C H A P T E R 4 P A T R O N A G E I N P H I L I P P I N E E L E C T I O N

4 . 4 P A T R O N A G E
 C H A P T E R 4 P A T R O N A G E I N P H I L I P P I N E E L E C T I O N

W H A T I S P A T R O N A G E ?

Political patronage is the dispensation of favours or rewards

such as public office, jobs, contracts, subsidies, prestige or other
valued benefits by a patron (who controls their dispensation) to
a client (Lemieux & Noel, 2017).
 C H A P T E R 4 P A T R O N A G E I N P H I L I P P I N E E L E C T I O N

P A T R O N A G E I N T H E
P H I L I P P I N E S / P A D R I N O
S Y S T E M
Most important means of winning elections in the Philippines.
Padrino system, or patronage in the Filipino culture and politics is the value
system where one gains favor, promotion, or political appointment through
family affiliation (nepotism) or friendship (cronyism), as opposed to one's
merit. The Padrino System in the Philippines has been the source of many
controversies and corruption (revolvy.com).
 C H A P T E R 4 P A T R O N A G E I N P H I L I P P I N E E L E C T I O N

P O R K - V O T E
C A S E W O R K
B A R R E L I N G B U Y I N G

T H R E E M E A N S O F P A T R O N A G E P R O V I S I O N
P O R K - B A R R E L I N G C H A P T E R 4 P A T R O N A G E I N P H I L I P P I N E E L E C T I O N

P O R K - B A R R E L I N G

Pork-barrel politics describes a process that

legislators use to obtain funding from a
central government to finance projects
benefiting the legislators' local constituents
(investopedia).

Pork-barreling has been part of Philippine

politics since the 1920's.
P O R K - B A R R E L I N G C H A P T E R 4 P A T R O N A G E I N P H I L I P P I N E E L E C T I O N

P B S T E P S :

Planning-phase: local government officials first identify

a project in their localities that require pork funds, and
bring it to the attention of a legislator.

Implementation-phase: the sponsoring legislator can

influence the choice of contractors for the project, and
also sometimes the employees who work for the
project, if he so wishes.

2 Principal Ways
Credit-claiming: acting so as to generate a belief in a relevant
political actor that one is personally responsible for causing the
government, or some unit thereof, to do something that the actor
considers desirable.

Political machines: patron-clientelist organization

P O R K - B A R R E L I N G C H A P T E R 4 P A T R O N A G E I N P H I L I P P I N E E L E C T I O N
P O R K - B A R R E L I N G C H A P T E R 4 P A T R O N A G E I N P H I L I P P I N E E L E C T I O N

L I D E R S
A V E R N A C U L A R A D O P T E D F R O M T H E E N G L I S H
W O R D " L E A D E R " .
L I D E R S : O P E R A T E A S C O M M U N I C A T I O N
B R O K E R S B E T W E E N T H E P A T R O N P O L I T I C I A N
A N D V O T E R S .

 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN HOUSE

MEMBERS AND SENATORS:
Representatives use pork-barreling to create a basic unit of a machine "cluster".
while..
Senators use pork to create a "pyramid" of machine clusters.
P O R K - B A R R E L I N G C H A P T E R 4 P A T R O N A G E I N P H I L I P P I N E E L E C T I O N

S A M P L E B A L L O T S
distributed to individual voters during the campaign
period. They are to be used as an aid at the polling
station since the ballots require that voters write up to
more than twenty names.

The sample ballots, which resemble the official ballots,

list the names of candidates so that voters can merely
mimic the list.
C A S E W O R K C H A P T E R 4 P A T R O N A G E I N P H I L I P P I N E E L E C T I O N

C A S E W O R K
Invite journalists and bloggers to visit and write about the resort.
Place ads in magazines and newspapers.
C A S E W O R K C H A P T E R 4 P A T R O N A G E I N P H I L I P P I N E E L E C T I O N

I N V O L V E S A P L E T H O R A O F
A C T I V I T I E S T H A T A R E
T A R G E T E D A T I N D I V I D U A L
C O N S T I T U E N T .
C A S E W O R K C H A P T E R 4 P A T R O N A G E I N P H I L I P P I N E E L E C T I O N

B E N E F I T S O F
C A S E W O R K :

1. it helps create psychological

indebtedness among the recipients of
his service.
sense of debt or utang na loob
2. providing individualized services
also helps to create a reputation
among the constituents.
V O T E B U Y I N G C H A P T E R 4 P A T R O N A G E I N P H I L I P P I N E E L E C T I O N

V O T E B U Y I N G
V O T E B U Y I N G C H A P T E R 4 P A T R O N A G E I N P H I L I P P I N E E L E C T I O N

V O T E B U Y I N G

Any reward given to a person for voting in a

particular way or for not voting can be called
vote buying. Vote buying is a corrupt election
practice. A vote buying bribe is that having a
monetary value.
V O T E B U Y I N G C H A P T E R 4 P A T R O N A G E I N P H I L I P P I N E E L E C T I O N

H O W D O E S V O T E B U Y I N G
T R A N S L A T E I N T O V O T E S ?
1. Receiving money creates a sense of debt and gratitude; repaying this debt
is a social norm in Philippine society.
V O T E B U Y I N G C H A P T E R 4 P A T R O N A G E I N P H I L I P P I N E E L E C T I O N

M O N I T O R I N G
S C H E M E S
1 . C A R B O N P A P E R I S U S E D , S O
T H A T T H E R E W O U L D B E P R O O F
O F H O W O N E V O T E D
2 . G I V E R E W A R D S T O L I D E R S
W H O D I S T R I B U T E M O N E Y T O
V O T E R S I N I N S T A L L M E N T S .
3 . L A N S A D E R A O R C H A I N
V O T I N G