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Title of the Book

Author

Language

Edition

Publisher
Copy Right

Paper Used

Size of the Book

Type point used


No. of Pages

Printer

Price

~ tSUl]QJIf\ - 1992
: ~mGiU - 1993
: IliQltbLllT - 1998
~QDLUuL (!II5U&.J
: J!jQJtDuT - 2004 l5I_uiail..D
: 4 i1ifllU(!!)B;C5

: PUDUKKOTTAI MAAVATTAVARALAARU

: Dr. 1. RAJA MOHAMAD


: Tamil

: Fourth

: Director of Museums,
Government Museum,
Chennai - 600 008.

(First Published in 1992 by


Thirumathi Sheela Rani Chunkath, I.A.S.,
Collector, Pudukkottai and Chairman
Pudukkottai District Archives Committee).

: Author

: 80 gsm& 100 gsmMaplitho

: Demy Octovo

: 10 Point
Size of the Book : Demy Octovo

:Type
282+24
point used : 10 Point

No. of Pages : 282+24


: Smart Fonts
Printer
Chennai-41 : Smart Fonts
Chennai-41

:Price
Rs.85.oo : Rs.85.oo

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Ll1I5m51L.DL IDIiULL 8J,mrg
1) Pudukkottai--Distriet, Gazetteer - 1983 - ppl09
2) 4~5G51TL..Q)L. 5.uQQJL..@5Q1 (Inscriptions of pudukkottai' state)
&fAir 325 (~efl4.5.&fGl'5 e!6l55uu@tb)
3) Raja Mohamad J. - Pudukkottai Roman Coins A. Relook
- Paper presented in the TamUnadu Numismatics Society' at
Madras April 1988.
4) L.1T5L.W G5.Qi).lTlTlDQr urrAir.... wli' QJITQ)ITDlI 1977 - U5 58-59
5) P;LQr 5ITilp;rr~Qr - ~1B~p;rr@ Q~rr.uQUIT®8T 4i1Q1~~Q)!D
Q~rr.ua51w.u 5®~~IT"'e 1983 - .~Q)ITd.t(!j!6l~il5 5.uQQ.L..@ -
u551b.157-164.
6) 4.5.238
7) 4'.5.239
8) 4.5.240
9) 4.5.241
10) 4.5.15
11) 4.5.16
12) LI.ai.l7
13) 4.5.18
14) 4.5.19
15) Q~.'1rr~rr· (!p5lD~. (!P~~Q)ITWW 45~urr@1b 4~Q)5 (!P~"Q)ITUJIi'
(!p'16r - 6JulT.u 1973.
16) p;rrQ) .... wrrw - 200. 296
17) y.5.45
18) 4.5.13
19) 4.5.18
20) 4.5.6~
21) 4.5.48
22) 4.5.61 (,,!bCurr~ 4~5C5rrL..Q)L dI®"'5rrL..ilUJ5~p.u)
. 23) y.5.21. 31-35
24) 4.5.36. 42. 48-51. 53. 56. 63. 67-75. 78-81.
25) 4.5.24. 30

26) 4.&.84
27) 4.5.28, 36, 83-89
28) 4.5.95-104.
29) 4.5.100
30) 4.5.242
31) 4 .•. 105-108
32) 4.5.109-114
33) 4.5.115
34) dlGrT.J51TL..i111J5~ ~Q)l!>tBQr FFa~lT~ dlGril5ITL..il1IJ5~ ~l!>U4
6lSlij)1T 5G~~I]rT.J.$lQ) ~fo~Q) 4i1lflllJIf QJlTiI~~ "Q51TrT.J~
Q61Tij)GU" Q51T~u,UlrelT QQJ9flGu," m",!!) 5L..~Q)l]tB~G~~
- FF~IT~ 7.10.1987.
35. ®~If.~1f56ITuSI - 5Q)~U, Q61fQ)~U, - ui.67
36. 4.5.435
37. 4.5.14
38. 4.5.63, 65
39. 4.5.24,29.30 2.15
40. QulflllJ 4~IfQIITU, - j)1,..rT.J5W! ~lTlIJmlTITu 41]1TQllTU, - urrLQ) 2-4
41. Epi.lnd.Vol XV P.66
42. Epi.Ind.VoI.XXX No.4l. P.243
43. Ibid. Vol. XXX No.19 P.95-l11
44. M.S.Govindasamy - The feudatories in later chola History
- Annamalai Nagar 1975 - p.20.
45. ARE.187 of 1920
46. ,Epi - Indi - Vol XXX No.4 1,P.243. See also Domilica Vol
46. ,Epi - Indi - Vol XXX No.4 1,P.243. See also Domilica Vol
I Pt.!!, P.23 and ARE 204 of 1920.
47. K.A.Nilakanta Sastri - Cholas P.26.
48. 6lSl.~IfU)~Ii~~ - Q51Tri.I~ ~1fL..~ 5QjAIrLlf5Qr - 1977, ui.180
49. dlQrQTU)rrlT6rruSl 5~ ui.133-34.
50. Q6.l}'rr6r.5Q)QQJL..~Qr ~Q)u, QIfilrrT.J~ ~ITL..~ QJI}'Q)rr!i>t:6lQ) ilQ) 4~1IJ
5®~~ia;Qr - 5Q)QQJL..~i a;®~~1]rT.J5U, 1968.
51. 4.5.14.
52. Epi-Ind. X- P.64
55

53. S.I.I. Vol N No.147


54. V.Manickam - Agriculture and Trade in Kongu Country
(unpublished Ph.V. Thesis, University of Madras, 1983)
55. 4.5.122
56. 4.5.118. 119. 121. 124.
57. 4.5.117-119. 121. 122. 124-137.
58. 4.5.128.
59. 4.5.129. 211
60. 4.5.123. 147
61. 4.5.135. 181. 188.
62. 4.5.131-137.181. 182. 184. 186. 188. 190.
63. 4.5.138-141. 208
64. 4.5.163. 166
65. 4.5.130. 143-146. 148-180. 220
66. 4.5.183. 185. 193-196. 198. 199
67. 4.5.244-246. 333-337.
68. 4.5.247-327. 467, 46,8. 506. 518, 520.
69. C5.Qil,lJlTlDm - UlTAIr~1U1T QJIJQ)IT~ u&.111
70. wrm.C6~lJlTlDm - c!fIillLIl-lQJITlDm ®Q)Cc!f5IJm 11- South Indian
History Congress - Madras Feb. 1980.
71. 4.5.328. 337
72. 4.5.252. 253
73. I.Thinakaran - Second Pandya Empire AD.1190 - 1312.
- 1987-P.76
74. 4.5.338-343. 472
75. 4~5.344-358

76. 4.5.359-382
77. 4.5.383. 420. 443, 547. 566
78. 4.5 .426
79. 4.5.438-440
80. 4,5.441. 442
81. 4.5.444. 445. 556. 565. 573. 579. 562& 586

82. 1.1.5.446-449
83. K.R.Venk.ataraman - A Manual of Pudukkottai State Vol.lI
Part-I. P.632.
84. S.Krishnasamy Iyengar - South India and her Mohamadan
invaders.
85. 1.1.5.281, 283
86. 1.1 .•. 86
87. 1.1.5.283
88. Gazetteer of Pudukkottai op .cit. P .144
1986.
89. K.R.Srinivasan-Pudukkottai Archaeology - A panorama - Paper
presented in'the Pudukkottai Museum platinum Jubilee Seminar
1986.
90. District Gazetteer - Ramanathapu
90. District Gazetteer - Ramanathapuram - P.7S.
91. Pudullottai Manual op cit.
91. Pudullottai Manual op cit.
92. Thinak.aran opt.dt. p.150.
93. Elliot and Dowson - History of I!ldia as told by her own
92. Thinak.aran opt.dt. p.150.
historians - Vol.ill P.204
94. 1.1.8>.450-454
93. Elliot and Dowson - History of
95. 1.1.8>.435. 458

historians - Vol.ill P.204


96. 1.1. 5.459 , 460
97. 1.1.8>.689

94. 1.1.8>.450-454
98. 1.1.8>.960, 961
99. Lj.8>.684-692

95. 1.1.8>.435. 458


100. 4. 5 . 696 , 719
101. Lj.8i.680-719, 778-821

96. 1.1. 5.459 , 460


102. Lj. 8>. 722, 723
103. Lj.8>.722, 723, 167
97. 1.1.8>.689
104. Lj.8>,724-727
105. Lj.8>.728-741
98. 1.1.8>.960, 961
106. Lj.5.742-752
107, Lj.5.754-757
99. Lj.8>.684-692
100. 4. 5 . 696 , 719
101. Lj.8i.680-719, 778-821
ology - A panorama - Paper
102. Lj. 8>. 722, 723
um platinum Jubilee Seminar
103. Lj.8>.722, 723, 167
104. Lj.8>,724-727
ram - P.7S.
105. Lj.8>.728-741
106. Lj.5.742-752
107, Lj.5.754-757

I!ldia as told by her own


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!Lord Clive in council-I3-10-I798 Vo1.89. P.32I9-20) aLDillt.O
IJITLD)!)ITI5Ljl}'tb ,!bl5W6&!B;a-r @j!6l~~ QilB'ITI}' 9S>QJT , SbL~ib, QilrurotUJt.O
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~® @j<.!9 ,!blUJLOlB;B;UULL~. iJB;@j<.!9Qilm _ <!pmLj 15.121798ru
IJITLD)!)lTibLjI}'~tDru, e;LL.QUlTtbLD@Jt.O IfrrLJ\UJ9fI~ibrrli' _ (Lord Clive in
Council 21.12.1798 Vol.l2 P.5416·17) B;LLQLJlIt.OLD9S>QT ~1TB;lfm
)!)L~tDUJ Qilibt.O -rgrm~tD!b®if'lUJQl5m!rll QilIfITI}'9S>QJTuSlru Ql5if'1lUQJ~I5~.
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4Q)Qlfa>UJILjW di!6l 5LLQUITWIDQr ~1It-8;511t- ~sb~if,5~ QpiITLIi.J.$ImlTrf.
(Board. of Revenue consultations VoI.229-10-6-1799 p.4853-91)
&lQTIf"ilUJITElTrf5QT ~Q)mQJ®w ij}QrgllClfli'sb~ ~® Bil.LLQIbflUJIT5
QIfUJ.uUL~ QpiITLIi.J&lmli'. j)QJIi'5QT (Bil.LLQIbfl ~1i.J5~~mli')
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IUII'.t\U .rrlU~.e«T 'I.!DlLlrr........ (Lord ClivI in councU 8.11.1799
Vo1.98. P.2771) • •fJ."1U UIf • .,IU...IfIt...., ~~.. ..",.ea.,1U
..wQu61f\ QJrruJ:.JQlu ir~Ii'CSbITif,&l ®®sb~W. 1799 CID IDlTpi~~.u ~U4
<!P!6l1U1lt-5"UULL~Qr. 49"Lilu UITalQTlU51Ji1T1i'lJiaflQr ITlTtIlIQJ ~9"illU.u
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UITa>QTIU551T1T1i'. Lp;QSlC51T1fl 41i.J&l(}Q)IU®';;e QSlAlrAJTut.Sl~~if,
Q5rrAirLITrf .

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(Kattabomman, 2-9-1799 letter to Major Bonnerman vol. 98 p.2706)
~mlT.u 5.9.1799-.u 41i.J&lCalIUUUQ)L UlTelflfQ)Ii.J~!6l"ilQ)1U
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106

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14.9.1799 ~Qrg)l QiblfEilrQlLLOlfQr IhQQ).5L®.5~ u/)Q> ~~uiSlQrIT.r.
a.SlQr6IT.r. mLd;')UlfU>LO®lU>. ~QI'1~ ib1oa.Sl 2illLO~~IiIl'1~U> LOlD[lU>
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(!JllUQrJ!)ibrr5QjU>. ®®ua.SljpU>. ~QI.r5Q)QT UIT~5ITUaUrr@
IiIlQl~/)®UUiblT 5QjU>. aLOQ> lbLQlIq-8;Ql5 (iT@55. 5QQ)5L'1~ U/)QlQ)
(iT/).rUITn-UUibIT5QjU>. 24.9.1799-Q> QiblTEilrIillLLOITQr t.6Ei1r@U> 5QQ)5L.r
~i1rI..rL@j';;~ Bilq-ibU> (iT W/) ATrr.r . (Lord Clive in council Vol.98)

5LdJUITU>LOQr iSllq-';;5UULL~ ibL05~ uSI~Jbib LO&l~';i1


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- ~5QLOIT~ibU> 'f{!9Cu.r-6.10.1799 ~Qr!!J LO~1iIl11 QlJbib~'--JbibibIT5
~ULQr Giuu5l~ QibITEilrQlLLOIT~8;® QibrflQSl~~QyQTIT.r. (Lord Clive
mcouncil. Vo1.98)
5LdJUITU>LOQr iSlQr4 /)®QlbQ><:ara51;;~ c!II~~QyQT
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QSl61T111i1l~ Q6uJlUUUL..LITrT. QSl61f'1Ii1lQITuS\Qr (!JlIq-QSlQ> urrATrTCLOGr.
GO'1urrEilrIq-UJ IfiLLQUITU>LO§lI8;@) LO'1Q1TibEilrLQlQr Qj\/)~~rrir. ~ibGrulq-
17 .10.1799 ~Gr!DI 5lU~ibrr!DI UQlWlU ~ITLQlL6.@) ~®<:a;
IfiLLQUITU>I.OQr. jJl5&la5ILUULLIT.r. I!mLO~~Ql'1
UITIiIlQTlUri.JaIfiITLIiIlLuSlw ilQlJ!) IiIlQl8;/hUULLlTir. (Lord Clive in council
8.11.1799. Vol. 98, P.2877-2884) iiQlATlU 4'1Lilu
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181

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Polyallhia Cerasoides
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Spondias Pinnata
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Hymanodityon
onexense
Cassia Fistula
Sccamonc emitica
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Dodonaea angustifoha
Randia candoanna
Mahonia Leschenautic
Schleichcra oleosa
Can!hium Purlvifloram
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Albizia amara
Carisla carandas
Cymbopogon martinii.
Scgeretia parviflora
Termin~ia chebula
Salvador:l persica
Anisomeles indica
Hibiscus vitifolius.
Moringa Sp
Artocarpus -
heterophyUus.
Murraya Paniculata

Allmenia nodiflora
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benghaJensis
7 It 8 J&QJtbuli" 1989.~uI1QJIfl 1990 4IlI
Gardenia latifloiria
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Jasminum
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Setaria italica
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Jasminum auriculatum
Syzygium cumini

Annona squamosa
CaJotropis gigantea
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Schleichera oleosa
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americanum
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Barrosus
flabellifer

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Acanthospermum
hispedium
Tribulus terrestris
Phoenix Sylvestis
Albizia lebbeck
Tamiarindus Indica
Wendlandia
thiyrsoidea
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thiyrsoidea
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thiyrsoidea
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Barringtonia acutangula inophyUum


Macrotye, oma
uniflorum
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7 It 8 J&QJtbuli" 1989.~uI1QJIfl 1990 4IlIRUJIi': Q!l. '''~(!p.'oeI
213

QJQlTi~~
- 5IiilGQ.JL..&e;61fl1iil ~1J&1lUliil Ifll>W
Q"uj)U)Q)Ii".
filJlTll>';II~~lJm
.&1.@.
IfCYlfhrrUJLh-1977
- 1Iri.Js; e;rrQ) QJIJQ)rrg)l-1977
51T iI)b1T ~m. )bLQT. - @i>fhGrlIfUJir-1976
filJlTll>';II~~lJm .&1.@.
51T iI)b1T ~m. )bLQT.
«Oll>ITQ).LIT &LIf .Q"Qu. Q"Lh.
5IT<!t.oQuQlIJ dluJUJrT .Q"Qu.
5QIITU~.dI.
&11J~IQSl &
5.fiQ)~uSI )bITIJITUJQllTm
ClI~ Ut5l '"Q)QT .IJIT .t5l.
6r»rflJlTlIm.lI.

G~IT.Q)L )bITLm.~.'Tlb.
)b1T511ITuSI.~1J1T .
ll>ITQJl:'L ~L..&1~Q)Q)Q.Jrf
ll~8;CIJjITL..Q)L
IJITll>m. C5. G6l.
Ifrrg..GII.

213
- 5IiilGQ.JL..&e;61fl1iil ~1J&1lUliil Ifll>W
IfCYlfhrrUJLh-1977
- 1Iri.Js; e;rrQ) QJIJQ)rrg)l-1977
- @i>fhGrlIfUJir-1976
JDlToUlfir ll>®~urr.I~UJir-1988
- ~ IJIT6jCe;rrurrQ) ~~UJLh- 1939
- ~uSI~5 QJIJQ)ITg)J( 1565 -1985) -1986
- ll~/iCS;ITL..Q)L Ifll>Qu~rr'" Q.J1JQ)1Tg»
1981
- ~uSI~s;Lh RiII®Lh Cu®Lh-1946
100 4.&s;\5~ (!Pm
~®Q)bIii>CQJQ$l ll>rrQ.JL..LLh-1986
- (!JlQ.J1J1f1T ®Q) QGliIT/i5tb-1921
- e;liili)lLh QlllTliili)lLh-1977
Art and Culture of
Tamil Nadu-1980.
Tamil Nadu-1980.
5IiilQQ.JL..&/i e;®i>fhlJri.J®-196.6.
- ~®ll>UJLh ~~IJ
ll>6>i>~Q.Jtb-1922
- ll>Q)®Lh ll>rr Q.J L..L Lh.
~/iC5rrL..Q)L-197 4
- UIT~I'l.UJir bUlJQ)rrg»-1977
- fh<§Q)1f ll>lJrrL..Uj.UJrr
GIfUCU&S,Q-r -50
/ (fhuSl~u uQ)s,Q)Q)6. 1Jj~s>tb-1983)
- <!p~Q)rrLh j)lJrrCll;!l~1J
Clfrr~w-1973
urr~tq.UJrr Q.J1JQ)rrg»
<!PfhQ;urr&tb-1978
- Handy Guide to Government
Museum, Pudukkottai.
1l~6.C4rrL..Q)L fh;!lfh Q/JrrQ)CQ.J;!l~rr
1fi>~UJt;Piri>~ -1988
- ~1§Q)6 ll>lJrrL..tq.UJ ll>wmrr
Q.J1fQ)rrg)l-1984.

314
314

Balasubr~maniyan, S.R. -Early Chola Temples


Balasubr~maniyan,AD.907-983
S.R. - 1971. -
Middle Chola Temples
(A.D.985-1070) 1975
Later' Chola Temples
(AD-I070-180) - t 979
A Note on the Fresco
Paintings at Sittannavasal
(Journal of Oriental
Research-1935)
CaldweU.R. - . A History of Tinnelveli-19
Chandrasekaran.A. - Studies in Pudukkottai
History (Unpublished
Ph.D. Thesis, University of
Madras)
Chandrasekar.M.S. - Guide to the Principal
exhibits in the Governmen
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Gopalan. R. - The History of the Pallavas
CaldweU.R. -
Chandrasekaran.A. -

Chandrasekar.M.S. -

Gopalan. R. -

Gopalakrishna ~ndhi(Editor) -

Hemingway·f·R. -

Hill.S.C. -
Kameswara Aiyar,B.V. -

Kanakasabai.V. -

Krishnasamy Iyengar.S.K. -

Mahajan.V.D. -

Mahalingam.T.V. -
Early Chola Temples
AD.907-983 - 1971.
Middle Chola Temples
(A.D.985-1070) 1975
Later' Chola Temples
(AD-I070-180) - t 979
A Note on the Fresco
Paintings at Sittannavasal
(Journal of Oriental
Research-1935)
. A History of Tinnelveli-1982
Studies in Pudukkottai
History (Unpublished
Ph.D. Thesis, University of
Madras)
Guide to the Principal
exhibits in the Government
Museum, PuduH.ottai -1966.
The History of the Pallavas of
Kanchi - 192 7
Pudukkottai District
Gazetteer-1983
Gazetteer of Ti:uchinapoly
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Yusuf Khan-The Rabel
Commander-1987
Sir A.Sheshaia Sastri,
K.C.S.I., an Indian
Statesma.I.\ (1902)
The Tamils Eighteen
Hundred Years Ago (1966)
South India and her
Mohamedan Invaders-1921
The Sultanate of Delhi -1978.
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.15
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Mathew.K.M. -
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Life under the Pallavas
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Part-I-1934.
Mohamed Hussain Nainar.S. -
(Editor)

Narasimhaiah.B. -

Nilakanta Sastri.K.A. -

Paramasivam.S. -
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.J18
.J18

dI&lQ)61T - 201 'T"'IT~ - 202, 222


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