Z Bus Building Algorithm

Lectures on Power System Analysis
Lecture No. 07
Load Flow Analysis-I
9/16/2018 WK: 03 Lect 07 --- Load Flow Analysis –I : By Dr. T. N. Malik Slide No. 1
Agenda
➢ Power Flow Analysis: Importance & definition
➢ Types of Busbars
➢ Power Flow(PF) Mathematical Formulation
❑ PF equations in Rectangular form.
❑ PF equations in Polar form.
➢ Power Flow Data
➢ Power Flow Solution.
Power Flow Studies (PFS)
➢ PFS also known as Load Flow studies are back bone for Power
System Analysis and Design. These are
❑ necessary for power system planning, operation, scheduling, and
exchange of power between utilities.
❑ are required for analyses such as transient stability and contingency
studies.
❑ Assumption: balanced condition and single phase analysis
➢ LFA is steady state analysis of power system. It is basically the
solution of nonlinear algebraic equations.
❑ determine the voltage magnitude and phase angle at each bus.
❑ determine the active and reactive power flow in each line.
➢ Each bus has four state variables:
❑ Voltage magnitude (V)
❑ Voltage phase angle (
❑ Real power injection (P)
❑ Reactive power injection (Q)
❑ Each bus has two of the four state variables defined or given
➢ Types of buses:
❑ Slack bus (swing bus)
❑ voltage magnitude and angle are specified, reference bus
❑ solution: active and reactive power injections
➢ Regulated bus (generator bus, P-V bus)
❑ models generation-station buses
❑ real power and voltage magnitude are specified
❑ solution: reactive power injection and voltage angle
➢ Load bus (P-Q bus)
❑ models load-center buses
❑ active and reactive powers are specified (negative values for loads)
❑ solution: voltage magnitude and angle
Load Flow Variables
Bus Type Specified variables Unknown variables

Generation 𝑃& 𝑉 𝑄&𝛿
Bus 𝑄𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖 ≤ 𝑄 ≤ 𝑄𝑚𝑎𝑥
Load Bus 𝑃&𝑄 𝑉 &𝛿
Slack Bus 𝑉 =1 & 𝛿 = 0 𝑃&𝑄
03-Bus System : Power Flow Diagram
Power Flow Problem
➢
A Typical Bus i of Power System
KCL at Bus i
• 𝑰𝒊 = 𝒚𝒊𝟎 𝑽𝒊 + 𝒚𝒊𝟏 (𝑽𝒊 - 𝑽𝟏 ) + 𝒚𝒊𝟐 (𝑽𝒊 - 𝑽𝟐 ) + ….+ 𝒚𝒊𝒏 (𝑽𝒊 - 𝑽𝒏 )
• 𝑰𝒊 = (𝒚𝒊𝟎 +𝒚𝒊𝟏 + 𝒚𝒊𝟐 + . . . +𝒚𝒊𝒏 )𝑽𝒊 − 𝒚𝒊𝟏 𝑽𝟏 − 𝒚𝒊𝟐 𝑽𝟐 − ….
−𝒚𝒊𝒏 𝑽𝒏
• 𝑰𝒊 = 𝑽𝒊 σ𝒏𝒋=𝟎 𝒚𝒊𝒋 − σ𝒏𝒋=𝟏 𝒚𝒊𝒋 𝑽𝒋 𝒋≠𝒊
• Impedances are converted to admittances

𝟏 𝟏
• 𝒚𝒊𝒋 = =
𝒛𝒊𝒋 𝒓𝒊𝒋 +𝒙𝒊𝒋
• 𝑰𝒊 = σ𝒏𝒋=𝟏 𝒀𝒊𝒋 𝑽𝒋
Power Flow Equations
➢ From (6.24), the mathematical formulation of the power flow
problem results in system of nonlinear algebraic equations which
must be solved by iterative techniques.
➢ In Power Flow study it is necessary to solve the set of nonlinear

equations represented by (6.27) for unknown variables at each
node.
➢ Separating Real & Imaginary parts in (6.27), we have,
➢ Where 𝒀𝒊𝒊 = σ 𝒚𝒊𝒋 and 𝒀𝒊𝒋 = −𝒚𝒊𝒋

➢ These are Load Flow Equations in Rectangular Form.
➢ Current I injected at Bus I is given by
(6.48)
➢ Expressing this equation in Polar Form, we have
((6.49)
➢ The complex power at Bus i is given by
(6.50)
➢ Substituting from (6.49) for Ii in (6.50), we get
(6.51)
➢ Separating real and imaginary parts, we have
➢ Equations (6.52) and (6.53) constitute non linear algebraic

equation in terms independent variables, voltage in pu and phase
angles in radians.
➢ We have
❑ two equations (6.52) & (6.53) for each load bus
❑ One equation (6.52) for each voltage controlled bus.
❑ Since both components of voltage i.e., 𝑉 =1 & 𝛿 = 0 are specified,

therefore 2(n-1) equations must be solved by iterative method.
Load Flow Data --- Busbar data
➢ basemva = 100; accuracy = 0.001; maxiter = 10;
➢
➢ % IEEE 30-BUS TEST SYSTEM (American Electric Power)
➢ % Bus Bus Voltage Angle ---Load---- -------Generator-----
Injected
➢ % No code Mag. Degree MW Mvar MW Mvar Qmin Qmax
Mvar
➢ busdata=[1 1 1.06 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0
➢ 2 2 1.043 0.0 21.70 12.7 40.0 0.0 -40 50 0
➢ 3 0 1.0 0.0 2.4 1.2 0.0 0.0 0 0 0
➢ 4 0 1.06 0.0 7.6 1.6 0.0 0.0 0 0 0
➢ 5 2 1.01 0.0 94.2 19.0 0.0 0.0 -40 40 0
➢ 6 0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0
➢ 7 0 1.0 0.0 22.8 10.9 0.0 0.0 0 0 0
➢ 8 2 1.01 0.0 30.0 30.0 0.0 0.0 -10 60 0
➢ 9 0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0
Load Flow Data --- Line data
% Bus bus R X 1/2 B
% nl nr p.u. p.u. p.u. Tap setting
linedata=[1 2 0.0192 0.0575 0.02640 1
1 3 0.0452 0.1852 0.02040 1
2 4 0.0570 0.1737 0.01840 1
3 4 0.0132 0.0379 0.00420 1
2 5 0.0472 0.1983 0.02090 1
2 6 0.0581 0.1763 0.01870 1
4 6 0.0119 0.0414 0.00450 1
5 7 0.0460 0.1160 0.01020 1
6 7 0.0267 0.0820 0.00850 1
6 8 0.0120 0.0420 0.00450 1
6 9 0.0 0.2080 0.0 0.978
6 10 0 .5560 0 0.969
9 11 0 .2080 0 1
Line code = 1 for lines. > 1 or < 1 tr. tap at bus nl
Power Flow Solution
➢ Iterative methods are used for Load Flow solution. These may be
classified as :
❑ Gauss Seidel Power Flow Solution
❑ Newton Raphson Power Flow Solution
❑ Fast Decoupled Power Flow Solution
Thank you.

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Lectures on Power System Analysis

Bus Type Specified variables Unknown variables

• Impedances are converted to admittances

➢ In Power Flow study it is necessary to solve the set of nonlinear

➢ Where 𝒀𝒊𝒊 = σ 𝒚𝒊𝒋 and 𝒀𝒊𝒋 = −𝒚𝒊𝒋

➢ Expressing this equation in Polar Form, we have

➢ Substituting from (6.49) for Ii in (6.50), we get

➢ Equations (6.52) and (6.53) constitute non linear algebraic

❑ One equation (6.52) for each voltage controlled bus.

❑ Since both components of voltage i.e., 𝑉 =1 & 𝛿 = 0 are specified,

❑ Newton Raphson Power Flow Solution

❑ Fast Decoupled Power Flow Solution

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