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 ‫ﺣﺴﺎب دﯾﻔﺮاﻧﺴﯿﻞ و اﻧﺘﮕﺮال ‪١‬‬
‫ﭘﯿﻮﺳﺖ ‪١‬‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻟﻔﯿﻦ ‪ :‬دﮐﺘﺮ ﺣﻤﯿﺪ ﺗﻮﻻﺋﯽ و ﺣﻤﯿﺪ ﻣﺤﻤﺪزاده‬

‫ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ ﺍﻭﻝ‬

‫ﺍﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﺯﻣﺎﻥﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ }‪ N = {1,2,3,..., n,...‬ﻳﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺻﻄﻼﺡ ﺍﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﺷﻲ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﺌﻮﺍﻝ ﻣﻄﺮﺡ ﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻫﺮ ‪ m, n ∈ N‬ﺁﻳﺎ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ )‪ m + x = n (1‬ﺩﺭ ‪ N‬ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ‬
‫ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ﺍﺳﺖ؟ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺯﻳﺮﺍ ﻋﺪﺩﻱ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ‪ x‬ﺩﺭ ‪ N‬ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ‬
‫‪ 10 + x = 5‬ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻓﻜﺮ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺍﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻓﺘﺎﺩﻧﺪ ﻭ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﺍﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ‬
‫}‪ Z = {0,±1,±2 ,...,± n,...‬ﺭﺍ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﺑﺪﻳﻬﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻫﺮ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ‬
‫)‪ (1‬ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺳﭙﺲ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﻮﺍﻝ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺁﻳﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻫﺮ ‪ m, n ∈ Z‬ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ )‪(2‬‬
‫‪ mx = n‬ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ﺍﺳﺖ؟ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻨﺠﺎ ﻫﻢ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺯﻳﺮﺍ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ‪ (− 4) x = 17‬ﺩﺭ ‪ Z‬ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ‬
‫ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪ .‬ﭘﺲ ‪ Z‬ﺭﺍ ﻫﻢ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺩﺍﺩﻧﺪ ﻭ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﺍﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﻣﻨﻄﻖ )ﮔﻮﻳﺎﻱ(‬
‫‪m‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪Q =  m, n∈ Z , n ≠ 0‬‬
‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﺭﺍ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﹰ )‪ (2‬ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﺻﻮﻻﹰ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺩﻳﺪ‪Q ،‬‬
‫ﻳﻚ ﻣﻴﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺟﻤﻊ‪ ،‬ﺗﻔﺮﻳﻖ‪ ،‬ﺿﺮﺏ ﻭ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ )ﺑﺮ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺻﻔﺮ( ﺭﺍ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺩﺍﺩ ﻭ‬
‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺑﺎﺯ ﻫﻢ ﻋﻀﻮﻱ ﺍﺯ ‪ Q‬ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺗﺎ ﻣﺪﺕﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺪﻳﺪ ﺗﺼﻮﺭ ﺑﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﻛﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﻣﻨﻄﻖ‬
‫ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻛﻨﻮﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭ ﻫﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﻱ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺜﻠﺚ ﻗﺎﺋﻢﺍﻟﺰﺍﻭﻳﻪ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺷﻜﻞ‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪١‬‬
‫‪ . AB = AC = 1‬ﻣﻲﺩﺍﻧﻴﻢ ﻛﻪ ‪ AB + AC = BC‬ﻭ ﻟﺬﺍ ‪ . BC = 2‬ﭘﺲ ﻗﻄﻌﻪ ﺧﻄﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ ﻛﻪ‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫ﻣﺮﺑﻊ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺁﻥ ‪ 2‬ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﻣﺎ ﻃﻮﻝ ‪ BC‬ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ‪ 2‬ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﺩﮔﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﻪ‬

‫‪١‬‬

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 ‫ﺣﺴﺎب دﯾﻔﺮاﻧﺴﯿﻞ و اﻧﺘﮕﺮال ‪١‬‬
‫ﭘﯿﻮﺳﺖ ‪١‬‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻟﻔﯿﻦ ‪ :‬دﮐﺘﺮ ﺣﻤﯿﺪ ﺗﻮﻻﺋﯽ و ﺣﻤﯿﺪ ﻣﺤﻤﺪزاده‬

‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺎﺗﻲ ﺍﻋﺪﺍﺩ‪ ،‬ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩ ﻛﻪ ‪ 2‬ﻧﻤﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﻋﺪﺩﻱ ﻣﻨﻄﻖ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻋﺪﺍﺩﻱ ﺭﺍ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻨﻄﻖ ﻧﺒﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺍﺻﻢ )ﮔﻨﮓ( ﻣﻲﻧﺎﻣﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺣﺎﻝ‬
‫} ﺍﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﺻﻢ{ ‪R = Q ‬‬
‫ﺭﺍ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﺍﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻣﻲﻧﺎﻣﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺍﻋﻈﻢ ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺩﻭﻡ ‪ x2 + 1 = 0‬ﻳﺎ ﺑﻄﻮﺭ ﻛﻠﻲ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺩﻭﻡ ‪ ax2 + bx + c = 0‬ﺑﺎ ﺷﺮﻁ‬
‫‪ ∆ = b 2 − 4ac < 0‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﺍﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ ‪ R‬ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ﻧﻴﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺤﺚ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﻣﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺖ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻨﺠﺎ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻧﺒﺎﻝ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻦ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﻫﺴﺘﻴﻢ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺗﻲ ﻧﻈﻴﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺑﺎﻻ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ‪ C‬ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﻳﻢ‪:‬‬
‫{‬
‫‪C = (a ,b ) a ,b ∈ R .‬‬ ‫}‬
‫ﺑﺮ ‪ C‬ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺟﻤﻊ ﻭ ﺿﺮﺏ ﺭﺍ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻴﻢ‪:‬‬
‫)‪ . (1‬ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ‪ :‬ﺑﻪ ﺍﺯﺍﻱ ﻫﺮ ‪(a , b ), (c, d ) ∈ C‬‬
‫‪(a , b )= (c, d ) ⇔ a = c , b = d .‬‬
‫)‪ . (2‬ﺟﻤﻊ‪ :‬ﺑﻪ ﺍﺯﺍﻱ ﻫﺮ ‪(a , b), (c, d )∈ C‬‬
‫‪(a , b )+ (c, d )= (a + c, b + d ).‬‬
‫)‪ . (3‬ﺿﺮﺏ‪ :‬ﺑﻪ ﺍﺯﺍﻱ ﻫﺮ ‪ (c, d )∈ C‬ﻭ ) ‪(a, b‬‬
‫‪(a , b )(c, d ) = (ac − bd , ad + bc ).‬‬
‫ﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ‪ C‬ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺟﻤﻊ ﻭ ﺿﺮﺏ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ )ﻳﻌﻨﻲ‪ ،‬ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺑﺮ‬
‫ﻫﺮ ﺩﻭ ﻋﻀﻮ ‪ C‬ﻣﺠﺪﺩﺍﹰ ﻋﻀﻮﻱ ﺍﺯ ‪ C‬ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ(‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺟﻤﻊ ﻭ ﺿﺮﺏ ﺩﺭ ‪ C‬ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪:‬‬
‫ﻓﺮﺽ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ ) ‪ (e, f ), (c, d ), (a , b‬ﻋﻀﻮﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻟﺨﻮﺍﻫﻲ ﺍﺯ ‪ C‬ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‪:‬‬
‫)‪ ، [(a , b ) + (c, d )] + (e, f ) = (a , b ) + [(c, d ) + (e, f )] . (1‬ﺷﺮﻛﺘﭙﺬﻳﺮﻱ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺟﻤﻊ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ (0,0), (a , b ) + (0,0) = (a , b ) . (2‬ﺭﺍ ﻋﻀﻮ ﺻﻔﺮ ﻳﺎ ﻋﻀﻮ ﺧﻨﺜﻲ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺟﻤﻊ ﻣﻲﻧﺎﻣﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ (− a ,−b ), (a , b ) + (− a ,−b ) = (0,0) . (3‬ﺭﺍ ﻗﺮﻳﻨﻪ ) ‪ (a, b‬ﻳﺎ ﻭﺍﺭﻭﻥ ﺁﻥ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺟﻤﻊ‬
‫ﻣﻲﻧﺎﻣﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ ، (a , b ) + (c, d ) = (c, d ) + (a , b ) . (4‬ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺟﻤﻊ ﺗﻌﻮﻳﻀﭙﺬﻳﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ ، [(a , b )(c, d )](e, f ) = (a , b )[(c, d )(e, f )] . (5‬ﺷﺮﻛﺘﭙﺬﻳﺮﻱ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺿﺮﺏ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ ، (a , b ) (c, d ) = (c, d )(a , b ) . (6‬ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺿﺮﺏ ﺗﻌﻮﻳﻀﭙﺬﻳﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ (1,0), (a , b )(1,0) = (a , b ) . (7‬ﻋﻀﻮ ﻳﻚ ﻳﺎ ﻋﻀﻮ ﺧﻨﺜﻲ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺿﺮﺏ ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ . (8‬ﺍﮔﺮ )‪ ، (a , b ) ≠ (0,0‬ﺁﻧﮕﺎﻩ ﻋﻀﻮﻱ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ‪ (x, y)∈ C‬ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭﻱ ﻛﻪ‬
‫‪(a , b )(x, y)= (1,0) .‬‬

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 ‫ﺣﺴﺎب دﯾﻔﺮاﻧﺴﯿﻞ و اﻧﺘﮕﺮال ‪١‬‬
‫ﭘﯿﻮﺳﺖ ‪١‬‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻟﻔﯿﻦ ‪ :‬دﮐﺘﺮ ﺣﻤﯿﺪ ﺗﻮﻻﺋﯽ و ﺣﻤﯿﺪ ﻣﺤﻤﺪزاده‬

‫)‪ (x, y‬ﺭﺍ ﻭﺍﺭﻭﻥ ) ‪ (a, b‬ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺿﺮﺏ ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ‪ (a , b )−1‬ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ ، (a , b )[(c, d ) + (e, f )]= (a , b )(c, d ) + (a , b )(e, f ) . (9‬ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻌﭙﺬﻳﺮﻱ ﺿﺮﺏ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺟﻤﻊ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﻛﻠﻴﻪ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺑﺎﻻ ﺁﺳﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪ (8‬ﺭﺍ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ‬
‫)‪(a , b)(x, y) = (1,0) ⇔ (ax − by , ay + bx) = (1,0‬‬
‫‪⇔ ax − by = 1, ay + bx = 0 .‬‬
‫‪− bx‬‬
‫= ‪ y‬ﻭ ‪ . ax − b  −  = 1‬ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﻳﻢ ﻛﻪ‬
‫‪bx‬‬
‫ﻓﺮﺽ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ ‪ ، a ≠ 0‬ﭘﺲ‬
‫‪ a ‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬
‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪−b‬‬
‫‪x= 2‬‬ ‫‪,y= 2‬‬
‫‪a +b‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪a + b2‬‬
‫‪ a‬‬ ‫‪−b ‬‬
‫‪ ،‬ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ‪. (a , b )−1 =  2 2 , 2 2 ‬‬
‫‪ a +b a +b ‬‬
‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ‪ C‬ﺑﺎ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺟﻤﻊ ﻭ ﺿﺮﺏ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ )‪ (9) - (1‬ﻳﻚ ﻣﻴﺪﺍﻥ ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ‪ C‬ﺭﺍ ﻣﻴﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ ﻣﻲﻧﺎﻣﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻛﻨﻮﻥ ﻓﺮﺽ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ }‪ ، A = {(a ,0) a ∈ R‬ﭘﺲ‬
‫‪ . A ⊂ C‬ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ‪ φ : R → A‬ﺑﺎﺿﺎﺑﻄﺔ )‪ φ (a ) = (a ,0‬ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﻳﻢ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﺩﮔﻲ ﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ‬
‫‪ φ‬ﺗﺎﺑﻌﻲ ﻳﻚ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻭ ﭘﻮﺷﺎﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﻼﻭﻩ‬
‫) ‪φ (a + b ) = φ (a )+ φ (b‬‬
‫‪φ (a .b )= φ (a ).φ (b ) .‬‬
‫ﻟﺬﺍ ﺗﻨﺎﻇﺮﻱ ‪ ١-١‬ﺑﻴﻦ ‪ A, R‬ﺑﺮﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ‪ . R ≅ A‬ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﺧﺎﻃﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻋﻀﺎﻱ ‪ A‬ﻭ ‪ R‬ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﻳﻜﺴﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﻳﻢ‪ . a ↔ (a ,1) ،‬ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﻨﺎﻇﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ‪ R‬ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪﺍﻱ ﺍﺯ ‪ C‬ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﻣﻲﺁﻭﺭﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻫﺮ ﺩﻭﻱ ‪ A‬ﻭ ‪ R‬ﺩﺭ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ )‪ (9) - (1‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻴﺪﺍﻥ ﺻﺪﻕ‬
‫ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻋﻀﻮ ‪ i = (0,1) ∈ C‬ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ‬
‫‪i 2 = (0,1)(0,1) = (− 1,0 ) .‬‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻧﭽﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﻻ ﮔﻔﺘﻴﻢ ﺍﺯ ﻋﻼﻣﺖ ‪ i = (− 1,0) = − 1‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻴﻢ ﺍﻣﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺩﻗﺖ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ ﻛﻪ ‪ − 1‬ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻱ ﺭﺍﻳﺞ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻛﻨﻮﻥ ﻓﺮﺽ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ ‪ . (a , b ) ∈ C‬ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻧﻮﺷﺖ‬
‫)‪(a , b) = (a ,0) + (0, b ) = (a ,0) + (0,1)(b,0‬‬
‫‪= a + ib‬‬
‫)ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ‪( R ≅ A‬‬
‫ﻭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺣﺎﻻ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺁﻥ ﺳﺮ ﻭ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﺒﺼﺮﻩ‪ :‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ‪ x2 + 1 = 0‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﺿﺮﺍﻳﺐ ﻋﻀﻮ ‪ C‬ﻓﺮﺽ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ‬

‫) ‪x2 + (1,0 ) = (0,0‬‬

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 ‫ﺣﺴﺎب دﯾﻔﺮاﻧﺴﯿﻞ و اﻧﺘﮕﺮال ‪١‬‬
‫ﭘﯿﻮﺳﺖ ‪١‬‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻟﻔﯿﻦ ‪ :‬دﮐﺘﺮ ﺣﻤﯿﺪ ﺗﻮﻻﺋﯽ و ﺣﻤﯿﺪ ﻣﺤﻤﺪزاده‬

‫ﻭ ﺑﺪﻳﻬﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ )‪ ، i 2 + (1,0) = (− 1,0) + (1,0) = (0,0‬ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ‪ x2 + 1 = 0‬ﺩﺭ ‪ C‬ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺟﻮﺍﺏ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﺮﺽ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ ‪ z = a + ib‬ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ ﺩﻟﺨﻮﺍﻫﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ i .‬ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻮﻫﻮﻣﻲ ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺑﺎ‬
‫‪ i = −1‬ﻳﺎ ‪i 2 = −1‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪ a .‬ﺭﺍ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻭ ‪ b‬ﺭﺍ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻣﻮﻫﻮﻣﻲ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ ‪ z‬ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪﻩ ﻭ‬
‫ﻣﻲﻧﻮﻳﺴﻴﻢ‬
‫‪ b = Im z .‬ﻭ ‪a = Re z‬‬
‫ﺍﮔﺮ ‪ ، a = 0‬ﺁﻧﮕﺎﻩ ﻋﺪﺩ ‪ 0 + ib = ib‬ﻳﻚ ﻣﻮﻫﻮﻣﻲ ﻣﺤﺾ ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺍﮔﺮ ‪ b = 0‬ﺁﻧﮕﺎﻩ ﻋﺪﺩ‬
‫ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ ‪ a + i 0 = a‬ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﮔﺮ ‪ z2 = x2 + iy2 , z1 = x1 + iy1‬ﺩﻭ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺁﻧﮕﺎﻩ‬
‫)‪z1 = z2 ⇔ x1 = x2 , y1 = y2 . (1‬‬
‫)‪z1 + z2 = ( x1 + x2 ) + i ( y1 + y2 ) . (2‬‬
‫)‪z1.z2 = (x1 x2 − y1 y2 ) + i (x1 y2 + x2 y1 ) . (3‬‬

‫)‪ (1‬ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺿﺮﺏ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ ﺭﺍ ﻓﺮﺍﻣﻮﺵ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﻴﻢ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺗﺒﺼﺮﻩ‪:‬‬
‫ﺿﺮﺏ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻟﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ‬
‫‪z1.z2 = (x1 + iy1 )( x2 + iy2 ) = x1 x2 + ix1 y2 + iy1 x2 + i 2 y1 y2 .‬‬
‫ﺍﻛﻨﻮﻥ ‪ i 2 = −1‬ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻭ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺳﺘﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﻣﻲﺁﻭﺭﻳﻢ‬
‫) ‪z1 .z2 = (x1 x2 − y1 y2 ) + i (x1 y2 + y1 x2‬‬
‫)‪ (2‬ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ ‪ . i 4 = −i 2 = 1 , i 3 = −i , i 2 = −1‬ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﻛﻠﻲ‬
‫) ‪i 4 k = 1 , i 4 k +1 = i , i 4 k + 2 = −1, i 4 k + 3 = −i . (k ∈ N‬‬
‫)‪ (3‬ﻫﻴﭻ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻄﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻧﻤﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻢ ﺑﺮ ‪ ( 0, 0 ) = 0 + i 0‬ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﺍﮔﺮ ‪ ، a + ib ≠ 0‬ﺁﻧﮕﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪:‬‬
‫) ‪c + id (c + id )(a − ib ) (ac + bd ) + i (ad − bc‬‬
‫=‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪.‬‬
‫) ‪a + ib (a + ib )(a − ib‬‬ ‫‪a 2 + b2‬‬
‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ ‪ x + iy‬ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ‬
‫‪ac + bd‬‬ ‫‪ad − bc‬‬
‫=‪x‬‬ ‫‪,y= 2‬‬
‫‪a +b‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪a + b2‬‬
‫ﻭ ‪ a 2 + b 2 ≠ 0‬ﺑﻪ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺁﻧﻜﻪ )‪. a + ib = (a , b ) ≠ (0,0‬‬
‫)‪ (4‬ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ ‪ z‬ﻣﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺑﺎ ﺻﻔﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ؛ ‪ z = a + ib = 0‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﻭ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺍﮔﺮ ‪. b = 0 , a = 0‬‬

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 ‫ﺣﺴﺎب دﯾﻔﺮاﻧﺴﯿﻞ و اﻧﺘﮕﺮال ‪١‬‬
‫ﭘﯿﻮﺳﺖ ‪١‬‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻟﻔﯿﻦ ‪ :‬دﮐﺘﺮ ﺣﻤﯿﺪ ﺗﻮﻻﺋﯽ و ﺣﻤﯿﺪ ﻣﺤﻤﺪزاده‬

‫ﻫﺮ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ ‪ z = a + ib‬ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﻫﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﺍﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ‪:‬‬
‫‪ xy −‬ﺑﺎ ﻳﻚ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ) ‪ A(a , b‬ﺑﻪ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺎﺕ ‪ a‬ﻭ ‪ b‬ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﺩﺍﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺮ ﻋﻜﺲ‪ ،‬ﻫﺮ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ )‪ M (x, y‬ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﻭﺍﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ ‪ z = x + iy‬ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪﺍﻱ ﺭﺍ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺁﻥ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ ‪ z‬ﻳﺎ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‬
‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ ﻣﻲﻧﺎﻣﻨﺪ )ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺯﻳﺮ(‪.‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪٢‬‬
‫ﻧﻘﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ ﻛﻪ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ‪ X‬ﻫﺎ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻇﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ )‪ (b = 0‬ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ‪ Y‬ﻫﺎ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﺍﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﻣﻮﻫﻮﻣﻲ ﻣﺤﺾ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺯﻳﺮﺍ ‪ . a = 0‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ‪ Y‬ﻫﺎ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﻣﻮﻫﻮﻣﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ‪ X‬ﻫﺎ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﻭﺻﻞ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ) ‪ A(a , b‬ﺑﻪ‬
‫→‬ ‫→‬
‫ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭ ‪ OA‬ﺭﺍ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﻣﻲﺁﻭﺭﻳﻢ‪ .‬ﮔﺎﻫﻲ ﺍﻭﻗﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭ ‪ OA‬ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ‬
‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﻫﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ ‪ z = a + ib‬ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﮕﻴﺮﻳﻢ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﺮﺽ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ ) ‪ A(a , b‬ﻧﻘﻄﻪﺍﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ ﻗﻄﺒﻲ ﻳﻚ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ‪:‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ‪ A‬ﺑﻪ ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺎﺕ ﻭﺻﻞ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ‪) OA = r ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ‪ ( r ≥ 0‬ﻣﻲﻧﺎﻣﻴﻢ ﻭ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﻪﺍﻱ ﺭﺍ ﻛﻪ‬
‫‪ OA‬ﺑﺎ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ‪ X‬ﻫﺎ ﻣﻲﺳﺎﺯﺩ ﺑﺎ ‪ θ‬ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﺯﻭﺝ ) ‪ (r , θ‬ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺎﺕ ﻗﻄﺒﻲ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ‬
‫‪ ، A‬ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺎﺕ ﻗﻄﺐ ﻭ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ‪ X‬ﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﻗﻄﺒﻲ ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬
‫)ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ (٢‬ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻱ‬
‫‪a = r cos θ‬‬ ‫‪, b = r sin θ‬‬
‫ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ‬
‫)‪ z = r (cos θ + i sin θ ) (1‬ﻳﺎ ‪a + ib = r cos θ + i r sin θ‬‬

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 ‫ﺣﺴﺎب دﯾﻔﺮاﻧﺴﯿﻞ و اﻧﺘﮕﺮال ‪١‬‬
‫ﭘﯿﻮﺳﺖ ‪١‬‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻟﻔﯿﻦ ‪ :‬دﮐﺘﺮ ﺣﻤﯿﺪ ﺗﻮﻻﺋﯽ و ﺣﻤﯿﺪ ﻣﺤﻤﺪزاده‬

‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﺩﺍﺩ‪ .‬ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺭﺍﺳﺖ )‪ (1‬ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﻗﻄﺒﻲ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ ‪ z = a + ib‬ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ‪r‬‬
‫ﻣﺪﻭﻝ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ ‪ z‬ﻭ ﺑﻪ ‪ θ‬ﺁﺭﮔﻮﻣﺎﻥ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ ‪ z‬ﻣﻲﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬
‫‪ θ = arg z‬ﻭ‬
‫‪r =z‬‬
‫ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﻴﺖﻫﺎﻱ ‪ θ , r‬ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ ‪ b, a‬ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪:‬‬
‫‪b‬‬
‫‪ θ = arc tg‬ﻭ ‪r = a 2 + b 2‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬
‫‪a‬‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﺧﻼﺻﻪ‬
‫‪ z = a + ib = a 2 + b 2‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫)‪(2‬‬
‫‪arg z = arg (a + ib ) = arc tg .‬‬
‫‪b‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬
‫ﺁﺭﮔﻮﻣﺎﻥ ﻳﻚ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻫﺮﮔﺎﻩ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ‪ X‬ﻫﺎ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺧﻼﻑ‬
‫ﺟﻬﺖ ﻋﻘﺮﺑﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﺎﻋﺖ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻫﺮﮔﺎﻩ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ‬
‫ﻋﻘﺮﺑﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﺎﻋﺖ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺪﻳﻬﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺁﺭﮔﻮﻣﺎﻥ ‪ θ‬ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﻣﻨﺤﺼﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮﺩ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻧﻤﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ ﺑﻠﻜﻪ ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﺍﺣﺘﺴﺎﺏ ‪ ، 2kπ‬ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ‪ k‬ﻋﺪﺩ ﺻﺤﻴﺤﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﺮﺽ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ ‪ z = x + iy‬ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ ﺩﻟﺨﻮﺍﻫﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺰﺩﻭﺝ ‪ z‬ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ‪z = x − iy‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻫﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻇﺮ ﺑﻪ ‪ z‬ﺩﺭ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺎﺕ ﻗﺮﻳﻨﻪ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻇﺮ ﺑﻪ ‪z‬‬
‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ‪ X‬ﻫﺎﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻗﺪﺭ ﻣﻄﻠﻖ ‪ ، z‬ﻛﻪ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ‪ z‬ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬
‫‪ z = x + iy = x2 + y2‬ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺖ ﻣﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺑﺎ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻇﺮ ﺑﻪ ‪ z‬ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺎﺕ ﺗﺎ ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ ‪ zz = x2 + y2‬ﻳﺎ ‪. zz = z = z‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫ﺍﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ ) ‪ z2 = ρ 2 (cosθ 2 + sin θ 2 ), z1 = ρ1 (cosθ1 + i sin θ1‬ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﻗﻀﻴﻪ ‪: ١‬‬
‫ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﻳﻢ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬
‫) ) ‪. z 1 z 2 = ρ1 ρ 2 ( cos (θ1 + θ 2 ) + i sin (θ1 + θ 2‬‬ ‫) ‪(i‬‬
‫= ‪. z2−1‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫) ‪ (ii‬ﺍﮔﺮ ‪ z2 ≠ 0‬ﺁﻧﮕﺎﻩ ) ‪(cosθ 2 − i sin θ 2‬‬
‫‪z2 ρ 2‬‬
‫‪z1 ρ1‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫) ‪ (iii‬ﺍﮔﺮ ‪ z2 ≠ 0‬ﺁﻧﮕﺎﻩ )) ‪(cos (θ1 − θ 2 ) + i sin(θ1 − θ 2‬‬
‫‪z2 ρ 2‬‬

‫) ‪ (i‬ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﺛﺒﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫) ‪z1 z2 = ρ1 ρ 2 (cosθ1 + i sin θ1 ) (cosθ 2 + i sin θ 2‬‬

‫‪٦‬‬

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 ‫ﺣﺴﺎب دﯾﻔﺮاﻧﺴﯿﻞ و اﻧﺘﮕﺮال ‪١‬‬
‫ﭘﯿﻮﺳﺖ ‪١‬‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻟﻔﯿﻦ ‪ :‬دﮐﺘﺮ ﺣﻤﯿﺪ ﺗﻮﻻﺋﯽ و ﺣﻤﯿﺪ ﻣﺤﻤﺪزاده‬

‫] ‪= ρ1 ρ 2 [cos θ1 cos θ 2 + i cos θ1 sin θ 2 + i sin θ1 cos θ 2 + i 2 sin θ1 sin θ 2‬‬

‫‪= ρ1 ρ 2 ( cos θ1 cos θ 2 − sin θ1 sin θ 2 ) + i ( sin θ1 cosθ 2 + cosθ1 sin θ 2 ) ‬‬
‫‪= ρ1 ρ 2 ( cos (θ1 + θ 2 ) + i sin (θ1 + θ 2 ) ) ,‬‬
‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺁﻥ ﻛﻪ ﺩﻭ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻢ ﺿﺮﺏ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ ﻛﺎﻓﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻣﺪﻭﻝﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻢ ﺿﺮﺏ‬
‫ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺁﺭﮔﻮﻣﺎﻥﻫﺎﻳﺸﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﻫﻢ ﺟﻤﻊ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪٣‬‬
‫) ‪ (ii‬ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫= ‪z2−1‬‬ ‫=‬
‫) ‪z2 ρ 2 (cos θ 2 + i sin θ 2‬‬
‫‪cos θ 2 − i sin θ 2‬‬
‫=‬
‫) ‪ρ 2 ( cos2 θ 2 + sin 2 θ 2‬‬

‫‪( cos θ 2 − i sin θ 2 ) = ( cos ( −θ 2 ) + i sin ( −θ 2 ) ) ,‬‬

‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪ρ2‬‬ ‫‪ρ2‬‬
‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺁﻥ ﻛﻪ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺻﻔﺮﻱ ﺭﺍ ﻭﺍﺭﻭﻥ ﻧﻤﺎﺋﻴﻢ ﻛﺎﻓﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻣﺪﻭﻝ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﻭﺍﺭﻭﻥ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﻭ‬
‫ﺁﺭﮔﻮﻣﺎﻧﺶ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ‪.‬‬
‫) ‪ (iii‬ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ‬
‫)) ‪= z1 . = ρ1 (cos θ1 + i sin θ1 ). (cos (− θ 2 ) + i sin (− θ 2‬‬
‫‪z1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪z2‬‬ ‫‪z2‬‬ ‫‪ρ2‬‬
‫‪ρ‬‬
‫‪= 1 (cos (θ1 − θ 2 ) + i sin (θ1 − θ 2 )),‬‬
‫‪ρ2‬‬
‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺁﻥ ﻛﻪ ﺩﻭ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮ ﻫﻢ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﻢ ﻛﺎﻓﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻣﺪﻭﻝﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮ ﻫﻢ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ‬
‫ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺁﺭﮔﻮﻣﺎﻧﻬﺎﻳﺸﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﻫﻢ ﻛﻢ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﺍ ﭘﻴﺪﺍ‬
‫‪z1‬‬
‫‪z2‬‬
‫ﻓﺮﺽ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ ‪ . z2 = 3 − i , z1 = 1 + i‬ﺣﺎﺻﻠﻀﺮﺏ ‪ z1 z2‬ﻭ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ‪:١‬‬
‫ﻛﻨﻴﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪٧‬‬

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 ‫ﺣﺴﺎب دﯾﻔﺮاﻧﺴﯿﻞ و اﻧﺘﮕﺮال ‪١‬‬
‫ﭘﯿﻮﺳﺖ ‪١‬‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻟﻔﯿﻦ ‪ :‬دﮐﺘﺮ ﺣﻤﯿﺪ ﺗﻮﻻﺋﯽ و ﺣﻤﯿﺪ ﻣﺤﻤﺪزاده‬

‫ﺣﻞ‪ .‬ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍ ‪ z2 , z1‬ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻗﻄﺒﻲ ﻣﻲﻧﻮﻳﺴﻴﻢ‪:‬‬

‫‪z1 = 1 + i‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪ρ1 = 12 + 12 = 2‬‬
‫‪y 1‬‬
‫= ‪tg θ1‬‬ ‫‪= =1‬‬
‫‪x 1‬‬
‫ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻇﺮ ﺑﻪ ‪ z1‬ﺩﺭ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﺍﻭﻝ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﭘﺲ‬
‫‪π‬‬ ‫‪π‬‬ ‫‪π‬‬
‫= ‪ θ1‬ﻭ ﻟﺬﺍ ‪. z1 = 2  cos + i sin ‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬
‫‪z2 = 3 − i‬‬ ‫‪ρ 2 = 3 + (− 1) = 2‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪:‬‬
‫‪y −1 − 3‬‬
‫=‬ ‫= ‪tg θ 2‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻇﺮ ﺑﻪ ‪ z2‬ﺩﺭ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻡ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﭘﺲ‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪π‬‬ ‫‪π ‬‬ ‫‪−π‬‬
‫= ‪ θ 2‬ﻭ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ‪ . z2 = 2 cos −  + i sin  −  ‬ﺩﺭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ‬
‫‪  6‬‬ ‫‪ 6 ‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪π π ‬‬ ‫‪ π π ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪π‬‬ ‫‪π ‬‬
‫‪z 1.z 2 = 2 2  cos  −  + i sin  −   = 2 2  cos + i sin ‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪4 6‬‬ ‫‪ 4 6 ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪12‬‬ ‫‪12 ‬‬
‫ﻭ‬
‫‪z1‬‬ ‫‪2 ‬‬ ‫‪π π ‬‬ ‫‪ π π  2 ‬‬ ‫‪5π‬‬ ‫‪5π ‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫= ‪cos  +  + i sin  +  ‬‬ ‫‪ cos‬‬ ‫‪+ i sin‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬
‫‪z2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪4 6‬‬ ‫‪ 4 6 ‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪12‬‬ ‫‪12 ‬‬

‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ‪ :‬ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ ) ‪ z = ρ (cosθ + i sin θ‬ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﻳﻢ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻱ ﻳﻚ ﻋﺪﺩ‬
‫ﻗﻀﻴﻪ ‪١‬‬
‫) ‪z2 = z.z = ρ 2 (cos 2θ + i sin 2θ ), z3 = ρ 3 (cos 3θ + i sin 3θ‬‬
‫ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺀ ﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺯﺍﻱ ﻫﺮ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ‪. n‬‬
‫‪z =ρ‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬
‫‪( cos n θ + i sin nθ ) ,‬‬
‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺁﻥ ﻛﻪ ﻋﺪﺩﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻥ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ‪ n‬ﺑﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﻢ ﻛﺎﻓﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻣﺪﻭﻝ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻥ ‪n‬‬
‫ﺭﺳﺎﻧﻴﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺁﺭﮔﻮﻣﺎﻥ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ‪ n‬ﺿﺮﺏ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺧﺎﺻﻲ ﻛﻪ ‪ ، ρ = 1‬ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ ‪z = cosθ + i sin θ‬‬
‫ﻭ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺯﺍﻱ ﻫﺮ ‪، n ∈ N‬‬
‫‪(cosθ + i sin θ )n = cos nθ + i sin nθ .‬‬ ‫)‪(2‬‬
‫ﻓﺮﻣﻮﻝ )‪ (2‬ﺑﻨﺎﻡ ﻓﺮﻣﻮﻝ ﺩﻣﻮﺁﻭﺭ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺑﺴﻂ ﻃﺮﻑ ﭼﭗ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺑﻮﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﺩﻭ ﺟﻤﻠﻪﺍﻱ ﻧﻴﻮﺗﻦ‬
‫ﻭ ﻣﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻫﻢ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺩﻥ ﻗﺴﻤﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻭ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻗﺴﻤﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻮﻫﻮﻣﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻭ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻢ‬
‫‪ sin nθ‬ﻭ ‪ cos nθ‬ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻗﻮﺍﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺗﻮﺍﺑﻊ ‪ cosθ , sin θ‬ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺍﮔﺮ‬
‫‪ n = 3‬ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ‬
‫‪(cosθ + i sin θ )3 = cos 3θ + i sin 3θ‬‬

‫‪٨‬‬

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 ١ ‫ﺣﺴﺎب دﯾﻔﺮاﻧﺴﯿﻞ و اﻧﺘﮕﺮال‬
١ ‫ﭘﯿﻮﺳﺖ‬ ‫ دﮐﺘﺮ ﺣﻤﯿﺪ ﺗﻮﻻﺋﯽ و ﺣﻤﯿﺪ ﻣﺤﻤﺪزاده‬: ‫ﻣﻮﻟﻔﯿﻦ‬

‫ﻳﺎ‬
cos3 θ + 3i cos 2 θ sin θ + 3i 2 cos θ sin 2 θ + i 3 sin θ = cos 3θ + i sin 3θ .
‫ﻳﺎ‬
(cos θ − 3 cos θ sin θ ) + i (3 cos θ sin θ − sin θ ) = cos 3θ + i sin 3θ .
3 2 2 3

‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‬
cos 3θ = cos3 θ − 3cos θ sin 2 θ

sin 3θ = − sin θ + 3cos θ sin θ .
3 2

‫ ﻋﺪﺩﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺟﺒﺮﻱ ﻧﺎﻣﻴﻢ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺭﻳﺸﻪ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪﺍﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬:‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬

a 0 xn + a1 xn −1 + ... + a n −1 x + a n = 0
.‫ ﺍﻋﺪﺍﺩﻱ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬a n ,..., a1 , a 0 ‫ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ‬،‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬

‫ ﺭﻳﺸﻪ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ‬z = 1 − i ‫ ﺭﺍ ﭼﻨﺎﻥ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ ﻛﻪ‬b, a ‫( ﺍﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ‬i ) :٢‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬

.‫ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬x7 + ax5 + b = 0
.‫ ﺟﺒﺮﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ‬z = 3 4 − 2i ‫( ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﻫﻴﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻋﺪﺩ‬ii )
:‫ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻗﻄﺒﻲ ﻣﻲﻧﻮﻳﺴﻴﻢ‬z = 1 − i ‫( ﻋﺪﺩ‬i ) .‫ﺣﻞ‬
ρ = 12 + (− 1) = 2 , tg θ =
y
z = 1− i : = −1 .
2

x
π
‫ ﻭ ﻟﺬﺍ‬θ = − ‫ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻡ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﺳﺖ ﭘﺲ‬z ‫ﭼﻮﻥ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻇﺮ ﺑﺎ‬
4
 −π −π 
‫ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ‬. z = 2  cos   + i sin   
  4   4 
  7π   7π    5π   5π 
7 5
z = 2  cos  −
7 2
 + i sin −   , z = 2 2  cos  −
5
 + i sin −  
  4   4    4   4 
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﮔﺬﺍﺭﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﻣﻲﺁﻭﺭﻳﻢ‬
 72  7π 
5
 5π    72  7π 
5
 5π 
 2 cos  −  + a 2 cos  −
2
 + b  + i  2 sin  −  + a .2 sin  −
2
= 0
  4   4     4   4 
‫ﻳﺎ‬
     
 8 2 . 2 + 4 2 a  − 2  + b  + i 8 2 . 2 + 4 2 a . 2  = 0
 2  2    2 2 
    
‫ﻳﺎ‬
(8 − 4a + b) + i(8 + 4a ) = 0 ⇔

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 ‫ﺣﺴﺎب دﯾﻔﺮاﻧﺴﯿﻞ و اﻧﺘﮕﺮال ‪١‬‬
‫ﭘﯿﻮﺳﺖ ‪١‬‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻟﻔﯿﻦ ‪ :‬دﮐﺘﺮ ﺣﻤﯿﺪ ﺗﻮﻻﺋﯽ و ﺣﻤﯿﺪ ﻣﺤﻤﺪزاده‬

‫‪8 + 4a = 0‬‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫‪8 − 4a + b = 0 .‬‬

‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﻳﻢ ﻛﻪ ‪. b = −16 , a = −2‬‬
‫) ‪ (ii‬ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ ‪ z = 3 4 − 2i‬ﻳﺎ ‪ . z + 2i = 3 4‬ﻃﺮﻓﻴﻦ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﺧﻴﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺳﻪ ﺭﺳﺎﻧﻴﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺁﻭﺭﻳﻢ‬
‫‪z3 + 3 z2 (2i ) + 3 z(2i ) + (2i ) = 4‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬

‫ﻳﺎ‬
‫(‬
‫‪z3 − 12 z − 4 = i 8 − 6 z 2 .‬‬ ‫)‬
‫ﺍﻛﻨﻮﻥ ﻃﺮﻓﻴﻦ ﺁﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﻭ ﺭﺳﺎﻧﻴﺪﻩ ﻭ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﻣﻲﺁﻭﺭﻳﻢ‬
‫‪z6 + 12 z4 − 8 z3 + 48 z2 + 96 z + 80 = 0 .‬‬
‫ﻳﻚ ﺭﻳﺸﻪ ﺁﻥ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﻋﺪﺩ‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﻳﻚ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺟﻤﻠﻪﺍﻱ ﺑﺎ ﺿﺮﺍﻳﺐ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ‪4 − 2i‬‬
‫‪ z = 3 4 − 2i‬ﻳﻚ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺟﺒﺮﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻋﺪﺩﻱ ﺭﺍ ﻛﻪ ﺟﺒﺮﻱ ﻧﺒﺎﺷﺪ ﻳﻚ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻟﻲ ﻣﻲﻧﺎﻣﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻋﺪﺍﺩ ‪ π , e‬ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺍﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻜﺘﻪ‪:‬‬
‫ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻄﻠﺐ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺭﺱ ﺁﻧﺎﻟﻴﺰ ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ‪ :‬ﻓﺮﺽ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ ‪ z‬ﻋﺪﺩﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ ﻭ ‪ n‬ﻋﺪﺩﻱ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻋﺪﺩ‬ ‫ﺭﻳﺸﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻋﺪﺩ‬
‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ ‪ w‬ﺭﺍ ﻳﻚ ﺭﻳﺸﻪ ‪ n‬ﺍﻡ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ ‪ z‬ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪﻩ ﻭ ﻣﻲﻧﻮﻳﺴﻴﻢ ‪ w = n z‬ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ‬
‫‪. wn = z‬‬
‫ﺍﻛﻨﻮﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ ‪ n, z‬ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ ‪ w‬ﺭﺍ ﭘﻴﺪﺍ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﻓﺮﺽ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ ) ‪ z = r (cosθ + i sin θ‬ﻭ‬
‫) ‪ . w = ρ (cos ϕ + i sin ϕ‬ﺣﺎﻝ ‪ wn = z‬ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ‬
‫) ‪ρ n (cos nϕ + i sin nϕ ) = r (cosθ + i sin θ‬‬ ‫)‪(3‬‬
‫ﭼﻮﻥ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻇﺮ ﺑﻪ ‪ wn , z‬ﺩﺭ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺎﺕ ﺑﺮ ﻫﻢ ﻣﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺍﺯ )‪ (3‬ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ‬
‫)‪ nϕ = θ + 2k π ( k = 0, ±1, ±2,...‬ﻭ ‪ρ n = r‬‬
‫ﻳﺎ‬
‫‪θ 2k θ‬‬
‫= ‪ρ =n r ,ϕ‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪(k‬‬ ‫)‪= 0, ±1, ±2,...‬‬
‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬
‫ﻭ ﻟﺬﺍ‬
‫‪  θ 2kπ ‬‬ ‫‪ θ 2kπ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪wk = n r  cos +‬‬ ‫‪ + i sin  +‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪  n‬‬ ‫‪n ‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪k = 0,±1,±2,... .‬‬

‫‪١٠‬‬

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 ‫ﺣﺴﺎب دﯾﻔﺮاﻧﺴﯿﻞ و اﻧﺘﮕﺮال ‪١‬‬
‫ﭘﯿﻮﺳﺖ ‪١‬‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻟﻔﯿﻦ ‪ :‬دﮐﺘﺮ ﺣﻤﯿﺪ ﺗﻮﻻﺋﯽ و ﺣﻤﯿﺪ ﻣﺤﻤﺪزاده‬

‫ﭼﻮﻥ ﺑﻪ ‪ k‬ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻧﺎﻣﺘﻨﺎﻫﻲ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﺍﺩ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﺼﻮﺭ ﭘﻴﺶ ﺁﻳﺪ ﻛﻪ ‪ z‬ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ‬
‫ﻧﺎﻣﺘﻨﺎﻫﻲ ﺭﻳﺸﻪ ‪ n‬ﺍﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻴﻢ ﻛﻪ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ ‪ z‬ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺎﹰ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ‪ n‬ﺭﻳﺸﻪ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻪ ‪ n‬ﺍﻡ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻓﺮﺽ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ ‪ m∈ N‬ﻭ ﺑﻪ ‪ k‬ﺩﻭ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ‪ m + n, m‬ﺭﺍ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ‬
‫‪k‬‬

‫‪  θ 2mπ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ θ 2mπ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪wm = n r  cos +‬‬ ‫‪ + i sin +‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ n‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﻭ‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ θ 2mπ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ θ 2mπ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪wm+n = n r  cos  +‬‬ ‫‪+ 2π  + i sin  +‬‬ ‫‪+ 2π  ‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ θ 2mπ ‬‬ ‫‪ θ 2mπ  ‬‬
‫‪= n r  cos  +‬‬ ‫‪ + i sin  +‬‬ ‫‪ =w m.‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪n ‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪n  ‬‬
‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ‪ n‬ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻣﺘﻮﺍﻟﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ‪ k‬ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺭﻳﺸﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ‪ z‬ﺭﺍ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ‬
‫ﺩﻫﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻﹰ‬
‫‪k = 0,1,2,..., n − 1‬‬
‫ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﻴﻢ ﻛﻪ ﺍﮔﺮ ‪ 0 ≤ i , j ≤ n − 1‬ﻭ ‪ i ≠ j‬ﺁﻧﮕﺎﻩ ‪. wi ≠ wj‬‬
‫ﺩﺍﻳﺮﻩﺍﻱ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺷﻌﺎﻉ ‪ n r‬ﺭﺳﻢ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻦ ﺭﻳﺸﻪ‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪θ‬‬ ‫‪θ‬‬
‫‪w0 = n r  cos + i sin ‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬
‫ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻇﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ‪ k = 0‬ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﻭﻣﻴﻦ ﺭﻳﺸﻪ‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ θ 2π ‬‬ ‫‪ θ 2π  ‬‬
‫‪w1 = n r  cos  +‬‬ ‫‪ + i sin +‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪n n ‬‬ ‫‪ n n ‬‬
‫ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻇﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ‪ k = 1‬ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ‪ ...‬ﻭ ﺑﺎﻻﺧﺮﻩ ‪ n‬ﺍﻣﻴﻦ ﺭﻳﺸﻪ‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ θ 2(n − 1)π ‬‬ ‫‪ θ 2(n − 1)π  ‬‬
‫‪wn−1 = n r  cos  +‬‬ ‫‪ + i sin  +‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻇﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ‪ k = n − 1‬ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮﺭ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ ٤‬ﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﻳﺸﻪﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ‬
‫ﻳﻜﻨﻮﺍﺧﺖ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺩﺍﻳﺮﻩ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩﺍﻧﺪ ﻭ ﻟﺬﺍ ﺩﻭﺑﺪﻭ ﻣﺘﻤﺎﻳﺰ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﭽﻪ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﻳﻢ ﻛﻪ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ ‪ z‬ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺎﹰ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ‪ n‬ﺭﻳﺸﻪ ﺩﻭﺑﺪﻭ ﻣﺘﻤﺎﻳﺰ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻪ ‪ n‬ﺍﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﻣﻲﺁﻳﻨﺪ‪:‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ θ 2kπ ‬‬ ‫‪ θ 2kπ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪wk = n r  cos  +‬‬ ‫‪ + i sin  +‬‬ ‫‪  .‬‬ ‫)‪(4‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪n ‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪k = 0 ,1,2,..., n − 1‬‬

‫‪١١‬‬

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 ١ ‫ﺣﺴﺎب دﯾﻔﺮاﻧﺴﯿﻞ و اﻧﺘﮕﺮال‬
١ ‫ﭘﯿﻮﺳﺖ‬ ‫ دﮐﺘﺮ ﺣﻤﯿﺪ ﺗﻮﻻﺋﯽ و ﺣﻤﯿﺪ ﻣﺤﻤﺪزاده‬: ‫ﻣﻮﻟﻔﯿﻦ‬

٤ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬
.‫ ﺭﺍ ﭘﻴﺪﺍ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ‬z = 2i ‫( ﺭﻳﺸﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻭﻡ‬i ) :٣ ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬
.‫ ﺭﺍ ﭘﻴﺪﺍ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ‬z = −i ‫( ﺭﻳﺸﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﻮﻡ‬ii )
.‫ ﺭﺍ ﭘﻴﺪﺍ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ‬z = −16 ‫( ﺭﻳﺸﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻡ‬iii )

(i ) .‫ﺣﻞ‬
π
z = 2i = 0 + 2i , r = 0 + 4 = 2 , θ =
2
 π π
z = 2 cos + i sin  .
 2 2
‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‬
π π
2 kπ 2kπ
wk = 2 2 (cos ( 2 + ) + i sin( 2 + ))
2 2 2 2
‫ﻳﺎ‬
 π  π 
wk = 2 2  cos  + kπ  + i sin  + kπ   ‫ ﻭ‬k = 0,1 .
  4   4 
‫ﭘﺲ‬
 π π  π  π 
w0 = 2  cos + i sin  = 1 + i , w 1 = 2  cos  + π  + i sin  + π   = −(1 + i )
 4 4  4  4 

3π 3π
z = −i = cos + i sin (ii )
2 2

١٢

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 ١ ‫ﺣﺴﺎب دﯾﻔﺮاﻧﺴﯿﻞ و اﻧﺘﮕﺮال‬
١ ‫ﭘﯿﻮﺳﺖ‬ ‫ دﮐﺘﺮ ﺣﻤﯿﺪ ﺗﻮﻻﺋﯽ و ﺣﻤﯿﺪ ﻣﺤﻤﺪزاده‬: ‫ﻣﻮﻟﻔﯿﻦ‬

 3π   3π 
 2 kπ   2 kπ 
wk = cos  2 +  + i sin  2 + 
 3 3 
 

3 3 

   
k = 0,1,2.
‫ﭘﺲ‬
π π  7π   7π  − 3 1
w0 = cos + i sin = i , w1 = cos   + i sin   = + i,
2 2  6  6  2 2
 π 4π   π 4π   π  π 3 1
w2 = cos  +  + i sin  +  = cos  −  + i sin  −  = − i .
2 3  2 3   6  6 2 2

z = −16 : r = 16 ,θ = π (iii )
z = 16 (cos π + i sin π ).
‫ﭘﺲ‬
  π 2kπ   π 2kπ 
wk = 4 16  cos  +  + i sin  +   ,
 4 4  4 4 
‫ﻳﺎ‬
  π kπ   π kπ 
wk = 2  cos  +  + i sin  +   , k = 0,1,2,3.
 4 2  4 2 
‫ﺩﺭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ‬
 π π
w0 = 2 cos + i sin  = 2 (1 + i ),
 4 4
 3π 3π 
w1 = 2 cos + i sin  = 2 (− 1 + i ),
 4 4 
 5π 5π 
w2 = 2 cos + i sin  = 2 (− 1 − i ),
 4 4 
 7π 7π 
w3 = 2  cos + i sin = 2 (1 − i ).
 4 4 

‫ ﺍﻡ‬n ‫ ﻫﺮ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺟﻤﻠﻪﺍﻱ ﺩﺭﺟﻪ‬:(‫ﺟﺒﺮ‬ ‫ )ﻗﻀﻴﻪ ﺍﺳﺎﺳﻲ‬٢ ‫ﻗﻀﻴﻪ‬

a 0 xn + a1 xn−1 + ... + a n−1 x + a n = 0
‫ ﺭﻳﺸﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ‬n ‫ ﺍﻋﺪﺍﺩﻱ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺑﺮ ﻣﻴﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ‬a n ,..., a1 , a 0 ‫ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ‬
.‫ ﺳﺎﺩﻩ ﻳﺎ ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬،‫ﺭﻳﺸﻪﻫﺎ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ‬
.‫ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺘﺐ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﻪ ﺗﻮﺍﺑﻊ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﻪ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‬.‫ﺍﺛﺒﺎﺕ‬

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 ‫ﺣﺴﺎب دﯾﻔﺮاﻧﺴﯿﻞ و اﻧﺘﮕﺮال ‪١‬‬
‫ﭘﯿﻮﺳﺖ ‪١‬‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻟﻔﯿﻦ ‪ :‬دﮐﺘﺮ ﺣﻤﯿﺪ ﺗﻮﻻﺋﯽ و ﺣﻤﯿﺪ ﻣﺤﻤﺪزاده‬

‫ﻗﻀﻴﻪ‪ :٣‬ﻓﺮﺽ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ‬

‫)‪f ( x) = a 0 xn + a1 xn−1 + ... + a n−1 x + a n = 0 (5‬‬
‫ﻳﻚ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺟﻤﻠﻪﺍﻱ ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ‪ n‬ﺑﺎ ﺿﺮﺍﻳﺐ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ ‪ z‬ﻳﻚ ﺭﻳﺸﻪ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ )‪ (5‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪،‬‬
‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ‪ f (z)= 0‬ﺁﻧﮕﺎﻩ ﻣﺰﺩﻭﺝ ﺁﻥ ‪ z‬ﻧﻴﺰ ﻳﻚ ﺭﻳﺸﻪ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ )‪ (5‬ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ‪. f (z ) = 0‬‬

‫ﻓﺮﺽ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ ) ‪ ، z = ρ (cos θ + i sin θ‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺯﺍﻱ ﻫﺮ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ‪، k‬‬ ‫ﺍﺛﺒﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫)) ‪ . zk = ρ k (cos (kθ ) + i sin (kθ‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫⇔ ‪f ( z) = 0 ⇔ a 0 zn + a1 zn −1 + ... + a n−1 z + a n = 0‬‬
‫‪a 0 ρ n ( cos ( nθ ) + i sin ( nθ ) ) + a1 ρ n −1 ( cos ( n − 1) θ + i sin ( n − 1) θ ) + ...‬‬
‫⇔ ‪+ a n −1 ρ ( cos θ + i sin θ ) + a n = 0‬‬
‫] ‪[a 0 ρ n cos ( nθ ) + a ρ n −1 cos ( n − 1) θ + ... + a n −1 ρ cos θ + a n‬‬
‫‪+ i a 0 ρ n sin ( nθ ) + a1 ρ n −1 sin ( n − 1) θ + ... + a n −1 ρ sin θ  = 0.‬‬
‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻳﻚ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻴﻢ‬
‫‪a 0 ρ cos ( nθ ) + a1 ρ cos ( n − 1) θ + ... + a n −1 ρ cosθ + a n = 0‬‬
‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪n −1‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫)‪(6‬‬
‫‪a 0 ρ sin ( n θ ) + a1 ρ sin ( n − 1) θ + ... + a n −1 ρ sin θ = 0‬‬
‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪n −1‬‬

‫ﺍﻛﻨﻮﻥ ) ‪ z = ρ (cosθ − i sin θ‬ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﺩﮔﻲ ﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ )ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ )‪( (6‬‬
‫] ‪f ( z ) = [a 0 ρ n cos ( nθ ) + a1 ρ n −1 cos ( n − 1) θ + ... + a n −1 ρ cosθ + a n‬‬
‫‪−i [a 0 ρ n sin ( nθ ) + a1 ρ n −1 sin ( n − 1) θ + ... + a n −1 ρ sin θ ] = 0 ,‬‬
‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ‪ z‬ﻧﻴﺰ ﻳﻚ ﺭﻳﺸﻪ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ‪ f (x) = 0‬ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ‪ :‬ﻓﺮﺽ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ‬

‫‪f (x) = a 0 xn + a1 xn−1 + ... + a n−1 x + a n = 0‬‬
‫ﻳﻚ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺟﻤﻠﻪﺍﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﻓﺮﺩ ﺑﺎ ﺿﺮﺍﻳﺐ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮ ﻗﻀﺎﻳﺎﻱ ‪ ٢‬ﻭ ‪ ،٣‬ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ‬
‫‪ f (x) = 0‬ﻻﺍﻗﻞ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻳﻚ ﺭﻳﺸﻪ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫) ‪ (i‬ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺎﺕ ﻗﻄﺒﻲ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﻫﻴﺪ ﻛﻪ ) ‪. (− 1 + i )7 = −8(1 + i‬‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ‪:٤‬‬
‫) ‪ (ii‬ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ‪:‬‬
‫‪1 − x n +1‬‬
‫= ‪1 + x + x 2 + ... + x n‬‬ ‫‪( x ≠ 1) .‬‬
‫‪1− x‬‬
‫) ‪ (iii‬ﺍﮔﺮ ‪ w‬ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻳﺸﻪﻫﺎﻱ ‪ n‬ﺍﻡ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﺯ ‪ 1‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﻫﻴﺪ ﻛﻪ‬

‫‪١٤‬‬

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 ‫ﺣﺴﺎب دﯾﻔﺮاﻧﺴﯿﻞ و اﻧﺘﮕﺮال ‪١‬‬
‫ﭘﯿﻮﺳﺖ ‪١‬‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻟﻔﯿﻦ ‪ :‬دﮐﺘﺮ ﺣﻤﯿﺪ ﺗﻮﻻﺋﯽ و ﺣﻤﯿﺪ ﻣﺤﻤﺪزاده‬

‫‪1 + w + w2 + ... + wn−1 = 0 .‬‬

‫= ‪z = −1 + i : r‬‬ ‫= ‪(− 1)2 + 12‬‬ ‫= ‪2 , tg θ‬‬

‫‪y‬‬
‫= ‪= −1 , θ‬‬
‫‪3π‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ‪(i ) .‬‬
‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪3π‬‬ ‫‪3π ‬‬
‫‪z = 2  cos‬‬ ‫‪+ i sin‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪4 ‬‬

‫) (‬
‫ﭘﺲ ‪(− 1 + i )7 = 2  cos 21π + i sin 21π  = 23 2  cos 5π + i sin 5π ‬‬
‫‪7‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪4 ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪4 ‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪2 ‬‬
‫‪= −8(1 + i ) .‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪= 23 2  −‬‬ ‫‪−i‬‬
‫‪ 2‬‬ ‫‪2 ‬‬
‫) ‪ (ii‬ﻓﺮﺽ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ ‪ ، s = 1 + x + x 2 + ... + x n‬ﭘﺲ ‪ xs = x + x2 + ... + xn + xn +1‬ﻭ ﻟﺬﺍ‬
‫⇔ ‪s − xs = 1 − xn +1 ⇔ s (1 − x) = 1 − xn +1‬‬
‫‪1 − xn +1‬‬
‫=‪s‬‬ ‫)‪.(x ≠ 1‬‬
‫‪1− x‬‬
‫) ‪ (iii‬ﺩﺭ ) ‪ (ii‬ﺑﺎ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺩﻥ ‪ n − 1‬ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﻱ ‪ n‬ﻭ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻄﻠﺐ ﻛﻪ ‪ w ≠ 1‬ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ‬
‫‪1 −w n‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬
‫= ‪s = 1 + w + w 2 + ... + w n −1‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪=0‬‬ ‫)ﺯﻳﺮﺍ ‪.( wn = 1‬‬
‫‪1 −w 1 −w‬‬
‫) ‪ (i‬ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﻫﻴﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍﮔﺮ ‪ α + iβ‬ﺭﻳﺸﻪ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ‪ x3 + qx + r = 0‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺁﻧﮕﺎﻩ ‪α‬‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ‪:٥‬‬
‫ﺭﻳﺸﻪ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﯽ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ‪ 8 x3 + 2qx − r = 0‬ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫) ‪ (ii‬ﺍﮔﺮ ‪ z‬ﻋﺪﺩﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺑﺴﺖ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ‬
‫) ‪A = (z + z‬‬ ‫‪(z‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪+ z 2 ) ... ( z n + z n ) .‬‬
‫) ‪ (iii‬ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ‪ z = x + iy‬ﺭﺍ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺎﻣﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺻﺪﻕ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ‪:‬‬
‫‪z−i‬‬
‫‪≤2.‬‬
‫‪z+i‬‬

‫ﺣﻞ‪ (i ) .‬ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ‬
‫‪(α + iβ )3 + q(α + iβ ) + r = 0 ⇔ α 3 + 3iα 2 β − 3αβ 2 − iβ 3 + iqβ + r = 0‬‬
‫(‬ ‫( )‬
‫⇔ ‪⇔ α 3 − 3αβ 2 + qα + r + i 3α 2 β − β 3 + qβ = 0‬‬ ‫)‬
‫‪3α 2 β − β 3 + qβ = 0‬‬ ‫)‪(1‬‬
‫‪ 3‬‬
‫‪α − 3αβ 2 + qα + r = 0 .‬‬ ‫)‪(2‬‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ )‪ (1‬ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ ‪ β (3α 2 − β 2 + q ) = 0‬ﻭ ﭼﻮﻥ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮ ﻓﺮﺽ ‪ α + iβ‬ﻳﻚ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ ﺍﺳﺖ ﭘﺲ‬
‫‪ β ≠ 0‬ﻭ ﻟﺬﺍ ‪ ، 3α 2 − β 2 + q = 0‬ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ‪ . β 2 = 3α 2 + q‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ‪ β 2‬ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ )‪ (2‬ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﻫﻴﻢ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﻣﻲﺁﻭﺭﻳﻢ‬
‫(‬ ‫)‬
‫‪α 3 − 3α 3α 2 + q + qα + r = 0 ⇒ 8α 3 + 2qα − r = 0 ,‬‬
‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ‪ α‬ﻳﻚ ﺭﻳﺸﻪ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ‪ 8 x3 + 2qx − r = 0‬ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫‪١٥‬‬

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 ‫ﺣﺴﺎب دﯾﻔﺮاﻧﺴﯿﻞ و اﻧﺘﮕﺮال ‪١‬‬
‫ﭘﯿﻮﺳﺖ ‪١‬‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻟﻔﯿﻦ ‪ :‬دﮐﺘﺮ ﺣﻤﯿﺪ ﺗﻮﻻﺋﯽ و ﺣﻤﯿﺪ ﻣﺤﻤﺪزاده‬

‫) ‪ (ii‬ﻓﺮﺽ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ ) ‪ . z = ρ (cos θ + i sin θ‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ) ‪ z = ρ (cos θ − i sin θ‬ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺯﺍﻱ ﻫﺮ ﻋﺪﺩ‬
‫ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ‪k‬‬
‫‪ z = ρ (cos kθ − i sin kθ ) .‬ﻭ ) ‪z = ρ (cos kθ + i sin kθ‬‬
‫‪k‬‬ ‫‪k‬‬ ‫‪k‬‬ ‫‪k‬‬

‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫‪z + z = 2 ρ cos θ , z 2 + z 2 = 2 ρ 2 cos 2θ ,..., z n + z n = 2 ρ n cos nθ .‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ‬
‫) ‪A = ( 2 ρ cos θ ) ( 2 ρ 2 cos 2θ ) .... ( 2 ρ n cos n θ‬‬
‫‪= 2n ρ 1+ 2+...+ n cos θ cos 2θ ...cos nθ‬‬
‫)‪n ( n +1‬‬

‫‪= 2n ρ‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫‪cos θ cos 2θ ...cos nθ .‬‬
‫) ‪ (iii‬ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ‬
‫‪z −i‬‬ ‫‪z −i‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪≤2,‬‬
‫‪z +i‬‬ ‫‪z +i‬‬
‫ﭘﺲ ‪ . z − i ≤ 2 z + i‬ﺍﮔﺮ ‪ z = x + iy‬ﺁﻧﮕﺎﻩ‬
‫)‪x + i ( y − 1) ≤ 2 x + i ( y + 1) ⇔ x 2 + ( y − 1) ≤ 2 x 2 + ( y + 1‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫ﻭ ﻟﺬﺍ ) ‪ x2 + ( y − 1)2 ≤ 4 (x2 + ( y + 1)2‬ﻛﻪ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺎﺩﻩ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻥ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﻣﻲﺁﻭﺭﻳﻢ‬

‫‪2‬‬
‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪5  16‬‬
‫‪x2 + y2 +‬‬ ‫‪y + 1≥ 0 ⇔ x2 +  y +  − ≥ 0‬‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪9‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪5  4‬‬
‫‪⇔ x2 +  y +  2 ≥   ,‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪3  3‬‬
‫‪−5‬‬
‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﻭ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺩﺍﻳﺮﻩ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ‪ c 0, ‬ﻭ ﺷﻌﺎﻉ = ‪ R‬ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪4‬‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪ 3 ‬‬

‫ﻓﺮﺽ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ ‪ . z = x + iy‬ﺍﮔﺮ ‪y, x‬‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻧﻤﺎﯼ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ ﻭ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺁﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺁﻧﮕﺎﻩ ‪ z‬ﻳﻚ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻫﺮ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ‬
‫‪ z‬ﺩﺭ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ‪) xy −‬ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ( ﻳﻚ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻇﺮ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ )ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ ٢‬ﺭﺍ ﺑﺒﻴﻨﻴﺪ(‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‪ :‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻫﺮ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ ‪ z‬ﺍﺯ ﻳﻚ ﺣﻮﺯﻩ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ ﻛﻤﻴﺖ‬
‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ‪ w‬ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻇﺮ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪ ،‬ﺁﻧﮕﺎﻩ ‪ w‬ﺗﺎﺑﻌﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ ‪ z‬ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺗﻮﺍﺑﻌﻲ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻳﻚ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ ﺑﺎ )‪ w = f (z‬ﻳﺎ )‪ w = w(z‬ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻨﺠﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﻴﻢ‪:‬‬
‫‪ w = e z‬ﻳﺎ ‪w = e x+ iy‬‬

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 ‫ﺣﺴﺎب دﯾﻔﺮاﻧﺴﯿﻞ و اﻧﺘﮕﺮال ‪١‬‬
‫ﭘﯿﻮﺳﺖ ‪١‬‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻟﻔﯿﻦ ‪ :‬دﮐﺘﺮ ﺣﻤﯿﺪ ﺗﻮﻻﺋﯽ و ﺣﻤﯿﺪ ﻣﺤﻤﺪزاده‬

‫ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ ‪ w‬ﺑﻪ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺷﺪﻩﺍﻧﺪ‪:‬‬

‫)‪e x+ iy = e x (cos y + i sin y‬‬ ‫)‪(7‬‬
‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ‬
‫‪w( z) = e x (cos y + i sin y) .‬‬ ‫)‪(8‬‬
‫‪π  2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ‪:٦‬‬
‫‪π‬‬
‫‪1+ i‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪π‬‬ ‫‪π‬‬
‫‪.e‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬
‫‪= e  cos + i sin  = e‬‬ ‫‪+i‬‬ ‫) ‪ ، z = 1 + i (i‬ﭘﺲ ‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪4  2‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪2 ‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬
‫‪π‬‬
‫‪π‬‬ ‫‪π‬‬ ‫‪π‬‬
‫) ‪ ، z = 0 + i (ii‬ﭘﺲ ‪. e 2 = e 0  cos + i sin  = i‬‬
‫‪0+ i‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫) ‪ ، z = 1 + i (iii‬ﭘﺲ ‪e1+ i = e1 (cos1 + i sin 1) ≈ 0.54 + i 0.83‬‬
‫)‪ z = x (iv‬ﻋﺪﺩ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﭘﺲ ‪e x + 0i = e x ( cos 0 + i sin 0 ) = e x‬‬
‫ﻳﻚ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻟﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻛﻨﻮﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﻳﻚ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﻲﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﻳﻢ‪:‬‬
‫‪ . 1‬ﺍﮔﺮ ‪ z2 , z1‬ﺩﻭ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺁﻧﮕﺎﻩ‬
‫‪e z1 + z2 = e z1 e z2 .‬‬ ‫)‪(9‬‬
‫ﺯﻳﺮﺍ ﻓﺮﺽ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ ‪ ، z2 = x2 + iy2 , z1 = x1 + iy1‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬
‫) ‪e z1 + z2 = e ( x1+iy1 )+( x2 +iy2 ) = e( x1 + x2 )+i ( y1 + y2‬‬
‫‪= e x1 e x2 [cos ( y1 + y2 ) + i sin ( y1 + y2 )].‬‬ ‫)‪(10‬‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‪ ،‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮ ﻗﻀﻴﻪ ﺣﺎﺻﻠﻀﺮﺏ ﺩﻭ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻗﻄﺒﻲ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‬
‫) ‪e z1 e z2 = e x1 + iy1 e x2 + iy2 = e x1 (cos y1 + i sin y1 )e x2 (cos y2 + i sin y2‬‬
‫‪= e x1 e x2 [cos ( y1 + y2 ) + i sin ( y1 + y2 )] .‬‬ ‫)‪(11‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ )‪ (10‬ﻭ )‪ (11‬ﻃﺮﻑﻫﺎﻱ ﺭﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ ﻫﻢ ﻣﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﻃﺮﻑ ﻫﺎﻱ ﭼﭗ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺎ ﻫﻢ ﻣﺴﺎﻭﻱ‬
‫ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪:‬‬
‫‪e z1 + z2 = e z1 e z2 .‬‬
‫‪ . 2‬ﻓﺮﻣﻮﻝ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪:‬‬
‫‪z1‬‬
‫‪e‬‬
‫= ‪e z1 − z2‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫)‪(12‬‬
‫‪e z2‬‬
‫‪ . 3‬ﺍﮔﺮ ‪ m‬ﻋﺪﺩﻱ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺁﻧﮕﺎﻩ‬
‫) ‪(e‬‬
‫‪z m‬‬
‫‪= e mz .‬‬ ‫)‪(13‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ‪، m > 0‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻓﺮﻣﻮﻝ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﻱ )‪ (9‬ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﺁﻭﺭﺩ؛ ﺍﮔﺮ ‪ ، m < 0‬ﺁﻧﮕﺎﻩ )‪ (13‬ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺭﻭﻱ ﻓﺮﻣﻮﻝﻫﺎﻱ )‪ (9‬ﻭ )‪ (12‬ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﺁﻭﺭﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪١٧‬‬

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 ‫ﺣﺴﺎب دﯾﻔﺮاﻧﺴﯿﻞ و اﻧﺘﮕﺮال ‪١‬‬
‫ﭘﯿﻮﺳﺖ ‪١‬‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻟﻔﯿﻦ ‪ :‬دﮐﺘﺮ ﺣﻤﯿﺪ ﺗﻮﻻﺋﯽ و ﺣﻤﯿﺪ ﻣﺤﻤﺪزاده‬

‫ﻓﺮﻣﻮﻝ ﺍﻭﻳﻠﺮ‪ .‬ﺷﻜﻞ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻲ ﻳﻚ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ‬

‫ﺑﺎ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺩﻥ ‪ x = 0‬ﺩﺭ ﻓﺮﻣﻮﻝ )‪ (7‬ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﻣﻲﺁﻭﺭﻳﻢ‬
‫‪eiy = cos y + i sin y .‬‬ ‫)‪(14‬‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﻓﺮﻣﻮﻝ ﺍﻭﻳﻠﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻧﻤﺎﻱ ﻣﻮﻫﻮﻣﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺗﻮﺍﺑﻊ ﻣﺜﻠﺜﺎﺗﻲ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺗﻌﻮﻳﺾ ‪ y‬ﺑﻪ ‪ − y‬ﺩﺭ )‪ (14‬ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﻣﻲﺁﻭﺭﻳﻢ‬
‫‪e −iy = cos y − i sin y .‬‬ ‫)‪(15‬‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﻱ )‪ (14‬ﻭ )‪ (15‬ﺗﻮﺍﺑﻊ ‪ cos y‬ﻭ ‪ sin y‬ﺭﺍ ﭘﻴﺪﺍ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻴﻢ‪:‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪eiy + e −iy‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪cos‬‬ ‫‪y‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪−iy‬‬
‫)‪(16‬‬
‫‪sin y = e − e .‬‬
‫‪iy‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪2i‬‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﻓﺮﻣﻮﻝﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻭﻳﮋﻩ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﻮﺍﻥﻫﺎﻱ ‪ cos ϕ‬ﻭ ‪ sin ϕ‬ﻭ ﺣﺎﺻﻠﻀﺮﺏﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺳﻴﻨﻮﺱ‬
‫ﻭ ﻛﺴﻴﻨﻮﺱ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻀﺮﺏ ﻛﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ ﺑﻜﺎﺭ ﻣﻲﺭﻭﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(1‬‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ‪:٧‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪ eiy + e −iy  1 2iy‬‬
‫‪cos y = ‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫) ‪ = (e + 2 + e − 2iy‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪ 4‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪= ( cos 2 y + i sin 2 y ) + 2 + ( cos 2 y − i sin 2 y ) ‬‬
‫‪4‬‬

‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪( 2 cos 2 y + 2 ) = (1 + cos 2 y ) .‬‬
‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫)‪(2‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪ e i ϕ + e −i ϕ   e i ϕ − e −i ϕ ‬‬
‫‪cos 2 ϕ sin 2 ϕ = ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪2i‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪(e‬‬ ‫) ‪− e −i 2ϕ‬‬
‫‪i 2ϕ‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪= − cos 4ϕ + .‬‬
‫‪4.4i‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬

‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ‪ :‬ﻓﺮﺽ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ ‪ z‬ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻗﻄﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻲ ﻳﻚ ﻋﺪﺩ‬
‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﻴﻢ‪:‬‬
‫) ‪z = r ( cos ϕ + i sin ϕ‬‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ‪ r‬ﻣﺪﻭﻝ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ ﻭ ‪ ϕ‬ﺁﺭﮔﻮﻣﺎﻥ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮ ﻓﺮﻣﻮﻝ ﺍﻭﻳﻠﺮ‪،‬‬
‫‪cos ϕ + i sin ϕ = e iϕ .‬‬ ‫)‪(17‬‬

‫‪١٨‬‬

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 ‫ﺣﺴﺎب دﯾﻔﺮاﻧﺴﯿﻞ و اﻧﺘﮕﺮال ‪١‬‬
‫ﭘﯿﻮﺳﺖ ‪١‬‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻟﻔﯿﻦ ‪ :‬دﮐﺘﺮ ﺣﻤﯿﺪ ﺗﻮﻻﺋﯽ و ﺣﻤﯿﺪ ﻣﺤﻤﺪزاده‬

‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﻫﺮ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻲ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩ‪:‬‬

‫‪z = re i ϕ .‬‬

‫ﺍﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ ‪ − i ,−2 , i ,1‬ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻲ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﻫﻴﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ‪:٨‬‬
‫‪،1 = cos 2kπ + i sin 2kπ = e2 kπi‬‬ ‫ﺣﻞ‪.‬‬
‫‪π‬‬
‫‪π‬‬ ‫‪π‬‬ ‫‪i‬‬
‫‪i = cos + i sin = e 2‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪− 2 = 2(cos π + i sin π ) = 2eπi‬‬
‫‪ −π ‬‬ ‫‪ π  −π‬‬
‫‪−i = cos ‬‬ ‫= ‪ + i sin  − ‬‬ ‫‪i .‬‬
‫‪ 2 ‬‬ ‫‪ 2 2‬‬
‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ )‪ (13) ، (12) ، (9‬ﺍﺯ ﻳﻚ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺑﺮ ﺍﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻲ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺁﺳﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻓﺮﺽ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻴﻢ‬
‫‪z1 = r1 eiϕ1‬‬ ‫‪, z2 = r2eiϕ2 .‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬
‫) ‪i (ϕ1 +ϕ2‬‬
‫‪z 1z 2 = r1e i ϕ1 .r2 e i ϕ2 = r1 r2 e‬‬ ‫)‪(18‬‬
‫) ‪z1 r1 e iϕ1 r1 i (ϕ1 −ϕ2‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪= e‬‬ ‫)‪(19‬‬
‫‪z2 r2 eiϕ2 r2‬‬
‫) (‬ ‫‪n‬‬
‫‪zn = reiϕ = r n e inϕ‬‬ ‫)‪(20‬‬
‫‪ϕ + 2 kπ‬‬
‫‪(k = 0,1,2,..., n − 1) .‬‬
‫‪i‬‬
‫‪n‬‬
‫‪reiϕ = n r e‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬
‫)‪(21‬‬

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