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Seismology
Seismology & Seismic Waves
• Because P-waves travel faster than S-waves the epicentral distance from
the seismic station may be calculated
• The time differential (∆t) is proportional to the epicentral distance
Seismic Station A
S-wave ∆t=1:00:12-1:00:05=7 seconds
P-wave
TP=1:00:05PM TS=1:00:12PM
1:00:00PM 1:00:10PM 1:00:20PM 1:00:30PM 1:00:40PM
Graphical Plot of P- and S-Wave Epicentral
Distances
Seismic Station A
20
15
Time
(sec.)
10 ∆t=7sec.
5
7sec.
Seismic Epicentral
Station
Distance
A 23 km
B
B 57 km
C 30 km
C
A
Calculation of the Time of the
Seismic Event
Seismic Event time = 1:00:05PM – 5 sec. = 1:00:00PM
15
Time
(sec.)
10 ∆t=7sec.
• Example:
• Velocity medium 1 = 8.8 km/sec
• Velocity medium 2 = 6.3 km/sec
• Layer 1 incident angle = 40
• V2 * sin (1) = V1 * sin(2)
• 6.3 * sin 40 = 8.8 * sin 2
V1=8.8km/sec
• sin 2 = 6.3/8.8 * sin(40)
• sin 2 = 0.726
• 2 = 27.4
V2=6.3km/sec
1st Motion Studies and Fault Motion Solutions
Sinistral strike-slip
Normal Reverse
Example 1st Motions from Mid-Atlantic Ridge
Relationship of Seismic Wave Velocity to Earth’s Internal
Layers
• Phase changes
create rapid
density changes
• Physical state
(solid vs. liquid)
generate velocity
gradients
Potential Ray Paths due to Reflection and Refraction