Christian Ralf I.

Teves BSFi-IVA December 5, 2016

1. Enumerate the criteria for candidate species for fish culture.

 Fast growth, short food chain, efficient conversion of food, ready acceptance of
compounded feeds, good table quality, disease resistance, ease of breeding in captivity,
early maturation, high fecundity, and tolerance to a wide range of environmental
parameters.
2. What are the initial and basic requirements of fish culture?
 Culture Species
 Site Selection
a. Soil Quality
b. Land elevation and tidal characteristics
c. Vegetation
d. Water supply and quality
e. Accessibility
f. Availability of manpower
3. What is the different between natural and artificial propagation?
 For natural propagation, males and females are placed together in a breeding area such as
a small pond or an enclosure where they spawn naturally. This method is usually used,
for example, to produce tilapias cheaply.
 For artificial propagation, the females are given one or more injections of chemicals
which regulate the final ripening of dormant eggs in the ovaries. As soon as the eggs are
ripe, they are stripped from the females. The males are usually also injected. Eggs are
artificially fertilized with sperm obtained from the males and reared under controlled
conditions.
3.1 Advantages of the artificial propagation.
 Better rates of fertilization and hatching
 Protection against enemies and unfavorable environmental conditions
 Better conditions for growth and survival.
 Breaking the parasite chain.
 Production of superior strains
 Fish seed is guaranteed all the year round
 Fish seed is obtained outside the natural environment of fish
 It increase the survival rate of the fry
 It improves quality by crossing two different species (hybridization) can be obtained.

3.2 Advantages of the natural propagation.

  Culturist no longer has to worry about most of the topics in the book like stress,
anesthesia, and fertilization technique, choice of hormone and gonads biopsy become
irrelevant.
4. What are the artificial interventions of the procedure of artificial propagation?
 The artificial intervention in this procedure consists of: (a) collection of eggs, larvae or
fry (b) their protection from natural enemies and unfavorable environment factors (c)
raising the larvae up to the fingerling stage (d) distributing them for stocking in different
water bodies.

5. What are the steps in artificial propagation?

 The artificial propagation of fin fishes is a chain of activities, which between the various
species have some points of similarity while differing in others. The various activities
involved in the process of artificial propagation of fin fishes are listed below:

a. capture of wild brood fish from spawning grounds,

b. selection of breeders from wild stock for natural spawning or for hormone treatment,
c. rearing of brood fishes,
d. inducement of natural spawning with or without hormone treatment,
e. procurement of ripe sexual products by stripping with or without hormone treatment,
f. artificial fertilization,
g. incubation and hatching of eggs, and
h. rearing of larvae, fry, and fingerlings.

As already indicated, not all of the listed activities must be followed in the propagation of all
fishes; it depends on the stage at which artificial intervention starts and the specific requirements
of the individual species.

The technology that is to be applied for the propagation of a given fish depends on:

a. the spawning habit of the fish,

b. the given or possible local conditions,
c. the available installations, equipment, and tools, and
d. the adequacy and skill of the personnel available for propagation work.

6. What is/are brood stock?

 Broodstock or broodfish, are a group of mature individuals used in aquaculture for
breeding purposes. Broodstock can be a population of animals maintained in captivity as
a source of replacement for, or enhancement of, seed and fry numbers. These are
generally kept in ponds or tanks in which environmental conditions such as photoperiod,
temperature and pH are controlled. Such populations often undergo conditioning to
ensure maximum fry output. Broodstock can also be sourced from wild populations
 where they are harvested and held in maturation tanks before their seed is collected for
grow-out to market size or the juveniles returned to the sea to supplement natural
populations. This method, however, is subject to environmental conditions and can be
unreliable seasonally, or annually. Broodstock management can improve seed quality and
number through enhanced gonadal development and fecundity.
6.1 Factors affecting broodstock rearing.
 In spite of the numerous inherent difficulties, farm rearing of broodstock is widely
practised all over the world, since it enables the building-up and selection of healthy
breeders for eventual stock improvement. However, proper maintenance of suitable
environmental conditions and adequate food supply is mandatory.
 In the brood fish ponds, various factors such as temperature, light, oxygen content,
stocking density, tranquillity, size, and depth of the pond and food should generally
approximate the natural requirements of the species concerned. Therefore, a through
knowledge of these factors is a prerequisite for the successful rearing of breeders