Exercise 10.

2 (Solutions)
MathCity.org Textbook of Algebra and Trigonometry for Class XI
Page 326

Merging man and maths Available online @ http://www.mathcity.org, Version: 3.0

Question # 1
Prove that
(i) sin(180 + θ ) = − sin θ (ii) cos(180 + θ ) = − cosθ
(iii) tan ( 270 − θ ) = cot θ (iv) cos(θ − 180 ) = − cosθ
(v) cos(270 + θ ) = sin θ (vi) sin(θ + 270 ) = − cosθ
(vii) tan (180 + θ ) = tan θ (viii) cos(360 − θ ) = cosθ
Solution
(i) L.H.S = sin(180 + θ ) = sin180 cosθ + cos180 sin θ
= sin ( 0 ) cosθ + (−1)sin θ = 0 − sin θ = − sin θ = R.H.S
(ii) Do youself
tan 270 − tan θ
(iii) L.H.S = tan ( 270 − θ ) =
1 + tan 270 tan θ
 tan θ   tan θ 
tan 270 1 −  1 − 
=  tan 270 
=  ∞ 
 1  1 
tan 270  + tan θ   + tan θ 
 tan 270  ∞ 
=
(1 − 0 ) = 1 = cotθ = R.H.S
( 0 + tanθ ) tan θ
Remaining do yourself.
Question # 2
Find the values of the following:
(i) sin15 (ii) cos15 (iii) tan15
Solution
(i) Since 15 = 45 – 30
So sin15 = sin(45 − 30) = sin 45 cos30 − cos 45 sin 30
 1   3   1  1  3 1 3 −1
=    −    = − =
 2  2   2  2  2 2 2 2 2 2
(ii) Since 15 = 45 – 30
So cos15 = cos(45 − 30) = cos 45 cos30 + sin 45 sin 30
3 1 3 +1
= + =
2 2 2 2 2 2
(iii) Since 15 = 45 – 30
tan 45 − tan 30
So tan15 = tan(45 − 30) =
1 + tan 45 tan 30
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3 −1
1− 1
3
1− 1
3 3 −1
= = = 3
= .
1 + (1) ( ) 1
3
1+ 1
3
3 +1
3
3 +1

For (iv), (v) and (vi), we have hint:

Hint: Use 105 = 60 + 45 in these questions
Question # 3
Prove that:
1 1
(i) sin(45 + α ) = (sin α + cos α ) (ii) cos(45 + α ) = (cos α − sin α )
2 2
Solution
(i) L.H.S = sin(45 + α )
 1 1 
= sin 45 cosα + cos 45 sin α =  cosα + sin α ) 
 2 2 
1 1
= ( cosα + sin α ) = ( sin α + cosα ) = R.H.S
2 2
(ii) Do yourself as above
Question # 4
Prove that:
π   3π 
(i) tan(45 + A) tan(45 − A) = 1 (ii) tan  − θ  + tan  +θ  = 0
4   4 
θ
sin θ − cosθ tan
 π  π 2 = tan θ
(iii) sin  θ +  + cos  θ +  = cosθ (iv)
 6  3 θ 2
cosθ + sin θ tan
2
1 − tan θ tan ϕ cos (θ + ϕ )
(v) =
1 + tan θ tan ϕ cos (θ − ϕ )
Solution
(i) L.H.S = tan(45 + A) tan(45 − A)
 tan 45 + tan A   tan 45 − tan A 
=  
 1 − tan 45 tan A   1 + tan 45 tan A 
 1 + tan A   1 − tan A   1 + tan A   1 − tan A 
=   =  1 − tan A   1 + tan A  = 1 = R.H.S
 1 − (1) tan A   1 + (1) tan A    
π   3π 
(ii) L.H.S = tan  − θ  + tan  +θ 
4   4 
 π   3π 
 tan − tan θ   tan + tan θ 
= 4 4
π + 3π 
 1 + tan tan θ   1 − tan tan θ 
 4   4 

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 1 − tan θ   −1 + tan θ 
= + 
 1 + (1) tan θ   1 − (−1) tan θ 
 1 − tan θ   −1 + tan θ 
= + 
 1 + tan θ   1 + tan θ 
1 − tan θ − 1 + tan θ 0
= = = 0 = R.H.S
1 + tan θ 1 + tan θ
 π  π
(iii) L.H.S = sin θ +  + cos θ + 
 6  3
 π π  π π
=  sin θ cos + cosθ sin  +  cosθ cos − sin θ sin 
 6 6  3 3
 3 1  1 3
=  sin θ + cosθ  +  cosθ − sin θ 
 2 2   2 2 
3 1 1 3
= sin θ + cosθ + cosθ − sin θ = cosθ = R.H .S .
2 2 2 2
θ
sin θ − cosθ tan
(iv) L.H.S = 2
θ
cosθ + sin θ tan
2
θ θ θ
sin sin θ cos − cosθ sin
sin θ − cosθ 2 2 2
θ θ
cos cos
= 2 = 2
θ θ θ
sin cosθ cos + sin θ sin
cosθ + sin θ 2 2 2
θ θ
cos cos
2 2
θ θ  θ
=
sin θ cos − cosθ sin
2 2 =
sin θ − 
 2
=
sin θ
2 ( ) = tan
θ
= R.H.S
θ
cosθ cos + sin θ sin
θ  θ
cos θ −  cos θ
2 ( ) 2
2 2  2
1 − tan θ tan ϕ
(v) L.H.S =
1 + tan θ tan ϕ
sin θ sin ϕ cosθ cos ϕ − sin θ sin ϕ
1−
cosθ cos ϕ cosθ cos ϕ
= =
sin θ sin ϕ cosθ cos ϕ + sin θ sin ϕ
1+
cosθ cos ϕ cosθ cos ϕ
cosθ cos ϕ − sin θ sin ϕ cos (θ + ϕ )
= = = R.H.S
cosθ cos ϕ + sin θ sin ϕ cos (θ − ϕ )

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FSc-I / 10.2 - 4

Question # 5
Show that: cos(α + β ) cos(α − β ) = cos 2 α − sin 2 β = cos 2 β − sin 2 α
Solution
L.H.S = cos(α + β ) cos(α − β )
= ( cosα cos β − sin α sin β )( cosα cos β + sin α sin β )
( 2
= ( cosα cos β ) − ( sin α sin β )
2
) = cos α cos β − sin α sin
2 2 2 2
β
= cos 2 α (1 − sin 2 β ) − (1 − cos 2 α ) sin 2 β
= cos 2 α − cos 2 α sin 2 β − sin 2 β + cos 2 α sin 2 β
= cos 2 α − sin 2 β …………….. (i)
= (1 − sin 2 α ) − (1 − cos 2 β )
= 1 − sin 2 α − 1 + cos 2 β
= cos 2 β − sin 2 α …………….. (ii)
Question # 6 Do yourself as above
Hint: Just open the formulas
Question # 7
Show that
cot α cot β − 1 cot α cot β + 1
(i) cot(α + β ) = (ii) cot(α − β ) =
cot α + cot β cot β − cot α
tan α + tan β sin(α + β )
(iii) =
tan α − tan β sin(α − β )
Solution
1 1
(i) L.H.S = cot(α + β ) = =
tan(α + β ) tan α + tan β
1 − tan α tan β
 1 
tan α tan β  − 1
=
1 − tan α tan β
=  tan α tan β 
tan α + tan β  1 1 
tan α tan β  + 
 tan β tan α 
cot α cot β − 1 cot α cot β − 1
= = = R.H.S
cot β + cot α cot α + cot β
(ii)
Do yourself as above
(iii)
sin α sin β sin α cos β + cosα sin β
+
tan α + tan β cosα cos β cosα cos β
L.H.S = = =
tan α − tan β sin α sin β sin α cos β − cosα sin β
−
cosα cos β cosα cos β

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 FSc-I / 10.2 - 5

sin α cos β + cosα sin β sin(α + β )

= = = R.H.S
sin α cos β − cosα sin β sin(α − β )
Question # 8
4 40 π π
If sin α = and cosα = where 0 < α < and 0 < β < .
5 41 2 2
133
Show that sin(α − β ) =
205
4 π
Solution Since sin α = ; 0 <α <
5 2
40 π
cosα = ; 0< β <
41 2
Now
cos 2 α = 1 − sin 2 α
⇒ cosα = ± 1 − sin 2 α
Since terminal ray of α is in the first quadrant so value of cos is +ive
cosα = 1 − sin 2 α
2
4 16 9 3
⇒ cosα = 1 −   = 1− = ⇒ cosα =
5 25 25 5
Also
sin 2 β = 1 − cos 2 β ⇒ sin β = ± 1 − cos 2 β
Since terminal ray of β is in the first quadrant so value of sin is +ive
sin β = 1 − cos 2 β
2
 40  1600 81 9
⇒ sin β = 1 −   = 1 − = ⇒ sin β =
 41  1681 1681 41
Now
sin(α − β ) = sin α cos β − cosα sin β
 4  40   3  9  160 27 133
=    −    = − =
 5  41   5  41  205 205 205
133
i.e. sin(α − β ) = Proved
205
Question # 9
4 12 π π
If sin α = and sin β = where < α < π and < β < π . Find
5 13 2 2
(i) sin(α + β ) (ii) cos(α + β ) (iii) tan(α + β )
(iv) sin(α − β ) (v) cos(α − β ) (vi) tan(α − β )
In which quadrant do the terminal sides of the angles of measures (α + β ) and (α − β )
lie?
Solution

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FSc-I / 10.2 - 6

4 π
Since sin α = ; <α <π
5 2
12 π
sin β = ; < β <π
13 2
Since cos 2 α = 1 − sin 2 α ⇒ cosα = ± 1 − sin 2 α
As terminal ray of α lies in the IInd quadrant so value of cos is –ive
cosα = − 1 − sin 2 α
2
4 16 9 3
⇒ cosα = − 1 −   = − 1 − =− ⇒ cosα = −
5 25 25 5
Now
cos 2 β = 1 − sin 2 β
⇒ cos β = ± 1 − sin 2 β
As terminal ray of β lies in the IInd quadrant so value of cos is –ive
cos β = − 1 − sin 2 β
2
 12  144 25 5
⇒ cos β = − 1 −   = − 1 − =− ⇒ cos β = −
 13  169 169 13
(i) sin(α + β ) = sin α cos β + cosα sin β
 4  5   3  12  20 36 56
=   −  +  −   = − − =−
 5  13   5  13  65 65 65

(ii) cos(α + β ) = cosα cos β − sin α sin β

 3  5   4  12  15 48 33
=  −  −  −    = − =−
 5  13   5  13  65 65 65

56
sin(α + β ) − 65 56
(iii) tan(α + β ) = = =
cos(α + β ) − 33 33
65

(iv), (v) & (vi) Do yourself as above

Since sin(α + β ) is –ive so terminal are of α + β is in IIIrd or IVth quadrant

and cos(α + β ) is –ive so terminal are of α + β is in IInd or IIIrd quadrant
therefore terminal ray of α + β lies in the IIIrd quadrant.
Similarly after solving (iv), (v) & (vi) find quadrant for α − β yourself.
Question # 10
Find sin(α + β ) and cos(α + β ) , given that

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 FSc-I / 10.2 - 7

3 5
(i) tan α = , sin β = and neither the terminal side of the angle of measure α nor
4 13
that of β is in the I quadrant.
15 7
(ii) tan α = − , sin β = − and neither the terminal side of the angle of measure α
8 25
nor that of β is in the IV quadrant.
Solution
3
(i) Since tan α =
4
As tanα is +ive and terminal arm of α in not in the Ist quad. Therefor it lies in IIIrd
quad.
Now
sec2 α = 1 + tan 2 α
⇒ secα = ± 1 + tan 2 α
Since terminal arm of α is in the IIIrd quad., therefor value of sec is –ive
secα = − 1 + tan 2 α
2
3 9 25 5
⇒ secα = − 1 +   = − 1 + =− ⇒ sec x = −
4 16 16 4
1 1 4
Now cosα = = ⇒ cosα = −
secα − 5 5
4
sin α
Now = tan α ⇒ sin α = tan α cosα
cosα
 3  4  3
⇒ sin α =   −  ⇒ sin α = −
 4  5  5
5
Since cos β =
13
As cos β is +ive and terminal arm of β is not in the Ist quad., therefore it lies in IVth
quad.
Now sin 2 β = 1 − cos 2 β
⇒ sin β = ± 1 − cos 2 β
Since terminal ray of β is in the fourth quadrant so value of sin is –ive
sin β = − 1 − cos 2 β
2
5 25 144 12
⇒ sin β = − 1 −   = − 1 − =− ⇒ sin β = −
 13  169 169 13

Now sin(α + β ) = sin α cos β + cosα sin β

 3   5   4   12  3 48 33
= −    +−  −  = − + ⇒ sin(α + β ) =
 5   13   5   13  13 65 65
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FSc-I / 10.2 - 8

And cos(α + β ) = cosα cos β − sin α sin β

 4  5   3  12  4 36 56
=  −   −  −  −  = − − ⇒ cos(α + β ) = −
 5  13   5  13  13 65 65
(ii)
Do yourself as above
Question # 11
cos8 − sin8
Prove that: = tan 37
cos8 + sin8
Solution
R.H.S = tan 37 = tan(45 − 8) ∵ 37 = 45 − 8
tan 45 − tan8 1 − tan8
= =
1 + tan 45 tan8 1 + (1) tan8
sin8 cos8 − sin8
1−
cos8 = cos8 cos8 − sin8
= = = L.H.S
sin8 cos8 + sin8 cos8 + sin8
1+
cos8 cos8
Question # 12
If α , β , γ are the angles of a tringle ABC , show that
β α γ α β γ
cot + cot + cot = cot cot cot
2 2 2 2 2 2
Solution
Since α , β and γ are angles of triangle therefore
α + β + γ = 180 ⇒ α + β = 180 − γ
α + β 180 − γ α β γ
⇒ = ⇒ + = 90 −
2 2 2 2 2
α β   γ
Now tan  +  = tan  90 − 
2 2  2
α β
tan + tan
2 2 = cot γ  γ γ
⇒ ∵ tan  90 −  = cot
α β 2  2 2
1 − tan tan
2 2
α β 1 1 
β α
tan tan  +  cot + cot
2 2  tan β2 tan α2  = cot γ 2 2 = cot γ
⇒ ⇒
α 1 β  2 α β 2
tan  tan − 1 cot cot − 1
2 2  tan α2 tan β2 2 2

β α γ α β 
⇒ cot + cot = cot  cot cot − 1
2 2 2 2 2 

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β α α β γ γ
⇒ cot + cot = cot cot cot − cot
2 2 2 2 2 2
β α γ α β γ
⇒ cot + cot + cot = cot cot cot
2 2 2 2 2 2
Question # 13
If α + β + γ = 180 , show that
cot α cot β + cot β cot γ + cot γ cot α = 1
Solution
Since α , β and γ are angles of triangle therefore
α + β + γ = 180 ⇒ α + β = 180 − γ
Now tan (α + β ) = tan (180 − γ )
tan α + tan β
⇒ = tan ( 2(90) − γ )
1 − tan α tan β
tan α + tan β
⇒ = − tan γ
1 − tan α tan β
⇒ tan α + tan β = − tan γ (1 − tan α tan β )
⇒ tan α + tan β = − tan γ + tan α tan β tan γ
⇒ tan α + tan β + tan γ = tan α tan β tan γ
Dividing through out by tan α tan β tan γ
tan α tan β tan γ tan α tan β tan γ
+ + =
tan α tan β tan γ tan α tan β tan γ tan α tan β tan γ tan α tan β tan γ
⇒ cot β cot γ + cot α cot γ + cot α cot β = 1
⇒ cot α cot β + cot β cot γ + cot γ cot α = 1
Question # 14
Express the following in the form r sin(θ + φ ) or r sin(θ − φ ) , where terminal sides of
the angles of measure θ and φ are in the first quadrant:
(i) 12sin θ + 5cosθ (ii) 3sin θ − 4cosθ (iii) sin θ − cosθ
(iv) 5sin θ − 4cosθ (v) sin θ + cosθ

Solution
(i) 12sin θ + 5cosθ
Let 12 = r cos ϕ and 5 = r sin ϕ
Squaring and adding 5 r sin ϕ
=
(12) 2 + (5) 2 = r 2 cos 2 ϕ + r 2 sin 2 ϕ 12 r cos ϕ
⇒ 144 + 25 = r 2 ( cos 2 ϕ + sin 2 ϕ ) 5
= tan ϕ
⇒ 169 = r 2 (1) 12
5
⇒ r = 169 = 13 ⇒ ϕ = tan −1
12
Now
12sin θ + 5cosθ = r cos ϕ sin θ + r sin ϕ cosθ
= r ( cos ϕ sin θ + sin ϕ cosθ )
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FSc-I / 10.2 - 10

5
= r sin (θ + ϕ ) where r = 13 and ϕ = tan −1
12
(ii) 3sin θ − 4cosθ
Let 3 = r cos ϕ and −4 = r sin ϕ
Squaring and adding − 4 r sin ϕ
=
(3) 2 + (−4) 2 = r 2 cos 2 ϕ + r 2 sin 2 ϕ 3 r cos ϕ
⇒ 9 + 16 = r 2 ( cos 2 ϕ + sin 2 ϕ ) 4
− = tan ϕ
⇒ 25 = r 2 (1) 3
 4
⇒ r = 25 = 5 ⇒ ϕ = tan −1  − 
 3
3sin θ − 4cosθ = r cos ϕ sin θ + r sin ϕ cosθ
= r ( cos ϕ sin θ + sin ϕ cosθ )
 4
= r sin (θ + ϕ ) where r = 5 and ϕ = tan −1  − 
 3
(iii) sin θ − cosθ
Let 1 = r cos ϕ and −1 = r sin ϕ
Squaring and adding −1 r sin ϕ
=
(1) 2 + (−1)2 = r 2 cos 2 ϕ + r 2 sin 2 ϕ 1 r cos ϕ
⇒ 1 + 1 = r 2 ( cos 2 ϕ + sin 2 ϕ ) −1 = tan ϕ
⇒ 2 = r 2 (1) ⇒ ϕ = tan −1 ( −1)
⇒ r= 2
Now
sin θ − cosθ = r cos ϕ sin θ + r sin ϕ cosθ
= r ( cos ϕ sin θ + sin ϕ cosθ )
= r sin (θ + ϕ ) where r = 2 and ϕ = tan −1 ( −1)

(iv) 5sin θ − 4cosθ

Let 5 = r cos ϕ and −4 = r sin ϕ
Squaring and adding − 4 r sin ϕ
=
(5) 2 + (−4) 2 = r 2 cos 2 ϕ + r 2 sin 2 ϕ 5 r cos ϕ
⇒ 25 + 16 = r 2 ( cos 2 ϕ + sin 2 ϕ ) 4
− = tan ϕ
⇒ 41 = r 2 (1) 5
 4
⇒ r = 41 ⇒ ϕ = tan −1  − 
 5
Now
5sin θ − 4cosθ = r cos ϕ sin θ + r sin ϕ cosθ
= r ( cos ϕ sin θ + sin ϕ cosθ )

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 FSc-I / 10.2 - 11

 4
= r sin (θ + ϕ ) where r = 41 and ϕ = tan −1  − 
 5
(v) sin θ + cosθ
Let 1 = r cos ϕ and 1 = r sin ϕ
Squaring and adding 1 r sin ϕ
=
(1) 2 + (1) 2 = r 2 cos 2 ϕ + r 2 sin 2 ϕ 1 r cos ϕ
⇒ 1 + 1 = r 2 ( cos 2 ϕ + sin 2 ϕ ) 1 = tan ϕ
⇒ 2 = r 2 (1) ⇒ ϕ = tan −1 (1)
⇒ r= 2
Now sin θ + cosθ = r cos ϕ sin θ + r sin ϕ cosθ
= r ( cos ϕ sin θ + sin ϕ cosθ )
= r sin (θ + ϕ ) where r = 2 and ϕ = tan −1 (1)

(vi) Do yourself as above

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Book: Exercise 10.2 (Page 326)

Text Book of Algebra and Trigonometry Class XI
Punjab Textbook Board, Lahore.

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