ARCH505, ADVANCED RESEARCH METHODS, with Prof. Dr.

Şebnem Önal Hoşkara (Term

Paper)
Sight-seer’s cognitive experience in vernacular landscapes.
(Case study: Arabahmet neighborhood)
This article written for: philosophy and theory of vernacular architecture (Arch520)
Course instructor: Prof. Dr. Özgür Dinçyürek
Prepared by: Reyhaneh Ebrahimi takalu.15600168
Department of Architecture, Eastern Mediterranean University
Email Address:Reyhaneh.ebrahimi@gmail.com
( Word count : 4696 )
Abstract
Application of cognitive approach to vernacular architecture is on the increase. It is a topic of study of several
researchers from various disciplines. The field is not young and the previous works were about how the
environment was cognized by individuals, the latter, were about socio-cultural aspects. However in the
architecture literature review to the best of author’s knowledge, cognitive approach is still an unexplored
concept in vernacular context of Northern Nicosia.
This paper will focus on the concept of cognitive, a new approach to the way a human-being behaves and
thinks, and man-environment interaction in vernacular landscape as a setting for human experience and
activity .The study examines landscape as a dwelling-place in urban areas. The research area is environmental
perception. Thus the study of environmental perception is of fundamental importance for a better
understanding of the interrelationship between human and environment. It is also an essential tool for planning
activities that promote awareness and development of attitudes of environmental conservation.
It is a popular belief, Arabahmet residents, due to the absence of belonging to the place they reside, avoid
making any investment to their homes. This paper, aims to explore how the need to belong in locals affect
non-local's cognitive experience, by using a mixed methodology and case-study research.

Key words: vernacular Landscape, cognitive, sight –seer, belongingness, Arabahmet neighbourhood

Introduction in buildings but in system of settings. (Bretonne,

The last decade has seen a rapid change in the
direction from architecture and its inward studies
toward a wider interdisciplinary approach in the
area of vernacular architecture. It has been
distinguished when the title of Vernacular
Architecture Forum made a shift from perspectives
in vernacular architecture to buildings and
landscapes .As a result by means of buildings and
landscapes, the Forum not only stretched out its
limitations related to typology of traditional
buildings but also encompassed contemporary
architecture. (Brown and Maudlin, 2011).
Apart from architecture, the research on traditional
buildings has been discussed extensively in other
disciplines which assessed vernacular architecture
as human settlement. A linkage between
architecture and other areas of cultural studies
introduced by the earliest publications of Oliver
and Rapoport. Environmental perception and
cognition describe the physical and social world’s
interrelationship. (Oliver, 1997).
Rapoport suggested that, one should consider
vernacular architecture on the whole, not just draw
attention to architecture, since people do not dwell
1979).
Even in industrialized countries superficial issue of
imitation of vernacular architecture appears in
forms without deriving the idea that is expressed in,
and the reason why it is sensible to apply in design.
Study of vernacular architecture to learn its nature
and concept by a close and careful examination is
what Rapoport has developed in studying man-
environment interaction. (Bretonne, 1979).
Environmental elements have been used by
individuals for way-finding and getting to a place.
Behavioral aspects connected with function and
related to activities, the quality of being satisfied
with place and the state of being attached to place
(Altman and Low 1992). Cognition is an essential
part of psychological process, which generally
studied in other branch of knowledge, however
spatial cognition is an area of environmental
psychology. The reason of importance of spatial
cognition is, complicatedness of studying cognition
itself.
what we learn from spatial cognition research, can
result in our wayfinding success or failure.
(Gifford, 2016). Some literatures have an argument
about landscape, which is first and foremost a way
of gathering knowledge about the world by means
of sensible routine activities. For instance, in the
book Vernacular Landscape of America, cultural
1980, & Jacobs 1961) have researched about how
individuals typically reside and experience rural or
urban landscapes. Fundamentally ‘utilitarian’
vernacular landscapes of America, was concern of
Jackson. (Stilgoe, 1982) concentrated his attention
on exploring the ‘common’ landscape. Likewise
‘everyday’ landscape of Britain has been
represented by (Brown, 1982). Individual’s
understanding of the universe as a part of
vernacular landscape is what all theoretician have
had in common. As (Relph 1976,1987) mentioned:
this type of intellectual understanding is being
searched and praised in many communities to exert
Problem statement:
The process of suburbanizing had been a problem
which war-torn Cyprus has been affected by, over
the last 40 years. A large number of native’s
population relocated away to the south and the city
occupied by uneducated, low-income, working -
class immigrants from Turkey. Especially the
characteristic of Arabahmet neighborhood in
Walled city of Nicosia has been changed and as a
result a sense of alienation has been developed in
Cypriots which itself represents the impact of
repositioning of culture on vernacular buildings
and surrounding environments.
Aim and objective:
The aim of this paper is answer all these questions
by exploring cognitive experience and
environmental perception of sightseers of
Methodology, data collection and data
evaluation techniques:
The methodology has been used for this article to
approach the main aim is mixed-methodology.
Using just quantitative method to articulate the
feeling and emotion of sight-seers could be
doubtful. (Rageh et al.,2013)
The quantitative and qualitative information
collected to understand clearly and effectively
sight-seer’s cognitive experience. Data were
collected by using a questionnaire, distributed to 30
participant and directed a short semi-structured
face-to-face interview with 7 participant, - due to
reaching data saturation, choosing seven
Literature review
Historic urban districts represent a serious attempt
of indigenous cultures and the influence of their
values and familiarity with the world has
outspoken by (Jackson, 1984). (Tuan 1977, Whyte
force in opposition of economic globalization and
technology, additionally standardized corporate
environment it causes to exist. (Seamon, 1993)
stated that: opposite to favored belief, vernacular
landscapes symbolizes local identity, conventional
places and society. (Jackson, 1979), has focused on
the ordinary knowledge of the universe
encapsulated in vernacular landscape is established
in the course of an individual’s life not objects. As
(Cosgrove, 1987), pointed out :landscape is not a
picturesque view, other than a place to dwell , with
respect to society.
Approaches of vernacular architecture has been
discussed variously ranging from sociological,
anthropological to historical and geographical.
However study of cognitive approach has received
little scientific attention. Therefore the main
research question is: How is cognitional experience
of sightseers in vernacular landscape? Based on
what Oliver stated, vernacular architecture built to
meet needs, the sub-question is: What is the
essential unmet needs of vernacular dwellers in
Arabahmet neighborhood?
Arabahmet neighbourhood to fulfill the gap in
architectural literature. This study maybe
applicable in assisting policy makers or can be
notable in institutionalized architecture.
participants was justified as sample size - in Buyuk
Han caravanserai of Northern Nicosia who ever
visited vernacular landscape of Arabahmet
neighbourhood, to further expand this issue.
English and Turkish were languages of conducted
interview, data analysis technique is descriptive
statistics which illustrated as tables and pie-charts.
In this research as a case-study research data are
gathered directly from non-locals community
groups in the neighbourhood. Arabahmet is
selected as a pilot area for the case study and is
analyzed by observation, for detecting what sight-
seers cognized and experienced in this vernacular
landscape.
social behavior and action (doratli,et al,2004).As
(Ford, 2003) suggested that the role of culture in
historic districts become progressively greater in
amount, and there is a particular concern over
culture either in enhancing tourism or making cities
more habitable.
According to (Balsas, 2007) revitalization is giving
a new life to a city center by making it socially and
economically active. (Ley, 1996) mention that: the
transformation into composition of the city leads to
change in cultural aspects, choices and the type of
job of substitute middle class which persuade them
to dwell in the inner city instead of outlying part
of a city. (Permentier,et al. 2008) stated that :
construction era of a neighborhood which is the
reflection of their architectural style have an impact
on individual’s outlook about the area and
frequently have a relationship with feature of
habitations.
As (Wassenberg, 2004) mentioned: the qualities of
the surroundings which are exposed to view could
be noticed by people. They look at buildings
without appropriate sufficient attention.
(Permenter et al , 2008) argued that: ‘ non-residents
form an opinion on the built environment in
connection with its dweller. In view of the fact that
the physical character of the surroundings give a
clue to the outsider about lifestyle of insider.
Accordingly the physical character of a
neighborhood may point out its social character.
The vernacular, being established in tradition is
hardly changeable, if notable change takes place
that would has been a necessary consequence on
socio-structural shifts. Alteration may lead to
change the identity of locals and attitudes towards
sight-seers. (Asquith and Vellinga 2006)
Belongingness as one of the significant unmet
needs in Arabahmet neighborhood.
In scientific research conducted by psychologists,
the feeling of wanting to form a close relationship
and being related and connected to society has been
discussed numerously .It is regarded as a desire for
tender attachment and a feeling of being respected
by individuals.
It has been suggested that belongingness and well-
being are inter-related. Being isolated and
separated from others and a sense of estrangement
and loneliness are as a result of unmet need of
belongingness. (Baumeister and Leary 1995)
Place identity is an important concept in
environmental psychology, place and identity are
connected together to an inextricable degree. When
individuals know the place they dwell, studying
about binding place and identity together will
fulfill their knowledge about creating a place. It
would be applicable to know how individuals feel
at home. Additionally why voluntary and
involuntary dislocation maybe lead to a very
difficult and unpleasant experience that causes
someone to have long-lasting mental or emotional
problem. (Proshansky, et al 1983). All the places
that we have experienced and recognized, have
been moved to our embodied memory. The place
of our domiciliation, joined into our self-identity
and emerge as a part of our beingness. (Pallasmaa,
2012)
What people experience in urban landscape
mutually become involved with sense of place.
Abraham Maslow represented hierarchy of needs,
It is a pyramid which the first layer is the needs
related to study of the mind and basic
psychological needs, compulsory to survive. A
particular person can think about the second stage,
provided that the requirements of the first stage
fulfilled and not failed to meet.The third layer is
belongingness. (Maslow1987)
Maslow's hierarchy of needs
Belongingness to vernacular landscapes as an
affective relationship between individuals and
ever-experiencing landscape which exceed from
cognition deserves attention of scholars. This
symbolic relationship gives emotional meanings to
landscape, allowing individuals better
understanding and recognizing the environment.
This individualistic feelings embedded in a cultural
environment. However belongingness is more than
cognitive experience and includes cultural belief
that connect people to place. (Low, S.M. and
Altman, I., 1992)
From psychological point of view, belongingness
is about emotional connection between people and
environment. (Hunter, 1974), which has been
debated with regard to identity of place.
(Proshansky, and kaminoff, 1983) and community
identity (Hummon, 1986). (Relph, 1976) stated
that: to be human-being means to recognize the
place you are living”.
As (Castello,2010) mentioned: “In the construction
of a place we are creating, a wide range of
perceptual, cognitive, socio-physical experiences
are included. The perception of man-environment
Field Study:
Source: Iannacone&Hanson, (2010)
The case study area is located in Arabahmet
neighborhood, known for the vernacular houses
which possess unique cultural character .A mixed-
style of Ottoman, British and Post-British styles
have been displayed on the façade of buildings as
cultural layers, one after another.
It is located in the west of walled city of Nicosia,
near buffer zone and commercial area. The
neighborhood containing mostly homes, instead of
stores and business. According to Census (2011),
the population of this neighborhood is 3550.
Including within the walled-city.
interaction can be observed in architecture of a city
in a particular manner”. For that purpose, (Ohno,
1997) has indicated potentiality to develop a very
positive contribution to recognition of what we feel
in urban places in an intrinsic manner.
Arabahmet neighbourhood, photo taken by
author
The residential neighborhood of Arabahmet was of
high prestige in Nicosia, where the Turkish of high
ranking class and affluent trader Armenians were
living there. Over the decades the neighborhood
has been occupied by Turkish refugees from the
southern Cyprus .This neighborhood awfully
influenced by the suburbanization and the instance
of emigrating, many precious vernacular houses
are not valorized and validated and left without
needed protection and care. According to NMP,
Diagnostic report, (2004) uneducated working-
class Turks from impoverished areas inhabited
there and dwelling in, as a result of the land value
depression.
Based on author’s observation some vernacular
buildings is keeping in good condition after
rehabilitation, however most of them sorely
neglected and not given enough attention. The
original characteristics of facades of vernacular
buildings diminished by using unsuitable materials.
As a result the image of neighborhood
impoverished by unpreserved vernacular
landscape.
 Photos taken by author. Photos taken by author. Photos taken by author.

Questionnaire
This study investigates the cognitional experience of sightseers in walled city of Northern Nicosia with special
interest in Arabahmet vernacular landscape.
1. Gender: Male [ ] Female [ ]
2. Age:(20-30) [ ](31-40)[ ]
(41-50)[ ] (51-above)[ ]
3. Marital Status: Single [ ] Married [ ]
4. Nationality:
5. Religion: Christianity [ ] Islam [ ] other [ ]
6. Level of Qualification: High School [ ] Bachelors [ ] Post-graduate [ ]
7. How did you know about Arabahmet neighborhood? Friends [ ]Internet[ ] guidebook[ ] On my way [ ]
8. Reason for visiting Arabahmet neighborhood: Leisure[ ]Recreational[ ]Business[ ] Religion[ ]
9. Have you visited Arabahmet neighbourhood before? Yes[ ] No[ ]
10. If so, how many times have you visited this place? Two times [ ] more than two times[ ]
11. Do you like this place? Yes[ ] Partially[ ] No[ ]
12. Will you visit again, when you have the opportunity ?Yes[ ] No[ ]Maybe[ ]
13. Will you recommend this place to intending tourists? Yes[ ] No[ ]Maybe[]
14. What do you want to see in Arabahmet neighbourhood?
Religious place[ ] Souvenir shops, bars and restaurants [ ] Historic houses [ ]
15. What do you think about the safety and security of this place? safe[ ] unsafe[ ]
16. What do you think about the cleanness of this place? clean[ ] unclean[ ]
17. Did it meet your expectations? Yes[ ] No[ ] Partially[ ]

Presentation of the results of questionnaire:

Table1: Gender of participants

Members
Gender Frequency Percentage participating in the
40% MALE survey were chosen
Male 18 60% from both genders
60% FEMALE
Female 12 40% giving us 60% male
and 40% female
Total 30 100% participants.
 Age bracket of
Table2: Age of participants 20-30
participants in the
Age Frequency Percentage 13% survey are as follows:
27% 31-40
20-30 4 13% 13% of 20to30 years
37% 41-50 old, 37% of 31-40
31-40 11 37% 23%
41-50 7 23% above 50 years old, and 23%
Above 50 8 27% 41-50 years old 27%
Total 30 100% 50 years and above.

Table3: Marital status of participants

Participants in the
Frequency Percentage 20%
Single survey were asked
Single 6 20% about their marital
Married
Married 24 80% statuses.
80%
Total 30 100% 20% of the
participants reported
single while 80%
reported married.

Nationality of the
Table4: Country of origin participants spread
across different
frequency percentage 30% 34% E.U.&U.K. countries and
EU&UK 10 33% Iran continent. Each
Iran 4 14% 23% 13% nationality data was
Turkey
Turkey 7 23% recorded and given as
T.R.N.C.
T.R.N.C 9 30% follows:
Total 30 100% 33% from The
E.U.&U.K. ; 14%
from Iran ; 23% from
turkey and 30% were
citizens of Northern
Cyprus.

Table5: Religion of participants Participants were

7% asked about their
Frequency Percentage 33% religions.33% of
Christian
Christian 10 33% the total
Muslim 18 60% 60%
Muslim
participants are
Other 2 7% Other Christian by
Total 30 100% religion, and 60%
were Islamic by
religion,7% of
respondents have
other religion.
Table6: Level of qualification The level of
qualification across
High school
Frequency Percentage 13% all the participants in
High 8 27% 27% the survey were
Bachelor
school recorded and 27% of
Bachelor 18 60% the participants
60% Post-
Post- 4 13% Graduated
completed high
Graduated school;
Total 30 100% 60%completed
bachelor studies and
13% completed post
graduate studies.

Participant were
Table7: How did you know about the questioned about how
neighborhood? 13% Friends they came to know
33% about Arabahmet
20% Internet neighborhood. 13% of
Frequency Percentage
Friends 4 13% Guidebook the participants found
34% out from friends ; 20%
Internet 6 20% On their way
Guidebook 10 33% found out from The
On their 10 34% internet and 33%
way found out from
Total 30 100% tourist’s guidebooks
,and 34% of the sight-
seers this
neighborhood was on
their way of
destination , mostly
Turkish Cypriot.

Participants were
Table8: Reason for visiting Arabahmet asked of their reasons
neighborhood leisure for visiting
frequency percentage 33% 27% Arabahmet
business
Leisure 8 27% neighborhood. 27% of
7% religion
Business 2 7% the participants
33% recreational
Religion 10 33% replied leisure. 7%
Recreation 10 33% replied business,
al because they work in
Total 30 100% this neighborhood.
33% replied religion
and 33% replied
recreational.
 Participants in the
Table9: Have you visited Arabahmet survey were asked if
neighbourhood before? they have visited
frequency percentage 33% Yes Arabahmet
Yes 10 33% Neighborhood
No
No 20 67% 67% before.33% replied in
Total 30 100% the affirmative while
67% replied negative.

10 person of
Table10: How many times have you participants visited
visited this place? Arabahmet before,
Two times
Frequency Percentage 40%
which 40% visited for
Two times 4 40% two times and 60% for
60% More than two
More than 6 60% times more than twice.
two times
Total 30 100%

Participants in the
Table11: Do you like this place? survey were asked if
13% they felt attached and
Frequency Percentage 27% Yes like the neighborhood,
Yes 4 13% No
13% replied
No 18 60% affirmative. 60% of
60% Partially
Partially 8 27% the participants
Total 30 100% replied negative and
27% replied partially.

Participants in the
Table12: Will you visit again, when you survey were asked if
have the opportunity? 6% they will visit
27% Yes
Frequency Percentage Arabahmet
Yes 8 27% No neighborhood again if
No 20 67% they have the
67%
Maybe 2 6% opportunity.27% of
Total 30 100% the participants
replied
affirmative.’yes’,
67% replied ‘no’ and
6% of the participants
replied ‘maybe’.
 Participants in the
Table13: Will you recommend this survey were quizzed
place to intending tourists? 17% if they will
Frequency Percentage recommend this place
Yes
Yes 5 17% 50% to intending tourists:
33% No
No 10 34% 17% of the
Maybe participants replied
Maybe 15 50%
Total 30 100% affirmative. 33%
replied negative and
50% of the participant
replied maybe.

Table14: What do you want to see in Participants in the

Arabahmet neighbourhood? survey were
27% 33% questioned on what
Religious place
Frequency Percentage they wanted to see in
Shops,Bars
Religious 10 33% Arabahmet
40% Historic place Neighborhood, 33%
place
Shops, 12 40% of the respondents
Bars replied mosques and
Historic 8 27% churches, 40% wanted
Place to go to shops, bars
Total 30 100% and restaurants and
27% wanted to see
historic houses.

Participants were
Table15: What do you think about the asked about the safety
safety and security of this place? and security of the
Frequency Percentage 37% Safe neighborhood, 63%
Safe 11 37% replied it is a unsafe
63% Unsafe
Unsafe 19 63% place, however 37%
Total 30 100% consider this place
safe.

Participants were
Table16: What do you think about the asked about the
cleanness of this place? hygiene of the
Frequency Percentage neighborhood, 57% of
Clean 17 57% them replied it is
 Unclean 13 43% clean, however 43%
Total 30 100% of the respondent
replied it is not clean.
43% Clean
57%
Unclean

Participants were
Table17: Did it meet your expectations? asked if they meet
12% their
Frequency Percentage expectations.16% met
Yes 5 16% 43% Yes
their expectation
No 18 27% 45% No while 27% did not
Partially 17 57% Partially meet their
Total 30 100% expectations, 57% of
respondents somehow
met their
expectations.

The result of Interview about the general point-
of-view about Arabahmet historic district:
Locational perception, approachability
perception and perception of facilities
condition:
Nearness to traditional commercial centre and
proximity to the both checkpoints to travel to
southern Cyprus was one of strength points for
Turkish Cypriots. For some of them this
neighbourhood was in the course of their
destination. Moreover parking lot in this
neighbourhood was another adequate facility of
this neighbourhood.in spite of that the car-parks fee
was ridiculously expensive and the narrowness of
alleyways put a stop to park the cars in front of their
house.
However other nationality sight-seers show their
unwillingness towards the locational and
approachability perception in the area .As they
explained, being located at the short distance from
the check-points is a weak point due to the presence
of border guards might make them feeling scared.
Some of them who ever been there before for more
than two times mentioned that the two past decade
there were an innumerable number of soldiers near
the borders created a frightening atmosphere.
Like they said, neighborhood is not well-accessed
and is not on the public transportation route.
In one hand, the most majority of local sightseers
were in agreement of proper facility deprivation.
The locals were unaware of the importance of
vernacular buildings and considered the
neighbourhood a complex of shanty dwellings for
labouring class, the neighbourhood hold no
attraction and attachment to them.
On the other hand, a handful of local sightseers
were visiting the neighbourhood to have a sense of
togetherness with friends in bars, cafes, restaurants
and visiting art galleries.
The most majority of non-local sightseers not only
refused to talk about a feeling of aversion or
disapproval towards the neighbourhood in a direct
way but also the uniqueness of the neighbourhood
was appreciated by them, ruins of the buildings
were meaningful to them, they could be as
attraction and exploitation at the same time due to
being never dead nor alive.
The churches and mosques give them a sense of
spirituality, however regrettably some of the
buildings are forgotten and abandoned. They affect
them nostalgically with both attraction and
repulsion.
Walking through vernacular landscape of
Arabahmet neighborhood has given them
somehow a sense of walking in an open-air
museum by seeing the way of life of a different
culture. Nevertheless experiencing culture-shock
by visiting the unfamiliar way of life and
technology gap made some of them disappointed.
A small number of non-local sightseers enjoy
visiting imprint of war and destruction of buildings
and feel attraction toward and take pleasure by
sense of adventure in travelling in historic time.
Especially elders like walking among historical
house, while earlier generation preferably chose
entertainment.
Some of them argued about no-entry signs in some
buildings and wondered about why if they have
neighborhood is not safe, especially at nights,
poverty and crime are inter-related.
All of non-local sight-seers appreciated the
Ottoman-style house, Armenian Church and
Lusignan mansion and other spectacular examples.
Mansion separated into several parts and many
families live there, most of them do not hold a yard,
therefore their clothes were hanged exposed to
view of people passing by, in combination with the
Conclusion:
There is a symbolic relationship between place and
people which shaped by giving emotional meaning
to a place. It has commonly been assumed that, the
working-class who re-occupied in vernacular
buildings of Arabahmet, find it difficult to develop
a strong relationship with the home they dwell in
and with the neighborhood as well. They do not
feel at home and their homes are not a part of who
they are. The mansions divided into several parts to
home several families. And the shape of buildings
culturally has been changed, it can be lead to
change in static form of the vernacular buildings
which perfectly was fit to the context, therefore the
principles of vernacular buildings has been
ignored.
The result of questionnaire and interview about
cognitional experience of sightseers and general
Acknowledgements
This article has been prepared for the course ARCH 505, advanced research methods with Prof. Dr. Şebnem
Önal Hoşkara. I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to her, as well as my supervisor, Prof.
Dr. Özgür Dinçyürek, who gave me the opportunity of writing (Sight-seer’s cognitive experience in vernacular
landscapes).
historical usefulness and importance the
municipality did not take action towards them so
far, they should be destructed or renovated. The
fact that to be a threat to safety and security of the
environment and give the neighborhood an unclean
image. The most majority agree that this
face of buildings cause an uneasy feelings in sight-
seers. Similarly, is erection of satellite dish on the
façade made the building having an unpleasant
view, sight-seers were surprised, while their houses
are in poor condition they splurge money on
watching television. The fact that, they live in a
house that there is no sense of belonging which is
an essential need of every human-kind.
Ideas about attachment to neighborhood and
evaluate the visual, physical and social
characteristics represent their disapproval on the
whole.
Since vernacular architecture built to meet certain
needs of dweller. The reason of disapproval could
be the absence of belongingness in dwellers as a
most important psychological need -apart from
financial problem- that made them discouraged to
take care of their buildings. Consequently the ghost
houses disturb the atmosphere and give the
neighborhood a dirty picture.
If municipal authorities were to take this study into
consideration, they might find a way through
revitalizing this abandoned vernacular landscape.
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