg;G tha;e;j murpd; flik
“ey;y MSif kw;Wk; Nkk;ghL” toq;FtNj MFk;.
mNj Nghy;> “ey;y MSif kw;Wk; Nkk;ghL” toq;Fk;

muir Mjupf;f Ntz;baJ
xt;nthU Fbkfdpd; nghWg;ghFk;.
121

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,e;jpahtpd; rPupa tsHr;rpf;F cWjpahd ghij tFj;j> 'ey;y MSif

kw;Wk; Nkk;ghl;bd; je;ij" ghuj uj;dh jpU.mly; gp`hup th[;gha;[P

xt;nthU FbkfDf;Fk; jpwdspf;Fk; tifapYk; kw;Wk; 'rg;fh rhj; rg;fh

xU gj;jhz;bw;F Nkw;gl;l fhyj;jpy; (2014 Mz;Lf;F Kd;G) ,e;jpah KOtJk;

ehk; ek; epidit 2013k; Mz;bw;F gpd;Ndhf;fpr; nrYj;JNthk;:

ek; ehl;bw;F 2014 Nk khjj;jpy; xU NeHikahd gpujkH jpU. eNue;jpuNkhb

xU rhjidkpf;f nray;ghl;L Ntfj;jpy;> gpujkH Nkhb mtHfshy; 4

ek;Kilaijg; Nghd;w ngUikkpF ehl;bd; xU gpujkH vd;gtH> ek; ehl;bd;

ek; khz;GkpF gpujkH mtHfs; nrhd;d xU fUj;J vd;id cj;Ntfk; ngwr;

ek; ehl;bw;F xU NeHikahd gpujkH fpilj;jjhy; ,e;jpah Kidg;Gld;

khz;GkpF Nkhb mtHfs; ,e;jpa gpujkuhf Mtjw;F Kd;G> 13 Mz;Lfhyk;

2014 Nk khjj;jpypUe;J gpujkH Nkhb mtHfs; ngUikkpf;f ek; ehl;bd;

ngUikkpF ,e;jpah> xt;nthU ,e;jpaidAk; ngUkpjg;gl itj;j gpujkH...

ngz;fis mjpfhuk; / Mw;wy; ngwr;nra;tjw;fhf ngz;fs; eyj;jpl;lq;fs; gy

xU rpy Kf;fpa eyj;jpl;lq;fs; fPNo gl;bayplg;gl;Ls;sd:

fu;g;gpzp ngz;fSf;F jukhd cly;ey ftdpg;G toq;fg;gLkhdhy; ,e;j

fu;g;gk; jupj;j ngz;fSf;F epakpf;fg;gl;l muR Rfhjhu ikaq;fspy; xU

zz a;tf gupNrhjidfs;: `PNkhFNshgpd;> rpWePu; my;Gkpd; kw;Wk; ru;f;fiu

,e;j jpl;lj;jpy; Nru;tJ vg;gb?

Cl;lr;rj;Jf;FiwT ,e;jpahtpy; ngUk;ghd;ikahd ngz;fis njhlu;e;J

“J}a;ik ,e;jpah” vd;gJ kfhj;kh fhe;jpapd; njhiyNehf;F ,yl;rpakhFk;.

,e;j jpl;lj;jpy; NrUtJ vg;gb?

kf;fs; mtu;fSila tho;thjhuj;jpw;F mjpfhuk; ngwr; nra;tjw;F

2. fpN~hu;: &.50>0000f;F Nkw;gl;l kw;Wk; &.5 yl;rk; tiuapyhd

3. jUz;: &. 5 yl;rj;jpw;F Nkw;gl;l kw;Wk; 10 yl;rk; tiuapyhd

zz tUkhdk; ngUf;Fk; ve;j tifapyhd tzpfj;njhopy;fSf;Fk; Kj;uh

gadile;jtu;fspy; 70 rjtpfpjk; Ngu; ngz;fs; (9.5 Nfhb ngz;fs;)

,e;j vupnghUs;fis vupg;gjpypUe;J tUk; Gif mghafukhd fhw;W khRit

J}a;ikaw;w vupnghUspypUe;J ngz;fshy; cl;Rthrpf;fg;gLk; Gif xU kzp

ngz;fs; mjpfhuk; ngwr;nra;tij Fwpg;ghf> Cuf ,e;jpahtpy;> cWjpnra;Ak;

,e;j jpl;lj;jpy; Nru;tJ vg;gb?

jpl;lkplg;gl;ljw;F 8 khjq;fSf;F Kd;Ng 5 Nfhb tpdpNahfpg;G ,yf;if

efu;g;Gw efuq;fspy; kw;Wk; Cuf fpuhkq;fspy; trpf;Fk; Vio kf;fSf;F

nrhe;j tPL vd;gJ Vio kf;fspd; tho;thjhuj;ij Nkk;gLj;Jk;É Vio kf;fspd;

(ii) eype;j gpuptpdUf;fhf Fiwe;j tpiyapy; tPl;L trjp jpl;lq;fis

(iii) nghJ kw;Wk; jdpahu; JiwfSld; $l;Ltfpg;gpy; Fiwe;j tpiyapy;

(iv) gadhspfSf;F jdptPL fl;Lkhdj;jpw;F khdpak; toq;Fjy;.

LIG – 3 yl;rk; Kjy; 6 yl;rk; tiu Mz;L tUkhdk;

MIG I – 6 yl;rk; Kjy; 12 yl;rk; tiu Mz;L tUkhdk;

MIG II – 9 yl;rk; Kjy; 18 yl;rk; tiu Mz;L tUkhdk;

zz 6.5 rjtpfpj tl;bapy; 6 yl;rk; tiu tq;fpf;fld;fs;

Av];V-Tf;F mLj;jgbahf ,e;jpahTf;F ,uz;lhtJ kpfg;ngupa mstpy;

Vio tptrhapfspd; tho;thjhuj;ij Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;F Ntshz;ikapy;

tptrhapfspd; tUkhdk; 2022k; Mz;L Kbtpy; ,ul;bg;ghtjw;Fupa ghijia

ePyg;Gul;rpAk; kw;Wk; ghy; cw;gj;jpAk; tptrhapfspd; tUkhdj;ij

tptrhapfs;> tho;thjhuj;ij Nkk;gLj;Jjy; kw;Wk; mtHfSila gapH

tptrhapfis GJikahd kw;Wk; etPd Ntshz; eilKiwfis gpd;gw;WkhW

,e;j jpl;lj;jpy; NrUtJ vg;gb?

Fiwe;j nrytpy; caH tpisr;riy tptrhapfs; ngwr; nra;tjw;F> kz;

,e;j jpl;lk;> tptrha epyq;fSf;F nrhl;LePH ghrdtrjp toq;FfpwJ kw;Wk;

gpujhd czT jhdpaq;fs;> fha;fwpfs; kw;Wk; goq;fs; cs;spl;l 90

,e;j jpl;lj;jpy; NrUtJ vg;gb?

2.2 kpy;ypad; rJu fpNyhkPl;lu; nfhz;l gpuj;Naf nghUshjhu kz;lyj;Jld;

kPdtu;fspd; tUkhdj;ij ,ul;bg;ghf;FtJ kw;Wk; ,e;jpahtpw;F czT kw;Wk;

Ra Ntiytha;g;Gfis cUthf;Fjy;> jpwd;fs; %yk; mjpfhuk; ngwr;nra;jy;

cyfpd; tajhd kf;fs; njhif nfhz;l tsu;e;j ehLfSf;F njhopw;jpwd;kpf;f

jw;NghJs;s njhopyhsu;fspd; cw;gj;jpj;jpwid mjpfupf;fr; nra;aNtz;Lk;.

ek; kf;fs;njhifapy; 65% NgH ,isQHfs;. mtHfs; NtiyNjLtjw;F gjpy;>

2k; Mz;L 70,000

3k; Mz;L 75,000

4k; Mz;L 80,000

5k; Mz;L 80,000

zz ,J jtpu> xt;nthU Ma;T khztUk; (/ngy;Nyh) Xuhz;bw;F &.2 yl;rk;