752 TECHNICAL DATA Elements of lighting Design

LUMINOUS FLUX (Fig.1) LUMINANCE (Fig. 4)

It is the amount of luminous energy emitted in the space by a source in a period of
time. The luminous flux is identified by the symbol Φ, and is measured in lumens (lm).
A lumen is equal to the luminous flux emitted within a unit solid angle from a spot
source subtended at the centre of a sphere having a luminous intensity of 1 candela
in all directions. In the International System, the measuring unit for solid angle is the
steradian (sr), which gives the following relation: 1 lm =1 cd x sr.
As the luminous flux is the time rate of light emitted by a source, it must be conside-
red as power from the dimensional point of view as it is energy divided by the unit of
time. An interesting extension of the concept of luminous flux as power is the concept
of luminous efficiency.
Luminous efficiency is the ratio of the luminous flux emitted by a light source to the
power input of the source. Through this value it is possible to assess the energy
saving provided by one lamp compared to another.
If the light source is greater than a point, its size becomes relevant and the above
definition of luminous intensity can no longer be applied. We must therefore introduce
a new concept which determines the amount of light energy that is emitted either by
light sources or by reflection surfaces.
This photometric quantity is the luminance (L), which is defined as the ratio of the
source luminous intensity in the direction of an observer to the emitting surface as
seen by the same observer (or apparent surface).The unit of measurement is cd/
sqm. The fundamental relation is given by:
L=dI α/dA x cos α
Where 1 is the candlepower at the angle α; is the source area, cos α is the cosine of
the angle formed by the observer’s eye and the normal to the source.

EFFICIENCY
ILLUMINANCE VALUES
16x109 cd/m2

POWER
LAMP Midday sun

lm/W
TYPE

FLUX
6x106 cd/m2

lm
Sunset
Blue sky 8000 cd/m2
Cloudy sky 2000 cd/m2
ALO 300 5000 17 Lawn 800 cd/m2
MBF 125 6300 50
cos 1 Snowy plane 3,2x104 cd/m2
FL comp. 24 1800 75 cos =1
FL tubolare 36 3350 93 Tallow candle 5000 cd/m2
JM 2000 180000 90 NC 60W clear bulb 5x106 cd/m2
SAP-T 400 48000 120 FL 18W 4000 cd/m2
Luminous flux (Fig. 1) SBP 90 13500 150 Illuminance (Fig. 4) JM 70W 1,5x107 cd/m2

LUMINOUS INTENSITY (Fig.2) ILLUMINANCE (Fig. 5)

Luminous intensity is the amount of light (l) emitted by a spot source which pro- The concept of illuminance is critical in illumination design. This value is useful to
pagates in a given direction. This intensity is defined as the flux ratio Φ emitted determine he amount of light that is emitted by a source and is present on a surface.
in any specified direction in a unit solid angle cone ω, which gives l=dΦ/dω. It is The illuminance (E) is the density of the luminous flux incident on a surface:
the fundamental physical quantity in the International System and is measured in dΦ Lm
candelas (cd). The XVI General Conference for Weights and Measurements in 1979
established that the intensity of 1 cd is equal to the intensity of a source that emits - in E= lux=
a solid angle of 1 sr - the frequency and power monochromatic radiation Φ=1/683 W. dA sqm
A standard international eyesight, defined by ClE, is used to determine the maximum
relative visibility value for radiations at a 555 nm wavelength. This value corresponds where dΦ is the luminous flux incident on the surface, dA is the surface area struck
to that of the source under consideration, which therefore has 1 Im. by the flux. The measuring unit of illuminance is lux (lx), which is dimensionally
expressed as cd/sqm
ILLUMINANCE VALUES
a =1
Sunshine, blue sky 100.000lx
a =1 rad
Cloudy sky 10.000lx
Starry sky without moon 10-4lx
a tot =2 rad 1 lumen
Average street lighting 5-30lx
Minimum light for pedestrians
to avoid obstacles 0.2-1lx
Well-lit house 100-200lx
Commercial conc. 200-3000lx
Luminous intensity (Fig. 2-1) Luminous intensity (Fig. 2-2) Offices and sc. 300-2000lx Illuminamento (Fig. 5)

BZ CLASSIFICATION (Fig. 3) POINT-TO-POINT METHOD (Fig. 6)

The BZ method defines project parameters to obtain a greater precision in calcula- The method used to determine the horizontal illuminance at a specific site is com-
tions as compared to the standard method. In particular, this method classifies fixtu- monly called “point-to-point” method. Its formula is:
res according to 10 standard distributions of luminous intensity, i.e. 10 increasingly Ip x Klm x cos3 α
wide polar curves that can be represented by a simple mathematical formula. At this Ep = where:
point, the fixture is given a BZ classification.The higher the BZ label, the wider the h2
light beam and the mounting spacing that would ensure correct uniformity Ep = illuminance at a site (in lux)
BZ1 1 x cos4 α BZ2 2 x cos3 α BZ3 3 x cos2 α Ip = candlepower referred to 1000 lm, at the relevant site
BZ4 4 x cos1.5 α BZ5 5 x cos α BZ6 6 x (1+2 cos Klm = the luminous flux of the lamp
α) 3
cos α = cube of the cosine of the angle between normal to the fixture and relevant siteesame
BZ7 7 x (2+cos α) BZ8 8 BZ9 9 x (1+sen α) h2 = the distance between the source and calculation plane
BZ10
90ϒ
10 x sen α 90ϒ
115ϒ 115ϒ
90ϒ 100 90ϒ 90ϒ 90ϒ
105ϒ 105ϒ
100 90ϒ 50 90ϒ 40 95ϒ 95ϒ
60ϒ 200 60ϒ
60ϒ 300 200 60ϒ 100 50 BZ9 80
BZ5
300
75ϒ BZ10
100
75ϒ
BZ9 120 Ip
75ϒ BZ10 150 75ϒ
45ϒ 400 BZ4
BZ5
45ϒ 60ϒ BZ8 60ϒ 160 85ϒ 85ϒ
BZ3
45ϒ 500 400
BZ2
BZ4
45ϒ 60ϒ
BZ6 200
BZ8 BZ7 150 60ϒ h 200 75ϒ 70 75ϒ
BZ3 BZ2 BZ6 BZ7 65ϒ 140 65ϒ
600 500 45ϒ 250 200 45ϒ
30ϒ BZ1 600 30ϒ 45ϒ 250 45ϒ 55ϒ 210 55ϒ
700 300
30ϒ BZ1 30ϒ 280
800 700 300 45ϒ 45ϒ
30ϒ 15ϒ 0ϒ 15ϒ 30ϒ
800 350
15ϒ 0ϒ 15ϒ 30ϒ 15ϒ 0ϒ 15ϒ 30ϒ
35ϒ 35ϒ
420
15ϒ 0ϒ 15ϒ P 25ϒ 15ϒ 5ϒcd/km5ϒ 15ϒ 25ϒ

Classification diagram (Fig. 3-1) Classification diagram (Fig. 3-2) metodo punto-punto (Fig.6) Rendimento (Fig. 7)

COLOUR TEMPERATURE LUMINOUS EFFICIENCY (Fig. 7)

Colour temperature is defined as a balanced mixture of various colours. By this defi- Luminous efficiency is the ratio of the total luminous flux emitted by the lamps to the
nition, the colour temperature of a lamp, measured in Kelvin, is extremely important total flux used by the fixture
for the installation of a luminaire. The temperature of a lamp can be regarded as a Φu
quality criterion of choice, just as the flux is the quantity criterion. The table on the n=
right lists some examples of the luminous output of various sources:
Φ tot
- Stearic candle flame 1800 K Since luminous efficiency is a ratio between two homogeneous quantities, it is non-
- Incandescent lamp 2700 K dimensional and is generally expressed as a percentage value. For fixture classifica-
- WHITE fluorescent lamp 3500 K tion, luminous efficiency is divided into lower (ni) and upper (ns).
- Sun at sunset 3500 K - 4000 K
- COOLWHITE fluorescent lamp 3000 K
- Sun at noon in Summer 5500 K
- Clear sky 6500 K
- DAYLIGHT fluorescent lamp 6000 K - 6500 K
 Elements of lighting Design TECHNICAL DATA 753
Light emitted from a light fixture can be represented by a graphic system called “DISTRIBUTION CURVES” floodlight (Fig. 12)
“distribution curves”. These are the union of points joining the various luminous As a floodlight beam is narrower than that of the above fixtures, polar coordinates
intensities emitted by a light source in every direction in space and making up the do not provide sufficiently detailed values. Therefore, the distribution curve is better
“photometric solid”. By intersecting this solid with a number of planes, one can obtain represented with Cartesian co-ordinates.
“distribution curves”. When these planes are described through polar coordinates distribution
whose centres correspond to the center of the fixture, one obtains “polar distribution 400 curve (cd/klm)
curves”. These planes can also be made to rotate around an axis so as to explore crosswide
300 plane
the photometric solid under every angle. According to the axis used for rotation, there
are different systems of planes determined by CIE standards. An alternative mode 200 distribution
of representing distribution curves would be substituting the polar description with a curve (cd/klm)
100
description using the Cartesian coordinates. With this system, the narrow beam cur- lengthwise plane
ves are more readable and this system is generally used in representing the luminous cd/klm
80ϒ 60ϒ 40ϒ 20ϒ 0ϒ 20ϒ 40ϒ 60ϒ 80ϒ
intensity of floodlights. In this diagram, the values of the angles are positioned along output angles
Floodlight distr. curves (Fig. 12) luminous int.
the x-coordinate, with zero in the middle of the graph, while the values of intensity are cd/kIm
(degrees)
positioned along the ordinate. The two planes normally represented are the transver-
sal and the longitudinal ones, which in the CIE system correspond respectively to the ILLUMINANCE CALCULATION USING THE CIE METHOD (Fig.13)
C0-C180 (continuous line) plane and the C90-C270 (broken line) plane. We will first calculate the K index of a room, where “a” and “b” are the sides and
hu is the height of the fixtures above the working plane
Ceiling lamp “DISTRIBUTION CURVES” (Fig. 8)
All measurements of the luminous intensity emitted by a fixture in any direction pro- axb
duce the “photometric solid”. Normally, information on the photometric solid is only K=
given with reference to two vertical orthogonal planes crossing the optical centre of hu x (a+b)
the fixture. The values of the luminous intensity (referred to 1000 lm) that are plotted
on a plane are called “distribution curves”. For indoor and street lighting fixtures, The number of fixtures required for a specific lighting installation is calculated with
these distribution curves are represented with polar coordinates. Photometric data the following formula:
for indoor fixtures according to the applicable UTE and DIN 5040 classification is Em x (axb)
available on request. napp =
Cu x Cm x Φ
ceiling lamp distr. curves (Fig. 8) installation Indirect light output
height in m output angles
(degrees)
Where Em isthe required average illuminance in Iux, Cm is the maintenance factor
105 125ϒ (new installation = 1), Φ is the flux emitted by the lamp(s) in lumen. The utilisation
75ϒ
85ϒ
75ϒ 3 108
115ϒ
105ϒ
70 115ϒ
105ϒ
coefficient Cu is found on the table in Fig. 6-2. Locate the row corresponding to the
K room index, and the column of the total reflection factors of the room walls.
35
65ϒ 85ϒ 65ϒ Ø 8.56 95ϒ 95ϒ
75ϒ 85ϒ 85ϒ
55ϒ 55ϒ 35
65ϒ 3.5 79 75ϒ 75ϒ
45ϒ 55ϒ 45ϒ 65ϒ 70 65ϒ
Ø 9.99
55ϒ 105 55ϒ
distribution Example: To illuminate the following room:
35ϒ 45ϒ
a = 7m, b = 5m,
4 60
140
5ϒ 5ϒ 15ϒ 25ϒ 35ϒ 45ϒ 45ϒ
25ϒ
15ϒ
Ø 11.42
35ϒ 175
25ϒ 15ϒ 5ϒcd/Klm5ϒ 15ϒ 25ϒ
35ϒ curve
35ϒ
h = 3m, hp.l. = 0.80m, with 350 lux on a new installation; the fixture used is: art601
m lux

light diameter on the working luminous (cd/klm)

plane (expressed in m) intensity cd/kIm lengthwise Disanlens 2x36W.
plane The reflection factors are: ceiling = 0.7; frieze = 0.7; walls = 0.3; working plane =
ISOLUX DIAGRAM (Fig. 9) 0.1 so the column (as shown in Fig. 13-2) is the blue column 7731. The K room
This is composed of a number of lines connecting all the points on a surface at which coefficient is therefore:‑
illuminance is the same. The lighting fixture is assumed to be mounted at 1 m height hu = h - hp.l. = 3 - 0.8 = 2.20m
with a 1 klm reference lamp. The co-ordinates d/h and l/h express the relationship K = (7 x 5) / (2.20 x (7 + 5)) = 1.3 (red row)
between the road width (l), the distance between two poles (d) and the height of
then Cu = 0.45 (yellow rectangle).
the poles (h).
The number of the fixtures is found to be:
napp = 350 x (7 x 5) / (0.45 x 1 x 6900) = 4
SOCANDELA DIAGRAM (Fig. 10)
Isocandela diagrams result from the projection on a plane of candlepowers of a
given photometric solid having the same value. They are therefore the connection
lines of all points on a plane having the same candlepower.

coefficiente utilizzatore
lato strada 60ϒ K 8873 7773 7753 7731 5551 5511 3311 0000
lato marciapiede
Y 0.6 0.45 0.42 0.34 0.28 0.31 0.24 0.23 0.21
posizionamento 40ϒ Z
centro luminoso 60% h 0.8 0.53 0.49 0.41 0.34 0.37 0.29 0.28 0.26
rapporto larghez-
20ϒ 1.0 0.59 0.55 0.47 0.40 0.41 0.34 0.33 0.30
40%
za strada-altezza -1 0ϒ 1.3 0.65 0.61 0.53 0.45 0.46 0.39 0.38 0.35
0
1 20% b hu 1.5 0.69 0.65 0.58 0.49 0.50 0.43 0.41 0.38
2 -20ϒ
h I/h 2.0 0.76 0.71 0.65 0.55 0.55 0.49 0.47 0.43
4 d/h
hpl
3 -40ϒ 2.5 0.80 0.75 0.69 0.59 0.58 0.53 0.51 0.46
I 2 d 400
0
1
-60ϒ a 3.0 0.83 0.78 0.73 0.62 0.61 0.56 0.53 0.49
150 X
Illuminance space between spacing-to 4.0 0.85 0.80 0.76 0.65 0.63 0.59 0.55 0.50
60ϒ 40ϒ 20ϒ 0ϒ -20ϒ -40ϒ -60ϒ 5.0 0.88 0.83 0.79 0.67 0.65 0.61 0.58 0.52
one isolux and the next height ratio
Isolux diagram (Fig. 9) isocandela curves (Fig. 10) Room dim. (Fig.13-1) Example of a CIE table (Fig.13-2)
LUMINANCE CHART (Fig. 14)
This chart is used to determine the direct glare produced by each fixture. Luminance
ILLUMINANCE DIAGRAM (Fig. 11) values for the two curves are plotted in relation to an observer looking to the fixture
The illuminance diagram is used to facilitate the choice of the fixture for urban from an angle of 45° to 85°. Values are represented on a logarithmic scale. Limit
decoration i.e. to illuminate underways, open areas: gardens and especially roads. curves border the area in which the luminance of the fixture cannot be considered as
Illuminance values in lux are given on the Y axis, the distance from the light source is glare. Each curve is referred to an average illuminance value on the working plane,
given on the X axis. Unlike other charts, which are presented with relative reference and is divided into five CIE quality classes: if the luminance curve son the left side of
values (i.e. normalised installation height and luminous flux values), this chart shows the limit curves, glare is considered as acceptable. On table nr. 15 you will find the
absolute values, the mounting height is real and the flux is the flux that is actually prospectus concerning glare limitations, indicating when and where to use a fixture
with one, or another, quality classification (UNI 12464).
emitted by the lamp. In this way, data shown are ready to be used.

positioning h illuminance curve quality Illuminance Quality

fixture classes levels Classification type of visual duty or activity
6 6 14 12 48 14 16 12
135
120
A very difficult visual duty

RECOMMENDED

Classe Illuminamento [lx]

105
INFORMATION

A (1.15) 2000 1000 500 <300

90 14 10 22 18 52 28 32 22 B (1.5) 2000 1000 500 <300 visual duty requiring high visual
75
C (1.85)
D (2.2)
2000 1000
2000
500
1000
<300
500 <300 B performances
60 E (2.55) 2000 1000 500 <300
45 34 26 40 36 60 44 48 30 85 8 visual duty requiring normal
30
75
6
4 C visual performance
15 3

h lux 52 44 62 54 68 58 62 40
65
2 visual duty requiring fair visual
m 1 2 3 4 5
distance in m. 55 D performances
illuminance chart (Fig. 11) 1
for interiors where people are
45 2 3 4
66 60 72 72 80 72 74 48 10 2 3 4 5 6 8 10 2 3 4 5 6 8 10 2 3 4
E located in specific working
positions but who also move
Reflection values (as a percentage) shielding longitudinal transversal from one area to another to
angle curve curve carry out duties requiring fair
taken from the illuminance handbook visual performances.