The importance of reducing effusion and pain as soon as possible is due to the potential for*

Hyperactivity of the vastus medialis obliquus

Reflex inhibition of the hamstring muscle

Biomechanical alterations during walking and running

Medial tracking of the patella

The vastus medialis obliquus is*

A different functional entity to vastus medialis longus

Selectively activated in the last 10-15° of knee extension

Reflexively inhibited in the presence of knee joint effusion

All of the above

Quadriceps strengthening programs*

Are superior to hip abductor strengthening programs for patellofemoral pain

Are recommended when a patient tends to land with a relatively straight knee

Are recommended in the presence of quadriceps atrophy

All of the above

To minimise patellofemoral compressive forces*

Squats should be performed within 0-50° of knee flexion

The knee should move past the toes during lunges

Step-up step-downs should be performed as quickly as possible

Eccentric exercises should be performed past fatigue

The sideways step-up step-down*
Has a greater effect at the hip and lower back than forward step-up step- down

Results in a high hamstring activity compared with quadriceps

Results in lower patellofemoral joint reaction forces than forward step-up step-
down

Should be prescribed repetitively in untrained individuals

Two screening tests you may wish to perform prior to prescribing quadriceps exercises are*
Single leg squat, jump landing onto single leg

Jump landing onto single leg, retro step-down

Jump landing onto single leg, single leg spin

Single leg squat, Muncie method

Advice you may provide for patellofemoral pain includes*

Temporarily increase your walking activities to break through the pain

Increase step rate during running

Increase step length during running

Use an upright body posture during running

During quad contraction*

The patient should hyperextend the leg for maximum contraction

The leg should be internally rotated to focus on vastus lateralis activity

Dorsiflexion of the foot may increase activity of the quadriceps muscles

The hamstrings will contract more than the quadriceps

The straight leg raise*
Is more effective than the Muncie method at activating the vastus medialis
obliquus

May result in greater neuromuscular activation of the quadriceps than small

squats

Should be performed prior to cryotherapy or analgesics

Should be performed in the sitting position if the patient has short hamstrings

Long arc quad*

Is best performed in the 0-20° range of knee flexion

Is likely to result in increased laxity of the knee joint

Can result in a simultaneous increase in hamstring strength

In all studies results in greater strength gains compared with closed chain