THE INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET (revised to 2018)

CONSONANTS (PULMONIC) © 2018 IPA

Bilabial Labiodental Dental Alveolar Postalveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar Uvular Pharyngeal Glottal

Plosive p b t d ≥ … c ï k g q G /
Nasal m İ n = Ò N Î
Trill õ r R
Tap or Flap ⱱ | Ç
Fricative F B f v T D s z S Z § ˆ ć J x V X å © ? h H
Lateral
fricative ñ L
Approximant æ ¨ ø j »
Lateral
approximant l Ï ´ K
Symbols to the right in a cell are voiced, to the left are voiceless. Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.

CONSONANTS (NON-PULMONIC) VOWELS

Front Central Back
Clicks Voiced implosives Ejectives
Close i y é è ∑ u
> Bilabial ≤ Bilabial ' Examples: IY U
ù Dental ë Dental/alveolar p' Bilabial
< (Post)alveolar ú Palatal t' Dental/alveolar Close-mid e P ɘ Â ‰ o
¥ Palatoalveolar Ä Velar k' Velar π
Ù Alveolar lateral ì Uvular s' Alveolar fricative Open-mid E { ä ɞ μ O
⁄ ¿
OTHER SYMBOLS
Open a ‹ A ş
ª Voiceless labial-velar fricative – ó Alveolo-palatal fricatives Where symbols appear in pairs, the one
to the right represents a rounded vowel.
w Voiced labial-velar approximant ◊ Voiced alveolar lateral flap
ç Voiced labial-palatal approximant ê Simultaneous S and x SUPRASEGMENTALS

í Voiceless epiglottal fricative Affricates and double articulations " Primary stress
®foUnπ "tISπn
Ω Voiced epiglottal fricative can be represented by two symbols ∂
ts∞ kp ® Secondary stress
joined by a tie bar if necessary.
Ö Epiglottal plosive É Long eÉ
ò Half-long eò
DIACRITICS Some diacritics may be placed above a symbol with a descender, e.g. N( * Extra-short e*
9 Voiceless n9 d9 ∫ Breathy voiced b∫ a∫ 1 Dental t 1 d1 ù Minor (foot) group
3 Voiced s3 t 3 0 Creaky voiced b0 a0 ’ Apical t ’ d’ Ù Major (intonation) group
î Aspirated tî dî £ Linguolabial t £ d£ 4 Laminal t 4 d4 . Syllable break ¨i.⁄kt
7 More rounded O7 W Labialized tW dW ) Nasalized e) Å Linking (absence of a break)
Í Less rounded OÍ ≠ Palatalized t≠ d≠ ö Nasal release dö TONES AND WORD ACCENTS
± Advanced u± Ú Velarized tÚ dÚ ” Lateral release d” LEVEL CONTOUR
Extra
2 Retracted e2 ı Pharyngealized t ı d ı } No audible release d} e_ or “ high e# or Ê Rising
á Centralized eá â Velarized or pharyngealized : e! č High e$ ∆ Falling
+ Mid-centralized e+ 6 Raised e6 ( ¨6 = voiced alveolar fricative) e@ ≈ Mid e%   Highrising
e~ ™ Low eÔ  Low rising
` Syllabic n` À Lowered eÀ ( BÀ = voiced bilabial approximant) eÑ È Extra
low e&  Rising-
falling
8 Non-syllabic e8 5 Advanced Tongue Root e5 ÿ Downstep à Global rise
Ø Rhoticity ã aØ ° Retracted Tongue Root e° Õ Upstep ¤ Global fall

Typefaces: Doulos SIL (metatext); Doulos SIL, IPA Kiel, IPA LS Uni (symbols)