Grameer Class 7

PDF Edited By
Pdf Edited By
RvZxq wk¶vµg I cvV¨cy¯K †evW© KZ…©K 2013 wk¶vel© †_‡K
mßg †kªwYi cvV¨cy¯Ki~‡c wba©vwiZ
evsjv e¨vKiY I wbwg©wZ

mßg †kªwY
iPbvq
cÖ‡dmi W. Awbi“× Kvnvwj
cÖ‡dmi W. †`jIqvi gwdR
†MŠZg †Mv¯^vgx
m¤úv`bvq
cÖ‡dmi wbiÄb AwaKvix
RvZxq wk¶vµg I cvV¨cy¯—K †evW©

69-70 gwZwSj evwYwR¨K GjvKv, XvKv-1000
KZ©„K cÖKvwkZ|
[cÖKvkK KZ©„K me©¯^Z¡ msiw¶Z]

cix¶vg~jK ms¯‹iY
cÖ_g cÖKvk : A‡±vei, 2012
Kw¤úDUvi K‡¤úvR
Kvjvi MÖvwdK
cÖ”Q`
my`k©b evQvi
myRvDj Av‡e`xb
wWRvBb
miKvi KZ©„K webvg~‡j¨ weZi‡Yi Rb¨
gy`ª‡Y :
m~PxcÎ
µwgK cvV wk‡ivbvg c„ôv µwgK cvV wk‡ivbvg c„ôv
bs bs
1. fvlv 1-9 12. wbwg©wZ : iPbv 92-110
2. e¨vKiY 10-11
3. aŸwb I eY© 12-17 1. Avgv‡ì RvZxq 92
4. mwÜ 18-26 cZvKv
5. kã I c` 27 2. Avgv‡ì MÖvg 93
5.1 KviK I wefw³ 27-34 3. `k©bxq ¯’vb 94
5.2 m¤^Ü I m‡¤^vab c` 34-38 4. evsjv‡`‡ki b`b`x 96
5.3 kãiƒc 39-40 5. RvZxq Kwe KvRx 97
5.4 we‡kl‡Yi ÔZiÕ I 41-42 bRi“j Bmjvg
ÔZgÕ 6. Kx ai‡bi eB 99
6. kãMVb 42-45 Avgvi co‡Z
6.1 DcmM©‡hv‡M kãMVb 45-52 fv‡jvjv‡M
6.2 cÖZ¨q‡hv‡M kãMVb 52-57 7. Avgvi Pvicv‡ki 100
7. evK¨ 58-62 cÖK…wZ
8. weivgwPý 63-67 8. Avgvi †`Lv GKwU 102
9. evbvb 68-73 †gjv
10. kãv_© 74 9. GKwU w`‡bi 103
10.1 GKB k‡ãi wewfbœ 74-78 w`bwjwc
A‡_©i cÖ‡qvM 10. kwn` wgbvi 105
10.2 wecixZv_©K kã w`‡q 78-82 11. †Uwjwfkb 106
evK¨ iPbv 12. k„•Ljv‡eva 108
10.3 m‡gv”PvwiZ wfbœv_©K 82-85 13. my›ìeb 110
kã w`‡q evK¨ iPbv 12.1 mvigg©/mvivsk 111-114
10.4 GK K_vq cÖKvk 85-88 12.2 fvem¤úªmviY 114-120
10.5 evM&aviv 88-90 12.3 Av‡e`bcÎ I wPwV 121-128
11. Abyaveb `¶Zv 91
cÖm½-K_v
wk¶v RvZxq Rxe‡bi me©‡ZvgyLx Dbœq‡bi c~e©kZ©| Avi `ª“Z cwieZ©bkxj we‡k¦i P¨v‡jÄ †gvKv‡ejv K‡i
evsjv‡`k‡K Dbœqb I mg„w×i w`‡K wb‡q hvIqvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb mywkw¶Z Rbkw³| fvlv Av‡›`vjb I gyw³hy‡×i
†PZbvq †`k Movi Rb¨ wk¶v_©xi Aš—wbwn©Z †gav I m¤¢vebvi cwic~Y© weKv‡k mvnvh¨ Kiv gva¨wgK wk¶vi
Ab¨Zg j¶¨| GQvov cÖv_wgK ¯—‡i AwR©Z wk¶vi †gŠwjK Ávb I `¶Zv m¤cÖmvwiZ I mymsnZ Kivi gva¨‡g
D”PZi wk¶vi †hvM¨ K‡i †ZvjvI G ¯—‡ii wk¶vi D‡Ïk¨| ÁvbvR©‡bi GB cÖwµqvi wfZi w`‡q wk¶v_©x‡K
†`‡ki A_©‰bwZK, mvgvwRK, mvs¯‹…wZK I cwi‡ekMZ cUf~wgi †cÖw¶‡Z `¶ I †hvM¨ bvMwiK K‡i †ZvjvI
gva¨wgK wk¶vi Ab¨Zg we‡eP¨ welq|
RvZxq wk¶vbxwZ-2010 Gi j¶¨ I D‡Ïk¨‡K mvg‡b †i‡L cwigvwR©Z n‡q‡Q gva¨wgK ¯—‡ii wk¶vµg|
cwigvwR©Z GB wk¶vµ‡g RvZxq Av`k©, j¶¨, D‡Ïk¨ I mgKvjxb Pvwn`vi cÖwZdjb NUv‡bv n‡q‡Q, †mB mv‡_
wk¶v_©x‡ì eqm, †gav I MÖnY ¶gZv Abyhvqx wkLbdj wba©viY Kiv n‡q‡Q| GQvov wk¶v_©xi ˆbwZK I gvbweK
g~j¨‡eva †_‡K ïi“ K‡i BwZnvm I HwZn¨ †PZbv, gnvb gyw³hy‡×i †PZbv, wkí-mvwnZ¨-ms¯‹…wZ‡eva,
†`k‡cÖg‡eva, cÖK…wZ-†PZbv Ges ag©-eY©-†MvÎ I bvix-cyi“l wbwe©‡k‡l mevi cÖwZ mggh©v`v‡eva RvMÖZ Kivi
†Póv Kiv n‡q‡Q| GKwU weÁvbgb¯‹ RvwZ MV‡bi Rb¨ Rxe‡bi cÖwZwU †¶‡Î weÁv‡bi ¯^Ztù~Z© cÖ‡qvM I
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`‡ki i~cKí-2021 Gi j¶¨ ev¯—evq‡b wk¶v_©x‡ì m¶g K‡i †Zvjvi †Póv Kiv n‡q‡Q|
bZzb GB wk¶vµ‡gi Av‡jv‡K cÖYxZ n‡q‡Q gva¨wgK ¯—‡ii cÖvq mKj cvV¨cy¯—K| D³ cvV¨cy¯—K cÖYq‡b
wk¶v_©x‡ì mvg_©¨, cÖeYZv I c~e© AwfÁZv‡K ¸i“‡Z¡i m‡½ we‡ePbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| cvV¨cy¯—K¸‡jvi welq
wbe©vPb I Dc¯’vc‡bi †¶‡Î wk¶v_©xi m„Rbkxj cÖwZfvi weKvk mva‡bi w`‡K we‡klfv‡e ¸i“Z¡ †Ìqv n‡q‡Q|
evsjv e¨vKiY I wbwg©Z cvV¨cy¯—KwU GKwesk kZ‡Ki m~Pbvj‡Mœ cwiewZ©Z mg‡qi †cª¶vc‡U wk¶v_©x‡ì Pvwn`v
I `„wófw½i e¨vcK cwieZ©‡bi cUf~wg‡Z cwigvwR©Z KvwiKzjv‡gi Av‡jv‡K mßg †kªwYi Rb¨ iPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|
GKwesk kZ‡Ki A½xKvi I cÖZ¨q‡K mvg‡b †i‡L cwigvwR©Z wk¶vµ‡gi Av‡jv‡K cvV¨cy¯—KwU iwPZ
n‡q‡Q| Kv‡RB cvV¨cy¯—KwUi AviI mg„w×mva‡bi Rb¨ †h‡Kv‡bv MVbg~jK I hyw³m½Z civgk© ¸i“‡Z¡i m‡½
we‡ewPZ n‡e| cvV¨cy¯—K cÖYq‡bi wecyj Kg©h‡Ái g‡a¨ AwZ ¯^í mg‡q cy¯—KwU iwPZ n‡q‡Q| d‡j wKQz
fyjÎ“wU †_‡K †h‡Z cv‡i| cieZ©x ms¯‹iY¸‡jv‡Z cvV¨cy¯—KwU‡K AviI my›ì, †kvfb I Î“wUgy³ Kivi †Póv
Ae¨vnZ, _vK‡e| evbv‡bi †¶‡Î Abym„Z n‡q‡Q evsjv GKv‡Wgx KZ…©K cÖYxZ evbvbixwZ|
cvV¨cy¯—KwU iPbv, m¤úv`bv, bgybv cÖkœvw` cÖYqb I cÖKvkbvi Kv‡R hviv Avš—wiKfv‡e †gav I kªg w`‡q‡Qb
Zuv‡ì abëv` Ávcb KiwQ| cvV¨cy¯—KwU wk¶v_©x‡ì Avbw›`Z cvV I cÖZ¨vwkZ `¶Zv AR©b wbwðZ Ki‡e
e‡j Avkv Kwi|
cÖ‡dmi †gvt †gv¯—dv KvgvjDwÏb

†Pqvig¨vb
RvZxq wk¶vµg I cvV¨cy¯—K †evW©, XvKv
1. fvlv
gvbyl fvlv-m¤ú‡ì AwaKvix| fve cÖKv‡ki cÖ‡qvRb †_‡KB fvlvi D™¢e| gvby‡li D”PvwiZ A_©en
eûRb‡eva¨ aŸwb mgwóB fvlv| ci¯úi fve-wewbg‡qi Rb¨ GK-GK mgv‡Ri gvbyl M‡o Zz‡j‡Q GK-
GK iKg aŸwbeë¯’v| fvlv n‡”Q A_©en cÖYvwje× aŸwb-cÖZxK| gvbyl Zvi KÉwbtm„Z †h aŸwb ev
aŸwbmgwói gva¨‡g fve I Abyf~wZ‡K A‡bï Kv‡Q †evaMg¨fv‡e †cuŠ‡Q †`q, Zv-B fvlv
(Language)| fvlv gvbe‡Mvôxi me‡P‡q ¸i“Z¡c~Y© I g~jëvb m¤ú`| mgvRe× gvby‡li cvi¯úwiK
fve wewbg‡q fvlv GKwU DbœZ gva¨g|
gvbemf¨Zvi weKv‡k fvlvi f~wgKv Acwimxg| Avw`g Kv‡j gvbyl hLb ¸nvevmx, eb¨ I Afe¨ wQj,
ZLbI gvbyl wb‡R‡ì g‡a¨ fv‡ei Av`vb-cÖ`vb KiZ| ZLb fve-wewbg‡qi gva¨g wQj Bkviv-Bw½Z-
A½fw½ BZ¨vw`| G¸‡jv fvlv-weKv‡ki cÖv_wgK i~c wn‡m‡e we‡eP¨| e¯‘Z Avw`Kv‡j gvbyl cvi¯úwiK
fve-wewbg‡qi Rb¨ †hme gva¨g eënvi KiZ †m¸‡jv n‡jv :
(K) Bkviv-Bw½Z, (L) A½-cÖZ¨‡½i eënvi, (M) bvP, (N) wPÎ BZ¨vw`|
m„wói cÖ_g hy‡M mf¨Zvi †mvcv‡b cÖ_g c`‡¶c n‡jv msNe× n‡q KvR Kiv| Avi G †_‡KB ˆZwi
n‡jv mgvR| Kv‡ji hvÎvq gvbyl hLb msNe×fv‡e emevm Ki‡Z ïiy Kij ZLb †m eyS‡Z cvij †h
†Kej Bkviv-Bw½Z, A½-fw½i gva¨‡g g‡bi fve m¤ú~Y©i~‡c cÖKvk Kiv hvq bv| wbiš—i cÖ‡Póv, eyw×
Ges mvabvi gva¨‡g Kvjµ‡g gvbyl aŸwbi cÖYvwje× D”PviY I eënv‡i m¶g n‡jv|
gvby‡li KÉwbtm„Z evM&aŸwbB fvlv wn‡m‡e M„nxZ| ejv evûj¨, Bw½‡Zi gva¨‡gI fv‡ei Av`vb-cÖ`vb
Kiv hvq, wKš—z KÉaŸwb n‡”Q gvby‡li Abyf‚wZ cÖKv‡ki m‡e©vËg cÖwµqv| KÉaŸwbi gva¨‡g gvbyl
m~²vwZm~² fve cÖKv‡k m¶g| ZvB Avgiv fvlv ej‡Z eywS evM&hš¿-m„ó me©Rb‡eva¨ aŸwbmgwó‡K|
A_©vr gvbyl Zvi g‡bi fve cÖKvk Kivi Rb¨ KÉ, wRnŸv, Iô, `š—, bvwmKv, gyLweei cÖf…wZ evM&h‡š¿i
mvnv‡h¨ †evaMg¨ †h aŸwb ev aŸwbmgwó D”PviY K‡i _v‡K, †mB aŸwb ev aŸwbmgwóB fvlv|
1.1 fvlvi msÁv I êwkó¨
msÁv : g‡bi fve cÖKvk Kivi Rb¨ gbyl¨RvwZ Ac‡ii †evaMg¨ †h aŸwb ev aŸwbmgwó D”PviY K‡i
_v‡K, Zv‡K fvlv e‡j|
fvlvweÁvbxMY wewfbœfv‡e fvlv‡K msÁvwqZ K‡i‡Qb| G cÖm‡½ K‡qKRb cÖL¨vZ fvlvcwÊ‡Zi fvlv-
m¤úwK©Z wPš—vm~Î D×„Z Kiv n‡jv :
W±i gyn¤§` knx`yj−vn&i g‡Z, Ôgbyl¨RvwZ †h aŸwb ev aŸwbmKj Øviv g‡bi fve cÖKvk K‡i Zvi bvg
fvlv|Õ
2 evsjv e¨vKiY I wbwg©wZ
fvlv m¤ú‡K© W±i mybxwZKzgvi P‡Ævcva¨vq e‡j‡Qb, Ôg‡bi fve cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ evM&h‡š¿i mvnv‡h¨
D”PvwiZ, aŸwbi Øviv wb®úbœ, †Kv‡bv we‡kl mgv‡R eëüZ, ¯^Zš¿fv‡e Aew¯’Z, Z_v ev‡K¨ cÖhy³ kã-
mgwó‡K fvlv e‡j|Õ
g~jZ gvby‡li g‡bvfve-cÖKvkK KÉwbtm„Z A_©en aŸwbmgwóB fvlv|
fvlvi êwkó¨
1. fvlv KÉwbtm„Z aŸwbi mvnv‡h¨ MwVZ;
2. fvlvi A_©‡`¨vZKZv ¸Y we`¨gvb;
3. fvlv GKwU we‡kl m¤úª`v‡qi g‡a¨ cÖPwjZ I eëüZ;
4. fvlv gvby‡li †¯^”QvK…Z AvPiY I Af¨v‡mi mgwó;
†`k, Kvj I cwi‡ek‡f‡` fvlvi cv_©K¨ I cwieZ©b N‡U| Avw` gvb‡ei †h fvlv wQj, Kvj cÖev‡n Zv
cwiewZ©Z n‡q eû fvlvi Rb¥ w`‡q‡Q| G Rb¨ Avgiv wewfbœ †`‡k wewfbœ fvlvi eënvi †`L‡Z cvB|
†hgb : evsjv‡`‡k Ôevsjv fvlvÕ, Bsj¨v‡Û ÔBs‡iwR fvlvÕ, Rvcv‡b ÔRvcvwb fvlvÕ, ivwkqvq Ôiyk fvlvÕ
BZ¨vw`| eZ©gv‡b c„w_ex‡Z mv‡o wZb nvRv‡ii Ici fvlv cÖPwjZ Av‡Q|
1.2 evsjv fvlvi D™¢e I µgweKvk

evsjv fvlv nvRvi eQ‡ii cyi‡bv| evsjv fvlvi Drmg~‡j †h fvlvi mÜvb cvIqv hvq, Zvi bvg B‡›`v-
BD‡ivcxq g~j fvlv| AvR †_‡K cÖvq 5000 nvRvi eQi c~‡e© BD‡iv‡ci ga¨ fvM n‡Z `w¶Y-c~ev© sk
f~fv‡M B‡›`v-BD‡ivcxq g~j fvlv cÖPwjZ wQj| G B‡›`v-BD‡ivcxq g~j fvlvB n‡jv evsjv fvlvi Avw`
Drm| Z‡e G Avw` Drm †_‡K weeZ©‡bi cieZx© av‡cB evsjv fvlvi Rb¥ nqwb| fvlvi ¯^vfvweK
cwieZ©b I weeZ©‡bi avivq A‡bK Kvj a‡i A‡bK¸‡jv ¯—i †cwi‡q mßg kZ‡K evsjv fvlvi D™¢e
N‡U‡Q| Z‡e evsjv fvlvi D™¢eKvj wbY©‡q cwÊZM‡Yi g‡a¨ gZcv_©K¨ i‡q‡Q| W±i gyn¤§` knx`yj−vn&i
g‡Z, evsjv fvlvi D™¢eKvj 650 wLªóvã| Avi W±i mybxwZKzgvi P‡Ævcva¨vq 950 wLªóvã‡K evsjv
fvlvi D™¢eKvj e‡j g‡b K‡ib|
1.3 mvay I PwjZ ixwZ : me©bvg I wµqvc‡ì cv_©K¨

evsjv‡`‡ki gvbyl Zv‡ì g‡bi fve cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ †h fvlv eënvi K‡i, Zvi bvg evsjv fvlv|
evsjv‡`‡ki evB‡i fvi‡Zi cwðge½ Ges SvoLÊ, wenvi, Dwol¨v, wÎcyiv, Avmv‡gi KwigMÄ I
KvQv‡oi Awaevmx‡ì GKwU As‡ki gvZ…fvlv evsjv| e¯‘Z, †`k-RvwZ-ag© wbwe©‡k‡l evOvwj Rbmgv‡R
eëüZ kã wb‡q evsjv fvlv MwVZ| evsjv fvlv cÖvq †ò nvRvi eQ‡ii cyi‡bv| `xN©w`b a‡i eënv‡ii
d‡j evsjv fvlvq wewfbœ i~‡ci m„wó n‡q‡Q| D‡j−L¨, c„w_exi me fvlv‡ZB `y‡Uv i~c †`Lv hvq| GKwU
fvlv 3
†jL¨ fvlv| Ab¨wU gy‡Li fvlv| fvlvixwZi w`K †_‡K evsjv fvlvq `ywU i~c ev ixwZ j¶ Kiv hvq|
GKwU mvay fvlv Ges AciwU PwjZ fvlv|
mvay fvlv
mvay fvlv evsjv fvlvi GKwU cÖvPxb wjwLZ i~c| evsjv mvwn‡Zï cÖvPxb I ga¨hy‡M c`¨B wQj
fvecÖKv‡ki cÖavb evnb| ga¨hy‡M KwZcq †¶‡Î wPwVcÎ, `wjj-`¯—v‡e‡R M‡`ï eënvi †`Lv †M‡jI
Zv wQj LyeB mxwgZ| Bs‡iR kvmb cÖwZwôZ nIqvi ci †_‡K evsjv M‡`¨ MÖš’ cÖYq‡bi cÖ‡qvRb †`Lv
†`q| 1800 wLªóv‡ã KjKvZvq cÖwZwôZ †dvU© DBwjqvg K‡jR‡K †K›`ª K‡i M`¨PP©v ïiy nq|
†mw`bKvi M`¨ †jLKMY M`¨MÖš’ iPbv Ki‡Z wM‡q Zuviv g~jZ wbf©i Ki‡jb mvayR‡bi g‡a¨ eëüZ
ms¯‹…Z fvlvi Ici| Gfv‡e Dwbk kZ‡K evsjv M‡`ï †h wjwLZ i~c M‡o I‡V, Zvi bvg †Ìqv nq
mvay fvlv| mvay fvlv m¤ú‡K© fvlvPvh© mybxwZKzgvi P‡Ævcva¨vq wj‡L‡Qb, Ômvay fvlv mgMÖ e½‡`‡ki
m¤úwË| Gi PP©v me©Î cÖPwjZ _vKv‡Z evOvwji c‡¶ Bnv‡Z †jLv mnR nBqv‡Q|Õ
e¯‘Z evsjv M‡`ï cÖv_wgK ch©v‡q g„Zz¨Äq we`¨vj¼vi, ivg‡gvnb ivq, Ck¦iP›`ª we`¨vmvMi, A¶qKzgvi
`Ë cÖgyL cwÊZ ms¯‹…Z fvlvi Abymi‡Y Zrmg kãeûj †h mvwnwZ¨K M`ïxwZ M‡o †Zv‡jb, Zv-B mvay
fvlv wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…Z|
mvay fvlvi cÖvgvY¨ msÁv

mvaviY M`¨-mvwn‡Z¨ eëüZ ev½vjv fvlv‡K mvay fvlv e‡j| ⎯ W±i mybxwZKzgvi P‡Ævcva¨vq
evsjv fvlvi ms¯‹…Z kã-m¤ú` wµqv I me©bvg c‡ì c~Yi© ~c Ges e¨vKiYwm× Dcv`vb eënvi
Kwiqv Bs‡iwR M`¨-mvwn‡Zï c`web¨vm cÖYvwji Abymi‡Y cwiKwíZ †h bZzb me©Rbxb M`ïxwZ
evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ cÖewZ©Z nq, Zvnv‡K evsjv mvay fvlv e‡j| ⎯ W±i gyn¤§` Gbvgyj nK
g~jZ †h fvlvixwZ‡Z wµqvc` I me©bvg c` c~Y©iƒ‡c eZ©gvb _v‡K, Zv-B mvay fvlv| †hgb : Zvnviv
†Lwj‡Z‡Q| Dnviv NygvBqv iwnqv‡Q|
PwjZ fvlv
†Kv‡bv GKwU cÖavb fvlvi AvIZvfz³ mgMÖ f‚L‡Êi wewfbœ AÂ‡j wewfbœ K_ï~c ev †gŠwLK fvlv
eëüZ nq| gy‡Li fvlv‡K wjwLZ fvlvq eënvi Kivi D‡Ï‡k¨ PwjZ fvlvi cÖPjb nq| Z‡e mevi
gy‡Li fvlvB PwjZ fvlv bq, KviY gy‡Li fvlv AÂj‡f‡` cwieZ©b nq| ZvB wbw`©ó AÂ‡j GKwU
wbw`©ó GjvKvi wkw¶Z I wkóR‡bi †gŠwLK fvlv‡K gvb¨ PwjZ fvlv wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…wZ †Ìqv nq| D‡j−L¨
fvMxi_x b`xi ZxieZx© GjvKv I KjKvZvi f`ª I wkw¶Z mgv‡R eëüZ †gŠwLK fvlvwU‡K Aí-we¯—i
cwigvwR©Z K‡i GKwU me©Rb‡eva¨ Av`k© K_¨ fvlv M‡o †Zvjv nq| GUvB n‡jv evsjvi Av`k© PwjZ
fvlv| evsjv fvlvfvlx wkw¶Z RbMY G Av`k© fvlv‡ZB cvi¯úwiK fv‡ei Av`vb-cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡Kb|
PwjZ fvlv eZ©gv‡b GKvav‡i †jLvi fvlv I gy‡Li fvlv|
PwjZ fvlvi cÖvgvY¨ msÁv

`w¶Y-cwðge‡½ fvMxi_x b`xi ZxieZx© ¯’v‡bi f`ª I wkw¶Z mgv‡R eëüZ †gŠwLK fvlv, mgMÖ
evsjv‡`‡ki wkw¶Z mgvR KZ…©K †kªô †gŠwLK fvlv e‡j M„nxZ nBqv‡Q| GB †gŠwLK fvlv‡K
we‡klfv‡e PwjZ fvlv ejv nq| ⎯ W±i mybxwZKzgvi P‡Ævcva¨vq
Z™¢e kã, msKzwPZ wµqv, n«¯^xK…Z me©bvg c` Ges †jL‡Ki g‡bvfve Abymvix c`web¨vm cÖYvjxi
eënvimn †h ¯^”Q›`, PUzj I me©Rbxb mvwnwZ¨K M`ïxwZ KwjKvZv I fvMxi_x ZxieZx© AÂ‡ji
gy‡Li fvlvi Av`‡j Mwoqv DwVqv‡Q, Zvnvi bvg PwjZ fvlv| ⎯ W±i gyn¤§` Gbvgyj nK
g~jZ †h fvlvixwZ‡Z wµqvc` I me©bvg c` msw¶ß AvKv‡i eëüZ nq, Zv‡K PwjZ fvlv e‡j| †hgb
: Zviv †Lj‡Q| Iiv Nywg‡q i‡q‡Q|
cÖavbZ wµqvc` I me©bvg c‡ì cv_©K¨ we‡ePbv K‡iB mvay fvlv I PwjZ fvlv wbi~cY Kiv nq|
D`vniY¯î~c ejv hvq : ÔZvnviv cwo‡Z‡QÕ⎯ evK¨wU‡Z `ywU c` Av‡Q| ÔZvnvivÕ me©bvg c` Ges
Ôcwo‡Z‡QÕ wµqvc`| mvay fvlvi Dwj−wLZ c` `y‡Uv‡Z me©bvg c` I wµqvc` c~Y©i~‡c eëüZ n‡q‡Q|
Gevi evK¨wU‡K PwjZ fvlvq i~cvš—i Ki‡j Zvi i~c ùvov‡e ÔZviv co‡QÕ| G‡¶‡Î evK¨wU‡Z ÔZvivÕ
me©bvg c` Ges Ôco‡QÕ wµqvc` msw¶ß AvKv‡i eëüZ n‡q‡Q|
mvay fvlvi wµqvc` : Kwi‡ZwQ, LvBqvwQ, ewj‡ZwQ, hvB‡ZwQ, cwo‡ZwQ, †`wL‡ZwQ BZ¨vw`|
PwjZ fvlvi wµqvc` : KiwQ, †L‡qwQ, ejwQ, hvw”Q, cowQ, †`LwQ BZ¨vw`|
mvay fvlvi me©bvg c` : Zvnvi, Zvnviv, Zvnv‡ì, Dnv‡ì BZ¨vw`|
PwjZ fvlvi me©bvg c` : Zvi, Zviv, Zv‡ì, I‡ì BZ¨vw`|
mvay fvlv I PwjZ fvlvq wµqvc‡ì KwZcq i~c :

mvay fvlv PwjZ fvlv
Kwie Kie
cwoe coe
wjwLe wjLe
Kwi‡ZwQjvg KiwQjvg
cwo‡ZwQjvg cowQjvg
wjwLqvwQ wj‡LwQ
KwiqvwQ K‡iwQ
cwoqvwQ c‡owQ
cwo‡Z _vwKe co‡Z _vKe
fvlv 5
Kwi‡ZwQ KiwQ
Kwijvg Kijvg
LvB‡Z‡Q Lv‡”Q
nBZ n‡Zv
LvB‡e Lv‡e
hvB‡e hv‡e
ewje eje
Kwi‡j Ki‡j
hvBI †h‡qv/†hI
LvBI †L‡qv/ †LI
jBe †be
KwiZvg KiZvg
nBqv n‡q
mvay fvlv I PwjZ fvlvq me©bvg c‡ì KwZcq i~c :

mvay fvlv PwjZ fvlv
Zvnvi Zvi
Zvnv‡ì Zv‡ì
Zvnv‡Z Zv‡Z
Zvnviv Zviv
Zvnv‡K Zv‡K
Bnviv Giv
Bnv‡ì G‡ì
Dnviv Div
Dnv‡ì I‡ì
Dnv I
GB G
Bnv GwU
Bnv‡K G‡K
Kvnvi Kvi
hvnv hv
hvnviv hviv
Bnvi Gi
Kvnv‡K Kv‡K
hvnv‡K hv‡K
mvay fvlv I PwjZ fvlvi êwkó¨

mvay fvlv I PwjZ fvlv bvbv w`K †_‡K ¯^vZš¿¨gwÊZ| G Dfq fvlvixwZi êwkó¨ ch©vqµ‡g Av‡jvPbv
Kiv n‡jv :
mvay fvlvi êwkó¨

1. mvay fvlvq wµqvc‡ì i~c c~Y©v½| †hgb : KwiqvwQ, wMqvwQ|
2. mvay fvlvq me©bvg c‡ì i~c c~Y©v½| †hgb : Zvnvi, Zvnviv, Zvnv‡ì|
3. mvay fvlvq Abym‡M©i c~Y©i~c eëüZ nq| †hgb : nB‡Z, w`qv|
4. mvay fvlvq Zrmg k‡ãi (ms¯‹…Z kã) cÖ‡qvM †ewk| †hgb : n¯—, g¯—K, N„Z, †aŠZ|
5. mvay fvlvi D”PviY ¸i“M¤¢xi|
6. mvay fvlv mywba©vwiZ e¨vKi‡Yi Abymvix| Gi KvVv‡gv mvaviYZ AcwieZ©bxq|
7. mvay fvlv e³…Zv I bvU¨ msjv‡ci Abyc‡hvMx|
PwjZ fvlvi êwkó¨

1. PwjZ fvlvq wµqvc‡ì i~c msw¶ß| †hgb : K‡iwQ, wM‡qwQ|
2. PwjZ fvlvq me©bvg c‡ì iƒc msw¶ß| †hgb : Zviv, Zv‡ì|
3. PwjZ fvlvq Abym‡M©i msw¶ß i~c eëüZ nq| †hgb : n‡Z, w`‡q|
4. PwjZ fvlvq Z™¢e, Aa©-Zrmg, †`wk I we‡`wk k‡ãi eënvi †ewk| †hgb : nvZ, gv_v, wN,
†avqv|
5. PwjZ fvlvi D”PviY nvjKv I MwZkxj|
6. PwjZ fvlv cwieZ©bkxj|
7. PwjZ fvlv PUzj, Rxeš— I †jvKvqZ|
fvlv 7
mvay I PwjZ ixwZi cv_©K¨

mvay I PwjZ fvlvi êwkó¨ †_‡K G fvlvixwZi cv_©K¨ mn‡RB Abyaveb Kiv hvq| wb‡P mvay I PwjZ
fvlvi cv_©K¨ D‡j−L Kiv n‡jv :
mvay fvlv PwjZ fvlv
mvay fvlvq wµqvc‡ì i~c c~Y©v½| †hgb : KwiqvwQ,
PwjZ fvlvq wµqvc‡ì i~c msw¶ß| †hgb:
wMqvwQ| K‡iwQ, wM‡qwQ|
mvay fvlvq me©bvg c‡ì i~cv c~Y©v½| †hgb: Zvnvi,
PwjZ fvlvq me©bvg c‡ì i~c msw¶ß| †hgb
Zvnviv, Zvnv‡ì| : Zvi, Zviv, Zv‡ì|
mvay fvlvq Zrmg k‡ãi (ms¯‹…Z kã) cÖ‡qvM †ewk|PwjZ fvlvq Z™¢e, Aa©-Zrmg, †`wk I
†hgb : n¯—, g¯—K, N„Z, †aŠZ| we‡`wk k‡ãi eënvi †ewk| †hgb : nvZ,
gv_v, wN, †avqv|
mvay fvlvq Abym‡M©i c~Y©i~c eëüZ nq| †hgb : PwjZ fvlvq Abym‡M©i msw¶ß i~c eëüZ
nB‡Z, w`qv| nq| †hgb : n‡Z, w`‡q|
mvay fvlv e³…Zv I bvU¨ msjv‡ci Abyc‡hvMx| PwjZ fvlv e³…Zv I bvU¨ msjv‡ci
Dc‡hvMx|
mvay fvlv gvwR©Z| PwjZ fvlv PUzj, Rxeš— I †jvKvqZ|
mvay I PwjZ fvlvi bgybv

mvay fvlvi bgybv
1. evjKM‡Yi DwPZ, evj¨Kvj Aewa cwikªg Kwi‡Z Af¨vm Kiv, Zvnv nB‡j eo nBqv Abvqv‡m
mKj Kg© Kwi‡Z cvwi‡e, ¯^qs Abœ e‡¯¿i †K¬k cvB‡e bv Ges e„× wcZvgvZvi cÖwZcvjb
Kwi‡ZI cviM nB‡e| [ †ev‡av`q : Ck¦iP›`ª we`¨vmvMi
2. hvnv Áv‡bi K_v Zvnv cÖPvi nBqv †M‡jB Zvnvi D‡Ïk¨ mdj nBqv †kl nBqv hvq| gvby‡li
Ávb m¤^‡Ü b~Zb Avwe®‹v‡ii Øviv cyivZb Avwe®‹vi Av”Qbœ nBqv hvB‡Z‡Q| Kvj hvnv cwÊ‡Zi
AMg¨ wQj AvR Zvnv Ae©vPxb evj‡Ki Kv‡QI b~Zb b‡n| [mvwn‡Zï mvgMÖx : iex›`ªbv_ VvKyi]
PwjZ fvlvi bgybv
1. Avgv‡ì g‡b nq G †`‡k jvB‡eªwii mv_©KZv nvmcvZv‡ji PvB‡Z wKQy Kg bq Ges ¯‹zj-
K‡j‡Ri PvB‡Z GKUz †ewk| G K_v ï‡b A‡b‡K Pg‡K DV‡eb| †KD †KD Avevi †n‡mI
DV‡eb; wKš—z Avwg Rvwb, Avwg iwmKZvI KiwQ‡b; hwÌ G wel‡q †jvKgZ †h Avgvi g‡Zi
mg‡iLvq P‡j bv, †m wel‡q Avwg m¤ú~Y© m‡PZb| [eB cov : cÖg_ †PŠayix]
2. e„‡¶i w`‡K ZvKv‡j Rxe‡bi Zvrch© Dcjwä mnR nq| ZvB, evievi †mw`‡K ZvKv‡bv
cÖ‡qvRb| gvwUi im †U‡b wb‡q wb‡R‡K †gvUv‡mvUv K‡i †Zvjv‡ZB e„‡¶i Kv‡Ri mgvwß bq|
Zv‡K dzj †dvUv‡Z nq, dj aiv‡Z nq| bB‡j Zvi Rxeb Am¤ú~Y© n‡q hv‡e| ZvB e„¶‡K
mv_©KZvi cÖZxK wn‡m‡e MÖnY Kivi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv mRxeZv I mv_©KZvi Ggb `„óvš— Avi †bB|
[Rxeb I e„¶ : †gvZv‡ni †nv‡mb †PŠayix]
fvlvixwZi cwieZ©b
(K) mvay †_‡K PwjZ
mvay ixwZ PwjZ ixwZ
c‡_ GK hye‡Ki mwnZ Zvnvi mv¶vr nBj| c‡_ GK hye‡Ki m‡½ Zvi †`Lv n‡jv|
Mdzi Pzc Kwiqv iwnj| Mdzi Pzc K‡i iBj|
cvKv `yB †µvk c_ nuvwUqv ¯‹z‡j we`¨v AR©b cvKv `y‡µvk c_ †nu‡U ¯‹z‡j we`¨v AR©b Ki‡Z
Kwi‡Z hvB| hvB|
Avwg e¨vcviwU eywSqv Avgvi weQvbv ¸UvBqv Avwg e¨vcviUv ey‡S Avgvi weQvbv ¸wU‡q wb‡q
jBqv Zvnv‡ì ¯’vb Kwiqv w`jvg| Zv‡ì RvqMv K‡i w`jvg|
Avwgbv Ni nB‡Z `yqv‡i Avwmqv ùvovBj| Avwgbv Ni n‡Z `yqv‡i G‡m ùvovj|
(L) PwjZ †_‡K mvay

PwjZ ixwZ mvay ixwZ
†P‡q †`wL, Avgv‡ì ingZ‡K `y cvnvivIqvjv Pvwnqv †`wL, Avgv‡ì ingZ‡K `yB
†eu‡a wb‡q Avm‡Q| cvnvivIqvjv euvwaqv jBqv Avwm‡Z‡Q|
nvRvi eQi a‡i gvbyl G‡ì †`L‡Q| nvRvi eQi awiqv gvbyl Bnv‡ì †`wL‡Z‡Q|
cv‡kB wKQz `~‡i GKUv kvjyK †`L‡Z cvq cv‡k¦©B wKQz `~‡i GKwU kvjyK †`wL‡Z cvq
Imgvb| Imgvb|
Avgv‡ì G fxi“Zv wK wPiw`bB †_‡K hv‡e? Avgv‡ì GB fxi“Zv wK wPiw`bB _vwKqv
hvB‡e?
G K_v ï‡b A‡b‡K Pg‡K DV‡eb| GB K_v ïwbqv A‡b‡K PgwKqv DwV‡eb|
fvlv 9
Abykxjbx
1| fvlv Kv‡K e‡j?
2| evsjv fvlv Kv‡K e‡j? evsjv fvlvi DrcwËi GKwU cwiPq `vI|
3| mvay I PwjZ fvlv Kv‡K e‡j? mvay I PwjZ fvlvixwZi êwkó¨mg~n D‡j−L Ki|
4| mvay I PwjZ fvlvixwZi cv_©K¨ †jL|
5| wbgœwjwLZ kã¸‡jvi PwjZi~c †jL|
GB, Bnv‡ì, GKwU, Zvnvi, Dnvi, KwiqvwQjvg, wMqv, KwiZvg, nBe|
6| wbgœwjwLZ kã¸‡jvi mvayi~c †jL|
Zvi, Zviv, G‡ì, Zv‡ì, Div, I‡ì, KBj, PvBj, KiZvg, ïbe, WvKjvg|
Kg©-Abykxjb
1| fve cÖKvk, A_©enZv, evM-hš¿ÑG welq¸‡jv Aš—fz©³ K‡i fvlvi GKwU msÁv ˆZwi Ki|
4| cÖ`Ë kã¸‡jvi cwiewZ©Z i~c Wvb cv‡ki mwVK N‡i emvI : Kvnv‡K, hvi, Dnv‡ì, Kwijvg, †Pbv,
MÖvg¨, c~Rv, eis, Z_vwc, n‡”Q|
cÖ`Ë kã mvay PwjZ
2. e¨vKiY
2.1 e¨vKiY
e¨vKiY fvlvi weÁvbm¤§Z we‡k−l‡Yi kv¯¿| fvlv wewfbœ Dcv`v‡b MwVZ nq Ges wewfbœ ixwZ‡Z eëüZ
nq| MVb I eënv‡ii †¶‡Î cÖ‡Z¨K fvlviB wbR¯^ wKQz wbqg-k„•Ljv Av‡Q| G wbqg-k„•Ljv m¤ú‡K©
h_vh_ Ávb jvf Ki‡Z n‡j fvlvi wewfbœ Dcv`vb Ges Zv‡ì cvi¯úwiK m¤úK© I †hvMv‡hvM cÖYvwji
¯î~c we‡k−lY cÖ‡qvRb| fvlvi G ¯î~c we‡k−lYB Ôe¨vKiYÕ bv‡g AwfwnZ|
e¨vKiY kãwU‡K we‡k−lY Ki‡j Avgiv cvB⎯ we (we‡kl) + Av (mg¨K) + √K…+ Ab (Y) (KiY)| G
wewk−ó A_© †_‡K Avgiv eyS‡Z cvwi †h Ôe¨vKiYÕ n‡”Q Ôkã ey¨rcv`K I fvlv wbqvgK kv¯¿|Õ
e¨vcKfv‡e ejv hvq, e¨vKiY n‡”Q Ôfvlvi D”Q…•Ljv wbeviK, k‡ãi ey¨rcwË I ey¨rcwËMZ A_©-
wba©viK, c`-mvaK Ges evK¨ iPbv cÖYvwj wba©viK kv¯¿|Õ e¨vKi‡Yi KvR fvlvi Af¨š—ixY k„•Ljv
Avwe®‹vi Kiv| fvlvi MVb I eënv‡ii †¶‡Î cÖ‡Z¨K fvlvi wbR¯^ wKQz wbqgixwZ Av‡Q| Gme
wbqgixwZ m¤ú‡K© mg¨K Ávbjvf Ki‡Z n‡j fvlv‡K †f‡O Zvi Dcv`vbmg~‡ni wePvi-we‡k−lY Ges
Zv‡ì cvi¯úwiK m¤úK© I †hvMv‡hvM cÖYvwj wbY©q Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| myZivs Ô†h kv‡¯¿i Øviv fvlv‡K
we‡k−lY K‡i Gi wewfbœ As‡ki cvi¯úwiK m¤^Ü wbY©q Kiv hvq Zvi bvg e¨vKiY| G ch©v‡q e¨vKiY
m¤ú‡K© K‡qKRb L¨vZbvgv fvlvcwÊ‡Zi gš—e¨ wb‡P D×„Z n‡jv :
W±i mybxwZKzgvi P‡Ævcva¨v‡qi g‡Z, †h we`¨vi Øviv †KvbI fvlv‡K we‡k−lY Kwiqv Zvnvi ¯î~cwU
Av‡jvwPZ nq Ges †mB fvlvi MV‡b I wjL‡b Ges Zvnv‡Z K‡_vcK_‡b ï×-i~‡c Zvnvi cÖ‡qvM Kiv
hvq, †mB we`¨v‡K †mB fvlvi e¨vKiY e‡j| fvlv m¤ú‡K© W±i myKzgvi †mb : †h eB‡q fvlvi wePvi I
we‡k−lY Av‡Q Zv-B e¨vKiY| gybxi †PŠayix e‡j‡Qb : †h kv‡¯¿ †Kv‡bv fvlvi wewfbœ Dcv`v‡bi cÖK…wZ I
¯î~‡ci wePvi-we‡k−lY Kiv nq Ges wewfbœ Dcv`v‡bi m¤úK© wbY©q I cÖ‡qvMwewa wek`fv‡e Av‡jvwPZ
nq, Zv‡K e¨vKiY e‡j|
evsjv e¨vKiY
evsjv fvlv GKwU mg„× fvlv| G fvlvi aŸwbZvwË¡K, i~cZvwË¡K ev MVbMZ wbqgk„•Ljv i‡q‡Q| myZivs
†h cy¯—‡K evsjv fvlvi wewfbœ Dcv`v‡bi cÖK…wZ I ¯î~‡ci wePvi-we‡k−lY Kiv nq Ges wewfbœ Dcv`v‡bi
m¤úK© wbY©q I cÖ‡qvMwewa wek`fv‡e Av‡jvwPZ nq, Zv-B evsjv fvlvi e¨vKiY|
evsjv e¨vKi‡Yi cÖvgvY¨ msÁv
†h kv¯¿ Rvwb‡j ev½vjv fvlv ï×i~‡c wjwL‡Z, cwo‡Z I ewj‡Z cviv hvq, Zvnvi bvg ev½vjv
e¨vKiY (Bengali Grammar)| ⎯ W±i gyn¤§` knx`yjvn&
†h kv‡¯¿ evsjv fvlvi ¯î~c I cÖK…wZ mew`K w`‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i eywS‡q †Ìqv nq, Zv‡K e‡j
evsjv fvlvi e¨vKiY ev evsjv e¨vKiY| ⎯ W±i mybxwZKzgvi P‡Ævcva¨vq
†h e¨vKiY evsjv fvlvi aŸwb, kã, c`, evK¨ BZ¨vw` we‡k−lY K‡i fvlvi ¯î~cwU‡K Zz‡j a‡i,
Zv‡K evsjv e¨vKiY e‡j| ⎯ †R¨vwZf‚lY PvKx
e¨vKiY 11
2.2 e¨vKiY cv‡Vi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv

fvlv‡K we‡k−lY K‡i †`Lvevi †Póv †_‡KB e¨vKi‡Yi D™¢e| j¶Yxq †h Av‡M fvlvi m„wó n‡q‡Q, c‡i
fvlv we‡k−lY K‡i e¨vKi‡Yi m„wó n‡q‡Q| fvlvi m‡½ e¨vKi‡Yi m¤úK© IZ‡cÖvZfv‡e RwoZ| fvlv
enZv b`xi g‡Zv MwZkxj| wb‡Ri †Lqvj-Lywkg‡Zv Avcb MwZ‡Z fvlv GwM‡q P‡j| d‡j wfbœ wfbœ
mg‡q fvlvi g‡a¨ bvbv cwieZ©b mvwaZ nq| e¨vKi‡Yi KvR n‡”Q fvlvi MwZwewa‡K j¶ Kiv Ges
fvlv‡K we‡k−lY Kiv| fvlvi †gŠwjK Dcv`vb aŸwb, kã, evK¨⎯G¸‡jvi Af¨š—ixY k„•Ljv Avwe®‹v‡ii
Rb¨ e¨vKi‡Yi m„wó n‡q‡Q| e¨vKiY‡K fvlvi msweavb ejv nq| e¨vKiY fvlv‡K wbqš¿Y K‡i bv, Zey
e¨vKiY cv‡Vi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv‡K A¯^xKvi Kiv hvq bv| e¨vKiY cvV G Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb †h⎯
1. e¨vKiY fvlv‡K we‡k−lY K‡i Zvi ¯î~c I êwkó¨‡K wbi~cY K‡i|
2. e¨vKiY cvV K‡i fvlvi wewfbœ Dcv`v‡bi MVb cÖK…wZ I †m m‡ei myôz eënvi-wewa m¤ú‡K© Rvbv
hvq|
3. e¨vKiY cvV K‡i †jLvq I K_vq fvlv cÖ‡qv‡M ï×Zv i¶v Kiv hvq|
4. e¨vKiY cv‡V fvlvi †mŠ›`h© Abyaveb ¶gZv e„w× cvq|
5. e¨vKiY mvwn‡Zï im Av¯^v`‡b mnvqK f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i|
6. e¨vKiY cv‡Vi gva¨‡g Q›`-Aj¼vi wel‡q Ávb jvf Kiv hvq|
7. fvlvi cwieZ©‡bi aviv, wbqg-k„•Ljvi eY©bv I we‡k−lY e¨vKiY cv‡V AewnZ nIqv hvq|
myZivs fvlvi Af¨š—ixY k„•Ljv m¤ú‡K© Ávb jvf Ges fvlvi ï× cÖ‡qv‡Mi †¶‡Î e¨vKiY cv‡Vi
cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Ab¯^xKvh©|
evsjv e¨vKi‡Yi Av‡jvP¨ welq

aŸwb, kã, evK¨, A_© ⎯fvlvi PviwU †gŠwjK Dcv`vb| GB Dcv`vb¸‡jvi Ici wfwË K‡iB me fvlvi
e¨vKi‡Y wbgœwjwLZ PviwU wel‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv nq| evsjv e¨vKiYI Gi e¨wZµg bq|
1. aŸwbZË¡ (Phonetics)
2. kãZË¡ ev iƒcZË¡ (Morphology)
3. evK¨ZË¡ ev c`µg (Syntax)
4. A_©ZË¡ (Semantics)|
Abykxjbx
1| e¨vKiY Kv‡K e‡j? e¨vKiY cv‡Vi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Av‡jvPbv Ki|
2| evsjv e¨vKiY Kv‡K e‡j?
3| evsjv e¨vKi‡Yi Av‡jvP¨ welq¸‡jv D‡j−L Ki|
3. aŸwb I eY©
aŸwb
fvlvi ¶z`ªZg GKK aŸwb| †Kv‡bv fvlvi D”PvwiZ kã‡K m~²fv‡e we‡k−lY Ki‡j Zvi †h AwefvR¨
¶z`ªZg Ask cvIqv hvq, Zv-B aŸwb| gvby‡li evM&h‡š¿i mnvqZvq D”PvwiZ aŸwb †_‡KB fvlvi m„wó|
e¯‘Z fvlv‡K we‡k−lY Ki‡j PviwU †gŠwjK Dcv`vb cvIqv hvq| GB Dcv`vb¸‡jv n‡jv⎯aŸwb, kã,
evK¨ I A_©| gvbyl Zvi g‡bi fve cÖKvk Kivi Rb¨ ÔK_vÕ e‡j| gvby‡li ÔK_vÕ n‡jv A_©hy³ wKQy
aŸwb| e¨vKiY kv‡¯¿ gvby‡li KÉwbtm„Z kã ev AvIqvR‡KB aŸwb ejv nq| e¯‘Z A_©‡evaK aŸwbmg~nB
gvby‡li wewfbœ fvlvi evM&aŸwb| aŸwbB fvlvi g~j wfwË|
W±i mybxwZKzgvi P‡Ævcva¨v‡qi g‡Z, Ô†Kv‡bv fvlvi D”PvwiZ kã‡K we‡k−lY Ki‡j Avgiv KZK¸‡jv
aŸwb cvB|Õ ejv evûj¨, cÖwZwU gvbefvlvq _v‡K GK¸”Q aŸwb| Gi msL¨v mvaviYZ ev‡ivwUi †ewk I
lvUwUi Kg| GB gywó‡gq msL¨K aŸwbi wewfbœ web¨v‡m M‡o I‡V fvlvi wecyj cwigvY kã| cÖwZwU
fvlvi wbR¯^ aŸwbivwki Zvrch©c~Y© êwkó¨ i‡q‡Q| A_©vr cÖ‡Z¨K fvlvi aŸwbivwk ci¯ú‡ii m‡½
mnve¯’vb K‡i myk„•Lj aŸwbZvwË¡K wbqg-Kvbyb †g‡b P‡j| g~jZ cÖwZwU fvlvB GKwU mywbw`©ó
aŸwbk„•Ljv ev aŸwb-msMV‡bi Aaxb| aŸwb wbM©Z nq gyL w`‡q| aŸwb Drcv`‡b gyL, bvwmKv, KÉ cÖf…wZ
evK&-cÖZ¨½ eëüZ n‡jI aŸwb Drcv`‡bi g~j Drm n‡jv dzmdzm| dzmdz‡mi mvnv‡h¨ Avgiv k¦vm MÖnY
I Z¨vM Kwi| dzmdzm †_‡K evZvm †ewi‡q Avmvi mgq wewfbœ evK&-cÖZ¨‡½i ms¯ú‡k© Av‡m| dzmdzm
†_‡K evZvm ¯îh‡š¿i ga¨ w`‡q †ewi‡q Avmvi mgq gy‡Li wewfbœ RvqMvq Nlv Lvq| GB Nl©‡Yi d‡j
gy‡L bvbv ai‡bi aŸwbi m„wó nq| j¶Yxq aŸwb Drcv`‡b dzmdzm GKwU gyL¨ Drcv`K hš¿ n‡jI
dzmdzm †_‡K aŸwb Drcbœ nq bv⎯dzmdzm †_‡K †Kej wbM©Z nq evZvm| Avi GB evZv‡mi m‡½ bvbv
evK&-cÖZ¨‡½i msN‡l© aŸwbi m„wó nq| A_©vr dzmdzm wbM©Z evZvm ¯îh‡š¿i ga¨ w`‡q gyLMnŸ‡i cÖ‡e‡ki
ci wewfbœ evK&-cÖZ¨‡½i ms¯ú‡k© AvNvZ jvMvi ì“b aŸwb MwVZ ev ˆZwi nq| aŸwb MV‡b wewfbœ evK&-
cÖZ¨‡½i f‚wgKv AZ¨š— ¸i“Z¡c~Y©|
3.1 aŸwbi †kªwYwefvM

ÔaŸwbÕi mvaviY A_© †h‡Kv‡bv ai‡bi ÔAvIqvRÕ| wKš—z e¨vKiY I fvlvZ‡Ë¡i cvwifvwlK A‡_© gvby‡li
evM&h‡š¿i mvnv‡h¨ ˆZwi AvIqvR‡K aŸwb e‡j| aŸwb `yB cÖKvi| †hgb : K. ¯îaŸwb I L. e¨ÄbaŸwb|
eY©
†Kv‡bv fvlvi aŸwb¸‡jv‡K wj‡L cÖKvk Kivi Rb¨ †h cÖZxK ev wPý eëüZ nq, Zv‡K eY© e‡j| A,
Av, K, L cÖf…wZ evsjv fvlvi G‡KKwU aŸwb-cÖZxK ev eY©|
eY©gvjv
†Kv‡bv fvlvi eY©mgwói mywbw`©ó mvRv‡bv µg‡K eY©gvjv e‡j| aŸwb †hgb `yB cÖKvi⎯¯îaŸwb I
e¨ÄbaŸwb; †Zgwb G‡ì wjwLZ cÖZxKI `yB cÖKvi| h_v : ¯îeY© I e¨ÄbeY©|
aŸwb I eY© 13
¯îaŸwb I ¯îeY©
†hme aŸwb Ab¨ aŸwbi mvnvh¨ Qvov wb‡R wb‡R c~Y© I ¯úói~‡c D”PvwiZ nq, Zv‡K ¯îaŸwb e‡j| Avi
GB ¯îaŸwbi cÖZxK ev wjwLZ i~cB n‡”Q ¯îeY©| †hgb : A, Av, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J|
¯îe‡Y©i msL¨v †gvU 11wU|
e¨ÄbaŸwb I e¨ÄbeY©
†hme aŸwb ¯îaŸwbi mvnvh¨ Qvov wb‡R wb‡R c~Y© ev ¯úói~‡c D”PvwiZ n‡Z cv‡i bv, Zv‡K e¨ÄbaŸwb
e‡j| Avi GB e¨ÄbaŸwbi wjwLZ i~cB n‡”Q e¨ÄbeY©| †hgb : K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V,
W, X, Y, Z, _, `, a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, o, X, q, r, s, t, u| e¨Äbe‡Y©i msL¨v
†gvU 39wU|
¯îaŸwbi †kªwYwefvM I D”PviY êwkó¨
D”Pvi‡Yi mg‡qi ZviZg¨ Abymv‡i ¯îaŸwb¸‡jv‡K `ywU fv‡M wef³ Kiv nq| †hgb: K. nª¯^¯î I L.
`xN©¯î|
K. n«¯¯
^ i^ : †hme ¯îaŸwb D”Pvi‡Y Kg mgq jv‡M, Zv‡ì‡K n«m¦¯î e‡j| A, B, D, F n«m¦¯î|
L. `xN©¯i^ : †hme ¯îaŸwb D”Pvi‡Y A‡c¶vK…Z †ewk mgq jv‡M, Zv‡ì‡K `xN©¯î e‡j| Av, C,
E, G, H, I, J `xN©¯î|
¯îaŸwbi D”PviY ¯’vb I êwkó¨
aŸwb D”PviY ¯’vb D”PviY ¯’vb Abymv‡i bvg

A, Av KÉ KÉäŸwb
B, C Zvjy Zvje¨ aŸwb
D, E †VuvU ev Iô Iô¨ aŸwb
F g~a©v g~a©b¨ aŸwb
G, H KÉ I Zvjy KÉZvje¨ aŸwb
I, J KÉ I Iô K‡Évô¨ aŸwb
e¨ÄbaŸwbi †kªwYwefvM I D”PviY êwkó¨

D”PviY êwkó¨ Abymv‡i e¨ÄbaŸwb cÖavbZ wZb fv‡M wef³| h_v :
K. ¯úk©aŸwb, L. Aš—t¯’ aŸwb Ges M. D®§aŸwb|
K. ¯úk©aŸwb
†hme e¨ÄbaŸwbi D”Pvi‡Y wRf gy‡Li †fZ‡i KÉ, Zvjy, g~a©v, `š—, `š—g~j cÖf…wZ †Kv‡bv bv †Kv‡bv ¯’vb
¯úk© K‡i D”PvwiZ nq, Zv‡ì‡K ¯úk©aŸwb e‡j| K †_‡K g ch©š— GB cuwPkwU aŸwb‡K ¯úk©aŸwb ejv
nq| GB ¯úk©aŸwb cuvP iK‡gi n‡Z cv‡i| †hgb : KÉë¨Äb, Zvjeë¨Äb, g~a©bë¨Äb, `š—ë¨Äb I
Iôë¨Äb|
L. Aš—t¯’ aŸwb
h, q, i, j Ges Aš—t¯’-e GB aŸwb¸‡jvi Ae¯’vb ¯úk©aŸwb I D®§aŸwbi gvSvgvwS e‡j G‡ì‡K Aš—
t¯’ aŸwb e‡j|
M. D®§aŸwb
†hme e¨ÄbaŸwbi D”Pvi‡Y aŸwb¸‡jvi †ik †U‡b ivLv hvq, Zv‡ì‡K D®§aŸwb e‡j| k, l, m, n
D®§aŸwb| k, l, m ⎯GB wZbwU aŸwb‡K wkm aŸwbI ejv nq| KviY wkm †Ìqvi m‡½ G aŸwb¸‡jvi
mv`„k¨ i‡q‡Q|
D”PviY ¯’vb Abymv‡i ¯úk©aŸwbi cuvPwU wefvM i‡q‡Q| g~jZ KÉ, Zvjy, g~a©v, ùvZ I †VuvU ⎯ GB
cuvPwU D”PviY ¯’v‡bi Rb¨ ¯úk©aŸwb¸‡jv‡K cuvPwU †kªwY‡Z fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q| GB wefvM¸‡jv‡K eM©
e‡j| cÖ_g aŸwbi bvg Abymv‡i e‡M©i bvg wb‡`©k Kiv nq| †hgb :
K eM© KLMNO
P eM© PQRST
U eM© UVWXY
Z eM© Z_àb
c eM© cdefg
e¨ÄbaŸwbi D”PviY ¯’vb I êwkó¨

K, L, M, N, O, n KÉ ev wRnŸvg~j KÉ¨ ev wRnŸvg~jxq aŸwb
P, Q, R, S, T, q, k Zvjy Zvje¨ aŸwb
U, V, W, X, Y, i, o, p, l g~a©v g~a©b¨ aŸwb
Z, _, `, a, b, j, m ùvZ ev `š— `š—¨ aŸwb
c, d, e, f, g †VuvU ev Iô Iô¨ aŸwb
aŸwb I eY© 15
KÉäŸwb
†hme aŸwbi D”PviY KÉbvwji DcwifvM ev wRnŸvg~j, Zv‡ì‡K KÉäŸwb e‡j| A, Av, K, L, M, N,
O, n KÉäŸwb|
Zvje¨ aŸwb
†hme aŸwbi D”PviY¯’vb Zvjy, Zv‡ì‡K Zvje¨ aŸwb e‡j| B, C, P, Q, R, S, T, q, k Zvje¨ aŸwb|
g~a©b¨ aŸwb
†hme aŸwbi D”PviY¯’vb g~a©v ev Zvjyi AMÖfvM, Zv‡ì‡K g~a©b¨ aŸwb e‡j| F, U, V, W, X, Y, i, o, p,
l g~a©b¨ aŸwb |
`š—äŸwb
†hme aŸwbi D”PviY¯’vb `š—g~j, Zv‡ì‡K `š—äŸwb e‡j| Z, _, `, a, b, j, m `š—äŸwb |
IôäŸwb
†hme aŸwbi D”PviY¯’vb Iô, Zv‡ì‡K IôäŸwb e‡j| D, E, c, d, e, f, g IôäŸwb |
KÉ¨Zvje¨ aŸwb
†hme aŸwbi D”PviY¯’vb KÉ Ges Zvjy DfqB, Zv‡ì‡K KÉ¨Zvje¨ aŸwb e‡j| G, H KÉ¨Zvje¨
aŸwb|
K‡Évô¨ aŸwb
†hme aŸwbi D”PviY¯’vb KÉ I Iô, Zv‡ì‡K K‡Évô¨ aŸwb e‡j| I, J K‡Évô¨ aŸwb|
`‡š—Šô¨ aŸwb
†hme aŸwbi D”PviY¯’vb `š— Ges Iô, Zv‡ì‡K `‡š—Šô¨ aŸwb e‡j| Aš—t¯’-e `‡š—Šô¨ aŸwb|
¯ú„ó aŸwb
K-eM© Ges c-e‡M©i cÖ_g, wØZxq, Z…Zxq I PZz_© aŸwb¸‡jvi D”PviYKv‡j gyLwee‡ii we‡kl ¯’vb ¯ú„ó
nq e‡j G¸‡jv‡K ¯ú„ó aŸwb e‡j|
N„ó aŸwb
P, Q, R, S ⎯GB aŸwb¸‡jvi D”PviYKv‡j wRnŸv ev Zvjyi ¯ú‡k©i ci ciB Df‡qi g‡a¨ evqyi
Nl©YRvZ aŸwb m„wó nq e‡j, G¸‡jv‡K N„óaŸwb e‡j|
bvwmK¨ ev AbybvwmK aŸwb
O, T, Y, g ⎯G¸‡jvi D”PviYKv‡j gyLwee‡ii evZvm bvK w`‡q †ei nq e‡j G¸‡jv‡K bvwmK¨ ev
AbybvwmK aŸwb e‡j|
A‡Nvl aŸwb
cÖ‡Z¨K e‡M©i cÖ_g `ywU aŸwb Ges k, l, m G¸‡jvi D”PviYKv‡j AvNvZRwbZ †Nvl ev kã m„wó nq bv
e‡j, G¸‡jv‡K A‡Nvl aŸwb e‡j| G‡ì‡K k¦vmaŸwbI ejv nq|
†Nvl aŸwb
e‡M©i wØZxq, Z…Zxq, PZz_© I cÂg aŸwb Ges n G¸‡jvi D”PviYKv‡j AvNvZRwbZ †Nvl ev kã m„wó
nq e‡j, G¸‡jv‡K †Nvl aŸwb e‡j| †Nvl aŸwb‡K bvàŸwbI ejv nq|
AícÖvY aŸwb
cÖ‡Z¨K e‡M©i cÖ_g, Z…Zxq I cÂg aŸwbi D”PviYKv‡j evZv‡mi Pv‡ci ¯^íZv _v‡K e‡j, G‡ì‡K
AícÖvY aŸwb e‡j| †hgb : K, M, O; P, R, T BZ¨vw`|
gnvcÖvY aŸwb
cÖ‡Z¨K e‡M©i wØZxq I PZz_© aŸwbi D”PviYKv‡j evZv‡mi Pv‡ci AvwaK¨ _v‡K e‡j, G‡ì‡K gnvcÖvY
aŸwb e‡j| †hgb : L, N; Q, S BZ¨vw`|
aŸwb-cÖK…wZ AícÖvY aŸwb gnvcÖvY aŸwb

A‡Nvl KPUZc LQV_d
†Nvl MRWèOTYbg NSXaf
civkªqx aŸwb
ÔsÕ ( Aby¯^vi) Ges ÔtÕ (wemM©) GB aŸwb `ywU ¯^Zš¿fv‡e D”PvwiZ n‡Z cv‡i bv e‡j G‡ì‡K civkªqx
aŸwb e‡j| G‡ì‡K A‡hvMen aŸwbI e‡j|
3.2 A¨v aŸwbi D”PviY
D”PviY GKwU evPwbK cÖwµqv| fvlvq D”Pvi‡Yi ï×Zv iw¶Z bv n‡j g~j D‡Ïk¨ e¨vnZ nq| g‡bi
fve cÖKv‡ki D‡Ï‡k¨ D”PvwiZ A_©‡evaK aŸwb mgwóB fvlv| `yfv‡e aŸwb ev fvlv‡K cÖKvk Kiv hvq|
GK. gyL w`‡q D”PviY K‡i; `yB. wj‡L| g‡bi fve wj‡L wKsev D”PviY K‡i †hfv‡eB cÖKvk Kiv †nvK
bv †Kb, mswk−ó †¶‡Î h_v_© evbvb I weï× D”PviY Acwinvh©| ï× D”PviY mwVK g‡bvfve cÖKv‡ki
mnvqK| c¶vš—‡i, Aï× D”PviY k‡ãi A_©weåvwš— I weK…wZ NUvq| ZvB ï× D”Pvi‡Yi ¸iyZ¡
Acwimxg| ï× D”Pvi‡Yi †¶‡Î cÖwgZ K_¨ fvlvi evnbfw½i AbymiY cÖ‡qvRb| GQvov ¯îaŸwb I
e¨ÄbaŸwbi h_vh_ D”PviY m¤ú‡K© mwVK aviYv _vKv Avek¨K| G QvovI fvlv eënv‡i AvÂwjKZv
cwinvi Kiv Ges D”PviYm~Î m¤ú‡K© mg¨K aviYv AR©b Kiv ìKvi|
g‡b ivLv cÖ‡qvRb cÖwZwU aŸwb-cÖZx‡Ki wbR¯^ D”PviY I aŸwbMv¤¢xh© i‡q‡Q| D‡j−L GKvwaK aŸwb
wg‡j hLb kã ˆZwi nq, ZLb aŸwb-cÖZx‡Ki D”PviY †Kv_vI AcwiewZ©Z _v‡K Avevi †Kv_vI
cwiewZ©Z ev weK…Z n‡q hvq| wb‡P A¨v aŸwbi D”PviYixwZ D‡j−L Kiv n‡jv|
evsjv eY©gvjvq eZ©gv‡b eëüZ e‡Y©i msL¨v 11wU| G¸‡jv n‡jv : A, Av, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J|
cÖwgZ evsjv D”Pvi‡Y †gŠwjK ¯îaŸwbi msL¨v 7wU| G¸‡jv n‡jv : B, G, A¨v, Av, A, I, D| evsjv
gy‡Li fvlvq ¯îaŸwb A¨-e¨vcKfv‡e eëüZ n‡jI GB eY©wUi Rb¨ c„_K †Kv‡bv eY©wPý evsjv
eY©gvjvq †bB|
aŸwb I eY© 17
A¨v aŸwbi D”PviY

c~‡e©B D‡j−L Kiv n‡q‡Q †h ÔA¨vÕ aŸwbi †Kv‡bv ¯^Zš¿ aŸwb-wPý †bB| K‡qKwU †¶‡Î Av aŸwbi
D”PviY A¨v nq|
1. k‡ãi ïiy‡Z hy³ e¨Ä‡bi Á Av-Kvi _vK‡j : ÁvZ [Mu¨v‡Zv] Ávb [Mu¨vb/M¨vb] Ávcb [Mu¨vcb]|
2. h-djv hy³ e¨Ä‡bi m‡½ Av-Kvi ev Av-aŸwbi D”PviY cÖvq †¶‡ÎB A¨v nq| †hgb :
L¨vwZ [L¨vwZ] e¨vcvi [e¨vcvi]
Z¨vM [Z¨vM&] e¨vKiY [e¨vK‡ivb&]
j¶Yxq k‡ãi g‡a¨ Áv _vK‡j AvÑaŸwb KL‡bv A¨v, KL‡bv Av D”PvwiZ nq| †hgb : weÁvb
[weM&Mu¨vb/weM&Muvb&]
Abykxjbx
1| aŸwb Kv‡K e‡j? aŸwb Kq cÖKvi I Kx Kx? D`vniYmn Av‡jvPbv Ki|
2| eY© Kv‡K e‡j? eY© Kq cÖKvi I Kx Kx? D`vniYmn Av‡jvPbv Ki|
3| ¯îaŸwbi D”PviY¯’vb I êwkó¨ D‡j−L Ki|
4| e¨ÄbaŸwbi D”PviY¯’vb I êwkó¨mg~n D‡j−L Ki|
5| D`vniYmn msÁv †jL :
¯úk©aŸwb, N„ó aŸwb, bvwmK¨ aŸwb, A‡Nvl aŸwb, †NvlaŸwb, AícÖvY aŸwb, gnvcÖvY aŸwb,
civkªqx aŸwb|
Kg©-Abykxjb
wb‡Pi e¨ÄbaŸwbi D”PviY ¯’vb I êwkó¨ D‡j−L Ki|
K, L, M, N, O, n
P, Q, R, S, T, q, k
U, V, W, X, Y, i, o, p, l
Z, _, `, a, b, j, m
c, d, e, f, g
4. mwÜ
wb‡Pi evK¨wU j¶ Ki⎯
MÖvg-evsjvq GLb Pvwl‡ì N‡i N‡i bevbœ|
Dc‡ii ev‡Kï ÔbevbœÕ kãwU g‡bv‡hvM w`‡q j¶ Ki‡j †`Lv hv‡e †h cvkvcvwk Aew¯’Z ÔbeÕ Ges
ÔAbœÕ G `ywU kã `ªyZ D”Pvi‡Yi d‡j ˆZwi n‡q‡Q ÔbevbœÕ kãwU| G‡¶‡Î ÔbeÕ k‡ãi †k‡l wbwnZ ÔAÕ
aŸwb Ges ÔAbœÕ k‡ãi cÖ_‡g Aew¯’Z ÔAÕ aŸwb Df‡q wg‡j ÔAvÕ aŸwb n‡q‡Q| †hgb :
be + Abœ = bevbœ| (A + A = Av)
j¶Yxq †h Avgiv hLb K_v ewj, ZLb A‡bK †¶‡Î `ª“Z D”Pvi‡Yi d‡j cvkvcvwk Aew¯’Z `ywU k‡ãi
aŸwb wg‡j GK n‡q hvq, wKsev GKwU aŸwbi cÖfv‡e Ab¨ aŸwb e`‡j hvq ev †jvc cvq| `ªyZ D”Pvi‡Yi
d‡j cvkvcvwk Aew¯’Z aŸwbi GB wgjb, cwieZ©b ev we‡jvcB mwÜ bv‡g cwiwPZ|
e¯‘Z, ÔmwÜÕ k‡ãi A_© wgjb| GwU aŸwb cwieZ©‡bi GKwU we‡kl cÖwµqv⎯aŸwbi m‡½ aŸwbi
wgjbRvZ cÖwµqv|
mwÜ ev aŸwbi wgjb bvbvfv‡e n‡Z cv‡i| †hgb :
1. `ywU aŸwbi AvswkK ev c~Y©wgjb| †hgb : kZ + AwaK = kZvwaK [A + A = Av]
2. c~e©aŸwb ev ciaŸwb †jvc| †hgb : wbt + Pq = wbðq [t + P = ð]
msÁv : cvkvcvwk Aew¯’Z `ywU aŸwbi wgjb‡K mwÜ e‡j|
A_ev, ci¯úi mwbœwnZ `ywU aŸwbi wgjb, cwieZ©b ev wejywß‡K mwÜ e‡j|
⎯ W±i gyn¤§` Gbvgyjn‡Ki g‡Z, GKvwaK aŸwbi wgjb, †jvc ev cwieZ©‡bi bvg mwÜ|
mwÜi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv
cvkvcvwk Aew¯’Z `ywU aŸwb `ª“Z D”Pvi‡Yi mgq mwÜi d‡j D”Pvi‡Y ¯^v”Q›`¨ Av‡m Ges D”PviY
mnRZi nq| mwÜ fvlv‡K msw¶ß K‡i| †hgb : ÔbeÕ ÔAbœÕ D”Pvi‡Y †h mgq cÖ‡qvRb⎯ ÔbevbœÕ
D”Pvi‡Y Zvi †P‡q Kg mgq jv‡M| GQvov ÔbeÕ ÔAbœÕ ej‡Z †h ai‡bi D”PviY-kªg cÖ‡qvRb, ÔbevbœÕ
Zvi †P‡q mn‡R D”PvwiZ nq| †Kej ZvB bq⎯ Avjv`vfv‡e ÔbeÕ ÔAbœÕ D”Pvi‡Yi †P‡q GKm‡½
ÔbevbœÕ D”PviY A‡bK †ewk kÖ“wZgayi| A_©vr mwÜ fvlvi aŸwbMZ gvayh©I m¤úv`b K‡i| mwÜi d‡j
bZzb bZzb kãI ˆZwi nq| ï× evbvb wjL‡ZI mwÜ mnvqZv K‡i| myZivs Dwj−wLZ w`K¸‡jv we‡ePbvq
evsjv fvlvq mwÜi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Acwimxg|
mwÜi cÖKvi‡f`
mwÜ `yB cÖKvi| h_v : 1. ¯îmwÜ I 2. e¨ÄbmwÜ|
mwÜ 19
1. ¯îmwÜ : ¯îaŸwbi m‡½ ¯îaŸwbi wgj‡b †h mwÜ nq, Zv‡K ¯îmwÜ e‡j| †hgb :
be + Abœ = bevbœ A + A = Av
wng + Avjq = wngvjq A + Av = Av
2. e¨ÄbmwÜ : ¯îaŸwbi m‡½ e¨ÄbaŸwbi, e¨ÄbaŸwbi m‡½ ¯îaŸwbi wKsev e¨ÄbaŸwbi m‡½
e¨ÄbaŸwbi wgj‡b †h mwÜ nq, Zv‡K e¨ÄbmwÜ e‡j| †hgb :
Dr + PviY = D”PviY (Z& + P = ”P)
mr + Rb = m¾b (Z& + R = ¾)
wemM©mwÜ : wemM©mwÜ e‡j e¨ÄbmwÜi GKwU cÖKvi‡f` Av‡Q| wemM© (t) n‡”Q ÔiÕ Ges ÔmÕ-Gi msw¶ß
i~c| wem‡M©i m‡½ ¯îaŸwb ev e¨ÄbaŸwbi wgjb‡K wemM©mwÜ e‡j| †hgb :
Avwet + Kvi = Avwe®‹vi [t + K = ®‹]
KL‡bv KL‡bv wemM©mwÜ‡K wfbœ GKwU †kªwY‡Z †d‡j mwÜ‡K wZb cÖKvi ejv nq| †h‡nZz ÔtÕ (wemM©)
e¨ÄbaŸwbi Aš—M©Z, †m‡nZz wemM©mwÜ e¨ÄbmwÜiB Aš—fz©³|
cÖm½Z D‡j−L Kiv cÖ‡qvRb †h evsjv fvlvq bvbv Rv‡Zi kã i‡q‡Q| k‡ãi Drm wePv‡i mwÜ‡K Avevi
`yfv‡M fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q :
K. Zrmg ev ms¯‹…ZvMZ mwÜ;
L. LuvwU evsjv mwÜ|
K. Zrmg ev ms¯‹…ZvMZ mwÜ : evsjv fvlvq eëüZ Zrmg k‡ãi mwÜ n‡j Zv‡K Zrmg ev ms¯‹…ZvMZ
mwÜ e‡j| Zrmg mwÜ ¯î I e¨Äb †f‡` `yB cÖKvi :
K. Zrmg ev ms¯‹…ZvMZ ¯îmwÜ
L. Zrmg ev ms¯‹…ZvMZ e¨ÄbmwÜ|
L. LuvwU evsjv mwÜ : LuvwU ev PwjZ evsjv kã cvkvcvwk D”Pvi‡Yi mgq †h mwÜ nq, Zv‡K LuvwU evsjv
mwÜ ejv nq| Z‡e LuvwU evsjv mwÜi wbqg ms¯‹…Z mwÜi m‡½ †g‡j bv| wKQz wKQz †¶‡Î Zrmg mwÜi
wbqg cÖ‡qvM K‡i wfbœ wbq‡g G mwÜ Kiv nq| †hgb : cuvP + †mi = cuvP‡mi, KuvPv + Kjv =
KuvPKjv| g~jZ G cÖKv‡ii mwÜB LuvwU evsjv mwÜ| LuvwU evsjv mwÜ `yB cÖKvi| h_v :
1. LuvwU evsjv ¯îmwÜ;
2. LuvwU evsjv e¨ÄbmwÜ|
wb‡P QKvKv‡i mwÜi wefvRb †`Lv‡bv n‡jv :

mwÜ
¯î¯^wÜ e¨ÄbmwÜ
Zrmg ev ms¯‹…ZvMZ ¯îmwÜ LuvwU evsjv ¯îmwÜ Zrmg ev ms¯‹…ZvMZ e¨ÄbmwÜ LuvwU evsjv e¨ÄbmwÜ
4.1 e¨ÄbmwÜ : wbqg I D`vniY

wb‡P †Kej Zrmg ev ms¯‹…ZvMZ e¨ÄbmwÜi D‡j−L‡hvM¨ KqwU m~Î m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv :
Zrmg ev ms¯‹…ZvMZ e¨ÄbmwÜ
e¨Ä‡b-¯^‡i mwÜ
wbqg-1 : e‡M©i cÖ_g e¨Ä‡bi (K& / P& / U& / Z& / c) c‡i ¯îawb _vK‡j e‡M©i cÖ_g e¨Äb ¯’‡j Z…Zxq
e¨Äb (M& / R& / W& / `& / e& ) nq| †hgb :
K& + ¯îaŸwb = M& + ¯îaŸwb : w`K& + Aš— = w`Mš—

evK& + A_© = evM_©
cÖvK& + D³ = cÖv¸³
evK& + Ck = evMxk
P& + ¯îaŸwb = R& + ¯îaŸwb : wYP& + Aš— = wYRš—
AP& + Aš—v = ARš—v
U& + ¯îaŸwb = W& (o) + ¯îaŸwb : lU& + Avbb = lovbb
lU& + avZz = loavZz
Z& + ¯îaŸwb = `& + ¯îaŸwb : Zr + Aš— = Z`š—
K…r + Aš— = K…`š—
mr + B”Qv = mw`”Qv
c& + ¯îaŸwb = e& + ¯îaŸwb : myc& + Aš— = myeš—
mwÜ 21
¯^‡iÑe¨Ä‡b mwÜ
wbqg-2 : ¯îaŸwbi c‡i Q& _vK‡j Q& ¯’v‡b ”Q nq| †hgb :
A + Q& = A”Q& GK + QÎ = GK”QÎ ¯^ + Q›` = ¯^”Q›`
A½+†Q` = A½‡”Q` cÖ + Q` = cÖ”Q`
gyL + Qwe = gy”Qwe e„¶+Qvqv = e„¶”Qvqv
Av + Q& = Av”Q& Av + Qbœ = Av”Qbœ K_v + Q‡j = K_v”Q‡j
Av + Qv`b = Av”Qv`b cix¶v + Q‡j = cix¶v”Q‡j
B + Q& = B”Q& cwi + Q` = cwi”Q` cÖwZ + Qwe = cÖwZ”Qwe
cwi + Qbœ = cwi”Qbœ
e¨Ä‡b-e¨Ä‡b mwÜ
wbqg-3 : Z& [r] wKsev `&-Gi c‡i P& wKsev Q& _vK‡j Z& ev `& ¯’v‡b P& nq| †hgb :
Z& + P& = ”P Dr + PviY = D”PviY Pjr + wPÎ = Pjw”PÎ
`& + P& = ”P wec`& + wPš—v = wecw”Pš—v Z`& + wPÎ = Zw”PÎ
Z& + Q& = ”Q Dr + †Q` = D‡”Q` Pjr + Qwe = Pj”Qwe
`& + Q = ”Q Z`& + Qwe = Z”Qwe D`& + †Q` = D‡”Q`
wbqg-4 : Z& [ r ] wKsev `& -Gi c‡i R& wKsev S& _vK‡j mwÜ‡Z `y‡q wg‡j ¾ ev À nq| †hgb :
Z& + R& = ¾ Dr + Rxeb = D¾xeb Dr + R¡j = D¾¡j
mr + Rb = m¾b Zr + Rb¨ = Z¾b¨
Abyi~c : D¾xweZ, hve¾xeb, K¾j, RM¾xeb|
`& + R& = ¾ wec`& + RbK = wec¾bK
Z`& + RvZxq = Z¾vZxq
Z& + S& = À Kzr + SwUKv = KzÀwUKv
wbqg-6 : Z& [r] wKsev `& -Gi c‡i W& wKsev X& _vK‡j Z& ev `& ¯’v‡b W& nq| †hgb :
Z& + W& = Ç Dr + Wxb = DÇxb Dr + Wxqgvb = DÇxqgvb
`& + X = W&X GZ`& + X°v = GZW&X°v
wbqg-7 : Z& [r] wKsev `& -Gi c‡i b& _vK‡j mwÜ‡Z `y‡q wg‡j bœ nq| †hgb :
Z& + b& = bœ Dr + bZ = DbœZ Dr + bqb = Dbœqb
wbqg-8 : Z& [r] wKsev `-Gi c‡i g& _vK‡j mwÜ‡Z Z& ev `-Gi ¯’v‡b b& nq| †hgb :
Z& + g = b¥ g„r + gq = g„b¥q Clr + gvÎ = Clb¥vÎ
`& + g = b¥ Z`& + g‡a¨ = Zb¥‡a¨
wbqgÑ9 : Z& [r] wKsev `&-Gi c‡i j& _vK‡j mwÜ‡Z `y‡q wg‡j j− nq| †hgb :
Z& + j& = j− Dr + jvm = Dj−vm Dr + †jL = D‡j−L
`& + j& = j− Z`& + wjwLZ = Zwj−wLZ m¤ú`& + jvf = m¤új−vf
wbqg-10 : Z& [r] wKsev `& -Gi c‡i k& _vK‡j Z& I `& ¯’v‡b P& Ges k& ¯’v‡b Q& nq Ges `y‡q wg‡j ”Q&
nq| †hgb :
Z& + k& = ”Q Dr + k¦vm = D”Q¡vm Dr + k„•Lj = D”Q…•Lj Dr + kj = D”Qj
wbqg-11 : Z& [r] wKsev `& -Gi c‡i n& _vK‡j Z& I `& ¯’v‡b `& nq Ges n& ¯’v‡b a nq Ges `y‡q wg‡j ×
(`& + a) nq| †hgb :
Z& + n = `& + a& = × Dr + nvi = D×vi Dr + nZ = D×Z Dr + üZ = D×„Z
`& + n = × Z`& + wnZ = Zw×Z c` + nwZ = c×wZ
wbqg-12 : b& wKsev g& c‡i _vK‡j e‡M©i cÖ_g aŸwb mwÜ‡Z cÂg aŸwb‡Z cwiYZ nq| †hgb :
K& > O& w`K& + wbY©q = wÒ&wbY©q evK + gq = ev•gq
U& > b& lU& + gvm = lb¥vm
Z& > b& Dr + bqb = Dbœqb wPr + gq = wPb¥q g„r + gq = g„b¥q
wbqgÑ13 : Av‡M g& Ges c‡i K& / L& / M& / N& -Gi †h †Kv‡bvwU _vK‡j mwÜ‡Z g& ¯’v‡b Aby¯^vi (s) ev
D‡qv (O) nq| †hgb :
g& + K& = s K& /O& K
Ajg& + Kvi = AjsKvi/ Aj¼vi Ang& + Kvi = AnsKvi/An¼vi
mg& + Kjb = msKjb/ m¼jb mg& + KxY© = msKxY© /m¼xY©
g& + M& = sM /½ mg& + MZ = msMZ/ m½Z mg& + MxZ = msMxZ/ m½xZ
g& + N& = sN/ •N mg& + N = msN / m•N mg& + NvZ = msNvZ /m•NvZ
mwÜ 23
wbqgÑ14 : Av‡M g& Ges c‡i P& †_‡K g& ch©š— eMx©q aŸwbi †h‡Kv‡bvwU _vK‡j c~e©c‡ì g& ¯’v‡b
cieZx© eMx©q aŸwbi cÂg aŸwb nq| †hgb :
g& + P& = Â mg& + Pq = mÂq wKg& + wPr = wKwÂr
g& + Z& = š— mg& + Zvc = mš—vc mg& + Îvm = mš¿vm
Mg& + Ze¨ = Mš—e¨ wKg& + Zz = wKš‘
g& + `& = ›` mg& + `k©b = m›`k©b
g& + a& = Ü mg& + avb = mÜvb mg& + wa = mwÜ
g& + b& = bœ mg& + wbwnZ = mwbœwnZ mg& + wb‡ek = mwbœ‡ek
wKg& + bi = wKbœi mg& + b¨vm = mbœ¨vm
g& + c& = ¤ú mg& + c` = m¤ú` mg& + cÖxwZ = m¤cÖxwZ mg& + cÖwZ = m¤cÖwZ
mg& + c~Y© = m¤ú~Y© mg& + c~iK = m¤ú~iK
g& + e& = ¤^ mg& + ej = m¤^j mg& + †evab = m‡¤^vab
ÁvZe¨ : KL‡bv KL‡bv g& -Gi c‡i e& _vK‡j g& ¯’v‡b s nq| †hgb :
g& + e& = s mg& + ev` = msev` mg& + wer = mswer mg& + eiY = mseiY
mg& + weavb = msweavb mg& + ea©bv = msea©bv wKg& + ev = wKsev
wbqg-15 : Av‡M g& Ges c‡i Aš—t¯’ e¨Äb (h& /i&/j& / e&) wKsev D®§aŸwbi (k& / m& /n) †h †KvbwU
_vK‡j c~e©c‡ì g& ¯’v‡b s (Aby¯^vi) nq| †hgb :
g& + h& = sh mg& + hZ = mshZ mg& + hy³ = mshy³
g& + i& = si mg& + i¶Y = msi¶Y mg& + iw¶Z = msiw¶Z
g& + j& = sj mg& + jvc = msjvc mg& + jMœ = msjMœ
g& + e& = se mg& + eiY = mseiY mg& + ea©bv = msea©bv
mg& + ev` = msev` mg& + weavb = msweavb
g& + k& = sk mg& + kq = mskq mg& + †k−l = ms‡k−l
mg& + †kvab = ms‡kvab mg& + wk−ó = mswk−ó
g& + m& = sm mg& + mvi = msmvi me©g& + mnv = me©smnv
g& + n& = sn mg& + nZ = msnZ mg& + nvi = msnvi
mg& + nwZ = msnwZ mg& + wnZv = mswnZv
wbqgÑ16 : P e‡M©i aŸwbi c‡i b& _vK‡j mwÜ‡Z b&-Gi ¯’‡j T nq| †hgb :
P& + b& = PT hvP& + bv = hvÂv
R& + b& = RT ivR& + bx = ivÁx
wbqg-17 : l& ÑGi c‡i Z& wKsev _& _vK‡j Z-Gi ¯’‡j U& Ges _&-Gi ¯’‡j V& nq| †hgb :
l& + Z& = Z& > U& bl& + Z = bó e„l& + wZ = e„wó
m„l + wZ = m„wó K…l& + wZ = K…wó
l& + _& = _& > V& ll& + _ = lô wbl& + _v = wbôv
wbqgÑ18 : g&-Gi c‡i K… avZz wb®úbœ ÔK…ZÕ, ÔKviÕ, ÔKiYÕ, ÔK…wZÕ BZ¨vw` kã _vK‡j g& ¯’v‡b s nq,
Ges m& aŸwbi AvMg nq| †hgb :
g& + K…Z = s + m& mg& + K…Z = ms¯‹…Z
g& + Kvi = s + m& mg& + Kvi = ms¯‹vi
g& + KiY = s + m& mg& + KiY = ms¯‹iY
g& + K…wZ = s + m mg& + K…wZ = ms¯‹…wZ
wbqg-19 : D®§eY© (k m n) c‡i _vK‡j c~e©c‡ì †k‡l Aew¯’Z b& aŸwb s-G cwiewZ©Z nq| †hgb:
b& + m& = s wnb& + mv = wnsmv `b& + kb = `skb
wmb& + n = wmsn
e¨ÄbmwÜ NwUZ k‡ãi D`vniY
e¨ÄbmwÜ
Aby‡”Q` = Aby + †Q` AnsKvi = Ang& + Kvi Dj−vm = Dr + jvm
D×vi = Dr + nvi D”PviY = Dr + PviY D¾¡j = Dr + R¡j
D”Q¡vm = Dr + k¦vm D”Q„•Lj = Dr + k„•Lj D‡j−L = Dr + †jL
DÑvUb = Dr + NvUb D‡`¨vM = Dr + †hvM D`¨g = Dr + `g
DbœZ = Dr + bZ Dbœqb = Dr + bqb K…wó = K…l& + wZ
KzR&SwUKv = Kzr + SwUKv Pj”Qwe = Pjr + Qwe wPb¥q = wPr + gq
RM`xk = RMr + Ck RMbœv_ = RMr + bv_ RMb¥q = RMr + gq
mwÜ 25
wYRš— = wYP& + Aš— ZrKvj = Z`& + Kvj Zrmg = Z`& + mg

Zw×Z = Z`& + wnZ Zb¥‡a¨ = Zr + g‡a¨ w`Mš— = w`K& + Aš—
w`M&MR = w`K& + MR `y¨‡jvK = wè + †jvK cwi”Q` = cwi + Q`
c×wZ = c`& + nwZ cÖwZ”Qwe = cÖwZ + Qwe cwi‡”Q` = cwi + †Q`
ev•gq = evK& + gq eb¯úwZ = eb + cwZ g„b¥q = g„r + gq
hv”&Tv = hvP& + bv ivÁx = ivR& + bx lô = ll& + _
loFZz = lU& + FZz lohš¿ = lU &+ hš¿ lY¥vm = lU& + gvm
†lvok = lU& + `k m”PwiÎ = mr + PwiÎ m¾b = mr + Rb
mÂq = mg& + Pq msev` = mg& + ev` msMxZ = mg& + MxZ
Abykxjbx
1. mwÜ Kv‡K e‡j? D`vniYmn †jL|
2. mwÜ Kq cÖKvi I Kx Kx? D`vniYmn †jL|
3. mwÜi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Kx? D`vniY w`‡q eywS‡q `vI|
4. e¨ÄbmwÜ Kv‡K e‡j? D`vniYmn †jL|
5. mwÜe× kã Avjv`v K‡i †`LvI :
KzR&SwUKv, Pj”Qwe, RM`xk, ZrKvj, Zrmg, w`Mš—, cwi”Q`, c×wZ, eb¯úwZ, msev`, msMxZ
6. mwÜ Ki :
RMr + bv_ = RMr + gq = Z`& + wnZ =
w`K& + Aš— = w`K& + MR = wè + †jvK =
cwi + Q` = c`& + nwZ = eb + cwZ =

g„r + gq = lU& + FZz = lU& + `k =
mr + Rb = mg& + ev` = mg& + MxZ =
Kg©-Abykxjb
1| mwÜi msÁv Ges mwÜi cÖKvi‡f` D‡j−Lc~e©K wewfbœ cÖKvi mwÜi cwiPq GKwU †cv÷vi †ccv‡i
my›ì K‡i mvwR‡q †jL|
2| QK Abyhvqx wb‡Pi kã¸‡jvi mwÜ we‡k−lY Ki Ges mwÜi wbqg †jL :
kã mwÜ-we‡k−lY mwÜi wbqg

bevbœ
ï‡f”Qv
†`‡e›`ª
bx‡jvrcj
g‡nvrme
kxZvZ©
wn‰Zlx
BZ¨vw`
27
5. kã I c`
5.1 KviK I wefw³
evsjv e¨vKi‡Y ÔKviKÕ GKwU mycwiwPZ cÖm½| ÔKviKÕ kãwUi A_©, †h †Kv‡bv KvR ev wµqv m¤úv`b
K‡i| ev‡K¨ KZ©vB wµqv m¤úv`b K‡i| myZivs KZ©vB KviK GB iKg g‡b n‡Z cv‡i| wKš—z e¨vKi‡Y
ïay KZ©vB KviK bq| KZ©v Kx Ki‡Q, Kvi mvnv‡h¨ Ki‡Q, †Kv_vq Ki‡Q A_©vr wµqv m¤úv`‡bi
Aej¤^b, DcKiY, †nZz, ¯’vb, Kvj BZ¨vw` mewKQyB G‡¶‡Î we‡eP¨| wµqv m¤úv`‡b wµqvi m‡½ Hme
e¨w³, e¯‘, ¯’vb, Kvj BZ¨vwì †h m¤úK© i‡q‡Q, e¨vKi‡Y Zv KviK bv‡g AwfwnZ|
Kvi‡Ki msÁv
ev‡Kï Aš—M©Z wµqvc‡ì m‡½ we‡kl¨ I me©bvg c‡ì †h m¤úK©, Zv‡K KviK e‡j|
Kvi‡Ki cÖKvi‡f`
evK¨w¯’Z wµqvc‡ì m‡½ we‡kl¨ ev me©bvg c‡ì Qq cÖKv‡ii m¤úK© n‡q _v‡K| GB m¤ú‡K©i
wfwË‡Z KviK Qq cÖKvi| †hgb :
1. KZ©„KviK, 2. Kg©KviK, 3. KiY KviK,
4. m¤úª`vb KviK, 5. Acv`vb KviK I 6. AwaKiY KviK
wb‡P GKwU ev‡Kï mvnv‡h¨ GB m¤ú‡K©i m~Îmg~n †`Lv‡bv n‡jv :

Ôev`kv bvwmi DwÏb cÖZ¨n mKv‡j ivR‡Kvl n‡Z ¯^n‡¯— `wi`ª‡ì‡K ab `vb Ki‡Zb|Õ
1. †K `vb Ki‡Zb ? ev`kv bvwmi DwÏb (KZ…©KviK)
2. Kx `vb Ki‡Zb? ab (Kg©KviK)
3. Kx Øviv `vb Ki‡Zb? ¯^n‡¯— (KiY KviK)
4. Kv‡ì‡K `vb Ki‡Zb? `wi`ª‡ì‡K (m¤úª`vb KviK)
5. †Kv_v n‡Z `vb Ki‡Zb? ivR‡Kvl n‡Z (Acv`vb KviK)
6. KLb `vb Ki‡Zb? cÖZ¨n mKv‡j (AwaKiY KviK)
KviK wbY©‡qi cÖ‡kœvËi c×wZ
1. wµqv‡K Ô†KÕ Øviv cÖ‡kœi DË‡i cvIqv hv‡e KZ©„KviK|
2. wµqv‡K ÔKx ev Kv‡KÕ Øviv cÖ‡kœi DË‡i cvIqv hv‡e Kg©KviK|
3. wµqv‡K ÔKx ØvivÕ cÖ‡kœi DË‡i cvIqv hv‡e KiY KviK|
4. wµqv‡K ÔKv‡KÕ (¯^Z¡Z¨vM K‡i cÖ`vb) Øviv cÖ‡kœi DË‡i cvIqv hv‡e m¤úª`vb KviK|
5. wµqv‡K Ô†Kv_v n‡ZÕ cÖ‡kœi DË‡i cvIqv hv‡e Acv`vb KviK|

6. wµqv‡K Ô†Kv_vqÕ, ÔKLbÕ Øviv cÖ‡kœi DË‡i cvIqv hv‡e AwaKiY KviK|
wefw³
ev‡Kï kã¸‡jvi wbw`©ó web¨vm _v‡K| web¨vmB mgMÖ ev‡Kï A_© ¯úó K‡i †`q| †`Lv hvq, ev‡Kï
h_vh_ A_© Ávc‡bi Rb¨ evK¨w¯’Z bvg kã¸‡jvi m‡½ KL‡bv KL‡bv eY© ev eY©mgwó hy³ n‡q _v‡K|
GB eY© ev eY©mgwói bvg wefw³| evsjv ev‡Kï c`¸‡jvi cvi¯úwiK m¤ú‡K©i wfwË‡Z KviK wb‡`©‡ki
Rb¨ GB wefw³¸‡jvi mwe‡kl ¸i“Z¡ i‡q‡Q| A‡bK mgq wefw³i cÖ‡qvRb c‡o bv| wefw³ bv _vK‡j
k~b¨ wefw³ (0) a‡i wb‡Z nq| †hgb :
mÜ¨vq AvKv‡k Puv` D‡V‡Q|
GB ev‡K¨ wZbwU bvg kã Av‡Q mÜ¨v, AvKvk, Puv`| Avi ÔD‡V‡QÕ n‡jv wµqvc`| mgMÖ evK¨wUi
A_©MÖvn¨Zvi Rb¨ ÔmÜ¨vÕ k‡ãi m‡½ ÔqÕ, ÔAvKvkÕ k‡ãi m‡½ ÔGÕ hy³ n‡q‡Q| ÔqÕ, ÔGÕ n‡jv wefw³|
Puv`-Gi m‡½ †Kv‡bv eY© hy³ nqwb cÖ‡qvRb †bB e‡j| wKš—z e¨vKiYg‡Z, †mLv‡bI wefw³ Av‡Q, Z‡e
Zv k~b¨ (0) wefw³| k~b¨ (0) wefw³‡K A-wefw³I ejv nq| mgMÖ evK¨wUi web¨vm GB iKg :
mÜ¨vq AvKv‡k Puv` D‡V‡Q|
mÜ¨v+q AvKvk+G Puv`+0 I‡V‡Q|
GB ev‡Kï wef³ Ask¸‡jvB (q, G, 0) wefw³|
msÁv
ev‡K¨ eëüZ †h eY© ev eY©mgwó ev‡Kï A_©MÖvn¨Zvq mvnvh¨ K‡i, Zv‡ì wefw³ ejv nq|
wefw³i cÖ‡qvRbxqZv
evsjvq Ggb A‡bK evK¨ i‡q‡Q, †h¸‡jv‡Z wµqvc` †bB| †hgb :
gv‡V gv‡V ARmª dmj|
†QvU †QvU wWwO †bŠKv¸‡jv b`x‡Z fvmgvb|
GB RvZxq wµqvnxb A‡bK evK¨ evsjvq i‡q‡Q| wµqv †bB e‡j GB evK¨¸‡jvi Aš—M©Z bvg
kã¸‡jvi KviKI †bB| †mRb¨ ejv nq evsjv evK¨ KviK-cÖavb bq| wKš—z wefw³ Qvov evsjv evK¨
wVKfv‡e MwVZ n‡Z cv‡i bv Ges evKÏ A_©MÖvn¨ nq bv| Ic‡ii `ywU ev‡Kï wefw³ Zz‡j wb‡j
evK¨¸‡jv h_vh_ A_© cÖKvk Ki‡e bv| ÔgvV gvV ARmª dmjÕ wKsev Ô†QvU †QvU wWwO †bŠKv¸‡jv b`x
fvmgvbÕ evK¨ wn‡m‡e ÎywUc~Y©| cÖ_g ev‡K¨ ÔGÕ wefw³ (gvV+G), wØZxq ev‡K¨ Ô†ZÕ wefw³ (b`x+†Z)
evK¨ `ywUi web¨vm I A_© wVK K‡i w`‡q‡Q| ÔMv‡Qi cvZvq iv‡Zi wkwki †j‡M Av‡QÕ ⎯GB ev‡KÏ
Avgiv †`LwQ Gi wefw³ [MvQ+Gi, ivZ+Gi] I ÔqÕ wefw³ [cvZv+q] evK¨wU‡K m¤ú~Y© A_©MÖvn¨
kã I c` 29
K‡i‡Q| bZzev ÔMvQ cvZv ivZ wkwkiÕ †Kv‡bv evK¨ bq| Zvn‡j †evSv hv‡”Q, wefw³ ev‡Kï Aš—M©Z
kã A_©vr c`¸‡jvi g‡a¨ m¤úK© m„wó K‡i Ges ev‡Kï A_© wbw`©ó K‡i| †mRb¨ evsjv evK¨ wefw³-
cÖavb| Gi †_‡K evsjv ev‡K¨ wefw³i cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Abyaveb Kiv hvq| Aek¨ me mgq wefw³ w`‡q
evsjv fvlv fve cÖKvk Ki‡Z cv‡i bv, †mme †¶‡Î wefw³i ¯’v‡b wefw³-¯’vbxq wKQzkã †hgb ÔØvivÕ,
Ôw`‡qÕ, ÔKZ…©KÕ, Ôn‡ZÕ, Ô†_‡KÕ, Ô†P‡qÕ BZ¨vw` eëüZ nq|
wefw³i cÖKvi‡f`
wefw³ `yB cÖKvi| h_v :
1. kã wefw³ ev bvg wefw³ I 2. wµqv wefw³|
1. kã wefw³ ev bvg wefw³

kã ev bvg c‡ì m‡½ †hme wefw³ hy³ nq, Zv‡K kã wefw³ ev bvg wefw³ e‡j| †hgb :
wf¶zK‡K wf¶v `vI| (wf¶zK + †K)
2. wµqv wefw³
avZz ev wµqvc‡ì m‡½ †hme wefw³ hy³ nq, Zv‡K wµqv wefw³ e‡j| †hgb :
wZwb evwo hv‡eb (√hv + Be& + Gb = hvB‡eb > hv‡eb)|
kã wefw³i m‡½ Kvi‡Ki Ges wµqv wefw³i m‡½ Kvj I cyi“‡li cÖZ¨¶ m¤^Ü i‡q‡Q|
kã wefw³ ev bvg wefw³ KviK wb‡`©k K‡i e‡j G¸‡jv‡K KviK wefw³I ejv nq| KviK‡f‡`
kã wefw³ mvZ cÖKvi| †hgb : cÖ_gv, wØZxqv, Z…Zxqv, PZz_©x, cÂgx, lôx I mßgx|
evsjvq A‡bK †¶‡ÎB wefw³nxb c` cvIqv hvq| GB Abycw¯’Z wefw³‡K ejv nq k~b¨ (0)
wefw³|
GKePb I eûeP‡b KviK wefw³i i~c :
wefw³ GKePb eûePb
cÖ_gv k~b¨ (0), A, G, (q), †Z iv, Giv, ¸wj (¸‡jv), MY
wØZxqv †K, †i, G‡i w`M‡K, w`‡M‡i, †`‡i
Z…Zxqv Øviv, w`qv, KZ©„K w`‡Mi Øviv, †ì Øviv, w`M KZ…©K
PZz_x© †K, †i, G‡i w`M‡K, w`‡M‡i, †`‡i
cÂgx n‡Z, †_‡K, †P‡q w`‡Mi n‡Z, †ì n‡Z, w`‡Mi †P‡q
lôx i, Gi w`‡Mi, †ì, ¸wji, M‡Yi
mßgx G, q, †Z, G‡Z w`‡M, w`‡M‡Z, ¸wj‡Z
1. KZ©„KviK
cvwL Wv‡K|
†m hvq|
eyjeywj‡Z avb †L‡q‡Q|
Dwj−wLZ evK¨ wZbwU‡Z Wv‡K, hvq Ges †L‡q‡Q wµqvc`| GB wµqv¸‡jv m¤úv`b Ki‡Q h_vµ‡g
cvwL, †m Ges eyjeywj| myZivs cvwL, †m Ges eyjeywj KZ©„KviK|
†h wµqv m¤úv`b K‡i Zv‡K KZ©v e‡j Ges wµqvi m‡½ KZ…m
© ¤^Ühy³ c`B KZ…©KviK|
msÁv
evK¨w¯’Z †h we‡kl¨ ev me©bvg c` wµqv m¤úbœ K‡i, Zv‡K KZ…©KviK e‡j|
KZ©„Kvi‡Ki cÖKvi‡f`
wµqv m¤úv`‡bi êwPÎ¨ ev êwkó¨ Abyhvqx KZ©…KviK Qq cÖKvi| †hgb :
K. gyL¨KZ©v : †h wb‡RB wµqv m¤úv`b K‡i, †m-B gyL¨KZ©v| †hgb :
†Nvov Mvwo Uv‡b|
gyljav‡i e„wó co‡Q|
L. cÖ‡hvRK KZ©v : g~j KZ©v hLb Ab¨‡K †Kv‡bv Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ K‡i wµqv m¤úbœ Kivq, ZLb Zv‡K
cÖ‡hvRK KZ©v e‡j| †hgb : gv wkï‡K Puv` †`Lv‡”Qb|
GLv‡b ÔgvÕ cÖ‡hvRK KZ©v |
M. cÖ‡hvR¨ KZ©v : g~j KZ©vi KiYxq KvR hvi Øviv m¤úvw`Z nq, Zv‡K cÖ‡hvR¨ KZ©v e‡j| †hgb :
gv wkï‡K Puv` †`Lv‡”Qb|
wk¶K QvÎMY‡K cov‡”Qb|
GLv‡b ÔwkïÕ Ges ÔQvÎMYÕ cÖ‡hvR¨ KZ©v |
N. e¨wZnvi KZ©v : ev‡Kï g‡a¨ `ywU KZ©v hLb GK‡Î GKRvZxq wµqv m¤úv`b K‡i, ZLb Zv‡ì
e¨wZnvi KZ©v e‡j| †hgb :
†mqv‡b †mqv‡b jovB|
ev‡N-gwn‡l GK Nv‡U Rj Lvq|
kã I c` 31
KZ…©Kvi‡K wewfbœ wefw³i cÖ‡qvM

cÖ_gv wefw³ : wknve eB c‡o|
wØZxqv wefw³ : wkgyj‡K †h‡Z n‡e|
Z…Zxqv wefw³ : bRi“j KZ…©K AwMœexYv iwPZ n‡q‡Q|
lôx wefw³ : Avgvi LvIqv nqwb|
mßgx wefw³ : QvM‡j wKbv Lvq|
2. Kg©KviK
†Nvov Mvwo Uv‡b| kv‡n` eB c‡o|
msÁv : hv‡K Avkªq K‡i KZ©v wµqv m¤úbœ K‡i, Zv‡K Kg©KviK e‡j|
Dwj−wLZ evK¨ `ywU‡Z Ô†NvovÕ Ges Ôkv‡n`Õ h_vµ‡g ÔMvwoÕ Ges ÔeBÕ-†K Avkªq K‡i ÔUvbvÕ Ges
ÔcovÕ wµqv m¤úbœ K‡i| myZivs ÔMvwoÕ Ges ÔeBÕ Kg©KviK|
Kg©Kvi‡K wewfbœ wefw³i cÖ‡qvM
cÖ_gv wefw³ : cywjk WvK|
wØZxqv wefw³ : Avwg Zv‡K wPwb|
lôx wefw³ : †`‡ki †mev Ki|
mßgx wefw³ : wRÁvwme R‡b R‡b|
3. KiY KviK
ÔKiYÕ kãwUi A_© hš¿, mnvq ev Dcvq| A_©vr wµqv wb®úwËi e¨vcv‡i hv cÖavb mnvq Zv-B KiY|
msÁv : KZ©v hvi mvnv‡h¨ wµqv m¤úv`b K‡i, Zv‡K KiY KviK e‡j| †hgb :
†Q‡jiv ej †L‡j| eb¨vq †`k c−vweZ n‡jv| KjgwU †mvbvq †gvov|
KiY Kvi‡K mvaviYZ Z…Zxqv wefw³ nq|
KiY Kvi‡K wewfbœ wefw³i cÖ‡qvM
cÖ_gv wefw³ : †Q‡jiv ej †L‡j|
Z…Zxqv wefw³ : Avgiv Kvb Øviv ïwb|
cÂgx wefw³ : G mš—vb n‡Z †`‡ki gyL D¾¡j n‡e|
lôx wefw³ : Zvi gv_vq jvwVi AvNvZ K‡iv bv|
mßgx wefw³ : AvKvk †g‡N XvKv|
4. m¤úª`vb KviK
Ôm¤úª`vbÕ A_© †¯^”Qvq `vb|
msÁv : hv‡K ¯^Z¡ Z¨vM K‡i †Kv‡bv wKQy `vb Kiv nq, †mB `vb-MÖnxZv‡K m¤úª`vb KviK e‡j|
†hgb :
wf¶zK‡K wf¶v `vI| AÜR‡b †`n Av‡jv| e¯¿nx‡b e¯¿ `vI|
wKš—z Ô¯^Z¡ Z¨vMÕ bv †evSv‡j m¤úª`vb KviK n‡e bv| †hgb : †avcv‡K Kvco `vI|
G‡¶‡Î Ô †avcvÕ m¤úª`vb KviK bq KviY Ô†avcv‡KÕ Kvco KL‡bvB ¯^Z¡ Z¨vM K‡i †Ìqv nq bv|
ÁvZe¨ : ms¯‹…Z e¨vKi‡Yi Abymi‡Y evsjv fvlvq m¤úª`vb Kvi‡Ki eënvi P‡j Avm‡Q| wKš—z m¤úª`vb
KviK Ges Kg© Kvi‡Ki wefw³ wPý GK| †Kej `v‡bi cÖm‡½ A‡bK e¨vKiY-we‡klÁ m¤úª`vb
Kvi‡Ki c„_K Aw¯—Z¡ ¯^xKv‡i A¯^xK…wZ Ávcb K‡i‡Qb|
m¤úª`vb Kvi‡K mvaviYZ PZz_x© wefw³ nq|
m¤úª`vb Kvi‡K wewfbœ wefw³i cÖ‡qvM
cÖ_gv wefw³ : ¸i“ `w¶Yv `vI|
PZz_x© wefw³ : `wi`ª‡K `vb Ki|
lôx wefw³ : wf¶zK‡ì wf¶v `vI|
mßgx wefw³ : `x‡b `qv Ki|
5. Acv`vb KviK
msÁv : hv †_‡K †Kv‡bv wKQy wePy¨Z, cwZZ, M„nxZ, RvZ, iw¶Z, weiZ, `~ixf‚Z I Drcbœ Ges hv
†`‡L †KD fxZ nq, Zv‡K Acv`vb KviK e‡j| †hgb :
wePy¨Z : e„¶ †_‡K cvZv S‡i|
cwZZ : †g‡N e„wó nq|
M„nxZ : wSbyK †_‡K gy³v †g‡j|
RvZ : Rwg †_‡K dmj cvB|
iw¶Z : wec‡` †gv‡i i¶v Ki|
weiZ : cv‡c weiZ nI|
`~ixf‚Z : †`k †_‡K wec` P‡j †M‡Q|
Drcbœ : wZ‡j ˆZj nq|
fxZ : my›ìe‡b ev‡Ni fq Av‡Q|
kã I c` 33
Acv`vb Kvi‡K mvaviYZ cÂgx wefw³ nq|

Acv`vb Kvi‡K wewfbœ wefw³i cª‡qvM
cÖ_gv wefw³ : †UªbwU XvKv Qvoj|
wØZxqv wefw³ : evev‡K eÇ fq cvB|
Z…Zxqv wefw³ : Zvi †PvL w`‡q cvwb co‡Q|
cÂgx wefw³ : †R‡jiv b`x †_‡K gvQ ai‡Q|
lôx wefw³ : ev‡Ni f‡q mK‡j fxZ|
mßgx wefw³ : `y‡a `B nq|
6. AwaKiY KviK
msÁv : †h ¯’v‡b, †h Kv‡j ev †h wel‡q wµqv m¤úbœ nq, Zv‡K wµqvi Avavi e‡j| wµqvi Avavi‡K
AwaKiY KviK e‡j| †hgb :
e‡b evN _v‡K| em‡š— †KvwKj Wv‡K| wZwb e¨vKi‡Y cwÊZ|
cÖKvi‡f`
A_©‡f‡` AwaKiY KviK Pvi cÖKvi| †hgb :
K. ¯’vbvwaKiY; L. KvjvwaKiY; M. welqvwaKiY I N. fvevwaKiY|
K. ¯’vbvwaKiY : †h ¯’v‡b wµqv m¤úbœ nq, Zv‡K ¯’vbvwaKiY KviK e‡j| †hgb : R‡j Kzwgi _v‡K|
L. KvjvwaKiY : †h Kv‡j wµqv m¤úbœ nq, Zv‡K KvjvwaKiY KviK e‡j| †hgb : ki‡Z kvcjv
†dv‡U|
M. welqvwaKiY : †Kv‡bv wel‡q `¶Zv ev A¶gZv cÖKv‡k wµqv wb®úbœ n‡j, Zv‡K welqvwaKiY KviK
e‡j| †hgb : wZwb Bs‡iwR‡Z fv‡jv| kwdK MwY‡Z KuvPv|
N. fvevwaKiY : GKwU wµqv Ab¨ wµqvi Ici wbf©i Ki‡j wbf©ikxj wµqvc`wU fveevP‡K cwiYZ
n‡q AwaKiY n‡j, Zv‡K fvevwaKiY KviK e‡j| †hgb : m~‡h©v`‡q AÜKvi `~ixf‚Z nq|
G‡¶‡Î ÔAÜKvi `~ixf‚Z nIqvÕ Ôm~‡h©v`‡qiÕ Ici wbf©ikxj| AZGe Ôm~‡h©v`‡qÕ fvevwaKiY KviK|
Abyi~c : nvwm‡Z gy³v S‡i|
AwaKiY Kvi‡K mvaviYZ mßgx wefw³ nq|
AwaKiY Kvi‡K wewfbœ wefw³i cÖ‡qvM

cÖ_gv wefw³ : Avwg AvMvgx Kvj evwo hve|
wØZxqv wefw³ : gb Avgvi bv‡P‡i AvwR‡K|
Z…Zxqv wefw³ : wLwjcv‡b w`‡q JlaUv †L‡q wbI|
cÂgx wefw³ : Qv` †_‡K b`x †`Lv hvq|
mßgx wefw³ : e‡b evN _v‡K|
5.2 m¤^Ü I m‡¤^vab c`
ev‡K¨ wµqvi m‡½ Ab¨vb¨ c‡ì †h m¤^Ü, Zv‡K KviK e‡j| wKš—z wµqvc‡ì m‡½ m¤úK© bv
†i‡L †h bvgc` evK¨w¯’Z Ab¨ c‡ì m‡½ m¤úK©hy³ nq, Zv‡K m¤^Ü c` e‡j| †hgb : iv‡gi
fvB XvKv hv‡e|
GLv‡b Ôiv‡giÕ m‡½ ÔfvB‡qiÕ m¤úK© Av‡Q wKš—z Ôhv‡eÕ wµqvc‡ì m‡½ †Kv‡bv m¤^Ü †bB|
myZivs wµqvi m‡½ m¤^Ü c‡ì †Kv‡bv m¤úK© †bB e‡j m¤^Ü c` KviK bq|
m¤^Ü c‡ì wefw³

K. m¤^Ü c‡` lôx (ÔiÕ ev ÔGiÕ) wefw³ nq| †hgb : †mvbv + i = †mvbvi (_vjv)| Zv‡iK + Gi
= Zv‡i‡Ki (fvB)|
L. mgqevPK A‡_© m¤^Ü c‡` Kvi > †Ki wefw³ hy³ nq| †hgb : AvwR + Kvi = AvwRKvi >
AvR‡Ki (Lei)| c~‡e© + Kvi = c~‡e©Kvi (NUbv)|
m‡¤^vab c`
m‡¤^vab A_© ÔAvnŸvbÕ| hv‡K m‡¤^vab ev AvnŸvb K‡i wKQy ejv nq, Zv‡K m‡¤^vab c` e‡j| †hgb :
I‡n BKevj, Gw`‡K G‡mv|
gvaex, GLv‡b G‡mv|
GLv‡b ÔBKevjÕ I ÔgvaexÕ m‡¤^vab c`| KviY Zv‡ì‡K AvnŸvb ev m‡¤^vab K‡i wKQy ejv n‡q‡Q|
m‡¤^vab c` ev‡Kï Ask wKš—z GB m‡¤^vab c‡ì m‡½ ev‡Kï wµqvc‡ì †Kv‡bv m¤úK© †bB|
evK¨w¯’Z wµqvc‡ì m‡½ †Kv‡bv m¤^Ü _v‡K bv e‡j m‡¤^vab c` KviK bq|
wewfbœ Kvi‡K GKB wefw³i cÖ‡qvM
mKj Kvi‡K Ôk~b¨Õ wefw³i cÖ‡qvM
KZ©…Kvi‡K Ôk~b¨Õ wefw³ : myRb ¯‹z‡j hvq|
kã I c` 35
Kg©Kvi‡K Ôk~b¨ Õ wefw³ : †Nvov Mvwo Uv‡b|

KiY Kvi‡K Ôk~b¨Õ wefw³ : †Q‡jiv ej †L‡j|
m¤úª`vb Kvi‡K Ôk~b¨Õ wefw³ : wf¶v `vI †`wL‡j wf¶zK|
Acv`vb Kvi‡K Ôk~b¨Õ wefw³ : †UªbwU XvKv Qvoj|
AwaKiY Kvi‡K Ôk~b¨Õ wefw³ : Avgiv Lyjbv hve|
mKj Kvi‡K ÔGÕ ev ÔmßgxÕ wefw³i cÖ‡qvM
KZ…©Kvi‡K ÔGÕ wefw³ : cvM‡j wKbv e‡j|
Kg©Kvi‡K ÔGÕ wefw³ : wRÁvwme R‡b R‡b|
KiY Kvi‡K ÔGÕ wefw³ : Áv‡b wegj Avb›` jvf nq|
m¤úª`vb Kvi‡K ÔGÕ wefw³ : `x‡b `qv Ki|
Acv`vb Kvi‡K ÔGÕ wefw³ : wZ‡j ˆZj nq|
AwaKiY Kvi‡K ÔGÕ wefw³ : e‡b evN _v‡K|
†gvUv A¶‡ii c`¸‡jvi KviK I wefw³ wbY©q
A_© Ab_© NUvq| K‡g© k~b¨|
AÜR‡b †`n Av‡jv| m¤úª`v‡b mßgx
Abœnx‡b Abœ `vI| m¤úª`v‡b mßgx
AvKvk †g‡N XvKv| AwaKi‡Y k~b¨
Avgvi fvZ LvIqv n‡jv bv| K‡g© k~b¨
Avgvi LvIqv n‡jv bv| KZ…©Kvi‡K lôx
AvKv‡k Puv` I‡V‡Q| AwaKi‡Y mßgx
BU-cv_‡ii evwo †ek k³| Ki‡Y lôx
B‡Ui evwo mn‡R fv‡½ bv| Ki‡Y lôx
G Kj‡g fv‡jv †jLv nq| Ki‡Y mßgx
G Rwg‡Z †mvbv d‡j| AwaKi‡Y mßgx
G Kj‡g †ek †jLv hvq| Ki‡Y mßgx
Kvbœvq †kvK g›`xf‚Z nq| AwaKi‡Y mßgx

Kv‡Pi wRwbm mn‡R fv‡O| Ki‡Y lôx
Kvb‡b Kzmyg Kwj mKwj dzwUj| AwaKi‡Y mßgx
K…lK jv½j Pl‡Q| Ki‡Y k~b¨
Kvwji `vM mn‡R I‡V bv| m¤^‡Ü lôx
Kv‡R gb `vI| K‡g© mßgx
Mvwo †÷kb Qvoj| Acv`v‡b k~b¨
MM‡b Mi‡R †gN Nb eilv| AwaKi‡Y mßgx
Muv‡q gv‡b bv Avcwb †gvoj| KZ…©Kvi‡K mßgx
Miy‡Z Mvwo Uv‡b| KZ©„Kvi‡K mßgx
¸iyR‡b Ki fw³/bwZ| K‡g© mßgx
M„nnx‡b M„n `vI| m¤úª`v‡b mßgx
MM‡b Mi‡R †gN| KZ©„Kvi‡K k~b¨
†Nvovq Mvwo Uv‡b| KZ©„Kvi‡K mßgx
N‡i‡Z ågi G‡jv ¸b¸wb‡q| AwaKi‡Y mßgx
†Pv‡ii f‡q Nyg Av‡m bv| Acv`v‡b lôx
Qv` †_‡K b`x †`Lv hvq| AwaKi‡Y cÂgx
Qv‡` e„wó c‡o| AwaKi‡Y mßgx
†Q‡jwU A‡¼ KuvPv| AwaKi‡Y mßgx
QvM‡j wKbv Lvq| KZ©„Kvi‡K mßgx
Rj‡K Pj| wbwgËv‡_© PZz_x©
Rj c‡o cvZv b‡o| KZ©„Kvi‡K k~b¨
Rwg‡Z †mvbv d‡j| AwaKi‡Y mßgx
R‡ji wjLb _v‡K bv| Ki‡Y lôx
wRÁvwme R‡b R‡b| K‡g© mßgx
kã I c` 37
Rx‡e `qv K‡i mvayRb| m¤úª`v‡b mßgx

Áv‡b wegj Avb›` nq| Ki‡Y mßgx
†R‡j gvQ a‡i| KZ…©Kvi‡K mßgx
R‡j Kzwgi Wv½vq evN| AwaKi‡Y mßgx
wSby‡K gy³v Av‡Q| AwaKi‡Y mßgx
UvKvq wKbv nq| Ki‡Y mßgx
†UªbwU XvKv †Q‡o‡Q| Acv`v‡b k~b¨
UvKvi †jvf fv‡jv bq| m¤^‡Ü lôx
Wv³vi WvK| K‡g© k~b¨
wZwb e¨vKi‡Y cwÊZ| AwaKi‡Y mßgx
wZ‡j ˆZj nq| Acv`v‡b mßgx
wZwb n‡R †M‡Qb| wbwgËv‡_© mßgx
wZwb evwo †bB| AwaKi‡Y k~b¨
Zviv dzUej †L‡j| Ki‡Y k~b¨
Zvi a‡g© gwZ Av‡Q| AwaKi‡Y mßgx
`‡k wg‡j Kwi KvR| KZ…©Kvi‡K mßgx
`y‡a Qvbv nq| Acv`v‡b mßgx
`wi`ª‡K ab `vI| m¤úª`v‡b PZz_x©
†avcv‡K Kvco `vI| K‡g© wØZxqv
avb †_‡K PvDj nq| Acv`v‡b cÂgx
abx `wi`ª‡K N„Yv K‡i| K‡g© wØZxqv
†`‡ki Rb¨ cÖvY `vI| m¤úª`v‡b lôx
wè †Zvgv kª×v fw³| m¤úª`v‡b k~b¨
bZzb av‡b¨ n‡e bevbœ| Ki‡Y mßgx
wb‡Ri †Póvq eo nI| Ki‡Y mßgx
bRiyj KZ©„K AwMœexYv iwPZ nq| KZ…©Kvi‡K 3qv

b`x‡Z gvQ Av‡Q| AwaKi‡Y mßgx
wk¶K‡K kª×v KwiI| Kg©Kvi‡K wØZxqv
wkKvwi weovj †Muv‡d †Pbv hvq| Ki‡Y mßgx
kª×vevb j‡f Ávb A‡b¨ Kfz bq| KZ…©Kvi‡K k~b¨
me©wk‡l¨ Ávb †`b ¸i“ gnvkq| K‡g© mßgx
m‡ive‡i cÙ R‡b¥| AwaKi‡Y mßgx
me wSby‡K gy³v wg‡j bv| AwaKi‡Y mßgx
m~h© DV‡j AÜKvi `~i nq| K‡g© k~b¨
me©v‡½ e¨_v Jla †è †Kv_v | AwaKi‡Y mßgx
mvcy‡o mvc †Ljvq| KZ„©Kvi‡K k~b¨
mgy`ªR‡j jeY Av‡Q| AwaKi‡Y mßgx
me©f‚‡Z `vb Ki| m¤úª`v‡b mßgx
†m evwo †bB| AwaKi‡Y k~b¨
nv‡Z KvR Ki| Ki‡Y mßgx
ü`q Avgvi bv‡P‡i AvwR‡K| AwaKi‡Y wØZxqv
Abykxjbx
1| KviK Kv‡K e‡j? KviK Kq cÖKvi I Kx Kx? D`vniYmn cÖ‡Z¨K cÖKvi Kvi‡Ki cwiPq `vI|
2| KviK-wefw³ ej‡Z Kx †evS? GKePb I eûeP‡bi KviK-wefw³i wPý¸‡jv †jL|
3| KZ„©KviK Kv‡K e‡j? KZ©„Kvi‡Ki cÖKvi‡f`¸‡jv D`vniYmn Av‡jvPbv Ki|
4| AwaKiY KviK Kv‡K e‡j? AwaKiY KviK Kq cÖKvi I Kx Kx? cÖ‡Z¨K cÖKv‡ii `ywU K‡i D`vniY
`vI|
5| Ôm¤^Ü Ges m‡¤^vab c` KviK bq †Kb? Õ D`vniYmn Av‡jvPbv Ki|
6| mKj Kvi‡K ÔGÕ ev ÔmßgxÕ wefw³i cÖ‡qvM †`LvI|
7| mKj Kvi‡K Ôk~b¨Õ wefw³i cÖ‡qvM †`LvI|
39
5.3 kãi~c
GKwU kã‡K wewfbœ Kvi‡K, m¤^Ü c` wn‡m‡e Ges m‡¤^va‡b eënvi Ki‡Z n‡j, wefw³ I AbymM©
†hvM K‡i mswk−ó k‡ãi †hi~c nq, Zv‡K ejv nq kãi~c| †hgb :
evjK + †K = evjK‡K, evjK + Gi = evj‡Ki|
wb‡P we‡kl¨ kã ÔgvbylÕ Ges me©bvg kã ÔAvwgÕ, ÔZzwgÕ I Ô†mÕÑ Gi GKeP‡bi I eûeP‡bi kãi~c
†`Lv‡bv n‡jv :
(K) we‡kl¨ k‡ãi i~c : gvbyl
gvbyl
KviK GKePb eûePb
KZ©v gvbyl, gvby‡l (gvbyl+G) gvby‡liv (gvbyl + Giv) gvbyl¸wj-¸‡jv,
gvbylMY, gvbylmKj gvbyl‡ì|
Kg© gvbyl‡K (gvbyl+†K) gvbylw`M‡K, gvbyl‡ì‡K (w`M+†K)
(†ì+†K)
KiY gvbyl Øviv, gvbyl w`qv > w`‡q gvbyl¸wj Øviv, gvbyl¸wj‡K w`‡q
gvbyl‡K w`‡q
m¤cÖ`vb gvbyl‡K (gvbyl + †K)
Acv`vb gvbyl nB‡Z, gvbyl n‡Z, gvbyl †_‡K, gvbylw`M nB‡Z, gvbyl‡ì KvQ †_‡K;
gvby‡li KvQ †_‡K gvbyl¸wji KvQ †_‡K
m¤^Ü c` gvby‡li gvbylw`‡Mi, gvbyl‡ì, gvbyl¸wji
AwaKiY gvby‡li gvbylw`‡Mi, gvbylM‡Yi gvbyl¸wji,
gvbyl‡ì
m‡¤^vab †n gvbyl! †n gvbylMY, gvbylme
(L) me©bvg k‡ãi i~c : Avwg, Zzwg, †m

Avwg
KviK GKePb eûePb
KZ©v Avwg Avgiv, Avgiv-me, Avgiv-mK‡j
Kg© I Avgv‡K Avgvw`M‡K > Avgv‡ì, Avgv‡ì‡K
m¤cÖ`vb
KiY Avgv Øviv, Avgvi Øviv Avgv‡K w`qv Avgvw`‡Mi Øviv, Avgv‡ì Øviv, Avgv‡ì‡K
> w`‡q w`‡q
Acv`vb Avgv nB‡Z > n‡Z Avgvi KvQ †_‡K Avgvw`M nB‡Z, Avgvw`‡Mi wbKU nB‡Z,
Avgv‡ì KvQ †_‡K
m¤^Ü Avgvi, †gvi (c‡`¨) Avgvw`‡Mi > Avgv‡ì, †gv‡ì (c‡`¨)
Avgv mevKvi (c‡`¨)
AwaKiY Avgv‡Z, Avgvi g‡a¨ Avgvw`‡M‡Z, Avgvw`‡Mi g‡a¨ > Avgv‡ì
g‡a¨
Zzwg
KviK GKePb eûePb
KZ©v Zzwg †Zvgiv, †Zvgiv me
Kg© I †Zvgv‡K †Zvgvw`M‡K, †Zvgv‡`‡K, †Zvgv‡ì‡K
m¤cÖ`vb
KiY †Zvgvi Øviv, †Zvgv‡K w`qv > w`‡q †Zvgvw`‡Mi Øviv, †Zvgv‡ì Øviv,
†Zvgvw`M‡K w`qv, †Zvgv‡ì w`‡q
Avcv`vb †Zvgv nB‡Z > n‡Z, †Zvgvi wbKU †Zvgvw`M nB‡Z, †Zvgvw`‡Mi wbKU nB‡Z,
nB‡Z, †Zvgvi KvQ †_‡K †Zvgv‡ì KvQ †_‡K, †Zvgvw`‡Mi >
†Zvgv‡ì †Zvgv mevKvi
mš^Ü †Zvgvi Ze (c‡`¨) †Zvgvw`‡Mi > †Zvgv‡ì, †Zvgv mevKvi
(c‡`¨)
AwaKiY †Zvgvw`‡M‡Z, †Zvgvw`‡Mi g‡a¨, †Zvgvw`‡M‡Z, †Zvgvw`‡Mi g‡a¨,
†Zvgv‡ì g‡a¨ †Zvgv‡ì g‡a¨
†m
KviK GKePb eûePb
KZ©v †m Zvnviv > Zviv, Zviv me
Kg© I Zvnv‡K > Zv‡K Zvnvw`M‡K > Zv‡`‡K, Zv‡ì‡K
m¤cÖ`vb
KiY Zvnv Øviv, Zvnvi Øviv, Zvnv‡K w`‡q, Zvnvw`M Øviv, Zvnv‡ì Øviv, Zv‡ì w`‡q
Zv‡K w`‡q
Acv`vb Zvnv nB‡Z, Zvnvi wbKU nB‡Z, Zvi Zvnvw`M nB‡Z, Zvnvw`‡Mi wbKU nB‡Z
KvQ †_‡K, Zvi KvQ †_‡K
m¤^Ü Zvnvi, Zvi, Zm¨ Zv‡ì KvQ †_‡K, Zvnvw`‡Mi, Zvnv‡ì >
Zv‡ì
AwaKiY Zvnv‡Z, Zvnvi g‡a¨ > Zv‡Z, Zvi Zvnvw`‡M‡Z, Zvnvw`‡Mi g‡a¨
g‡a¨
kãi~c 41
5.4 we‡kl‡Yi ÔZiÕ I ÔZgÕ

ÔÑZiÕ Av‡cw¶K DrKl©evPK ev AcKl©evPK cÖZ¨q Ges ÔÑZgÕ eû e¯‘ ev e¨w³i g‡a¨ GKR‡bi
me©vwaK DrKl© ev AcKl©‡evaK cÖZ¨q|
`yywU e¯‘ ev e¨w³i g‡a¨ Zzjbv Ki‡Z ms¯‹…‡Zi wbqgvbymv‡i we‡kl‡Yi m‡½ ÔÑZiÕ cÖZ¨q hy³ nq Ges
`y‡qi †ewk e¨w³ ev e¯‘i g‡a¨ Zzjbv †evSv‡Z we‡kl‡Yi m‡½ hy³ nq ÔÑZgÕ cÖZ¨q| †gvUK_v, ms¯‹…Z
wbqg Abyhvqx `y‡qi g‡a¨ Zzjbv Ki‡Z n‡j we‡kl‡Yi m‡½ ÔÑZiÕ Ges eûi m‡½ Zzjbv Ki‡Z n‡j
ÔÑZgÕ †hvM nq|
ÔZiÕ Ges ÔZgÕ G `ywU cÖZ¨q‡K GKÎ K‡i n‡q‡Q⎯ ÔZiZgÕ Ñ hvi A_© ÔKg-†ewkÕ|
j¶Yxq ÔZviZg¨Õ kãwUI ÔZiZgÕ †_‡K ˆZwi| †hgb : ZiZg + h = ZviZg¨|
ÔZiÕ Ges ÔZgÕ -Gi cÖ‡qvM
g~j we‡klY kã Zi-†hv‡M Zg-†hvM
e„nr e„nËi e„nËg
¶y`ª ¶y`ªZi ¶y`ªZg
gnr gnËi gnËg
KwVb KwVbZi KwVbZg
RwUj RwUjZi RwUjZg
`xN© `xN©Zi `xN©Zg
cÖk¯— cÖk¯—Zi cÖk¯—Zg
ÔÑZiÕ ÔÑZgÕ Gi ev‡K¨ cÖ‡qvM

1. P›`ª c„w_ex A‡c¶v ¶y`ªZi|
2. wngvjq c„w_exi D”PZg ce©Z|
3. mvnviv we‡k¦i `xN©Zg mgy`ª‰mKZ|
4. K·evRvi we‡k¦i `xN©Zg mgy`‰mKZ|
5. gvjØxc evsjv‡`‡ki †P‡q ¶y`ªZi|
6. MxZv wgZv A‡c¶v AwaKZi †gavex|
7. †gNbv evsjv‡`‡ki `xN©Zg b`x|
(L) ÔZviZvg¨Õ †evSv‡Z ms¯‹…Z Cqm& (`yB‡qi g‡a¨) I Bô (eûi g‡a¨) cÖZ¨q eëüZ nq| †hgb :
g~j we‡klY kã Cqm&-†hv‡M Bô-†hv‡M

¸i“ Mixqm& > Mixqvb Mwiô
e„× elx©qm& > elx©qvb †R¨ô
ejer ejxqm& > ejxqvb ewjô
we‡kl‡Yi ZviZg¨ †evSv‡bvi Rb¨ ms¯‹…Z ixwZ LuvwU evsjv‡ZI cÖPwjZ| Z‡e evsjv fvlvi wKQz wbR¯^
ixwZI Av‡Q| `y‡qi g‡a¨ Zzjbvq †P‡q, PvB‡Z, A‡c¶v cÖf…wZ Abym‡M©i eënvi nq| †hgb:
†Rg&‡mi †P‡q †hv‡md †ewk ejevb|
ivg A‡c¶v k¨vg eyw×gvb|
eûi m‡½ Zzjbvq Ôme©v‡c¶vÕ, Ôme‡P‡qÕ, ÔmePvB‡ZÕ, ÔmK‡ji g‡a¨Õ, Ômevi PvB‡ZÕ cÖf…wZ eëüZ
nq| †hgb:
cïi g‡a¨ n¯—x me©v‡c¶v e„nr|
Mv‡Qi g‡a¨ eUMvQ me‡P‡q wekvj|
mePvB‡Z fv‡jv †LRyi im Avi kx‡Zi wcVv|
6. kãMVb
kã
GK ev GKvwaK aŸwbi mgš^‡q ˆZwi A_©‡evaK I D”PviY‡hvM¨ GKK‡K ejv nq kã| A_©vr aŸwbi
A_©c~Y© wgjb NU‡j Zv‡K kã e‡j| †hgb : ÔKÕ, ÔjÕ Ges ÔgÕ wZbwU aŸwb| G aŸwb wZbwUi wgwjZ i~c
n‡jv ÔKjgÕ| ÔKjgÕ Ggb GKwU e¯‘‡K †evSv‡”Q, hv w`‡q †jLv hvq| ÔKjgÕÑ ÔKÕ, ÔjÕ, ÔgÕ
aŸwbmgwói wgwjZ i~c, hv A_©c~Y©| myZivs ÔKjgÕ k‡ãi ⎯ GKwU `„óvš—|
k‡ãi MVb
MVbMZ w`K †_‡K kã `ywU †kªwY‡Z wef³ : K. †gŠwjK kã I L. mvwaZ kã|
K. †gŠwjK kã : †hme kã we‡k−lY Kiv hvq bv ev †f‡O Avjv`v Kiv hvq bv, †m¸‡jv‡K †gŠwjK kã
e‡j| †hgb :
Avg, eB, Kjg BZ¨vw`|
†gŠwjK kã MV‡bi cÖ_g Dcvq e‡Y©i m‡½ eY© †hvM| †hgb :
kãi~c 43
Av + g = Avg
e + B = eB
K + j + g = Kjg BZ¨vw`|
cÖm½Z D‡j−L¨ ¯îe‡Y©i msw¶ß i~c‡K ÔKviÕ Ges e¨Äbe‡Y©i msw¶ß i~c‡K ÔdjvÕ ejv nq| mij
e‡Y©i m‡½ ÔKviÕ ev ÔdjvÕ †hvM K‡i kã MVb Kiv hvq| wb‡P ÔKviÕ I ÔdjvÕ †hv‡M kã MV‡bi
D`vniY cÖ`Ë n‡jv :
ÔKviÕ †hvM K‡i
K& + A = K, j& + Av = jv `y‡Uvi wgj‡b K + jv = Kjv
Dchy©³ D`vni‡Y K&-Gi m‡½ ÔAÕ hy³ n‡q cÖ_‡g ÔKÕ n‡q‡Q Ges j&-Gi m‡½ ÔAvÕ hy³ n‡q ÔjvÕ
n‡q‡Q| ÔKÕ I ÔjvÕ wgwjZ n‡q ÔKjvÕ kãwU MwVZ n‡q‡Q|
D‡j−L¨ A-Gi †Kv‡bv msw¶ß i~c †bB| AÑe¨Ä‡bi m‡½ Aš—jx©b n‡q hvq| †hgb : K& + A = K, L& +
A = L|
ÔdjvÕ †hvM K‡i
hÑdjv (¨) : K& + h = K¨| D`vniY : evK¨, HK¨, AvwaK¨|
iÑdjv ( ª) : K& + i = µ| D`vniY : Pµ, eµ|
g-djv ( ¥ ) : Z& + g = Z¥| D`vniY : AvZ¥|
`& + g = Ù| D`vniY : cÙ|
n& + g = þ| D`vniY : eªvþY|
eÑdjv ( ) : m& + e = ¯^| D`vniY : wbt¯^|
k& + e = k¦| D`vniY : Ak¦, wek¦|
i-Gi Av‡iKwU msw¶ß i~c n‡”Q †id [ ©]| †id e‡Y©i kx‡l© hy³ nq| †hgb : K©| D`vniY : AK©, ZK©,
mZK©|
L. mvwaZ kã : †hme kã‡K we‡k−lY Ki‡j Avjv`v A_©‡evaK kã cvIqv hvq, †m¸‡jv‡K mvwaZ kã
e‡j|
mvaviYZ †Kv‡bv †gŠwjK ev wfwË k‡ãi m‡½ wewfbœ e¨vKiwYK Dcv`vb hy³ n‡q mvwaZ kã MwVZ nq|
k‡ãi A_©-êwP‡Îï Rb¨ bvbvfv‡e k‡ãi i~c-i~cvš—i mvab Kiv nq| wewfbœ A‡_© eënv‡ivc‡hvMx K‡i
†Kv‡bv kã ev kãvs‡ki m‡½ Ab¨ kã ev kãvs‡ki wgj‡b bZzb bZzb kã MwVZ n‡q _v‡K|
ÔkãMVbÕ ej‡Z mvaviYfv‡e Avgiv kã m„wói cÖwµqv‡K ey‡S _vwK| evsjv fvlv GKwU MwZkxj fvlv|
we‡k¦i Hk¦h©gwÊZ Acivci fvlvi g‡Zv evsjv fvlvi kãm¤¢vi Kv‡ji MwZavivq wewfbœ Dcv‡q MwVZ
bZzb bZzb kã Øviv mg„× n‡q‡Q| bZzb kãMV‡bi ixwZwm× GB cÖwµqv‡K kãMVb ejv nq| DcmM©,
cÖZ¨q, mwÜ, mgvm cÖf…wZ Dcv‡q kã MwVZ nq| †hgb :
1. DcmM©‡hv‡M kã MVb : k‡ãi c~‡e© DcmM© hy³ n‡q bZzb A_©‡evaK kã MwVZ nq| †hgb :
A + †Pbv = A‡Pbv Abv + e„wó = Abve„wó
cÖ + fvZ = cÖfvZ cÖwZ + ev` = cÖwZev`
Kvi + Lvbv = KviLvbv Mi + wgj = Miwgj
2. mwÜi mvnv‡h¨ kã MVb : ci¯úi mwbœwnZ `ywU aŸwbi wgj‡b ev cwieZ©‡b bZyb kã MwVZ nq|
†hgb :
we`¨v + Avjq = we`¨vjq iwe + B›`ª = iex›`ª
BwZ + Avw` = BZ¨vw` w`K& + Aš— = w`Mš—
†bŠ + BK = bvweK cwi + Q` = cwi”Q`
3. cÖZ¨q‡hv‡M kã MVb : kã ev avZzi c‡i cÖZ¨q hy³ n‡q bZzb kã MwVZ nq| †hgb :
wgVv + AvB = wgVvB Kzmyg + BZ = KzmywgZ
Pj& + Aš— = Pjš— K… + Ze¨ = KZ©e¨
wegvb + BK = êgvwbK gby + A = gvbe
4. mgv‡mi mvnv‡h¨ kã MVb : ci¯úi m¤úK©hy³ `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK c‡ì GKc‡` cwiYZ nIqvi
gva¨‡g bZzb kã MwVZ nq| †hgb :
gvZv I wcZv = gvZv-wcZv wmsn wPwýZ Avmb = wmsnvmb
w`b w`b = cÖwZw`b welv` i~c wmÜz = welv`wmÜz
5. c` cwieZ©‡bi mvnv‡h¨ kã MVb : c` cwieZ©‡bi gva¨‡gI bZzb kã MwVZ nq| †hgb :
A½ (we‡kl¨) > Avw½K (we‡klY)| ce©Z (we‡kl¨) > cve©Z¨ (we‡klY)|
G Qvov kã‰ØZ Ges cÖev`-cÖeP‡bi mvnv‡hÏ kã MVb Kiv hvq| evsjv fvlvq kã MV‡bi wbqg Rvbv
_vK‡j †Kvb kã e¨vKiYMZ †Kvb †kªwY‡Z c‡o †m m¤ú‡K© aviYv jvf Kiv hvq Ges eûj cÖPwjZ
k‡ãi e`‡j bZzb bZzb kã MVb K‡i fve cÖKv‡ki †¶‡Î êwPÎ¨ m„wó Kiv hvq| m‡e©vcwi fvlv‡K
ï×fv‡e ej‡Z, co‡Z, wjL‡Z Ges fvlvi kãfvÊvi‡K mg„× Ki‡Z kãMVb m¤ú‡K© my¯úó aviYv
kãi~c 45
_vKv cÖ‡qvRb|
we‡kl‡Yi ZviZg¨
†Kv‡bv e¨w³ ev e¯‘i m‡½ Aci e¨w³ ev e¯‘i we‡kl ¸Y, Ae¯’v BZ¨vw` Zzjbv Kiv hvq| Gfv‡e
Zzjbvq fv‡jv-g›`, Kg-†ewk ev DrKl©-AcKl© †evSv‡bv n‡q _v‡K| G ai‡bi Zzjbv Kiv‡K we‡kl‡Yi
ZviZg¨ e‡j| we‡kl‡Yi ZviZg¨ cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ evsjv I ms¯‹…Z `ywU ixwZ Av‡Q|
evsjv ixwZ
(K) `yB‡qi g‡a¨ Zzjbvq, hvi m‡½ Zzjbv Kiv nq Zvi c‡i ÔA‡c¶vÕ, Ô†P‡qÕ cÖf…wZ AbymM© hy³ nq|
†hgb: PvUMuvi †P‡q XvKv eo kni| iƒcv A‡c¶v †mvbv `vwg BZ¨vw`|
(L) eûi g‡a¨ Zzjbvq GKwUi DrKl© ev AcKl© Rvb‡Z n‡j Ôme©v‡c¶vÕ, Ôme‡P‡qÕ, ÔmK‡ji †P‡qÕ
BZ¨vw` c` ev evK¨vsk eëüZ nq| †hgb : G QvÎwU me‡P‡q fv‡jv| †m mK‡ji †P‡q fv‡jv
†j‡L BZ¨vw`|
ms¯‹…Z ixwZ
(K) `yB‡qi gv‡S Zzjbvq we‡klY k‡ãi †k‡l ÔZiÕ cÖZ¨q Ges `yB‡qi †ewki gv‡S Zzjbvq ÔZgÕ
cÖZ¨q hy³ nq| †hgb : evN A‡c¶v nvwZ e„nËi| Muv‡q wZwbB weÁZg| K‡qKwU `„óvš— :
g~j we‡kl‡Yi kã Zi-†hv‡M Zg-†hv‡M

¶z`ª ¶z`ªZi ¶z`ªZg
`xN© `xN©Zi `xN©Zg
gnr gnËi gnËg
e„nr e„nËi e„nËg
cÖk¯— cÖk¯—Zi cÖk¯—Zg
6.1 DcmM©‡hv‡M kãMVb

evsjv fvlvq Ggb KZK¸‡jv Ae¨qm~PK kãvsk Av‡Q, †h¸‡jv KL‡bvB ¯^vaxb c` wn‡m‡e ev‡K¨
eëüZ n‡Z cv‡i bv| e¯‘Z, †hme Ae¨q-kã avZz ev bvg k‡ãi c~‡e© e‡m kã¸‡jvi A‡_©i m‡¼vPb,
m¤cÖmviY ev Ab¨ †Kv‡bv cwieZ©b mvab K‡i, H me Ae¨q kãB DcmM©bv‡g cwiwPZ|
D`vniY wn‡m‡e D‡j−L Kiv hvq : †hgb ÔfvZÕ GKwU kã| Gi c~‡e© ÔcÖÕ Ae¨qwU hy³ n‡j nq
ÔcÖfvZÕ⎯hvi A_© ÔcÖZy¨lÕ ev ÔcÖvZtKvjÕ| ÔbvgÕ k‡ãi c~‡e© ÔcÖÕ †hvM Ki‡j nq ÔcÖYvgÕ ⎯ hvi A_©
ÔAwfev`bÕ ev Ôbg¯‹viÕ| ÔMwZÕ k‡ãi c~‡e© ÔcÖÕ †hvM Ki‡j nq ÔcÖMwZÕ ⎯ hvi A_© ÔmvgvwRK
AMÖMwZÕ ev Ômg„w×Õ| GLv‡b GKB DcmM© GKvwaK A_©‡`¨vZbvi m„wó K‡i‡Q| Avevi DcmM©‡f‡`
k‡ãi A_© m¤ú~Y© e`‡j †h‡Z cv‡i| †hgb : ÔbvgÕ k‡ãi c~‡e© ÔmyÕ DcmM© hy³ n‡j nq ÔmybvgÕ| Ôe`Õ
DcmM© hy³ n‡j nq Ôe`bvg|Õ j¶Yxq †h ÔmybvgÕ I Ôe`bvgÕ ⎯G kã `y‡Uvi A_© m¤ú~Y© Avjv`v|
Gfv‡e wewfbœ kã ev avZzi c~‡e© wewfbœ Ae¨qm~PK kãvsk hy³ n‡q bZzb bZzb kã ˆZwi K‡i|
msÁv : †hme Ae¨qm~PK kãvsk avZz ev k‡ãi c~‡e© hy³ n‡q bZzb kã MVbc~e©K A‡_©i m¤úªmviY,
ms‡KvPb ev cwieZ©b mvab K‡i, Zv‡ì‡K DcmM© e‡j|
cÖvgvY¨ msÁv
kã ev avZzi Avw`‡Z hv †hvM nq Zv‡K e‡j DcmM©| ⎯ W±i iv‡gk¦i kÕ
wb‡P ÔbvgÕ g~j k‡ãi m‡½ wewfbœ DcmM©‡hv‡M kãMV‡bi GKwU †jLwPÎ cÖ`Ë n‡jv :
DcmM© (bvg) g~jkã DcmM©‡hv‡M MwVZ kã
cÖ cÖYvg
cwi cwiYvg
bvg
my mybvg
e` e`bvg
Dcm‡M©i Kvh©vewj : DcmM© GKai‡bi Dcm„wó| DcmM©‡hv‡M k‡ãi †h ai‡bi cwieZ©b N‡U Zv
cÖavbZ wbgœi~c :
1. bZzb A_©‡evaK kã ˆZwi nq
2. k‡ãi A‡_©i c~Y©Zv mvwaZ nq
3. k‡ãi A‡_©i m¤úªmviY N‡U
4. k‡ãi A‡_©i ms‡KvPb N‡U Ges
5. k‡ãi A‡_©i cwieZ©b mvwaZ nq|
Dcm‡M©i A_©‡`¨vZKZv
Dcm‡M©i wbR¯^ †Kv‡bv A_© †bB wKš—z Giv A‡_©i †`¨vZK| DcmM© Ab¨ kã ev avZzi c~‡e© hy³ n‡q
bZzb kã ˆZwi ev k‡ãi A‡_©i m¤úªmviY, ms‡KvPb ev cwieZ©b NUv‡Z cv‡i| †hgb :
nv + fvZ = nvfvZ (bZzb kã)
cwi + c~Y© = cwic~Y© (A‡_©i m¤úªmviY)
A + fve = Afve (A‡_©i ms‡KvPb)
Dc + K_v = DcK_v ( A‡_©i cwieZ©b)
wKš—z ÔnvÕ, ÔcwiÕ, ÔAÕ, ÔDcÕ ÑG¸‡jvi Avjv`v †Kv‡bv A_© †bB| kã ev avZzi m‡½ hy³ bv n‡j DcmM©
kãi~c 47
†Kv‡bv A_© cÖKvk Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| A_©vr DcmM© ¯^vaxbfv‡e eëüZ n‡q A_©‡`¨vZbv m„wó Ki‡Z
A¶g| wKš—z hLbB Giv avZz ev k‡ãi c~‡e© e‡m, ZLbB G‡ì A_©‡`¨vZKZv kw³ m„wó nq| †hgb :
ÔnviÕ kãwUi c~‡e© wewfbœ DcmM© †hv‡M A‡bK¸‡jv A_©‡`¨vZK kã MwVZ n‡Z cv‡i :
DcmM© g~j kã DcmM©‡hv‡M MwVZ kã

Av Avnvi (†fvRb)
Abv Abvnvi (Dcevm)
cÖ cÖnvi (wbMÖn)
nvi
cwi cwinvi (eR©b)
Dc Dcnvi (Dc‡XŠKb)
we wenvi (ågY)
Dc‡ii †jLwP‡Î Av, Abv, cÖ, cwi, Dc, we DcmM©¸‡jvi ¯^vaxb †Kv‡bv A_© †bB| wKš‘ G DcmM©¸‡jv
ÔnviÕ k‡ãi c~‡e© hy³ n‡q A_©‡evaK GKvwaK kã ˆZwi K‡i‡Q| myZivs ejv hvq Dcm‡M©i ¯^vaxb
†Kv‡bv A_© †bB wKš—z A_©‡`¨vZKZv Av‡Q|
Dcm‡M©i cÖ‡qvRbxqZv
evsjv fvlvq DcmM© LyeB ¸i“Z¡c~Y© Dcv`vb| DcmM© kã ev avZzi c~‡e© e‡m bZzb kã MVb K‡i Ges
A‡_©i ms‡KvPb, m¤úªmviY ev cwieZ©b NUvq| DcmM© bZzb kã m„wó K‡i fvlvi kãfvÊvi‡K mg„×
K‡i| e¯‘Z kãMVb I A‡_©i w`K †_‡K êwPÎ¨ m„wó KivB Dcm‡M©i KvR| DcmM© A_©nxb n‡jI
G‡ì mv_©K cÖ‡qv‡M fvlvi Af¨š—ixY kw³ I Hk¦h© e„w× cvq|
Dcm‡M©i †kªwYwefvM
DcmM© wZb cÖKvi| †hgb :
1. evsjv DcmM©,
2. Zrmg (ms¯‹…Z) DcmM© I
3. we‡`wk (êfvwlK) DcmM©|
1. evsjv DcmM©
evsjv DcmM© †gvU GKzkwU : A, ANv, AR, Abv, Av, Avo, Avb, Ave, BwZ, Dbv (Dbv), K`, Kz,
wb, cvwZ, we, fi, ivg, m, mv, my, nv|
evsjv DcmM©‡hv‡M kã MVb :

DcmM© D`vniY
A AKvR, AwPb, ARvbv, ALywk, A‡Pbv, Awgj, AKvj, A‡ejv, Abo|
ANv ANvPÊx, ANvivg|
AR ARcvovMuv, ARg~L,© ARcyKzi|
Abv Abve„wó, Abvì, Abv`vq, Abvm„wó, AbvPvi, Abvgy‡Lv, Abvì, Abv`vq|
Av AvKuvov, Av‡avqv, Avjywb, Avgvcv, AvNvUv, AvKvU, AvKvj, AvKvVv|
Avo Avo‡Pv‡L, Avobq‡b, Avocvjv, Avo ¶¨vc¨v, Avo‡Kvjv, AvoMov|
Avb Avb‡Kviv, AvbPvb, Avbgbv|
Ave AveQvqv, AveWvj|
BwZ BwZKZ©e¨, BwZc~‡e©, BwZK_v, BwZnvm|
Db (Dbv) DbcuvRy‡i, Dwbk, Dbel©v|
K`& K`‡ej, K`h©, K`vKvi|
Kz KzAf¨vm, KzK_v, Kzm½, KzbRi, KzKvg, Kzhk|
wb wbLuyZ, wb‡LuvR, wbLiPv, wbfvuR, wb‡iU, wbjvR, wb‡Uvj, wb‡iU|
cvwZ cvwZKvK, cvwZnuvm, cvwZ‡jey, cvZKzqv|
we wef~uB, wedj, wec_, we‡`k, we‡Rvo|
fi ficyi, fi‡cU, fi`ycyi, fimÜ¨v, fiw`b, fimuvS|
ivg ivgQvMj, ivg`v|
m mwVK, mie, mjvR, mUvb, m‡Rvi, m‡L`, mÁvb|
mv mv‡Rvqvb, mvwRiv|
my myLei, myw`b, mybRi, mybvg, my‡WŠj|
nv nvwc‡Z¨k, nvfv‡Z, nvN‡i, nvûZvk|
kãi~c 49
ev‡K¨ evsjv DcmM©hy³ k‡ãi cÖ‡qvM

1. A : †jvKwU Avgvi A‡Pbv|
2. ANv : ANvivg e‡jB †m Ggb KvÊ K‡i e‡m‡Q|
3. AR : ARcvovMuv‡q wk¶vi Av‡jv Qwo‡q w`‡Z n‡e|
4. Abv : Abve„wó‡Z G eQi dm‡ji we¯—i ¶wZ n‡q‡Q|
5. Av : Av‡avqv †c−‡U Lvevi †L‡Z †bB|
6. Avo : wgZv wiZvi w`‡K Avo‡Pv‡L ZvwK‡q Av‡Q|
7. Avb : mš—v‡bi Rb¨ gv‡qi gb memgqB AvbPvb K‡i|
8. Ave : Avov‡j AveWv‡j Kv‡iv mgv‡jvPbv Ki‡Z †bB|
9. BwZ : BwZnvm †_‡K mK‡jiB wk¶v †bIqv DwPZ|
10. Db/Dbv : ÔDbvfv‡Z `ybv ej|Õ
11. K`& : K`‡e‡j cÖPzi wfUvwgb Av‡Q|
12. Kz : Kzm½ Kzdj e‡q Av‡b|
13. wb : †g‡qwUi m~wPKg© LyeB wbLuyZ|
14. cvwZ : wS‡ji R‡j cvwZnuvm †f‡m †eov‡”Q|
15. we : mvabv KL‡bv wed‡j hvq bv|
16. fi : GLb fi`ycyi, GKUz c‡i †ei nI|
17. ivg : ivgQvM‡ji ev”PvUv wZwos wewos K‡i jvdv‡”Q|
18. m : mwVK DË‡i wUKwPý `vI|
19. mv : jovB‡q wRZ‡Z n‡j mv‡Rvqvb †jvKB cÖ‡qvRb|
20. my : mrKg© mybvg e‡q Av‡b|
21. nv : nvfv‡Z †Q‡jUvi Rb¨ gv‡qi KZ nvwc‡Z¨k|
2. Zrmg ev ms¯‹…Z DcmM©

evsjv fvlvq eû ms¯‹…Z kã AweK…Zfv‡e eëüZ n‡”Q| †mB m‡½ Zrmg DcmM©I ms¯‹…Z k‡ãi c~‡e©
e‡m bZzb kã ˆZwi K‡i A‡_©i ms‡KvPb ev m¤úªmviY NUv‡”Q| D‡j−L¨ LuvwU evsjv DcmM© †hgb LuvwU
evsjv k‡ãi c~‡e© e‡m, †Zgwb Zrmg DcmM©I Zrmg (ms¯‹…Z) k‡ãi c~‡e© e‡m| Zrmg ev ms¯‹…Z
Dcm‡M©i msL¨v wekwU :
cÖ, civ, Ac, mg, wb, Aby, Ae, wbi, `yi, we, Awa, my, Dr, cwi, cÖwZ, AwZ, Awc, Awf, Dc, Av|
Zrmg ev ms¯‹…Z DcmM©‡hv‡M kãMVb :
DcmM© D`vniY
cÖ : cÖKvk, cÖfvZ, cÖPjb, cÖMwZ, cÖnvi, cÖZvc, cÖfve, cÖ‡Póv, cÖ‡ek, cÖPvi, cÖkvLv, cÖ`vb|
civ : civgk©, civaxb, civµg, civKvôv, civqY, civRq, civfe|
Ac : Acgvb, AcKvi, AcPq, Acev`, AcKg©, Ace¨q, Achk, Ace¨vL¨v, AcmviY,
Acg„Zz¨|
mg& : mgvì, mgvMZ, m¤§yL, m¤ú~Y©, msev`, mshg, m¤§vb, mgwaK|
wb : wb_i, wbevm, wbMg, wbPq, wbe„wË, wbeviY, wb`vN, wbM~p, wb®‹jyl, wb®‹vg|
Aby : AbyZvc, AbyMÖn, AbyMvgx, AbyR, AbyPi, Abyev`, Abyi~c, AbyKiY, AbymiY, Aby¶Y|
Ae : AeKvk, Aemi, AeÁv, Aegvbbv, AeMZ, AeMvnb, Ae‡iva, AeZiY, Ae‡ivnY|
wbi& : wbi¶i, wbRx©e, wbin¼vi, wbav©iY, wb‡`©k, wbY©q, wbf©q, wbM©Z, wbev©mb, wbix¶Y, wbi¼zk|
`yi& : `yfv© M¨, `y`©kv, `yb©vg, `yjf
© , `yMg© , `yR©q, `yN©Ubv, `yw`©b, `ybx©wZ, `yej
© , `y‡h©vM|
we : weRq, wec¶, weÁvb, weï×, weï®‹, weeY©, wek„•Lj, wedj, wePiY, we‡¶c, weKvi,
wech©q|
Awa : AwaKvi, AwacwZ, Awaevmx, AwaKZ©v, Awa‡ekb, Awael©, AwabvqK, AwaKZ©v, Awaôvb|
my : myKÉ, myK…wZ, mybxj, myMg, myjf, myKwVb, myaxi, myPZzi, myig¨, mywbcyY, my`~i, myPwiÎ|
Dr : Drme, Drw¶ß, D`MÖxe, D‡Ëvjb, DËß, Drdzj−, DrmyK, Drcv`b, D”PviY, D‡Ïk¨|
cwi : cwicK¡, cwic~Y©, cwigvY, cwi‡kl, cwimxgv, cwikªg, cwiZvc, cwiPvjK, cwi`k©b|
cÖwZ : cÖwZ`vb, cÖwZKvi, cÖwZwµqv, cÖwZev`, cÖwZ‡ekx, cÖZx¶v, cÖwZg~wZ©, cÖwZaŸwb, cÖwZw`b|
Awf : Awfe¨w³, AwfÁ, Awff‚Z, Awfavb, Awfbq, Awfhvb, Awfmvi, AwfgyL, Awfev`b|
AwZ : AwZKvq, AZ¨vPvi (AwZ + AvPvi), AwZkq, AwZµg, AwZwi³, AZ¨š— (AwZ + Aš—)|
Awc : AwcwbwnZ, AwcwbwnwZ, Awcavb|
Dc : DcKvi, DcK~j, DcKÉ, DcØxc, Dceb, DcMÖn, DcmvMi, Dc‡bZv, Dcbqb (ˆcZv)|
Av : AvKÉ, AvgiY, Avmgy`ª, Avi³, Avfvm, Av`vb, AvMgb, AvMÖn, Avnvi, Avi³|
kãi~c 51
ev‡K¨ Zrmg ev ms¯‹…Z DcmM©hy³ k‡ãi cÖ‡qvM

cÖ : ÔcÖfv‡Z DwVj iwe †jvwnZ eiY|Õ
civ : ÔcivR‡q W‡i bv exi|Õ
Ac : Ace¨q `vwi`ª¨ †W‡K Av‡b|
mg& : AwZw_ mgv`‡i Kvc©Y¨ AbywPZ|
wb : GLbB e„wó bvg‡e, Zv‡K †h‡Z wbeviY Ki|
Ae : mgv‡Ri Kj¨v‡Y cÖ‡Z¨‡KiB Ae`vb ivLv DwPZ |
Aby : AbyMnÖ K‡i GKUz evB‡i Avmyb|
wbi : ¸iyR‡bi wb‡`©k Agvb¨ K‡iv bv|
`yi : `yRb© weØvb n‡jI cwiZ¨vR¨|
we : j¶ cÖv‡Yi wewbg‡q Avgiv weRq wQwb‡q G‡bwQ|
my : myRjv-mydjv km¨-k¨vgjv Avgv‡ì GB evsjv‡`k|
Dr : Pvwl‡ì N‡i N‡i bev‡bœi Drme|
Awa : wb‡Ri AwaKvi wb‡R‡KB ey‡S wb‡Z n‡e|
cwi : wnsmvi cwiYvg KL‡bvB fv‡jv nq bv|
cÖwZ : Ab¨v‡qi cÖwZev` Ki‡Z n‡e|
Dc : DcKvixi DcKvi ¯^xKvi Kiv DwPZ|
Awf : dinv` mv‡ne GKRb AwfÁ wk¶K|
Awc : AwcwbwnwZ aŸwb cwieZ©‡bi GKwU D‡j−L‡hvM¨ wbqg|
AwZ : el©vKv‡j AwZwi³ e„wócvZ nIqvB ¯^vfvweK|
Av : AvKÉ †fvR‡b ¯^v¯’¨nvwb N‡U|
Abykxjbx
1| DcmM© Kv‡K e‡j? D`vniY `vI|
2| Dcm‡M©i cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Kx? D‡j−L Ki|
3| DcmM© Kq cÖKvi I Kx Kx|
4| evsjv DcmM© KqwU? †h‡Kv‡bv cuvPwU evsjv DcmM© Øviv wZbwU K‡i kã ˆZwi Ki|
5| Zrmg ev ms¯‹…Z DcmM© ej‡Z Kx †evS? Zrmg ev ms¯‹…Z DcmM© KqwU I Kx Kx?
6| cuvPwU we‡`wk Dcm‡M©i cÖ‡qvM †`wL‡q evK¨ iPbv Ki|
7| cuvPwU Aviwe I cuvPwU dviwm Dcm‡M©i Øviv GKwU K‡i kã ˆZwi Ki|
Kg©-Abykxjb
1| cÖ, Kvi, cÖwZ, Ae, Av, Awf, Aby, wd, A, Abv, ei, ivg, nv, Kg⎯ DcmM©¸‡jv wb‡Pi Q‡K mwVK
†kªwY‡Z web¨¯— Ki|
evsjv DcmM© Zrmg (ms¯‹…Z) DcmM© we‡`wk DcmM©
6.2 cÖZ¨q‡hv‡M kãMVb

K…r I Zw×Z `yai‡bi cÖZ¨qB kã MV‡bi mnvqK| Ôhv c‡i hy³ nq Zv-B cÖZ¨q|Õ myZivs †h eY© ev
eY©mgwó avZz ev cÖvwZcw`‡Ki m‡½ hy³ n‡q bZzb kã MVb K‡i Zv-B cÖZ¨q|
fvlvi mg„w× k‡ãi Dci wbf©ikxj| †h fvlvq hZ †ewk kã Av‡Q, †m fvlv ZZ †ewk mg„×| evsjv
fvlvq kã MV‡bi GKwU Ab¨Zg ixwZ n‡”Q cÖZ¨q| wKš—z cÖZ¨‡qi wb‡Ri †Kv‡bv ¯^vaxb A_© †bB|
msÁv : †h eY© ev eY©mgwó avZz ev k‡ãi c‡i hy³ n‡q bZzb A_©‡evaK kã MVb K‡i, Zv‡K cÖZ¨q
e‡j|
W±i gyn¤§` knx`yj−vn&i g‡Z, avZz ev k‡ãi DËi wfbœ wfbœ A‡_© †h eY© ev eY©mg~n hy³ nBqv kã cÖ¯—zZ
nq, Zvnvw`M‡K cÖZ¨q e‡j|
†hgb :
nvZ + Av = nvZv; gby + A = gvbe; √Pj& + Aš— = Pjš—; √K… + AK = KviK|
GLv‡b, Ô AvÕ, ÔAÕ, ÔAš—Õ, Ges ÔAKÕ -G¸‡jv cÖZ¨q| ÔnvZÕ, ÔgbyÕ bvg-cÖK…wZ Ges Pj&Õ, ÔK…Õ wµqv-
cÖK…wZ|
cÖZ¨‡qi †kªwYwefvM : cÖZ¨q cÖavbZ `yB cÖKvi| h_v : 1. K…r cÖZ¨q I 2. Zw×Z cÖZ¨q|
K…r cÖZ¨q : avZzi c‡i †h cÖZ¨q hy³ n‡q bZzb kã MVb K‡i, Zv‡K K…r cÖZ¨q e‡j| †hgb :
√ai& + Av = aiv √Wze& + Dix = Wzeyix √`„k& + h = `„k¨ BZ¨vw`|
kãi~c 53
Zw×Z cÖZ¨q : k‡ãi c‡i †h cÖZ¨q hy³ n‡q bZzb kã MVb K‡i Zv‡K Zw×Z cÖZ¨q e‡j| †hgb :
evN + Av = evNv †mvbv + Avwj = †mvbvwj mßvn + BK = mvßvwnK BZ¨vw`|
K…r cÖZ¨q Ges Zw×Z cÖZ¨‡qi g‡a¨ Avevi fvM i‡q‡Q :
K…r cÖZ¨q `ycÖKvi| h_v : K. ms¯‹…Z K…r cÖZ¨q I
L. evsjv K…r cÖZ¨q|
Zw×Z cÖZ¨q wZb cÖKvi| h_v : K. ms¯‹…Z Zw×Z cÖZ¨q;
L. evsjv Zw×Z cÖZ¨q I
M. we‡`wk Zw×Z cÖZ¨q|
K. ms¯‹…Z K…r cÖZ¨q : ms¯‹…Z wbqgvbyhvqx H fvlvi avZzi m‡½ †hme ms¯‹…Z cÖZ¨q hy³ n‡q bZzb
kã MwVZ nq, Zv‡ì ms¯‹…Z K…r cÖZ¨q e‡j| †hgb : √K… + Ze¨ = KZ©e¨; √`„k& + Ab =
`k©b BZ¨vw`|
L. evsjv K…r cÖZ¨q : ms¯‹…Z ev Zrmg avZz weewR©Z evsjv avZzi m‡½ cÖvK…Z fvlv †_‡K AvMZ †hme
cÖZ¨q hy³ n‡q bZzb kã MwVZ nq, Zv‡ì evsjv K…r cÖZ¨q e‡j| †hgb : √ bvP& + Ab = bvPb;
√Wze& + Aš— = Wzeš— BZ¨vw`|
K. ms¯‹…Z Zw×Z cÖZ¨q : †h Zw×Z cÖZ¨q ms¯‹…Z ev Zrmg k‡ãi m‡½ hy³ n‡q bZzb kã MVb K‡i,
Zv‡K ms¯‹…Z Zw×Z cÖZ¨q e‡j| †hgb : gby + ò = gvbe; †jvK + wòK = †jŠwKK BZ¨vw`|
L. evsjv Zw×Z cÖZ¨q : evsjv fvlvq eëüZ ms¯‹…Z I we‡`wk cÖZ¨q e¨ZxZ evwK cÖZ¨q¸‡jv‡K
evsjv Zw×Z cÖZ¨q e‡j| †hgb : evN + Av = evNv; Ni + Avwg = Nivwg BZ¨vw`|
M. we‡`wk Zw×Z cÖZ¨q : k‡ãi †k‡l †hme we‡`wk cÖZ¨q hy³ n‡q bZzb kã MVb K‡i, Zv‡ì
we‡`wk Zw×Z cÖZ¨q e‡j| †hgb : Wv³vi + Lvbv = Wv³viLvbv, awo + evR = awoevR
BZ¨vw`|
cÖZ¨‡qi gva¨‡g kãMV‡bi †¶‡Î ÔcÖK…wZÕ I ÔcÖvwZcw`KÕ G `ywU welq m¤ú‡K© aviYv _vKv cÖ‡qvRb|
cÖK…wZ : kã ev avZzi g~jB n‡”Q cÖK…wZ| A_©vr Ô†gŠwjK k‡ãi †h Ask‡K Avi †Kv‡bvfv‡eB we‡k−lY
Kiv m¤¢e bq, Zv‡K ejv nq cÖK„wZ|Õ A_ev, fvlvq hvi we‡k−lY m¤¢e bq, Ggb †gŠwjK kã‡K cÖK…wZ
e‡j| kã wKsev c` †_‡K cÖZ¨q I wefw³ AcmviY Ki‡j cÖK…wZ Ask cvIqv hvq|
cÖK…wZ `ycÖKvi| h_v : (K) wµqv-cÖK…wZ ev avZz ,
(L) bvg-cÖK…wZ ev msÁv cÖK…wZ|
(K) wµqv-cÖK…wZ : cÖZ¨q-wb®úbœ k‡ãi we‡k−l‡Y †gŠwjK fve-†`¨vZK †h Ask cvIqv hvq, Zv hw`
Ae¯’vb, MwZ ev Ab¨ †Kv‡bv cÖKv‡ii wµqv †evSvq, Zv‡K wµqv-cÖK…wZ e‡j| †hgb : √Pj&,
√co&, √ivL&, √`„k&, √K… cÖf…wZ wµqv-cÖK…wZ| [Pjš— = Pj& (wµqv-cÖK…wZ) + Aš— (cÖZ¨q)]
(L) bvg-cÖK…wZ : cÖZ¨q-wb®úbœ k‡ãi we‡k−l‡Y †gŠwjK fve-†`¨vZK †h Ask cvIqv hvq, Zv hw`
†Kv‡bv `ªe¨, RvwZ, ¸Y ev †Kv‡bv c`v_©‡K †evSvq, Zv‡K bvg -cÖK…wZ e‡j| †hgb : gv, Puv`, MvQ,
cÖf…wZ bvg-cÖK…wZ|
nvZj = nvZ ( bvg-cÖK…wZ) + Aj (cÖZ¨q) ]
cÖvwZcw`K : wefw³nxb bvg kã‡K cÖvwZcw`K e‡j| †hgb : nvZ, eB, Kjg, gvQ BZ¨vw`|
cÖZ¨q m¤ú‡K© ÁvZe¨

1. wµqvevPK kãg~‡ji †¶‡Î avZz wPý (√) eëüZ nq| †hgb : √Pj& + Aš— = Pjš—; √cV& + AK
= cvVK|
2. ÔavZzÕ I ÔcÖZ¨qÕÑDfq‡K GKm‡½ D”PviY Kivi mgq avZzi Aš—äŸwb Ges cÖZ¨‡qi AvwàŸwb
A‡bK †¶‡Î ci¯ú‡ii cÖfv‡e mgZv cÖvß nq| †hgb : √Kuv`& + bv = Kvbœv; √iuva& + bv = ivbœv|
Dwj−wLZ D`vni‡Y avZzi Aš—äŸwb Ô`&Õ I Ôa&Õ cÖZ¨‡qi AvwàŸwb ÔbÕ-Gi mgZv cÖvß n‡q‡Q|
K…r Ges Zw×Z cÖZ¨‡qi msL¨v A‡bK| wb‡P cª‡qvRbxq wKQymsL¨K cÖZ¨‡qi gva¨‡g kã MV‡bi
D`vniY cÖ`Ë n‡jv :
K. ms¯‹…Z K…r cÖZ¨q‡hv‡M kãMVb
1. A (AP&)
√cV& + A = cvV √wR + A = Rq
2. Abxq (Abxqi&)
√K… + Abxq = KiYxq √cv + Abxq = cvbxq
√¯§„ + Abxq = ¯§iYxq √`„k& + Abxq = `k©bxq
3. wZ (w³)
√K… + wZ = K…wZ √K…Z& + wZ = KxwZ© √K…l& + wZ = K…wó √`„k& + wZ = `„wó
L. evsjv K…r cÖZ¨q

1. A √Kuv`& + A = Kuv` √ai& + A = ai √Pj& + A = Pj √co& + A = co
2. Ab > Ib √bvP& + Ab = bvPb √Kuv`& + Ab = Kuv`b
kãi~c 55
3. AvBZ √WvK& + AvBZ = WvKvBZ > WvKvZ √†me& + AvBZ = †mevBZ > †mev‡qZ
4. Avwb √R¡vj& + Avwb = R¡vjvwb √SuvK& + Avwb = SuvKvwb √wbo& + Avwb = wbovwb
5. DK, DKv √wgk& + DK = wgïK √Lv + DKv = LvDKv > †L‡Kv
6. wZ √DV& + wZ = DVwZ √NvU& + wZ = NvUwZ √KvU& + wZ = KvUwZ
K. ms¯‹…Z Zw×Z cÖZ¨q

1. A (ò, AY&) gby + A = gvbe `by + A = `vbe gay + A = gvae
2. Avqb (òvqb&, dK&) bi + Avqb = bvivqY Øxc + Avqb = ˆØcvqb ivg + Avqb = ivgvqY
4. BK (wòK, VK&) A¶i + BK = Av¶wiK BwZnvm + BK = HwZnvwmK el© + BK = evwl©K
5. C (Bb, Bbx) ab + C = abx myL + C = myLx n¯— + C = n¯—x
6. Cq (òxq, Q)
Rj + Cq = Rjxq AvZ¥b& + Cq = AvZ¥xq gvbe + Cq = gvbexq ivóª + Cq = ivóªxq
7. Z¡ gvZ… + Z¡ = gvZ…Z¡ gbyl¨ + Z¡ = gbyl¨Z¡ åvZ… + Z¡ = åvZ…Z¡
8. evb (eZzc&) ab + evb = abevb Ávb + evb = Ávbevb i~c + evb = i~cevb
9. gvb& (gr, gZzc&)
eyw× + gvb& = eyw×gvb ax + gvb& = axgvb kw³ + gvb& = kw³gvb
L. evsjv Zw×Z cÖZ¨q

1. AK †Xvj + AK = †XvjK †bvj + AK = †bvjK †Mvj + AK = †MvjK
2. Aj nvZ + Aj = nvZj `xN + Aj = `xNj kxZ + Aj = kxZj
3. Av KuvP + Av = KuvPv †Pvi + Av = †Pviv MvQ + Av = MvQv
4. AvB wbg + AvB = wbgvB Kvb + AvB = KvbvB †evb + AvB = †evbvB
5. AvBZ > AvZ& †mev + AvBZ = †mevBZ m½ + AvBZ = mv½vBZ>mv½vZ
6. AvwP †eO& + AvwP = †eOvwP Nvg + AvwP = NvgvwP aybv + AvwP = aybvwP
7. Avb& > Av‡bv RyZv + Avb& = RyZvb > RyZv‡bv †eZ + Avb& = †eZvb > †eZv‡bv
8. Avwb Zj + Avwb = Zjvwb bvK + Avwb = bvKvwb †Pve + Avwb = †Pvevwb
9. Avwg cvKv + Avwg = cvKvwg †Q‡j + Avwg = †Q‡jwg BZi + Avwg = BZivwg
10. Avi& Kvg + Avi = Kvgvi Kzg + Avi = Kzgvi Pvg + Avi = Pvgvi
11. Avix ; Avwi Kuvmv + Avix = Kuvmvix; Kuvmvwi KvÊ + Avix = KvÊvix ; KvÊvwi
12. Dqv > I MvQ + Dqv = MvQyqv > †M‡Qv Muv + Dqv = MuvDqv > †Mu‡qv
13. gq Kv`v + gq = Kv`vgq Ni + gq = Nigq Rj + gq = Rjgq
M. we‡`wk Zw×Z cÖZ¨q

1. Avbv, Avwb evey + Avbv = eveyqvbv mv‡nwe + Avbv = mv‡nweqvbv bRi + Avbv = bRivbv
2. Lvbv gyw` + Lvbv = gyw`Lvbv Qvcv + Lvbv = QvcvLvbv
3. †Lvi Nyl + †Lvi = Nyl‡Lvi †bkv + †Lvi = †bkv‡Lvi nvivg + †Lvi = nvivg‡Lvi
4. Mi > Ki Kvwi + Mi = KvwiMi, KvwiKi Rv`y + Mi = Rv`yMi, Rv`yKi
5. wMwi evey + wMwi = eveywMwi gy‡U + wMwi = gy‡UwMwi †Kivwb + wMwi = †KivwbwMwi
kãi~c 57
Abykxjbx
1| cÖZ¨q Kv‡K e‡j? cÖZ¨q Kq cÖKvi I Kx Kx ? cÖ‡Z¨K cÖKv‡ii `ywU K‡i D`vniY `vI|
2| K…r cÖZ¨q I Zw×Z cÖZ¨q Kv‡K e‡j? cÖ‡Z¨KwUi `ywU K‡i D`vniY `vI|
3| cÖK…wZ Kv‡K e‡j? cÖK…wZ Kq cÖKvi I Kx Kx? D`vniYmn eywS‡q `vI|
4| wb‡Pi kã¸‡jvi cÖK…wZ I cªZ¨q wbY©q Ki :
Avaywj, Dw³, Doš—, HwZnvwmK, IKvjZbvgv, KZ©e¨, KviK, K…lK, †Ljbv, †L‡Kv, †Q‡jwg, R¨vš—,
†R‡j, Rwg`vi, `k©b, cvVK, cvbmv, †evgvi“, eveyqvbv, †fŠ‡MvwjK, wgZvwj, wgïK, †gŠwLK, iuvaywb,
†ikgx, †j‡Vj, †jŠwKK, mI`vMi, muvZvi“, mvcy‡o, nj‡`, nvUz‡i|
Kg©-Abykxjb
1. GKwU †cv÷vi †ccv‡i wb‡Pi msÁv¸‡jv mvBb †cb Øviv wjwce× Ki|
cÖZ¨q :
K…r cÖZ¨q :
Zw×Z cÖZ¨q :
cÖK…wZ :
wµqv-cÖK…wZ :
bvg-cÖK…wZ :
2. cÖ`Ë kã¸‡jvi cÖZ¨‡qi bvgmn cÖK…wZ I cÖZ¨q wbY©q K‡i wb‡`©kg‡Zv wb‡Pi Q‡K mvRvI :
cÖ`Ë kã cÖK…wZ + cÖZ¨q cÖZ¨‡qi bvg
`k©bxq
†`kxq
Mš—e¨
D”PZi
bxwjgv
7. evK¨
7.1 ev‡Kï mvaviY MVb : D‡Ïk¨ I we‡aq
n¨vcx GKwU cyZzj evbv‡Z Pvq|
KvwKgv ejvB‡K Lye fv‡jvevm‡Zb|
jvB‡eªwi RvwZi mf¨Zv I DbœwZi gvb`Ê|
ZLb Avgvi eqm †Z‡iv eQ‡ii †ewk bq|
Zzwg wK wjL‡Z PvI dz‡ji g‡Zv KweZv?
fvlvi g~j DcKiY evK¨| Dc‡ii evK¨¸‡jv‡Z c~Y©v½ I A_©c~Y© e³e¨ cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q| ci¯úi
m¤úK©hy³ GKvwaK c` GK‡Î wgwjZ nIqvi Kvi‡YB e³e¨ ¯úó I cwic~Y©fv‡e cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q|
D‡j−L¨ cÖwZwU ev‡Kï wewfbœ c‡ì g‡a¨ cvi¯úwiK m¤^Ü ev Aš^q †hgb Av‡Q, †Zgwb Av‡Q MVbMZ
¯^qsm¤ú~Y©Zv Ges e³‡eï A_©enZv| myZivs †Kv‡bv fvlvq †h Dw³i mv_©KZv Av‡Q Ges MV‡bi w`K
†_‡K hv ¯^qsm¤c~Y©, †m ai‡bi GKK Dw³B e¨vKiY kv‡¯¿ evK¨ wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ|
msÁv : †h myweb¨¯— c`mgwó Øviv †Kv‡bv wel‡q e³vi g‡bvfve m¤ú~Yi© ~‡c cÖKvwkZ nq, Zv‡K evK¨
e‡j|
hw` ejv nq ⎯
1. Ô†gŠwj GKwU ... |Õ
2. ÔPvI g‡Zv KweZv dz‡ji wK wjL‡Z Zzwg?Õ
3. ÔgvQ¸‡jv AvKv‡k D‡o †eov‡”Q|Õ
G¸‡jv ev‡Kï g‡a¨ c‡o bv| KviY Ô†gŠwj GKwUÕ ej‡j g‡bi fve Am¤ú~Y© †_‡K hvq| ÔPvI g‡Zv
KweZv dz‡ji wK wjL‡Z Zzwg?Õ G‡¶‡Î Awš^Z c`¸‡jv LyeB wehy³| Avi ÔgvQ¸‡jv AvKv‡k D‡o
†eov‡”Q|Õ Ñ ej‡j A_©MZ I fveMZ mgš^‡qi Afve cwijw¶Z nq| KviY, gvQ KL‡bv AvKv‡k
Do‡Z cv‡i bv| D`vniY¸‡jv evK¨ wn‡m‡e mv_©K n‡e hLb ejv n‡e ⎯
1. †gŠwj GKwU cyZzj evbv‡Z Pvq|
2. Zzwg wK dz‡ji g‡Zv KweZv wjL‡Z PvI?
3. cvwL¸‡jv AvKv‡k D‡o †eov‡”Q|
evK¨‡K m¤ú~Y© Kivi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb AvKv•¶vi wbe„wË| Avi mymsnZ Kivi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb †hvM¨Zv I
AvmwË| myZivs GKwU mv_©K ev‡Kï wfwË AvKv•¶v, †hvM¨Zv I AvmwËi Ici cÖwZwôZ| GB wZbwU
evK¨ 59
wel‡qi †Kv‡bv GKUvi Afve NU‡j evK¨ wbi_©K n‡q c‡o| myZivs mv_©K ev‡Kï wZbwU ¸Y _vKv
Avek¨K| †hgb :
1. AvKv•¶v;
2. †hvM¨Zv;
3. AvmwË|
1. AvKv•¶v : ev‡Kï A_© cwi®‹vifv‡e †evSvi Rb¨ GK c‡ì ci Ab¨ c` †kvbvi †h B”Qv Zv-B
AvKv•¶v| †hgb : ÔAvwg wM‡q †`LjvgÕ⎯ G‡Z AvKv•¶vi wbe„wË nq bv| hLb ejv nq ⎯ ÔAvwg
wM‡q †`Ljvg Zviv P‡j †M‡Q|Õ GLb GwU GKwU evK¨ n‡jv| †Kbbv G K_v ejvi c‡i Avi wKQz
Rvbvi AvKv•¶v _v‡K bv|
2. †hvM¨Zv : ev‡Kï ga¨Kvi c`mg~‡ni Aš—M©Z Ges fveMZ wgjeÜ‡bi bvg †hvM¨Zv| el©vKv‡j
AwZwi³ e„wócv‡Z eb¨v nq| GwU GKwU †hvM¨Zvm¤úbœ evK¨| wKš‘ ÔMÖx®§Kv‡j cÖLi †iŠ‡`ª eb¨v
nq|Õ ⎯ ej‡j evK¨wU AmsjMœ g‡b n‡e Ges fve cÖKv‡ki †hvM¨Zv nviv‡e| KviY cÖLi †iŠ‡`ª
KL‡bv eb¨v nq bv|
3. AvmwË : ev‡Kï c`¸‡jv‡K mwVK RvqMvq mwbœweó Kivi bvg AvmwË| A_ev, ev‡Kï A_©m½wZ
i¶vi Rb¨ myk„•Lj c`web¨vmB AvmwË|
QzwU‡Z XvKv Zviv cy‡Rvq hv‡eb⎯ G‡Z GKwU m¤ú~Y© ev‡Kï me¸‡jv c`B Av‡Q, wKš‘ AvmwËi
Afv‡e evK¨ nqwb| c`¸wj A_©m½wZ i¶v K‡i wVKg‡Zv mvRv‡jB evK¨ n‡e| Ö Zviv cy‡Rvi QzwU‡Z
XvKv hv‡eb|
mvaviYZ cÖwZwU ev‡Kï `ywU cÖavb Ask _v‡K : 1. D‡Ïk¨ I 2. we‡aq
1. D‡Ïk¨ : ev‡Kï †h As‡k hvi m¤ú‡K© wKQy ejv nq, Zv‡K D‡Ïk¨ e‡j|
2. we‡aq : ev‡K¨ D‡Ïk¨ m¤ú‡K© hv ejv nq, Zv‡K we‡aq e‡j| †hgb : k¨vgv ¯‹z‡j hvq|
GLv‡b Ôk¨vgvÕ D‡Ïk¨ Ges Ô¯‹z‡j hvqÕ we‡aq| KviY evK¨wU‡Z Ôk¨vgvÕ m¤ú‡K© ejv n‡q‡Q| ZvB
Ôk¨vgvÕ c`wU D‡Ïk¨| we‡aq n‡”Q ev‡Kï Ô¯‹z‡j hvqÕ AskwU| KviY Ô¯‹z‡j hvqÕ K_vwU k¨vgv m¤ú‡K©
ejv n‡q‡Q| we‡aq As‡k Aek¨B GKwU mgvwcKv wµqv _v‡K|
fvlvi †mŠ›`h© ea©‡b wKsev e³‡eï ¯úóZvi Rb¨ evK¨ m¤úªmvi‡Yi cÖ‡qvRb nq| evK¨‡K m¤úªmvwiZ
Ki‡Z n‡j Zvi D‡Ïk¨ I we‡a‡qi c~‡e© Ges c‡i †m¸‡jvi cwi‡cvlK wn‡m‡e bvbviKg kã †hvM
Ki‡Z nq| Z‡e D‡Ïk¨ I we‡aq m¤úªmvi‡Yi i‡q‡Q KwZcq wbqg|
mvaviYZ ev‡Kï KZ…©KviKB g~j D‡Ïk¨ nq| D‡Ïk¨wU we‡kl¨ c` n‡j we‡klY ev Ab¨ †Kv‡bv c` ev
c`mgwó Øviv D‡Ï‡kï m¤úªmviY Kiv hvq| c¶vš—‡i, mgvwcKv wµqvB we‡aq As‡ki g~j|
D‡Ïk¨ I we‡a‡qi m¤úªmviY

ev‡K¨ ÔD‡Ïk¨Õ cÖ_‡g I Ôwe‡aqÕ c‡i e‡m| evK¨ `xN© n‡j D‡Ïk¨ I we‡aq m¤úªmvwiZ nq| †hgb:
D‡Ï‡kï m¤úªmviY
m¤úªmviY D‡Ïk¨ we‡aq
iwK‡ei fvB G‡m‡Q
AZ¨vPvix ivRv wbnZ n‡q‡Q
we‡a‡qi m¤úªmviY
D‡Ïk¨ m¤úªmviY we‡aq
gqbv fv‡jv Rvg¸‡jv †L‡q †d‡j‡Q
wZwb †hfv‡eB †nvK AvR Avm‡eb
7.2 ev‡Kï MVbMZ †kªwYwefvM (mij, RwUj I †hŠwMK evK¨)
MVbMZ w`K †_‡K evK¨ wZb cÖKvi| h_v :
1. mij evK¨; 2. RwUj ev wgkª evK¨ I 3. †hŠwMK evK¨|
1. mij evK¨
†h ev‡K¨ GKwUgvÎ KZ©v (D‡Ïk¨) Ges GKwUgvÎ mgvwcKv wµqv (we‡aq) _v‡K, Zv‡K mij evK¨
e‡j| †hgb :
dyj dz‡U‡Q|
†Q‡jiv †Ljv K‡i|
GLv‡b ÔdzjÕ Ges Ô†Q‡jivÕ KZ©v ev D‡Ïk¨ Ges Ôdz‡U‡QÕ, Ô†Ljv K‡iÕ mgvwcKv wµqv ev we‡aq|
2. RwUj ev wgkª evK¨
†h ev‡Kï g‡a¨ GKwU cÖavb evK¨ _v‡K Ges GKvwaK evK¨‡K cÖavb ev‡Kï Ici wbf©ikxj †`Lv
hvq, Zv‡K RwUj ev wgkª evK¨ e‡j|
A_ev, Ab¨fv‡e ejv hvq, †h ev‡K¨ GKwU cÖavb LÊev‡Kï GK ev GKvwaK AvwkªZ evK¨ ci¯úi
mv‡c¶fv‡e eëüZ nq, Zv‡K RwUj ev wgkª evK¨ e‡j|
†hgb : †h cwikªg K‡i, †mB myL jvf K‡i|
whwb mrc‡_ P‡jb, wZwb myLx nb|
AvwkªZ evK¨ cÖavb LÊ evK¨
†h cwikªg K‡i, †mB myL jvf K‡i|
whwb mrc‡_ P‡jb, wZwb myLx nb|
evK¨ 61
3. †hŠwMK evK¨
ci¯úi wbi‡c¶ `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK mij ev RwUj evK¨ wgwjZ n‡q hLb GKwU m¤ú~Y© evK¨ MVb
K‡i, ZLb Zv‡K †hŠwMK evK¨ e‡j| †hgb :
wZwb A_©kvjx wKš—z wkw¶Z bb|
wn‡gj wbqwgZ cov‡kvbv K‡i ZvB †m cÖ_g nq|
†hŠwMK ev‡Kï Aš—M©Z wbi‡c¶ evK¨¸‡jv I, Ges, wKš—z, A_ev, A_P, wKsev, eis, Z_vwc, myZivs,
AZGe, †h‡nZz, †hb cÖf…wZ Ae¨q‡hv‡M mshy³ _v‡K|
evK¨ MV‡bi wbqg
evK¨ MwVZ nq kã w`‡q Ges ev‡Kï Aš—M©Z cÖ‡Z¨KwU kã‡K ejv nq c`| ev‡K¨ eëüZ cÖ‡Z¨KwU
kã ev c` mvRv‡bvi mywbw`©ó wbqg Av‡Q| ev‡K¨ c` ms¯’vcbvi G c×wZ‡KB ev‡Kï c` ms¯’vcb
ixwZ ev c`µg ejv nq| fvlvi ï× I mv_©K cÖ‡qv‡Mi Rb¨ c` ms¯’vcb ixwZ m¤ú‡K© ¯úó aviYv
_vKv cÖ‡qvRb| ev‡K¨ c‡ì G‡jv‡g‡jv eënvi n‡j g‡bi fve mv_©Kfv‡e cÖKvwkZ nq bv| †hgb :
ÔfvB `yB Avgiv hvB XvKvÕ ej‡j †Kv‡bv A_© †evSv hvq bv, wKš—z H kã¸‡jv Gfv‡e c`µg Abyhvqx
mvRv‡j A_© ¯úó n‡q I‡V| †hgb : ÔAvgiv `yB fvB XvKv hvB|Õ
ev‡K¨ c` emv‡bvi KwZcq cÖPwjZ wbqg GLv‡b †`Lv‡bv n‡jv| †hgb :
1. ev‡K¨ me‡P‡q cÖPwjZ c`web¨vm n‡”Q KZ©v cÖ_‡g, Kg© gv‡S Ges wµqv †k‡l| †hgb :
Avwg eB cwo| †K evwo hvq|
2. wµqv we‡klY wµqvi Av‡M e‡m| †hgb :
ivbv WzK‡i Kuv`‡Q| iwnZ `ª“Z nuvU‡Q|
3. ev‡K¨ Kg© _vK‡j wµqv we‡klY K‡g©i Av‡M e‡m| †hgb :
gvgyb bxi‡e eB co‡Q| wk¶K †Rv‡i PveyK Kl‡Qb|
4. mgqevPK I ¯’vbevPK c` K‡g©i Av‡M e‡m| †hgb :
Kvj K‡jR eÜ wQj| Avwg e„n¯úwZevi XvKv hve|
5. bv-†evaK Ae¨q AmgvwcKv wµqvi c‡i e‡m| †hgb :
Avwg LvBwb| †K cov †k‡Lwb?
6. cÖkœ‡evaK me©bvg wµqvi Av‡M e‡m| †hgb :
Avcwb Kx Pvb? AvKv‡k Kx †`LQ?
7. we‡aq we‡klY we‡k‡lï c‡i e‡m| †hgb :

†Q‡jUv eyw×gvb| gvbylwU †evKv|
8. we‡kl we‡kl †¶‡Î m¤^Ü c` we‡k‡lï c‡iI e‡m| †hgb :
gyLwU †Zvgvi wKš—z my›ì| cÖvY Zvi Lye k³|
Z‡e g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e, GB c`web¨vm AcwieZ©bxq welq bq| e³vi g‡bvfve, ejvi we‡kl aviv ev
÷vBj I cvwicvwk¦©K welqvwì Ici wbf©i K‡i c`web¨vm ixwZ †Kgb n‡e|
Abykxjbx
1| evK¨ ej‡Z Kx †evS? GKwU mv_©K evK¨ MV‡bi †¶‡Î Kx Kx ¸Y ev êwkó¨ _vKv Avek¨K?
D`vniYmn Av‡jvPbv Ki|
2| D‡Ïk¨ I we‡aq Kv‡K e‡j? D`vniYmn Av‡jvPbv Ki|
Kg©-Abykxjb
1| GKwU mv_©K ev‡Kï ÔAvKv•¶vÕ, Ô†hvM¨ZvÕ I ÔAvmwËÕ ¸‡Yi Av‡jvPbv GKwU †cv÷v‡i cwimw¾Z
Ki|
63
8. weivgwPý
8.1 Kgv I EaŸ©Kgvi eënvi
wjwLZ ev‡K¨ †Q` ev weivg †evSv‡bvi Rb¨ †hme wPý eënvi Kiv nq, Zv‡ì mvaviYZ †Q`wPý ev
weivgwPý ejv nq| ev‡Kï A_© wVK wVK †evSv‡bvi Rb¨ ev‡Kï g‡a¨ GK ev GKvwaK RvqMvq Aí
mgq wKsev †ewk mgq _vgvi cÖ‡qvRb nq| GQvov ev‡Kï †k‡l †Zv Aek¨B _vg‡Z nq| GB _vgvi
mvaviY bvg weivg|
Avgiv hLb K_v ewj, ZLb GKwU ev‡Kï meUzKz Ask GK wbk¦v‡m D”PviY Ki‡Z cvwi bv| dzmdz‡m
evqy-mÂ‡qi ev dzmdzm‡K wekªvg †Ìqvi Rb¨ k¦vmhš¿ gv‡S gv‡S _v‡g| Z‡e GB _vgvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q
GKwU wbq‡gi avivevwnKZv| †Kbbv, bv †_‡g GKbvMv‡o weivgnxbfv‡e K_v e‡j †M‡j A‡_©i wecwË
NU‡Z cv‡i| †hgb : ÔZzwg ILv‡b †h‡qv bv †M‡jB MÊ‡Mvj n‡e|Õ
evK¨wU‡Z †h fve cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q Zv g~jZ †mLv‡b †M‡jB MÊ‡Mvj n‡e| wKš‘ evK¨wU‡Z hw`
cÖ‡qvRbxq weivgwPý eënvi Kiv nq Zvn‡j A_©wUB cv‡ë hvq : Zzwg ILv‡b †h‡qv, bv †M‡jB MÊ‡Mvj
n‡e|
Avevi weivgwPý Ab¨fv‡e web¨¯— Ki‡j A‡_©i †¶‡Î we‡kl cwieZ©b N‡U : Zzwg ILv‡b †h‡qv bv,
†M‡jB MÊ‡Mvj n‡e|
†h‡Kv‡bv fvlvq †jL¨-i~‡c weivg wP‡ýi eënvi Acwinvh©| myZivs †jLvi †¶‡Î e³e¨‡K h_vh_fv‡e
cÖKvk Ges Zvi A_©‡K my¯úófv‡e Dc¯’vc‡bi Rb¨ †hme wPý eëüZ nq, †m¸‡jv‡K †Q` ev
weivgwPý e‡j| weivgwPý e³e¨‡K ev †jLvi fvlv‡K †evaMg¨ my¯úó I myweb¨¯— K‡i|
†Q` ev weivgwP‡ýi KvR :
1. ev‡K¨ eëüZ c`¸”Q‡K fve Abymv‡i A_©en Kiv|
2. evK¨vsk msMÖw_Z I c„_K Kiv|
3. ev‡Kï mgvwß wb‡`©k Kiv|
weivgwP‡ýi cwiPq :
evsjv fvlvq eëüZ weivgwPý¸‡jvi bvg, AvKvi I weiv‡gi mgq D‡j−L K‡i wb‡P GKwU ZvwjKv
†Ìqv n‡jv :
µwgK weivgwP‡ýi bvg AvK…wZ weiwZKvj
1 Kgv , 1 (GK) ej‡Z †h mgq jv‡M|
2 †mwg‡Kvjb ; 1 (GK) ejvi wØ¸Y mgqKvj|
3 ùvwo ev c~Y©‡”Q` | 1 (GK) †m‡KÛ Kvj cwigvY|
4 wRÁvmv ev cÖkœ‡evaK wPý ? H
5 we¯§q wPý ! H
6 †Kvjb : H
7 †Kvjb W¨vk :Ñ H
8 W¨vk — H
9 nvB‡db ⎯ †Kv‡bvi~c weiwZi cÖ‡qvRb †bB|
10 B‡jK ev †jvc wPý , H
11 D×…wZ wPý ÒÓ 1 (GK) ej‡Z †h mgq jv‡M|
12 eª¨v‡KU ev eÜbx wPý ( ) †Kv‡bv i~c weiwZi cÖ‡qvRb †bB|
{} H
[] H
13 avZz †`¨vZK wPý √ H
14 cieZx© i~c‡evaK wPý < H
15 c~e©eZx© i~c‡evaK wPý > H
16 mgvb wPý = H
17 eR©b wPý ... H
18 ms‡¶cY wPý . H
eZ©gvb Aa¨v‡q Kgv (,) I EaŸ© (Õ) m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv :
weivgwPý 65
1. Kgv (,) : Kgv-†K evsjvq cv`‡”Q` ejv nq| Kgvi g~j KvR c~Y© GKwU evK¨‡K fvevbymv‡i GKvwaK
As‡k fvM Kiv| †h‡Kv‡bv iPbvq ùvwo (|) Qvov Ab¨ me weivgwP‡ýi g‡a¨ Kgvi eënvi me‡P‡q
†ewk| cÖKv‡k mswk−ó c‡ì ci wb‡Pi w`‡K eëüZ nq| iPbvi aib Ges fve cwiùzU‡b †jL‡Ki
AvKv•¶vi Dc‡i Kgvi eënvi wbf©ikxj|
Kgv (,)-i weiwZKvj 1 (GK) ej‡Z hZUzKz mgq cÖ‡qvRb ZZUzKz cwigvY|
Kgv (,) eënv‡ii mvaviY êwkó¨
1. ev‡K¨ A_©-wefvM †`Lvevi Rb¨ †hLv‡b ¯^í weiwZi cÖ‡qvRb, †mLv‡b Kgv eëüZ nq| †hgb :
DbœwZ PvI, DbœwZ cv‡e cwikª‡g|
2. ev‡K¨ GKB c`wewkó GKvwaK kã cvkvcvwk eëüZ n‡j †kl c`wU Qvov evwK¸‡jvi g‡a¨ GK ev
GKvwaK Kgv eënvi K‡i GKRvZxq c`‡K c„_K Kiv nq| †hgb : we‡kl¨ c‡ì c‡i : mvjvg,
eiKZ, iwdK, ReŸvi ⎯ gvZ…fvlvi gh©v`v i¶vq Av‡Z¥vrmM© K‡i‡Qb|
Kgvi D`vniY :
we‡klY c‡ì c‡i Kgvi D`vniY : mr, webqx, Aaëmvqx, cwikªgx QvÎivB Rxe‡b mvdj¨ jvf K‡i|
me©bvg c‡ì c‡i Kgvi D`vniY : Zzwg, Avwg, †m⎯Avgiv wZbRbB XvKv hve|
wµqvc‡ì c‡i Kgvi D`vniY : G‡jb, †`L‡jb, P‡j †M‡jb|
3. GKRvZxq GKvwaK evK¨ ev evK¨vsk cvkvcvwk eëüZ n‡j Kgv eënvi K‡i Zv‡ì Avjv`v Ki‡Z
nq| †hgb : wn‡gj N‡i XzKj, eBcÎ ivLj, RvgvKvco Qvoj, Zvici wekªvg wbj|
4. cÖZ¨¶ Dw³i c~‡e© Kgv e‡m| †hgb : mybxj ejj, ÔAvgvi evev evwo †bB|Õ
5. m‡¤^vab c‡ì c‡i Kgv e‡m| †hgb : wekvLv, Gw`‡K G‡mv|
6. RwUj ev‡Kï Aš—M©Z cÖ‡Z¨K LÊev‡Kï c‡i ÔKgvÕ e‡m| †hgb : hv‡ì eyw× †bB, ZvivB †Kej G
K_v wek¦vm K‡i|
7. Dcvwaµ‡gi g‡a¨ ÔKgvÕ eëüZ nq| A_©vr Kv‡iv bv‡gi †k‡l GKvwaK wWwMÖ _vK‡j Kgv e‡m|
†hgb : dqmvj Avn‡g`, GgG, wcGBPwW|
2. EaŸ©Kgv (Õ) : hZ¸‡jv weivgwPý Av‡Q Zb¥‡a¨ GwU GKwU e¨wZµgagx© weivgwPý| EaŸ©Kgv c‡ì
gaëZx© †Kv‡bv GKwU e‡Y©i Ic‡i RvqMv `Lj K‡i †bq| EaŸ©Kgvi †Kv‡bv weiwZKvj †bB| GB
wPý‡K ÔB‡jKÕ ev Ô†jvcwPýÕ bv‡g AwfwnZ Kiv nq| EaŸ©Kgvi eënvi eZ©gv‡b LyeB K‡g †M‡Q|
Z‡e cy‡iv‡bv evsjv iPbvq, we‡klZ wµqv I me©bvg c‡ì msw¶ß-i~‡c e¨vcK nv‡i EaŸ©Kgv
eëüZ n‡Zv| wb‡P EaŸ©Kgv eënv‡ii KwZcq †¶Î D`vniYmn †`Lv‡bv n‡jv :
1. EaŸ©Kgvi cy‡iv‡bv eënvi m¤ú‡K© ejv cÖ‡qvRb †h evsjv fvlvi mvayixwZi wµqv, me©bvg Ges wKQz
msL¨vk‡ã PwjZixwZi msw¶ß-i~c wb‡`©k Ki‡Z EaŸ©Kgvi eënvi n‡Zv| †hgb :
wµqvi D`vniY :
mvayixwZ (wµqvi `xN©i~c) PwjZixwZ (wµqvi msw¶ßi~c)
nB‡Z nÕ‡Z
Dc‡i Õc‡i
KwiqvwQ KÕ‡iwQ
me©bv‡gi D`vniY :
mvayixwZ (me©bv‡gi `xN©i~c) PwjZixwZ (me©bv‡gi msw¶ßi~c)
Zvnvi ZvÕi
Zvnv‡ì ZvÕ‡ì
msL¨vk‡ãi D`vniY :
mvay msL¨vk‡ãi c~Y©i~c PwjZ msL¨vk‡ãi i~‡c EaŸ©Kgv
`yBwU `yÕwU
GKkZ GKkÕ
2. AmgvwcKv wµqvi †¶‡Î EaŸ©Kgv : AmgvwcKv wµqvi †¶‡Î A_©weåvwš— NUvi Avk¼v _vK‡j †m
†¶‡Î EaŸ©Kgvi eënvi nq| †hgb : ÔZzwg †Kgb KÕ‡i Mvb K‡iv †n ¸Yx|Õ
3. AãmsL¨v ms‡¶c‡Y EaŸ©Kgv : wKQzmsL¨K AãmsL¨v wewfbœ Kvi‡Y GZUvB Zvrch© gwÊZ I
mycwiwPZ _v‡K †h ev‡Kï g‡a¨ Zv cy‡ivUv bv wj‡LI †evSv‡bv hvq| †hgb :
Õ52-i fvlv Av‡›`vjb| Õ71-Gi gyw³hy×|
weivgwPý cÖ‡qv‡Mi KwZcq bgybv
1. †i cw_K †i cvlvY ü`q cw_K wK †jv‡f GZ Î‡¯— †`ŠovB‡ZQ wK Avkvq LwÊZ wki ek©vi
AMÖfv‡M we× Kwiqv jBqv hvB‡ZQ G wk‡i nvq G LwÊZ wk‡i †Zvgvi cÖ‡qvRb wK
weivgwP‡ýi cÖ‡qvM :
†i cw_K! †i cvlvY ü`q cw_K! wK †jv‡f GZ Î‡¯— †`ŠovB‡ZQ? wK Avkvq LwÊZ wki ek©vi AMÖfv‡M
we× Kwiqv jBqv hvB‡ZQ? G wk‡i nvq! G wk‡i †Zvgvi cÖ‡qvRb wK?
2. Avwg cÖ_‡g Zvnv‡K wPwb‡Z cvwijvg bv Zvnvi †m Szwj bvB Zvnvi †m j¤^v Pyj bvB Zvnvi kix‡i
c~‡e©i g‡Zv †m †ZR bvB Ae‡k‡l Zvnvi nvwm †`wLqv Zvnv‡K wPwbjvg Kwnjvg wK †i ingZ K‡e
Avwmwj?
weivgwPý 67
Avwg cÖ_‡g Zvnv‡K wPwb‡Z cvwijvg bv| Zvnvi †m Szwj bvB, Zvnvi †m j¤^v Pyj bvB, Zvnvi kix‡i
c~‡e©i g‡Zv †m †ZR bvB| Ae‡k‡l Zvnvi nvwm †`wLqv Zvnv‡K wPwbjvg| Kwnjvg, ÒwK †i ingZ,
K‡e Avwmwj?Ó
3. †h kã‡K fv‡jvev‡m Lye kã‡K Avì K‡i K‡i †h Lye myL cvq †mB n‡Z cv‡i Kwe Kweiv
†Mvjv‡ci g‡Zv my›ì my›ì K_v e‡jb Puv‡ì g‡Zv ¯^cœ †`‡Lb ZzwgI †Mvjv‡ci g‡Zv my›ì K_v
ej‡Z PvI Puv‡ì g‡Zv ¯^cœ †`L‡Z PvI †Zvgvi hw` k‡ãi R‡b¨ Avì-fv‡jvevmv bv _v‡K Zvn‡j
cvi‡e bv Zzwg †Mvjv‡ci g‡Zv jvj MÜfiv K_v ej‡Z Puv‡ì g‡Zv †R¨vrmœvfiv ¯^cœ †`L‡Z
†h kã‡K fv‡jvev‡m Lye, kã‡K Avì K‡i K‡i †h Lye myL cvq, †mB n‡Z cv‡i Kwe| Kweiv
†Mvjv‡ci g‡Zv my›ì my›ì K_v e‡jb, Puv‡ì g‡Zv ¯^cœ †`‡Lb| ZzwgI †Mvjv‡ci g‡Zv my›ì K_v
ej‡Z PvI, Puv‡ì g‡Zv ¯^cœ †`L‡Z PvI? †Zvgvi hw` k‡ãi R‡b¨ Avì-fv‡jvevmv bv _v‡K, Zvn‡j
cvi‡e bv Zzwg †Mvjv‡ci g‡Zv jvj MÜfiv K_v ej‡Z, Puv‡ì g‡Zv †R¨vrmœvfiv ¯^cœ †`L‡Z|
Abykxjbx
1| weivg wPý Kv‡K e‡j? Gi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Kx?
2| evsjv fvlvi evK¨MV‡b eëüZ weivgwPýmg~‡ni bvg, AvK…wZ Ges Zv‡ì weiwZi mgq mxgv
D‡j−Lc~e©K GKwU weeiYx ˆZwi Ki|
Kg©-Abykxjb
1| cÖ`Ë weivg wPý¸‡jvi ÔAvK…wZÕ I weiwZKvj wb‡Pi Q‡K wjwce× Ki :
weivgwPý AvK…wZ weiwZKvj
Kgv
†mwg‡Kvjb
ùvwo
†Kvjb
W¨vk
nvB‡db
cÖkœ‡evaK wPý
we¯§q wPý
avZz †`¨vZK wPý
9. evbvb
9.1 evbv‡bi wbqg : YZ¡ I lZ¡-weavb
fvlv cÖengvb I cwieZ©bkxj| cÖwZwU fvlvi †¶‡ÎB mywbqwš¿Z I myk„•Lj evbvbc×wZi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv
Ab¯^xKvh©| evM&aŸwb‡K eY© ev ni‡di mvnv‡h¨ wjwLZ i~c †Ìqvi cÖwµqvB n‡”Q evbvb| evbvb g~jZ
kãga¨¯’ eY©mg~‡ni we‡k−lY ev avivevwnK eY©bv n‡jI evbvbixwZ e¨vKi‡Yi GKwU AZ¨š— ¸i“Z¡c~Y©
welq| †Kv‡bv fvlvi †gŠwjK k‡ãi MvVwbK i~c Kx ai‡bi n‡e wKsev †hŠwMK kã MV‡bi †¶‡Î
evbv‡bi wbq‡g †Kv‡bv cwieZ©b Avm‡e wK bv, Zv Rvbvi GKgvÎ Dcvq evbvb ixwZ|
GKB k‡ãi GKvwaK evbvb weåvwš—i m„wó K‡i| evsjv fvlv nvRvi eQ‡ii cyi‡bv| evsjv fvlvq
`xN©Kvj a‡i evbv‡bi †Kv‡bv mywba©vwiZ wbqg bv _vKvq GKB k‡ãi GKvwaK evbvb P‡j G‡m‡Q|
evsjv evbv‡bi wbqg †eu‡a †Ìqvi †¶‡Î cÖ_g D‡`¨vMx f~wgKv cvjb K‡i KjKvZv wek¦we`¨vjq|
1936 mv‡j KjKvZv wek¦we`¨vjq cÖ¯—vweZ Ôevsjv evbv‡bi wbqgÕ ÑGi cÖ_g ms¯‹iY Ges 1937 mv‡j
wØZxq ms¯‹iY cÖKvwkZ nq| evsjv‡`‡k RvZxq wk¶vµg I cvV¨cy¯—K †evW© 1988 mv‡j evsjv evb‡bi
GKwU bxwZgvjv cÖYqb K‡i| cieZx©Kv‡j evsjv GKv‡Wgx ÔcÖwgZ evsjv evbv‡bi wbqgÕ cÖYqb K‡i|
G wbqg cÖKvwkZ nq 1992 mv‡ji Rvbyqvwi gv‡m| fvlvi mvgwMÖK k„•Ljv i¶v Kivi Rb¨ evbv‡bi
wbqg Rvbv cÖ‡qvRb|
evsjv fvlvi kãfvÊvi eûw`b a‡i bvbv DrmRvZ k‡ãi mgv‡e‡k M‡o D‡V‡Q| DrmMZ w`K †_‡K
evsjv fvlvi kãmg~n Zrmg, Aa©-Zrmg, Z™¢e, †`wk I we‡`wk⎯GB cÖavb cuvPwU fv‡M wef³| G
cuvP ai‡bi k‡ãi g‡a¨ ÔZrmgÕ, ÔAa©-ZrmgÕ I ÔZ™¢eÕ kã ms¯‹…Z DrmRvZ| †`wk kã¸‡jv cÖvK&-
Avh©, `ªvweo, Aw÷ªK cÖf…wZ Abvh© RvwZi fvlv †_‡K G‡m‡Q| we‡`wk ev êfvwlK kãmg~n Aviwe,
dviwm, cZzwM©R, ZzwK©, Bs‡iwR, divwm, Ij›`vR cÖf…wZ fvlv †_‡K AvMZ|
YZ¡-weavb I lZ¡-weavb Av‡jvPbvi †¶‡Î Zrmg kã m¤ú‡K© D‡j−L Kiv cÖ‡qvRb †h Ôms¯‹…Z †_‡K
mivmwi †hme kã evsjv fvlvq G‡m‡Q, †m¸‡jvB Zrmg kã| ÔZrÕ ej‡Z †evSvq Ôms¯‹…ZÕ| A_©vr hv
ms¯‹…‡Zi g‡Zv Zv-B Zrmg|
evsjv fvlvq eëüZ kã¸‡jvi g‡a¨ †hme kã Zrmg †Kej †m¸‡jvi evbv‡b g~a©b¨-Y Ges g~a©b¨-l
eëüZ nq| Zrmg k‡ãi evbv‡b g~a©b¨-Y I g~a©b¨-l cÖ‡qv‡Mi we‡kl wbqg i‡q‡Q|
j¶Yxq †h, `š—¨-b Ges g~a©b¨-Y -Gi g‡a¨ aŸwbMZ ev D”PviYMZ †Kv‡bv cv_©K¨ †bB| Z`ªƒc `š—¨-m
Ges g~a©b¨ l-Gi g‡aÏ aŸwbMZ ev D”PviYMZ †Kv‡bv cv_©K¨ †bB| wKš‘ evbv‡bi †¶‡Î G‡ì
mywbw`©ó cÖ‡qvMwewa ev eënvi i‡q‡Q| evbv‡bi †¶‡Î Kxfv‡e `š—¨-b g~a©b¨-Y n‡q hvq Ges Kxfv‡e
`š—¨-m g~a©b¨-l n‡q hvq Zv Rvbv cÖ‡qvRb|
evbvb 69
YZ¡-weavb
†h ixwZ Abymv‡i evsjv fvlvq eëüZ Zrmg k‡ãi evbv‡b `š—¨-b -Gi cwie‡Z© g~a©b¨-Y eëüZ nq
Zv‡K YZ¡-weavb e‡j| A_ev, Zrmg k‡ãi evbv‡b g~a©b¨-Y-Gi mwVK eënv‡ii wbqg‡K YZ¡-weavb
e‡j| †hgb : FY, Z…Y, niY, KiY, PiY, fvlY, f‚lY, †kvlY, j¶Y BZ¨vw`|
YZ¡-weav‡bi wbqgvewj
1. Zrmg k‡ã F, i, l ⎯GB wZbwU e‡Y©i c‡i Ges F-Kvi, i-djv, †id, ¶-Gi c‡i g~a©b¨-Y
eëüZ nq| †hgb :
(K) F ev F-Kvi (<)-Gi ci g~a©b¨-Y :
FY, N„Yv, Z…Y, gm„Y BZ¨vw`|
(L) i -Gi ci g~a©b¨-Y :
eiY, wKiY, D”PviY, PiY, weZiY, niY, RvMiY, e¨vKiY, wbeviY
(M) i-djv (G)-i ci g~a©b¨-Y :
Avgš¿Y, gy`ªY, wgkªY, wPÎY, †kªwY
(N) †id ( © )-Gi ci g~a©b¨ Ñ Y :
AY©e, KY©, c~Y©, `xY©, eY©, kxY©, SY©v, ¯^Y©, eY©bv, kxY©
(O) l-Gi ci g~a©b¨ÑY :
A‡š¦lY, `~lY, el©Y, fvlY, †cÖlY, AvKl©Y, Nl©Y, we‡k−lY, f‚lY, †kvlY
(P) ¶ (K& + l)-Gi ci g~a©b¨ - Y :
¶Y, wk¶Y, i¶Y, cÖwk¶Y, j¶Y
`ªóe¨ : g~a©b¨-Y g~a©b¨-l-Gi c‡i hy³ n‡q hy³e¨Äb MVb Ki‡j Zv ò-Gi iƒc †bq| (ò-Gi wewk−ó
iƒc n‡”Q l& + Y)
D`vniY : Dò, ¶wqòz, Z…òv, K…ò, ewa©òz
2. GKB k‡ãi g‡a¨ F, F-Kvi ( „ ), i, †id ( © ), i-djv (G) A_ev l-Gi †h‡Kv‡bvwUi c‡i hw`
¯îeY©, K-eM© (K, L, M, N, O), c-eM© (c, d, e, f, g) Ges h q n wKsev s ÑGme e‡Y©i GK ev
GKvwaK eY© _v‡K Z‡e Zvi cieZx© `š—¨-b g~a©b¨-Y nq| †hgb :
Ac©Y, K…cY, `c©Y, nwiY, e„snY, kªeY
3. hy³e¨Ä‡b U-e‡M©i eY©¸‡jvi (U V W X) c~‡e© `š—¨-b-Gi cwie‡Z© g~a©b¨-Y nq| †hgb :
KÈK, NÈv, KÉ, ¸Éb, cwÊZ
4. cÖ, civ, c~e©, Aci GKwU c~e©c‡ì ci ÔAýÕ kã em‡j ÔAýÕ k‡ãi `š—¨-b g~a©b¨-Y nq| †hgb :
cÖvnè (cÖ + Aý = cÖvnè) civnè (ci + Aý = civnè)
c~e©vnè (c~e© + Aý = c~e©vnè) Acivnè (Aci + Aý = Acivnè)
5. KZK¸‡jv Zrmg k‡ã ¯^fveZB g~a©b¨-Y nq| †hgb :
AYy †KvY MY¨ Z~Y cY¨ wecwY jeY
AvcY MY MwYZ bMY¨ cyY¨ exYv jveY¨
K¼Y MYK ¸Y wb°Y dYx †eYy †kvwYZ

YZ¡-wb‡la (evbv‡b `š—¨-b)
1. hy³ e¨Ä‡b Z-e‡M©i (Z _ ` a b) c~‡e© `š—¨-b nq| †hgb :
Aš—, `yiš—, kvš—, MÖwš’, cvš’, e›`yK
2. F, i, l-Gi ci ¯îeY©, K-eM©, c-eM©, h, q, n wKsev s e¨ZxZ Ab¨ eY© _vK‡j cieZx© `š—¨-b
g~a©b¨-Y nq bv| †hgb :
AR©b, eR©b, `k©b, wemR©b, wMwbœ, †mvbv
4. we‡`wk k‡ãi evbv‡b me©`v `š—¨-b nq| †hgb :
Avqib, †K¬vwib, wMÖb&, †Wªb, B÷vb©, †Kivwb, Rvg©vb, dvwb©Pvi, †m‡KÛ
5. wµqvc‡ì evbv‡b `š—¨-b nq| †hgb :
K‡ib, Kiv‡bv, aiyb, a‡ib, cv‡ib
6. mgvme× k‡ãi c~e©c‡` F i l _vK‡jI ci c‡ì `š—¨-b g~a©b¨-Y bv n‡q AcwiewZ©Z _v‡K|
†hgb :
AMÖbvqK wÎbqb `yb©vg g„Mbvwf me©bvg nvwibvg
lZ¡-weavb
†h ixwZ Abymv‡i evsjv fvlvq eëüZ Zrmg k‡ãi evbv‡b `š—¨-m -Gi cwie‡Z© g~a©b¨-l eëüZ
nq, Zv‡K lZ¡-weavb e‡j|
A_ev, Zrmg k‡ãi evbv‡b g~a©b¨-l-Gi mwVK eënv‡ii wbqg‡K lZ¡-weavb e‡j| awl, Z…lv, el©,
e„wó, Kvô BZ¨vw`|
evbvb 71
lZ¡-weav‡bi wbqgvewj
1. F ev F-Kv‡ii c‡i `š—¨-m Gi cwie‡Z© g~a©b¨-l eëüZ nq| †hgb :
K…lK, K…ò, Fwl, K…lvY, Z…lv, K…òv
e¨wZµg : K…k& avZz †_‡K RvZ K…k, K…kZv, K…kv½, K…kv½x, K…kvby, K…‡kvì|
2. †id ( © )-Gi c‡i g~a©b¨-l nq| †hgb :
AvKl©Y, wPKxl©v, el©Y, wegl©, gyg~ly©, Cl©v, cl©`, gnwl©, kxl©
e¨wZµg : Ak©, Av`k©, `k©b, civgk©, ek©v, ¯úk© BZ¨vw`|
3. U Ges V-Gi c~‡e© hy³ `š—¨-m g~a©b¨Ñl nq| †hgb :
l& + U = ó
Aó bó e„wó m„wó cywó gywó n„ó
l& + V = ô
Kvô †Mvô ewjô Kwbô ˆR¨ô myôz
4. B-Kvivš— Ges D-Kvivš— Dcm‡M©i ci KZK¸‡jv avZzi `š—¨-m g~a©b¨-l nq| †hgb :
B-Kvivš— DcmM©
Awf‡lK Awfl½ cwil` cÖwZ‡laK welv`
Awfwl³ wblyß cÖwZôvb welq welg
D-Kvivš— DcmM©
Abyl½ Abyl½x Abyôvb mylg mylyß mylywß
e¨wZµg : Awfmvi, AwfmwÜ, Awfm¤úvZ BZ¨vw`|
5. mwÜ‡Z wemM©hy³ B-Kvi ev D-Kv‡ii ci K L c d-Gi †h‡Kv‡bv GKwU _vK‡j wemM© (t) ¯’v‡b
g~a©b¨-l nq| †hgb :
wb®cÖf (wbt + cÖf) wb®‹i (wbt + Ki)
wbõj (wbt + dj) ewn®‹vi (ewnt + Kvi)
Dt + [K / L / c / d / = Dl& + [K / L / c/ d]
Avqy®‹vj (Avqyt + Kvj) `y®‹…Z (`yt + K…Z) PZz®ú` (PZzt + c`)
7. m¤¢vlYm~PK k‡ã G-Kv‡ii ci g~a©b¨-l eëüZ nq| †hgb :

Kj¨vYx‡qly kª×v¯ú‡`ly †mœnv¯ú‡`ly eÜze‡ily myR‡bly
8. KZK¸‡jv Zrmg k‡ã ¯^fveZB g~a©b¨-l nq| †hgb :
Awfjvl `~lY fvlv Clr Zzlvi
welq †kl cvlvY wel gvbyl
lZ¡-wb‡la (evbv‡b `š—¨-m)
1. Z™¢e ev LuvwU evsjv k‡ã g~a©b¨-l nq bv, `š—¨-m nq| †hgb : wgb‡m|
2. A, Av e‡Y© wemM© (t) _vK‡j AZtci K, L, c, d _vK‡j mwÜ‡Z wemM© ¯’v‡b `š—¨-m nq| †hgb :
bg¯‹vi (bgt + Kvi) wZi¯‹vi (wZt + Kvi) gb¯‹vg (gbt + Kvg)
3. we‡`wk k‡ã, we‡kl K‡i Bs‡iwR k‡ã s t D”PviY ¯’‡j ÷ nq| †hgb :
AvM÷ †÷kb d‡Uv÷¨vU ÷zwW gv÷vi
†÷wWqvg
4. ÔmvrÕ cÖZ¨‡qi `š—¨-m g~a©b¨-l nq bv| †hgb :
AwMœmvr a~wjmvr f~wgmvr
5. m¤¢vlYm~PK ¯¿xevPK k‡ã Av-Kv‡ii ci g~a©b¨-l bv n‡q `š—¨-m nq| †hgb :
Kj¨vYxqvmy gvbbxqvmy myRbxqvmy
c~Rbxqvmy myPwiZvmy mywcÖqvmy
Abykxjbx
1| YZ¡ weavb Kv‡K e‡j? YZ¡ weav‡bi cuvPwU wbqg D`vniYmn †jL|
2| lZ¡ weavb Kv‡K e‡j? lZ¡ weav‡bi cuvPwU wbqg D`vniYmn †jL|
3| †hme k‡ã ¯^fveZB g~a©b¨-Y eëüZ nq Gi~c `kwU kã †jL|
4| †hme k‡ã ¯^fveZB g~a©b¨-l eëüZ nq Gi~c `kwU kã †jL|
5| wb‡Pi kã¸‡jv‡Z g~a©b¨-Y eënv‡ii KviY wb‡`©k Ki :
AiY¨ wKiY ZiYx FY fvlY ¯§iY
evbvb 73
6| wb‡Pi kã¸‡jv‡Z g~a©b¨-l eënv‡ii KviY-wb‡`©k Ki :

Fwl, Z…lv, mylg, `~lY, K…wl, Abyl½, †kªô
Kg©-Abykxjb
1| wb‡Pi D`vniY¸‡jv mgRvZxqZvi wfwË‡Z GKB ¸‡”Q mvRvI Ges cÖwZwU ¸‡”Qi wecix‡Z, YZ¡-
weav‡bi mswk−ó wbqgwU †jL| D`vniY : FY, KÈK, `c©Y, Z…Y, cÖYvg, Acivnè, P›`ªvqY, cwiYvg, KÉ,
evwYR¨, c~e©vnè, civqY, MÖnY, eY©, cY¨, fvlY, gvwYK¨, Dò, nwiY, we‡k−lY, DËivqY, MY|
cÖ`Ë kã †h wbq‡g g~a©b¨ ÔYÕ n‡q‡Q
2| wb‡Pi D`vniY¸‡jv mgRvZxqZvi wfwË‡Z GKB ¸‡”Q mvRvI Ges cÖwZwU¸‡”Qi wecix‡Z lZ¡
weav‡bi mswk−ó wbqgwU †jL| D`vniY : Kó, Awf‡lK, bó, fvlv, Abyôvb, PZz®ú`, Fwl, wgwó,
Avwe®‹vi, Z…lv, cwil`, e„l, Avlvp, `y®cÖvc¨, wRMxlv, ewn®‹vi, Abyl½|
cÖ`Ë kã †h wbq‡g g~a©b¨ ÔlÕ n‡q‡Q
10. kãv_©
10.1 GKB k‡ãi wewfbœ A‡_©i cÖ‡qvM
fvlvi in‡mï †Kv‡bv †kl †bB| evsjv fvlvq Ggb A‡bK kã Av‡Q, †h¸‡jv ev‡K¨ wewkó A‡_©
eëüZ nq Ges GKB kã wfbœ wfbœ ev‡K¨ eëüZ n‡q wfbœ wfbœ A_© cÖKvk K‡i| G †kªwYi
kã¸‡jv‡K wfbœv_©K kã e‡j| †hgb : ÔKvcowUi is KuvPv, KuvPv Avg †L‡Z UK G‡¶‡Î ÔKuvPvÕ kãwU
wfbœ `ywU evK¨ h_vµ‡g ÔA¯’vqxÕ I ÔAcK¡Õ A‡_© eëüZ n‡q‡Q| fvlvi kªxe„w× I A‡_©i we¯—v‡i wfbœv_©K
kã eënv‡ii cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Ab¯^xKvh©| AvwfavwbK A‡_©i evB‡i c‡ì G ai‡bi wewkóv_©K cÖ‡qvM
A‡_©i †¶‡Î bvbv ai‡bi e¨Äbv m„wó K‡i| wb‡P GKB k‡ãi wewfbœ A‡_© cÖ‡qvM †`Lv‡bv n‡jv :
A¼
1. A¼ (MwYZ) : hyw_ A‡¼ KuvPv|
2. A¼ (bvU‡Ki Askwe‡kl) : bvUKwU cuvP A‡¼ mgvß|
3. A¼ (†iLv) : A¼-cvZ K‡i mv`v LvZvwU bó K‡iv bv|
4. A¼ (msL¨v) : UvKvi A¼ KZ n‡e?
A_©
1. A_© (UvKvKwo) : A_©B Ab‡_©i g~j|
2. A_© (D‡Ïk¨) : Avgvi Kv‡Q Avmvi A_© Kx?
3. A_© (A_©-DcvR©‡b mnvqK) : cvU evsjv‡`‡ki A_©Kix dmj|
DVv
1. DVv (Dw`Z nIqv) : Ôc~e© w`M‡š— m~h© D‡V‡Q i³-jvj i³ jvjÕ|
2. DVv (RvMv) : Nyg †_‡K D‡V nvZ-gyL ay‡q bvI|
3. DVv (Av‡ivnY) : ce©Z k„‡½ DVv LyeB KóKi|
K_v
1. K_v (A½xKvi) : K_v w`‡q KL‡bv K_v f½ K‡iv bv|
2. K_v (Dc‡`k) : Ávbx-¸Yxi K_v mK‡jiB †g‡b Pjv DwPZ|
kãv_© 75
3. K_v (Aby‡iva) : Avgvi c‡¶ †Zvgvi K_v ivLv m¤¢e bq|

4. K_v (cÖm½) : Kv‡Ri K_v ej‡jB Zzwg Pzc K‡i _vK|
KvR
1. KvR (PvKwi) : `vwqZ¡nxbZvi Rb¨ Zvi KvRwU †M‡Q|
2. KvR (mydj) : †Zvgvi Dc‡`‡k Avgvi eoB KvR n‡q‡Q|
3. KvR †Ìqv (PvKwi †Ìqv) : KvR w`‡q Avcwb Avgvi eo DcKvi K‡i‡Qb|
4. KvR (Kvi“Kvh©) : cv_‡ii Dci Kx Ac~e© KvR!
KuvPv
1. KuvPv (AcK¡) : Avg¸‡jv GL‡bv KuvPv|
2. KuvPv (Awm×) : Avw`g gvby‡liv KuvPv gvsm f¶Y KiZ|
3. KuvPv (AcUz) : wPwVUv KuvPv nv‡Zi †jLv|
4. KuvPv (A¯’vqx) : KvcowUi is G‡Kev‡iB KuvPv|
5. KuvPv (gvwUi ˆZwi) : KuvPv Ni-evwo eb¨vq †U‡K bv|
Kvb
1. Kvb (A½ we‡kl) : Zvi Kvb `ywU †hb Li‡Mv‡ki Kv‡bi g‡Zv Lvov|
2. Kvb KvUv (wbj©¾) : †jvKwU Kvb KvUv ¯^fv‡ei|
3. Kvb cvZv (Avwo †Ìqv) : Kv‡iv K_vq Kvb cvZv wVK bq|
Mv
1. Mv (MvÎ, kixi) : Mi‡g mviv Mv‡q NvgvwP D‡V‡Q|
2. Mv Kuvcv (fq †eva Kiv) : wQbZvBKvixi Là‡i c‡o Zvi Mv Kuvc‡Q|
3. Mv R¡vjv Kiv (†µv‡ai D‡`ªK nIqv) : wg_¨v Awf‡hv‡M Mv R¡vjv Ki‡Q|
4. Mv XvKv †Ìqv (cjvqb Kiv) : cywj‡ki f‡q mš¿vmxiv Mv XvKv w`‡q‡Q|
Pjv
1. Pjv (AMÖmi nIqv) : ˆmb¨`j †Rvi K`‡g GwM‡q Pj‡Q|
2. Pjv (AwZevwnZ nIqv) : mgq Aj‡¶ P‡j hvq|
3. Pjv (Rxeb wbe©vn Kiv) : Aí Av‡q Pjv Lye KwVb|

†PvL
1. †PvL ivLv (`„wó ivLv) : †Q‡jwUi Ici †PvL †i‡Lv|
2. †PvL IVv (†ivM we‡kl) : †PvL IVv‡Z †m fxlY Kó cv‡”Q |
3. †PvL †Lvjv (mZK© nIqv) : hv w`bKvj c‡o‡Q †PvL †Lvjv ivLv Qvov Dcvq †bB|
4. †PvL iv½v‡bv (ivM †`Lv‡bv) : Avgv‡K †PvL ivw½‡q jvf †bB|
5. †Pv‡Li evwj (P¶zk~j) : †g‡qwU mrgvi †Pv‡Li evwj|
Qvov
1. Qvov (_vgv) : wZb w`b ci Zvi R¡i †Q‡o‡Q|
2. Qvov (hvÎv Kiv) : Lye †fv‡iB wm‡j‡Ui D‡Ï‡k¨ cviveZ †UªbwU Qv‡o|
3. Qvov (wbivk nIqv) : Ii e¨vcv‡i Avwg nvj †Q‡o w`‡qwQ|
4. Qvov (Wv‡K †Ìqv) : MZKvj wPwVUv Qvov n‡q‡Q|
cov
1. cov (Aa¨qb Kiv) : g‡bv‡hvM w`‡q cov‡kvbv Ki‡j Aek¨B fv‡jv dj Ki‡Z cv‡i|
2. cov (¶gv A‡_©) : cv‡q cwo Gevi Avgv‡K gvd K‡i w`b|
3. cov (K‡g Avmv) : GZ w`‡b Zvi ivM c‡o‡Q|
cv
1. cv PvUv (AwZ nxbfv‡e †Zvlv‡gv` Kiv) : mgv‡R cv PvUv †jv‡Ki Afve †bB|
2. cv evov‡bv (†h‡Z D`¨Z nIqv) : Zviv evwoi D‡Ï‡k¨ cv evovj|
3. cv‡q aiv (webxZfv‡e Aby‡iva Kiv) : Avcbvi cv‡q aiwQ Avgvi KvRwU K‡i w`b|
4. cv (PiY, c`) : ej †Lj‡Z wM‡q UzUzj cv‡q e¨_v †c‡q‡Q|
cvKv
1. cvKv (cK¡) : ÔcvKv Rv‡gi gayi i‡m iwOb Kwi gyL|Õ
2. cvKv (AwfÁ) : wZwb GKRb cvKv †jvK|
3. cvKv (Svby nIqv) : Aí eq‡mB †Q‡jwU eyw×‡Z †c‡K‡Q |
kãv_© 77
4. cvKv (¯’vqx) : kvwoUvi iO cvKv|

5. cvKv (B‡Ui ˆZwi) : cvKv evwoNi †ewk w`b †U‡K|
dj
1. dj (Dw™¢`RvZ km¨) : ˆR¨ô gv‡m cÖPyi dj cvIqv hvq|
2. dj (jvf, †Kv‡bv Kv‡Ri cwiYvg) : ÔwK dj jwfby nvq|Õ
3. dj (Kvh©wmw×) : Ae¨vnZ †Póvq djjvf n‡eB|
4. dj (djb) : wjPzMv‡Q Gevi Lye dj a‡i‡Q|
eo
1. eo (e„nr) : RvnvRwU †ek eo|
2. eo (†kªô) : wb‡R‡K mKj Kv‡R eo g‡b Kiv wVK bq|
3. eo (m¤¢ªvš—) : bxcv Lye eo es‡ki †g‡q|
gb
1. gb (g‡bv‡hvM) : gb w`‡q †jLvcov Kiv DwPZ|
2. gb emv (fv‡jv jvMv) : GZ w`‡b Zvi †jLvcovq gb e‡m‡Q|
3. gb KlvKwl (g‡bvgvwjb¨) : A‡bK w`b hver Zv‡ì `yB eÜzi g‡a¨ gb KlvKwl Pj‡Q|
4. g‡bcÖv‡Y (HKvwš—Kfv‡e) : g‡bcÖv‡Y †`k‡K fv‡jvevmv DwPZ|
gv_v
1. gv_v (†gav, eyw×) : †Q‡jwUi †ek gv_v Av‡Q|
2. gv_v (AvMv) : Mv‡Qi gv_vq cvwLiv evmv K‡i‡Q|
3. gv_v (†kªô) : e„w×Rxexiv †`‡ki gv_v
4. gv_v (g¯—K, wki) : Ab¨v‡qi Kv‡Q KL‡bvB gv_v †bvqv‡e bv|
5. gv_v aiv (wkitcxov) : nVvr K‡i Lye gv_v a‡i‡Q|
gyL
1. gyL (e`b, Avbb) : j¼vi ivRv ive‡Yi `k gyL|
2. gyL (cÖ‡ek c_) : GKmgq Zviv ¸nv gy‡L wM‡q †cuŠQvj|
3. gyL (m~Pbv) : Kv‡Ri gy‡L evav w`‡qv bv|

4. gyL †dvjv‡bv (Awfgvb) : †g‡qwU K_vq K_vq gyL dzjvq|
5. gyL ivLv (gvb ivLv) : G †Q‡j GKw`b es‡ki gyL ivL‡eB|
nvZ
1. nvZ (cÖfve) : MÖv‡gi †jv‡Ki Ici Zvi nvZ Av‡Q|
2. nvZ (Kiv †e‡k Avbv) : gvZeŸi UvKv w`‡q Zv‡K nvZ K‡i‡Q|
3. nvZ cvZv (wf¶v Kiv) : nvZ cvZv LyeB N„Yvi KvR|
4. nvZe`j (B¯—vš—i) : G RwgwU eûevi nvZe`j n‡q‡Q|
5. nvZ cvKv (`¶) : †mjvB‡qi Kv‡R wZwb GKRb nvZcvKv †jvK|
Abykxjbx
1| wfbœv_©K kã ej‡Z Kx †evS? D`vniYmn Av‡jvPbv Ki|
2| ÔnvZÕ I Ôfv‡jvÕ kã Øviv wZbwU wfbœv_©K evK¨ iPbv Ki|
3| Ô†ZvjvÕ I ÔaivÕ wµqvc` `ywU‡K wewfbœ A‡_© eënvi K‡i wZbwU evK¨ iPbv Ki|
4| Ôgv_vÕ A_ev ÔcvÕ kã †hv‡M wewkó A‡_© wZbwU evK¨ ˆZwi Ki|
Kg©-Abykxjb
KuvPv, Kvb, gv_v, nvZ, DVvÑG kã¸‡jv Øviv cÖ‡Z¨KwUi wZbwU K‡i wfbœv‡_© cÖ‡qvM †`LvI :
10.2 wecixZv_©K kã w`‡q evK¨ iPbv

evsjv fvlvi kãfvÊv‡i Ggb KZK¸‡jv kã Av‡Q, A_© I fv‡ei w`K †_‡K †h¸‡jvi i‡q‡Q wecixZ
A_©ÁvcK i~c| hvi gva¨‡g Avgiv cÖ`Ë kãwUi m¤ú~Y© wecixZ A_© ey‡S _vwK|
†hgb : ÔAv‡jv e‡j, AÜKvi ZzB eo Kv‡jv|Õ
Ô†Kv_vq ¯^M© †Kv_vq biK †K e‡j Zv eû`~i?Õ
kãv_© 79
ÔDËg wbwð‡š— P‡j Aa‡gi mv‡_|Õ

ÔEaŸ© MM‡b ev‡R gv`j Ôwb‡gœ DZjv aiYx Zj|Õ
Dwj−wLZ evK¨mg~‡n Av‡jv, ¯^M©, DËg, EaŸ© kã¸‡jvi wecixZv_©K kã n‡jv h_vµ‡g : AÜKvi, biK,
Aag I wbgœ| myZivs GKwU k‡ãi wecixZ A_©‡evaK kã‡K wecixZv_©K kã e‡j|
wecixZv_©K kã iPbv‡K my›ì K‡i Ges fve cÖKv‡ki gvayh© e„w× K‡i e³e¨‡K cÖevngvb †mŠ›`h© `vb
K‡i| †gvUK_v, g‡bi fve myôzfv‡e cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ Ges fvlvi †mŠ›`h© cwiea©‡bi cÖ‡qvR‡b wecixZv_©K
k‡ãi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Acwimxg| wb‡P KwZcq k‡ãi wecixZv_©K i~c cÖ`Ë n‡jv :
g~jkã wecixZv_©K g~jkã wecixZv_©K g~jkã wecixZv_©K
kã kã kã
AMÖ cðvr Aag DËg AbyK‚j cÖwZK‚j
Abš— mvš— Aaxb ¯^vaxb AÁ weÁ
Ac©Y MÖnY A_© Ab_© AbyivM weivM
AagY© DËgY© Abyi³ wei³ AR©b eR©b
AwfÁ AbwfÁ AÁvb mÁvb Amxg mmxg
AvKvk cvZvj Av`vb cÖ`vb AvKl©Y weKl©Y
AvMgb wbM©gb AvKzÂb cÖmvi Avì Abvì
Avw` Aš— Avq e¨q Avwef©ve wZ‡ivfve
Ave„Z Abve„Z Avg`vwb ißvwb Avcb ci
Avmj bKj AvZ¥xq AbvZ¥xq Avw¯—K bvw¯—K
Bw›`ªq AZxw›`ªq Avek¨K Abvek¨K Bn‡jvK ci‡jvK
DrKl© AcKl© Cl©v cÖxwZ DwPZ AbywPZ
†Kvgj KwVb De©i Abye©i Hw”QK Avewk¨K
K…wÎg Avmj Kwbô †R¨ô KzrwmZ my›ì
µq weµq KK©k †Kvgj K…k ¯’~j
†K¬k Avivg K„cY `qvjy Kzrmv cÖksmv
¶z`ª e„nr ¶wqòz ewa©òz ¶xY cyó
Mwiô jwNô M„nx mbœ¨vmx ¸ß cÖKvwkZ, e¨³

RvMÖZ wbw`ªZ R½g ¯’vei RwUj mij
R¡jš— wbfš— †Rvqvi fvUv †R¨vrmœv AÜKvi
wZ³ gayi wZi¯‹vi cyi¯‹vi Zx¶è †fuvZv
`xN© n«¯^ `vZv MÖnxZv `yw`©b myw`b
`y¨‡jvK f‚‡jvK avwg©K cvwcô abx `wi`ª
b~¨b AwaK bk¦i Awebk¦i/kvk¦Z bexb cÖexY
wbtk¦vm cÖkv¦ m wbi¶i mv¶i bxim mim
cÖvP¨ cÖZxP¨ cÖkw¯— wb›`v cÖmviY ms‡KvPb
cvw_©e Acvw_©e c~e© cwÊg cwÊZ g~L©
c~Y© k~b¨ cyó ¶xY e¨_© mdj
e¨wó mgwó ea©gvb ¶xqgvY eÜb gyw³
f`ª Af`ª fr©mbv cÖksmv f…Z¨ cÖfz
gnr bxP gnvN© myjf g~K evPvj
jvf ¶wZ kÎ“ wgÎ kxZj Dò
wkó Awkó †kvK Avb›` kxZ MÖx®§
kªx wekªx Mij eµ mvKvi wbivKvi
mykªx Kzkªx ¯^vaxb civaxb mÂq AcPq
wm³ ï®‹ ¯^M© biK m~² ¯’~j
¯^Zš¿ ciZš¿ ¯’vei A¯’vei myjf `yjf
©
n«¯^ `xN© nl© welv` njš— AKvivš—
kãv_© 81
wecixZv_©K kã Øviv evK¨MVb :

g~jkã wecixZ kã ev‡K¨ cÖ‡qvM
1. AMÖ cðvr : G e¨vcv‡i AMÖ-cðvr we‡ePbv K‡i wm×vš— †bIqv DwPZ|
2. Ac©Y MÖnY : GKRb `vwqZ¡ Ac©Y Ki‡jb Av‡iKRb `vwqZ¡ MÖnY Ki‡jb|
3. AvKvk cvZvj : Zvi K_v I Kv‡R AvKvk-cvZvj eëavb|
4. Avw` Aš— : †Zvgvi K_vi Avw`-Aš— wKQzB eyS‡Z cvijvg bv|
5. Avmj bKj : †fRv‡j evRvi †Q‡q †M‡Q, Avjm-bKj †PbvB gykwKj|
6. †Kvgj KwVb : Zvi ¯^fve †hgb †Kvgj †Zgwb KwVb|
7. µq weµq : we‡`wk c‡Y¨ evRvi mqjve, †`wk c‡Yï µq-weµq †Zgb
GKUv †bB|
8. wZ³ gayi : Rxe‡b wZ³-gayi eû AwfÁZvB mwÂZ _v‡K|
9. A_© Ab_© : A_© Ab‡_©i g~j|
10. Avq e¨q : Avq ey‡S e¨q Kiv DwPZ|
Abykxjbx
1| wecixZv_©K kã ej‡Z Kx †evS? wecixZv_©K k‡ãi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv KZUzKz?
2| wb‡Pi kã¸‡jvi wecixZv_©K kã †jL :
AMÖ, A_©, Aag, AwfÁ, AvKvk, Avmj, De©i, njš—, gnr, bxim, f…Z¨, wkó, µq, AbyivM,
¸ß, `xN©, avwg©K, Ac©Y, AvKzÂb, AR©b, Mwiô, e¨wó, mÂq, nl©|
3| wecixZv_©K kã wb‡`©k Ki Ges Dfq kã Øviv evK¨ iPbv Ki :
Avw`, cðvr, weivM, cÖ`vb, ci, KwVb, cyó, jwNô, fvUv, †fuvZv, MÖnxZv, Aš—, Abye©i,
cÖksmv, wbw`ªZ, `xN©, AwaK, eµ, ¶wZ, AcPq, Kzkªx|
Kg©-Abykxjb
4| g~j k‡ãi wecix‡Z k~b¨ N‡i mwVK wecixZv_©K kãwU Wvb cvk †_‡K †e‡Q wb‡q †jL :
g~jkã wecixZv_©K kã A‡MvQv‡jv wecixZv_©K kã
AbyK‚j mij
Av`ª© ev`kv
Ave× Ag„Z
DÌvb gnvRb
Kwbô cÖwZK‚j
KzwUj ï®‹
10.3 m‡gv”PvwiZ wfbœv_©K kã w`‡q evK¨ iPbv

evsjv fvlvq Ggb KZK¸‡jv kã Av‡Q, hv‡ì D”PviY GK A_ev cÖvq GKB wKš—z evbvb I A_© wfbœ|
wjwLZ i~c Qvov †gŠwLK D”Pvi‡Y Gme k‡ãi A_© cv_©K¨ wbY©q Kiv Kómva¨| †hgb : ÔAbœ I Ab¨Õ|
ÔAbœÕ kãwUi A_© n‡jv ÔfvZÕ Avi ÔAb¨Õ kãwUi A_© n‡jv Aci| G ai‡bi kãmg~n‡K m‡gv”PvwiZ
wfbœv_©K kã e‡j| fv‡ei h_vh_ A‡_©i w`‡K `„wó †i‡L m‡gv”PvwiZ k‡ãi cÖ‡qvM m¤ú‡K© m‡PZbZv
Avek¨K| KviY G ai‡bi k‡ãi D”PviY GK n‡jI evbv‡b i‡q‡Q wfbœZv Ges cÖwZwU k‡ãi g~jI
c„_K| GRb¨ kã¸‡jvi g‡a¨ e¨vcKfv‡e A_©-cv_©K¨ N‡U|
wb‡P D`vniY †Ìqv n‡jv :
⎧Ask (fvM) ⎯ G Rwg‡Z ZviI Ask i‡q‡Q|
⎨
⎩Asm (Kuva) ⎯ As‡m †evSv wb‡q †jvKRb nv‡U hv‡”Q|
⎧Aby (cðvr) ⎯ mKj ˆmb¨B Awabvq‡Ki AbyMgb Kij|
⎨
⎩AYy (e¯‘i ¶z`ªZg Ask) ⎯ c`v‡_©i ¶z`ªZg Ask‡K AYy e‡j|
⎧Abœ (fvZ) ⎯ Abœnx‡b Abœ `vb Ki|
⎨
⎩Ab¨ (Aci) ⎯ AbyMÖn K‡i Ab¨w`b †`Lv Kiyb|
⎧Aweivg (AbeiZ) ⎯ el©vi e„wóaviv Aweivg Si‡Q|
⎨
⎩Awfivg (my›ì) ⎯ el©vi Awfivg `„‡k¨ gb f‡i hvq|
⎧Aweavb (Awbqg) ⎯ Awdm-Av`vjZ me©ÎB Aweavb Qwo‡q c‡o‡Q|
⎨
⎩Awfavb (kã‡Kvl) Awfavb Ly‡j kãwUi A_© †R‡b bvI |
⎧AN© (g~j¨) ⎯ eB¸‡jv Avwg A‡a©K A‡N© wK‡bwQ|
⎨
⎩AN©¨ (c~Rvi DcKiY) ⎯ mi¯^Zxi cv`g~‡j Zviv AN©¨ wb‡e`b Ki‡jv|
⎧Ak¦ (†Nvov) ⎯ Aviexq Ak¦ c„w_ex †kªô|
⎨
⎩Ak¥ (cv_i) ⎯ evwowU g~jëvb Ak¥ w`‡q ˆZix
kãv_© 83
⎧AvcY (†`vKvb) ⎯ XvKv kn‡ii AvcY¸‡jv †ek mymw¾Z|

⎨
⎩Avcb (wbR) ⎯ Avcb cv‡V gb `vI|
⎧Avlvp (gvmwe‡kl) ⎯ Avlvp gvm Pviw`‡K ˆ_ ˆ_ cvwb|
⎨
⎩Avmvi (cÖej e„wócvZ) ⎯ el©vi Avmv‡i gvV NvU c−vweZ n‡jv|
⎧Dcv`vb (DcKiY) ⎯ cvwb nvB‡Wªv‡Rb I Aw·‡Rb bvgK Dcv`vb w`‡q ˆZwi|
⎨
⎩Dcvavb (evwjk) ⎯ wkïwU Dcvav‡b gv_v †i‡L Nywg‡q Av‡Q|
⎧KzRb (Lvivc e¨w³) ⎯ KzR‡bi msmM© cwiZvR¨|
⎨
⎩K‚Rb (cvwLi WvK) ⎯ cvwLi K‚R‡b Zv‡ì Nyg fvOj|
⎧†KvY (`yB mij‡iLvi wgjb¯’vb, w`K) ⎯ wÎfy‡Ri wZb †Kv‡Yi mgwó `yB mg‡KvY|
⎨
⎩†Kvb ( Awba©vwiZ †Kv‡bvwU ) ⎯ Zviv †Kvbw`‡K wM‡q‡Q Rvwb bv|
⎧Kcvj (jjvU, gv_vi Lywj) ⎯ Kcv‡ji wjLb hvq bv LÛb
LÐb!
⎨
⎩K‡cvj (Mvj) ⎯ ÔK‡cvj wfwRqv †Mj bq‡bi R‡j|Õ
⎧Kgj (cÙ) ⎯ wS‡ji R‡j Kgj dz‡U Av‡Q|
⎨
⎩†Kvgj (big) ⎯ Ô†Kvgj PiY AvjZv †avqv|Õ
⎧Kzj (esk) ⎯ †g‡qwUi gvZ…-Kzj LyeB m¤¢ªvš¿|
⎨
⎩K‚j (b`xi Zxi) ⎯ cÙvi K‚‡jB Zv‡ì MÖvg|
⎧Muv (MÖvg) ⎯ ÔH †`Lv hvq Zvj MvQ H Avgv‡ì Muv|Õ
⎨
⎩Mv ( kixi ) ⎯ †g‡qwUi Mv‡q jvj Rvgv †ek gvwb‡q‡Q
⎧†R¨ô (AMÖR) ⎯ Zvi †R¨ô åvZv GKRb wk¶K |
⎨
⎩ˆR¨ô (gvmwe‡kl) ⎯ d‡ji cÖvPz‡h© ˆR¨ô gvm gaygvm bv‡g cwiwPZ|
⎧w`b (wèm) ⎯ mvZ w`‡b GK mßvn wZwik w`‡b GK gvm|
⎨
⎩`xb (`wi`ª) ⎯ `x‡b `qv Ki|
⎧Øxc (Rj‡ewóZ ¯’vb) ⎯ †m›UgvwU©b Øxc †mŠ›`‡h©i jxjvf‚wg|
⎨
⎩wØc (nvwZ) ⎯ cve©Z¨ PÆMÖv‡gi R½‡j eb¨ wØc Av‡Q|
⎧bxi (Rj) ⎯ SY©vi bxi LyeB ¯^”Q I my‡ci|
⎨
⎩bxo (cvwLi evmv) ⎯ cvwLiv GLb bxo iPbvq e¨¯Í|
e¨¯—|
⎧cvwb (Rj) ⎯ cvwbi ¯Í¯—iiµgkB wb‡P †b‡g hv‡”Q|
⎨
⎩cvwY (nvZ) ⎯ mi¯^Zx †èxi cvwY‡Z exYv †kvfgvb |
⎧webv (e¨ZxZ) ⎯ Ô`ytL webv myL jvf nq wK gnx‡Z?Õ

⎨
⎩exYv (ev`¨hš¿) ⎯ wZwb GKRb cÖL¨vZ exYvev`K|
⎧fvmv (fvmgvb _vKv) ⎯ †R‡j †bŠKv¸‡jv R‡ji Ici †f‡m †eov‡”Q|
⎨
⎩fvlv (fve cÖKvkK Dw³ ev ms‡KZ) ⎯ †gv‡ì Mie †gv‡ì Avkv Av-gwi evsjv fvlv|
⎧fvwi (Lye) ⎯ el©vi i~c fvwi g‡bvgy»Ki|
⎨
⎩fvix (†ewk IRb) ⎯ AZUzKz †Q‡ji gv_vq AZ fvix †evSv Pvwc‡qQ †Kb?
⎧gyL (gyLgÐj) ⎯ gyL fvi K‡i e‡m Av‡Qv †Kb?
⎨
⎩g~K (gywb, mbœ¨vmx) ⎯ †g‡qwU Rb¥ †_‡KB g~K|
⎧hwZ (weivg ¯’vb) ⎯ hwZ n‡jv ev‡Kï A_© wVK wVK †evSv‡bvi Rb¨ weivg ¯’vb|
⎨
⎩hZx (gywb, mbœ¨vmx) ⎯ hZxMY msmvi Z¨vM K‡i wbR©‡b ci‡gk¦‡ii a¨vb K‡ib|
⎧j¶ (kZ mnmª) ⎯ GKk mn‡mª GK j¶|
⎨
⎩j¶¨ (D‡Ïk¨) ⎯ mywbw`©ó j¶¨ Qvov Rxe‡b mdj Kvg nIqv hvq bv|
⎧kh¨v (weQvbv) ⎯ Rxeb Kzmyg-kh¨v bq-evav-weNœ †cwi‡qB c_ Pj‡Z nq|
⎨
⎩m¾v (†ekfzlv) ⎯ †g‡qwU bZzb m¾vq j¾v cv‡”Q|
⎧ïwP (cweÎ) ⎯ mywPšÍv Qvov gb ïwP nq bv|
⎨ mywPš—v Qvov gb ïwP nq bv|
⎩m~wP (welq ZvwjKv) ⎯ eB‡qi ïiy‡Z m~wPUv †`‡L bvI|
⎧¯^M© (†è‡jvK) ⎯ †Kv_vq ¯^M© †Kv_vq biK †K e‡j Zv eû`~i?
⎨
⎩mM© (Aa¨vq, cwi‡”Q`) ⎯ eBwU‡Z `kwU mM© Av‡Q|
⎧mvÿi (AÿiÁvb m¤úbœ) ⎯ wbiÿi RbMY‡K mvÿi Kivi Rb¨ e¨vcK Kg©m~Px MÖnY Kiv n‡q‡Q?
⎨
⎩¯^vmv¶i (A¶iÁvb
ÿi (mB, ⎯ ìLv‡¯Í
`¯ÍLZ)m¤úbœ
)Ñ wbi¶i RbMY‡K mv¶i
Av‡e`bKvixi ¯^vÿiKivi
†bB|Rb¨ e¨vcK Kg©m~wP MÖnY Kiv n‡q‡Q?
¯^v¶i (mB, `¯—LZ-ìLv‡¯— Av‡e`bKvixi ¯^v¶i †bB
Abykxjbx
1| m‡gv”PvwiZ kã ej‡Z Kx †evS? D`vniY w`‡q eywS‡q `vI|
2| wb‡Pi †Rvov kã¸‡jvi A‡_©i cv_©K¨ †`LvI :
Aby, AYy ; Aweivg, Awfivg; Dcv`vb, Dcvavb; KzRb, K‚Rb ; Kgj, †Kvgj ; w`b, `xb ; bxi,
bxo; gyL, g~K ; j¶, j¶¨ ; kywP, m~wP; mv¶i, ¯^v¶i|
3| A‡_©i cv_©K¨ †`wL‡q evK¨ iPbv Ki|
AN©, AN©¨ ; AvcY, Avcb ; `vwo, ùvwo ; ïwP, m~wP; hwZ, hZx; Kzj, K~j; cvwb, cvwY; mKj, kKj;
¯^M©, mM©; nvo, nvi|
kãv_© 85
Kg©-Abykxjb
wb‡Pi m‡gv”PvwiZ kã¸‡jvi A‡_©i cv_©K¨ †`LvI :
cÖ`Ë kã A_© cÖ`Ë kã A_©
⎪⎧AYy ⎪⎧kh¨v
⎨ ⎨
⎪⎩Aby ⎪⎩m¾v
⎧⎪w`b ⎧⎪mKj
⎨ ⎨
⎩⎪`xb ⎩⎪kKj
⎧⎪nvi ⎧⎪bxo
⎨ ⎨
⎩⎪nvo ⎩⎪bxi
⎪⎧cvwY ⎪⎧Ak¦
⎨ ⎨
⎩⎪cvwb ⎩⎪Ak¥
10.4 GK K_vq cÖKvk

evK¨ fvlvi e„nËg GKK| Avgiv K_v ejvi mgq wKsev wjLvi mgq A‡bK †¶‡Î †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv evK¨
ev evK¨vsk‡K msw¶ß K‡i _vwK| GKvwaK c`, GgbwK GKwU c~Y© evK¨‡KI A‡bK mgq GKwU k‡ã
cÖKvk Kiv hvq| GKvwaK c`‡K msw¶ß K‡i GKwU c‡` cÖKvk Kivi ixwZ‡K GK K_vq cÖKvk ev
evK¨ ms‡KvPb e‡j| e¯‘Z eûc`‡K GKc‡` cwiYZ Kivi ga¨ w`‡q evK¨ ev evK¨vs‡ki ms‡KvPb
KvR m¤úbœ nq|
fvlvwe` gybxi †PŠayix I †gvdv¾j nvq`vi †PŠayixi g‡Z, ÔGKvwaK c` ev DcevK¨‡K GKwU k‡ã
cÖKvk Kiv n‡j, Zv‡K evK¨ ms‡¶cY e‡j| GwU evK¨ ms‡KvPb ev GK K_vq cÖKv‡kiB bvgvš—i|Õ
msÁv : A_© AcwiewZ©Z †i‡L evK¨ ev evK¨vsk‡K msKzwPZ K‡i cÖKvk Kiv‡K ev GKc‡` cwiYZ
Kiv‡K evK¨ ms‡KvPb e‡j|
evK¨ ms‡KvP‡bi d‡j evK¨ msw¶ß I kÖywZgayi nq| ms‡¶‡c I msnZfv‡e fvecÖKvk Kiv n‡j iPbvi
¸Y ev gvb e„w× cvq| wb‡Pi AskUzKz j¶ Kwi :
emš—Kv‡ji w`‡bi †kl fvM| mvg‡b Rbweij wekvj cÖvš—i| `gb Kiv hvq bv Ggb Drmvn mevi g‡b|
wKQz¶Y Pj‡ZB Avgiv Pvi iv¯—vi wgjb¯’‡ji †`Lv †cjvg| GKZvihy³ ev`¨hš¿ evwR‡q GKRb evDj
Avm‡Qb|
Dc‡ii eY©bvq †hme kã †gvUv K‡i †Ìqv Av‡Q, †m¸‡jv‡K ms‡¶‡c cÖKvk K‡i †`wL †Kgb nq :
emš—Kv‡ji Acivnè| mvg‡b †Zcvš—i| A`g¨ Drmvn mevi g‡b| wKQz¶Y Pj‡ZB Avgiv †PŠiv¯—vi †`Lv
†cjvg| GKZviv evwR‡q GKRb evDj Avm‡Qb|
j¶Yxq Dc‡ii As‡ki †P‡q wb‡Pi As‡ki e³e¨ msw¶ß I kÖywZgayi n‡q‡Q|
evK¨ ms‡KvP‡bi wbqg
evK¨ ev evK¨vsk GKvwaK c‡ì mgwó| GKvwaK c`‡K GKc‡` cwiYZ KivB evK¨ ms‡KvPb| wb‡Pi
ixwZ¸‡jv Aej¤^b K‡i evK¨ ms‡KvPb Kiv nq :
1. cÖZ¨q‡hv‡M evK¨ ms‡KvPb : Wz‡e hv‡”Q hv⎯ Wzeš— (√Wze& + Aš—)| GLv‡b (Ô√Wze&Õ) wµqv-
cÖK…wZi m‡½ ÔAš—Õ cÖZ¨q‡hv‡M ÔWzeš—Õ kãwU ˆZwi n‡q‡Q|
2. mgvm‡hv‡M evK¨ ms‡KvPb : cv †_‡K gv_v ch©š— = Avcv`g¯—K (Ae¨qxfve mgvm)| kZ A‡ãi
mgvnvi = kZvãx (wØ¸ mgvm)|
3. AvwfavwbK k‡ãi mvnv‡h¨ evK¨ ms‡KvPb : gq~‡ii WvK = †KKv| nwi‡Yi Pvgov = AwRb|
AjsKv‡ii S¼vi = wkÄb|
evK¨ ms‡KvP‡bi KwZcq D`vniY :
Aw¶i mg‡¶ eZ©gvb ⎯ cÖZ¨¶
AKv‡j cK¡ n‡q‡Q hv ⎯ AKvjcK¡
Avq ey‡S e¨q K‡i †h ⎯ wgZe¨qx
BwZnvm iPbv K‡ib whwb ⎯ HwZnvwmK
Clr Avwgl MÜ hvi ⎯ Auvl‡U
DcKvixi DcKvi †h ¯^xKvi K‡i ⎯ K…ZÁ
DcKvixi DcKvi †h ¯^xKvi K‡i bv ⎯ AK…ZÁ
†Kv‡bv µ‡gB hv wbeviY Kiv hvq bv ⎯ Awbevh©
P¶zi m¤§y‡L msNwUZ ⎯ Pv¶zl
RxweZ †_‡KI †h g„Z ⎯ Rxeb¥„Z
bó nIqvB ¯^fve hvi ⎯ bk¦i
cv †_‡K gv_v ch©š— ⎯ Avcv`g¯—K
g„‡Zi g‡Zv Ae¯’v hvi ⎯ gyg~ly©
hv c~‡e© wQj GLb †bB ⎯ f~Zc~e©
hv `xwß cv‡”Q ⎯ †``xc¨gvb
kãv_© 87
hv R‡j I ¯’‡j P‡i ⎯ DfPi

hv AwZ `xN© bq ⎯ bvwZ`xN©
hvi cÖK…Z eY© aiv hvq bv ⎯ eY©‡Pviv
hv †Kv_vI DuPz †Kv_vI wbPz ⎯ eÜzi
hv µgk ewa©Z n‡”Q ⎯ ewa©òz
†h Mv‡Q dj a‡i, wKš‘ dzj a‡i bv ⎯ eb¯úwZ
†h †ivM wbY©q Ki‡Z nvZ‡o g‡i ⎯ nvZz‡o
†h MvQ Ab¨ MvQ‡K Avkªq K‡i euv‡P ⎯ ciMvQv
†h fwel¨r bv †f‡eB KvR K‡i ⎯ Aweg„k¨Kvix
†h eb wnsmª Rš‘‡Z cwic~Y© ⎯ k¦vc`msKzj
whwb e³…Zv `v‡b cUz ⎯ evM¥x
m¤§y‡L AMÖmi n‡q Af¨_©bv ⎯ cÖZz¨`&Mgb
nbb Kivi B”Qv ⎯ wRNvsmv
Abykxjbx
1| evK¨ ms‡KvPb ej‡Z Kx †evS?
2| Kx Kx Dcv‡q evK¨ ms‡KvPb Kiv hvq D`vniYmn Av‡jvPbv Ki|
3| mwVK DË‡i wUK (√) wPý `vI :
K. g„‡Zi g‡Zv Ae¯’v hvi ⎯ Rxeb¥„Z / gyg~l©y / g„Zer
L. hv c~‡e© †`Lv hvqwb ⎯ A`„ó / `„óc~e© / A`„óc~e©
M. Ab¨w`‡K gb hvi ⎯ Ab¨gb¯‹ / Ab¨gbv / Avbgbv
N. AwZkq wmœ» ⎯ †cje / †g`yi / †Kvgj
O. hv †P‡U †L‡Z nq ⎯ Pzl¨ / †jn / †jn¨
Kg©-Abykxjb
1| evg cv‡ki evK¨¸‡jvi m¼zwPZ i~c Wvb cv‡ki N‡i emvI|
cÖ`Ë evK¨ m¼zwPZ i~c

1. A‡MÖ R‡b¥‡Q †h
2. Rq Kivi B”Qv
3. DcKvi Kivi B”Qv
4. Rqm~PK Drme
5. gay cvb K‡i †h
6. whwb e¨vKi‡Y cwÊZ
7. ïf¶‡Y Rb¥ hvi
8. hvi giYvcbœ Ae¯’v
9. wcÖq K_v e‡j †h (bvix)
10. nvwZi WvK
10.5 evM&aviv
evM&aviv g~jZ wewkó A_©‡evaK GKai‡bi evK¨vsk ev kã¸”Q| ÔevM&avivÕ k‡ãi A_© K_v ejvi
Ôwe‡kl XsÕ ev ÔixwZÕ| evM&avivi mvnv‡h¨ we‡kl ai‡bi A_©‡evaK kã ev kã¸”Q MwVZ nq| evM&aviv
Bs‡iwR ÔBwWqgÕ (Idiom) k‡ãi mgv_©K|
c„w_exi me fvlv‡ZB wewkóv_©‡evaK kã ev kã¸‡”Qi mv¶vr cvIqv hvq| evsjv‡ZI ARmª evM&aviv
Av‡Q| evsjv fvlvi A‡bK kãB Zv‡ì wbR¯^ A_© QvovI wewkó A‡_© eëüZ nq| G ai‡bi A_©
AwaKvsk †¶‡ÎB Bw½Zen I m~² Zvrch©gwÊZ| †hgb : ÔAa©P›`ªÕ ej‡Z ÔA‡a©K Puv`Õ bv eywS‡q
ÔMjvav°vÕ †evSvq| Abyi~c ÔZv‡mi NiÕ ej‡Z Zvm Øviv wbwg©Z NiÕ bv eywS‡q Ô¶Y¯’vqxÕ †Kv‡bv wKQz‡K
†evSvq| myZivs Av¶wiK A_©‡K Qvwc‡q hLb †Kv‡bv kã ev kã¸”Q we‡kl A_© cÖKvk K‡i, ZLb
Zv‡K evM&aviv e‡j|
evM&aviv fvlv eënv‡ii `xN© AwfÁZv †_‡K DrmvwiZ| Gi †bc‡_¨ e¨w³K I mvgvwRK bvbv NUbv ev
cÖm½ hy³ n‡q _v‡K| evM&aviv fvlvi GKwU †MŠiegq HwZn¨| †h RvwZi fvlv hZ cÖvPxb, †m RvwZi
fvlvq evM&avivi eënvi ZZ †ewk| evsjv fvlvi nvRvi eQ‡ii HwZn¨ i‡q‡Q| ZvB evOvwji gbbMZ
Awfe¨w³ cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ ARmª evM&aviv m„wó n‡q‡Q|
kãv_© 89
evM&aviv fvlvi †mŠ›`h© m„wói mnvqK| A‡_©i ¯úóZvq, fv‡ei e¨Äbvq, e³‡eï AvKl©Y m„wó‡Z
evM&avivi ¸iyZ¡ I cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Acwimxg| evM&avivi h_vh_ cÖ‡qv‡M fvlv myjwjZ, mylgvgwÊZ I
cÖvYeš— n‡q I‡V|
wb‡P mycÖPwjZ KZK¸‡jv evM&avivi ev‡K¨ cÖ‡qvM †`Lv‡bv n‡jv :
Ai‡Y¨ †iv`b ( wbõj Av‡e`b ) Ñ mwgwZi Rb¨ K…cY Kvgvj wgqvi Kv‡Q Puv`v PvIqv Ai‡Y¨ †iv`b
gvÎ|
A°v cvIqv ( g‡i hvIqv ) Ñ MYwcUywb‡Z c‡KUgvi A°v †cj|
Aa©P›`ª ( Mjvav°v ) Ñ †eqvè †Q‡jUv‡K Aa©P›`ª w`‡q we`vq K‡i `vI|
AMva R‡ji gvQ ( myPZyi e¨w³ ) Ñ †PŠayix mv‡ne AMva R‡ji gvQ, Zuvi gvicu¨vP aiv gykwKj|
Avgov Kv‡Vi †XuwK (Ac`v_©) Ñ Zzwg n‡j Avgov Kv‡Vi †XuwK, †Zvgv‡K w`‡q wKQzB n‡e bv|
Av‡°j †mjvwg ( †evKvwgi `Ê ) Ñ webv wUwK‡U †U«‡b P‡o cjvk‡K cÂvk UvKv Av‡°j †mjvwg w`‡Z
n‡jv|
Avlv‡p Mí ( AvR¸we Mí ) Ñ Gme †h †Zvgvi Avlv‡p Mí, Zv Avgv‡ì Rvbv n‡q †M‡Q|
DobPÊx (AwgZe¨qx) Ñ †Q‡jUv DobPÊx bv n‡j ˆcZ…K m¤úwZ `yw`‡bB wbt‡kl K‡i †`‡e †Kb?
Bu`yi Kcv‡j ( g›`fvM¨ ) Ñ dinv` Bu`yi Kcv‡j ZvB †Zv UuvKkv‡ji PvKwiUv n‡qI n‡jv bv|
BuP‡o cvKv ( AKvjcK¡ ) Ñ †Q‡jUv BuP‡o cvKv e‡jB †Zv eo‡ì m‡½ Agb K‡i ZK© Ki‡Q?
Gjvwn KvÊ ( weivU e¨vcvi ) Ñ cyZy‡ji we‡q‡Z GZ eo Av‡qvRbÑG †`LwQ Gjvwn KvÊ|
Kjyi ej` ( GKUvbv LvUzwb ) Ñ Kjyi ej‡ì g‡Zv msmv‡ii wc‡Q mvivRxeb LvUjvg wKš—y jv‡fi jvf
wKQzB †cjvg bv|
ˆK gv‡Qi cÖvY (hv mn‡R g‡i bv ) Ñ †PviUvi ˆK gv‡Qi cÖvY, MYwcUzwb †L‡qI †eu‡P †Mj|
L‡qi Luv ( PvUzKvi ) Ñ Zzwg †Zv eo mv‡n‡ei L‡qi Luv †Zvgvi c‡`vbœwZ †Zv n‡eB|
†Muvd †LRy‡i ( Ajm ) Ñ †Muvd †LRy‡i †jv‡Ki c‡¶ DbœwZ Kiv m¤¢e bq|
†Mvovq Mj` ( ïi“‡Z fyj ) Ñ G A¼ wgj‡e bv, KviY †Mvov‡ZB †Zv Mj` i‡q‡Q|
¸‡o evwj (Avkvq ˆbivk¨) Ñ Avkv K‡iwQjvg we‡`k hve, GLb †`LwQ †m ¸‡o evwj|
†Nvovi wWg ( Aev¯—e e¯—y ) Ñ cov‡kvbv g‡bv‡hvMx bv n‡j cix¶vq †Nvovi wWg cv‡e|
†Pv‡Li evwj ( AwcÖq / P¶zk~j †jvK ) Ñ gv-giv †Q‡jwU mr gv‡qi †Pv‡Li evwj|
UbK bov (ˆPZ‡b¨v`q nIqv) Ñ cÖ_g mvgwqK cix¶v Lvivc nIqvq Zvi UbK boj|
†VuvU KvUv ( ¯úófvlx ) Ñ AvdvR wgTvi gy‡L wKQyB AvUKvq bv, †VuvU KvUv hv‡K e‡j|
Wygy‡ii dzj ( A`„k¨ e¯—y ) Ñ PvKwi †c‡q Wygy‡ii dzj n‡q DV‡j †h⎯ †`LvB cvIqv hvq bv|
Xv‡Ki KvwV (†gvmv‡ne) Ñ Zzwg †Zv eo mv‡n‡ei Xv‡Ki KvwV, wZwb hv e‡jb Zzwg I ZvB ej|
Zx‡_©i KvK ( mvMÖ‡n cÖZx¶vKvix ) Ñ cÖevmx †Q‡ji evwo †divi cÖZx¶vq evev-gv Zx‡_©i Kv‡Ki g‡Zv
e‡m Av‡Qb
_ e‡b hvIqv (¯—w¤¢Z nIqv) Ñ Zvi KvÊ †`‡L Avwg †Zv _ e‡b †Mjvg|
`nig gnig ( NwbôZv ) Ñ cÖavb wk¶‡Ki m‡½ AvRgj m¨v‡ii Lye `nig gnig|
`y‡ai gvwQ ( mymg‡qi eÜz ) Ñ UvKv _vK‡j `y‡ai gvwQi Afve nq bv|
avgvaiv (PvUzKvwiZv) Ñ mgv‡R avgvaiv †jv‡Ki Afve †bB|
bq Qq ( AcPq ) Ñ Rv‡f` Rwg wewµi UvKv¸‡jv bq Qq K‡i †djj|
cyKzi Pzwi (eo iK‡gi Pzwi) Ñ Amvay Kg©Pvixiv cyKzi Pzwi K‡i eëmvq jvjevwZ R¡vwj‡q‡Q|
eKavwg©K/ weovj Zc¯^x ( fÊ mvay ) Ñ gy‡L bxwZevK¨ AvIov‡jI †jvKUv Avm‡j eKavwg©K/weovj
Zc¯^x|
fivWywe ( me©bvk ) Ñ †`vKv‡b Av¸b †j‡M dRjy wgTvi fivWywe n‡q‡Q|
wf‡R weovj (KcUPvix) Ñ †m GKRb wf‡R †eovj, Zv‡K †Pbv mnR bq|
h‡¶i ab (K…c‡Yi Kwo) Ñ h‡¶i a‡bi g‡Zv †m Zvi UvKvKwo AvM‡j Av‡Q, KvD‡K `ycqmvi
mvnvhÏ K‡i bv|
ivNe †evqvj ( me©MÖvmx ¶gZvmxb e¨w³ ) Ñ D”Pc‡` wb‡qvwRZ e¨w³iv hw` ivNe †evqvj nq, Z‡e
†`‡ki DbœwZ n‡e †Kgb K‡i?
†jdvdv`yi¯— (evB‡ii VvU eRvq †i‡L P‡jb whwb ) Ñ Avjg wgTv Ggb †jdvdv`yi¯— †h evB‡i †_‡K
`vwi`ª¨ †evSv hvq bv|
kuv‡Li KivZ ( Dfq msKU ) Ñ mZ¨ ej‡j evev wec‡` c‡ob, Avi wg‡_¨ ej‡j gv wec‡` c‡obÑ
Avwg c‡owQ kuv‡Li Kiv‡Z|
kv‡c ei (Awb‡ó Bó jvf) Ñ eo mv‡ne nviyb‡K kvw¯— bv w`‡q w`‡jb cÖ‡gvkb, G‡KB e‡j kv‡c ei|
n-h-e-i-j ( wek„•Ljv ) Ñ wRwbmcÎ Qwo‡q NiUv‡K †Zv G‡Kev‡i n-h-e-i-j K‡i †i‡LQ|
nv‡Zi cuvP ( †kl m¤^j ) Ñ nv‡Zi cuvP G KwU UvKv w`‡qB Avgv‡K evwK KUv w`b Pj‡Z n‡e|
kãv_© 91
Abykxjbx
1| evM&aviv ej‡Z Kx †evS? D`vniYmn Av‡jvPbv Ki|
2| wb‡Pi evM&aviv¸‡jv Aej¤^‡b evK¨ iPbv Ki :
Aa©P›`ª, Avgov Kv‡Vi †UuwK, Av‡°j †mjvgx, Avlv‡p Mí, BuP‡o cvKv, Gjvwn KvÊ, Kjyi ej`,
†Muvd †LRy‡i, †Pv‡Li evwj, Wzgy‡ii dzj, eKavwg©K, wf‡R weovj, g‡Mi gyj−yK, h‡¶i ab, kv‡c ei,
nv‡Zi cuvP|
Abyaveb `¶Zv :
wjwLZ †Kv‡bv welq mvaviYfv‡e Avgiv A‡b‡KB c‡o _vwK| wKš‘ †mB AskUzKz c‡o Zvi g~jfve
eyS‡Z cviv‡K e‡j Abyaveb `¶Zv| GKwU cv‡V wKQz kã _v‡K, wKQz bZzb welq _vK‡Z cv‡i, hvi A_©
ev aviYv Rvbv bv _vK‡j cvVwUi c~Y© aviYv jvf mnR nq bv| ZvB GKwU cvV m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c eyS‡Z n‡j
cvVmswk−ó wKQz welqI Rvb‡Z, eyS‡Z nq| Avevi Zv †Kej gyL¯’ Ki‡j †mwU †ewk w`b g‡b bvI
_vK‡Z cv‡i| †mB Rvbv Ávb Ab¨ †Kv‡bv cv‡Vi mv‡_ ev Áv‡bi mv‡_ †gjv‡Z cvivi ¶gZvI _vK‡Z
nq| Gfv‡eB Abyaveb `¶Zv cwic~Y©fv‡e AwR©Z nq|
Abyaveb cix¶v :
c„w_ex, wbS©i, AK©, g„wËKv, kÖveYx, m„wó I AwÎ kx‡Zi QzwU‡Z PiKvevq †eov‡Z wM‡q‡Q| Iiv fvB-†evb
wg‡j GjvKvwUi mewKQz Ny‡i Ny‡i †`Lj| ILv‡b GKwU cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq, GKwU D”P we`¨vjq I GKwU
evRvi Av‡Q| GjvKvi AwaKvsk RbMYB wkw¶Z| K…wlRxex, PvKwiRxex, eëmvqxmn bvbv †ckvi gvbyl
†mLv‡b emevm K‡ib| †ekwKQz †jvK RxweKvi ZvwM‡` ga¨cÖvP¨ I BD‡ivcmn bvbv †`‡k PvKwi wb‡q
†M‡Qb| GjvKvi RbMY †gvUvgywU m”Qj| ê‡`wkK A_© †jb‡`‡bi Rb¨ ILv‡b †ekwKQz e¨vsK cÖwZwôZ
n‡q‡Q| †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv evwo‡Z dz‡ji evMvbI i‡q‡Q| PiKvev GjvKvwU evsjv‡`‡ki GKwU Av`k©
MÖvgxY GjvKv|
Kg© Abykxjb :
1. g„wËKv k‡ãi A_© Kx?
2. K…wlRxex Kviv?
3. ÔAK©Õ k‡ãi wZbwU cÖwZkã w`‡q evK¨ ˆZwi Ki|
4. †Zvgvi GjvKvi m‡½ PiKvevi mv`„k¨ I êmv`„k¨¸‡jv †jL|
iPbv
Avgv‡ì RvZxq cZvKv
f~wgKv : RvZxq cZvKv GKwU ¯^vaxb RvwZi mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i cÖZxK| ZvB cÖwZwU ¯^vaxb †`k I RvwZiB
GKwU RvZxq cZvKv Av‡Q| RvZxq cZvKv †`‡ki me gvbyl‡K †`k‡cÖ‡g DØy× K‡i| †h‡Kv‡bv ¯^vaxb
†`k ev RvwZ Zvi RvZxq cZvKv‡K m‡e©v”P m¤§vb cÖ`k©b K‡i _v‡K|
RvZxq cZvKvi AvKvi I AvK…wZ : evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq cZvKvq Nb meyR i‡Oi Ici D`xqgvb m~‡h©i
i‡Oi GKwU jvj e„Ë _vK‡e| RvZxq cZvKvi ˆ`N©¨ I cÖ‡¯’i AbycvZ 10:6| cZvKvi ˆ`N©¨ hw` 305
†mw›UwgUvi nq (10 dzU) nq, cÖ¯’ 183 †mw›UwgUvi (6 dzU ) n‡e| jvj e„ËwUi e¨vmva© n‡e cZvKvi
ˆ`‡N©ï cuvP fv‡Mi GK fvM| Avgv‡ì RvZxq cZvKvi wWRvBb K‡i‡Qb wkíx Kvgi“j nvmvb|
gyw³hy× I ¯^vaxbZvi cÖZxK : evsjv‡`k GKwU ¯^vaxb I mve©‡fŠg ivóª| G‡`‡k mKj a‡g©i gvby‡li
emevm i‡q‡Q| wKš‘‘ ag© Avjv`v n‡jI mevi †fZ‡i i‡q‡Q GKB RvwZmËv| Avi Zv n‡jv evOvwj
RvwZmËv| eû Z¨v‡Mi wewbg‡q gyw³hy‡×i ga¨ w`‡q Avgiv ¯^vaxbZv jvf K‡iwQ| jvj-mey‡Ri cZvKv
Avgv‡ì †m ¯§„wZ‡KB enb Ki‡Q| G cZvKv Avgv‡ì msMÖv‡gi BwZnvm‡K Zz‡j a‡i me cÖR‡b¥i
mvg‡b|
RvZxq cZvKvi we‡klZ¡ : Avgv‡ì RvZxq cZvKvi meyR is evsjv‡`‡ki k¨vgj cÖK…wZi w`KwU‡K
Zz‡j a‡i‡Q | jvj is Zz‡j a‡i‡Q beRvMi‡Yi K_v| GQvov ¯^vaxbZv AR©‡bi Rb¨ G †`‡ki gvbyl †h
i³ w`‡q‡Q Zvi Bw½ZI enb K‡i jvj is| †gvUK_v, Avgv‡ì †`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv I cÖK…wZ‡K aviY K‡i
Av‡Q RvZxq cZvKv|
RvZxq cZvKvi ¸i“Z¡ : RvZxq cZvKv Avgv‡ì mKj êlg¨ `~i K‡i †`q| Avgiv G cZvKvi
QvqvZ‡j GK‡Î wgwjZ nB| Avgiv ci¯ú‡ii g‡a¨ mKj †f`v‡f` fy‡j hvB| GQvov AvZ¥¯^v_© Z¨vM
K‡i †`‡ki Rb¨ me©¯^ Z¨vM Kivi †cÖiYvI Avgiv RvZxq cZvKv †_‡K cvB| Avgv‡ì wk¶v, ms¯‹…wZ
I AMÖMwZi m‡½ RvZxq cZvKv Mfxifv‡e Rwo‡q Av‡Q| wngvj‡qi P~ov †_‡K kyi“ K‡i Avgv‡ì †h
†Kv‡bv AR©‡bB RvZxq cZvKv mevi Av‡M Avgv‡ì nv‡Z D‡V Av‡m| Avgv‡ì †MŠiegq BwZnv‡mi
¯§viK RvZxq cZvKv| ïay eZ©gv‡bi bq, fwel¨‡Zi mKj Kg©‡cÖiYvi DrmI Avgv‡ì RvZxq cZvKv|
RvZxq cZvKvi m¤§vb : RvZxq cZvKvi Rb¨ Avgiv Me©‡eva Kwi| ZvB G‡K m¤§vb Kiv Avgv‡ì
GKvš— `vwqZ¡| we`¨vj‡q RvZxq cZvKv D‡ËvjbKv‡j Zvi cÖwZ kª×v cÖ`k©b Kiv Avgv‡ì cweÎ
KZ©e¨| GQvov Ab¨vb¨ ¯’v‡b ev Abyôv‡b hLbB RvZxq cZvKv cÖ`k©b Kiv †nvK bv †Kb, ZLbB ùvwo‡q
Zvi cÖwZ Avgv‡ì m¤§vb cÖ`k©b Kiv DwPZ| †h RvZxq cZvKv‡K m¤§vb K‡i bv, †m mK‡ji N„Yvi
cvÎ| Zv‡K mK‡j †`k‡`ªvnx wn‡m‡e wPwýZ K‡i|
iPbv 93
Dcmsnvi : RvZxq cZvKv Avgv‡ì mK‡ji Kv‡Q AZ¨š— gh©v`vi I m¤§v‡bi| ey‡Ki i³ w`‡q n‡jI
Gi m¤§vb i¶v Kiv Avgv‡ì KZ©e¨| Avgv‡ì j¶ j¶ exi kwn` G cZvKvi Rb¨B Zvu‡ì Rxeb`vb
K‡i‡Qb| hLb bxj AvKv‡ki gv‡S Avgv‡ì G cZvKv Do‡Z _v‡K, ZLb Zv †`‡L M‡e© Avgv‡ì eyK
f‡i hvq|
Avgv‡ì MÖvg
f~wgKv : mey‡R k¨vg‡j fiv Avgv‡ì G‡`‡ki †ewki fvM ¯’vbRy‡o i‡q‡Q MÖvg| Avgv‡ì G MÖvg¸‡jv
†hb mey‡Ri jxjvf~wg| MÖv‡gi meyR cÖK…wZ †h‡Kv‡bv gvby‡li ü`q‡K cÖkvwš—‡Z †`q| MÖv‡gi kvš—
cwi‡ek gvby‡li mKj K¬vwš— `~i K‡i| MÖvgB G‡`‡ki cÖvY|
MÖv‡gi Ae¯’vb : Avgv‡ì MÖv‡gi bvg iZbcyi| GwU XvKv †Rjvi †`vnvi Dc‡Rjvi Aš—M©Z| Gi cvk
w`‡q e‡q †M‡Q BQvgZx b`x| b`xi `ycv‡ki cÖvK…wZK †kvfv G MÖvg‡K Ac~e© †mŠ›`h© `vb K‡i‡Q| XvKv
†_‡K moK c‡_ Lye mn‡RB Avgv‡ì MÖv‡g Avmv hvq|
MÖv‡gi cÖvK…wZK †mŠ›`h© : Avgv‡ì MÖvgLvwb Qwei g‡Zv| Avg-Rvg, KvuVvj-wjPz, bvwi‡Kj-mycvwi,
wkgyj-cjvk, Zvj-Zgvj Avi bvbvRv‡Zi MvQcvjvq mymw¾Z Avgv‡ì GB MÖvg| †SvcSvo
jZvcvZvi wbweo NwbôZv mevi gb †K‡o †bq| cvLcvLvwji KjK~R‡b me mgqB gyLi _v‡K
MÖvgLvwb| w`Mš—we¯—…Z dm‡ji gvV, avb-KvD‡bi nvZQvwb, wbSzg `ycy‡i e‡Ui Qvqvq ivLv‡ji evuwk
D`vm K‡i gbcÖvY| w`Nx-†Wvev, wej-wSjÑ Kx GK Ac~e© †mŠ›`‡h©i mÂq!
MÖv‡gi gvbyl : Avgv‡ì MÖv‡g gymjgvb, wn›`y I wLª÷vb a‡g©i gvbyl evm K‡i| Zv‡ì g‡a¨ mv¤cÖ`vwqK
†Kv‡bv †f`v‡f` †bB| cÖ‡Z¨‡KB cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki a‡g©i cÖwZ kª×vkxj| ZvB me gvbyl GLv‡b my‡L-kvwš—‡Z
emevm K‡i|
MÖv‡gi gvby‡li RxweKv : Avgv‡ì MÖv‡gi †ewki fvM gvbylB K„wlKv‡Ri m‡½ RwoZ| GQvov wKQz †R‡j
Ges ZuvwZI GLv‡b i‡q‡Q| wKQz gvbyl †jLvcov wk‡L kn‡i PvKwi K‡i| Z‡e †m msL¨v wbZvš—B Kg|
GQvov wKQz gvbyl w`bgyRywi K‡i RxweKv wbe©vn K‡i|
MÖv‡gi A_©‰bwZK Drm : evsjv‡`‡ki †ewkifvM MÖv‡gi gvbylB K…wli Dci wbf©ikxj| Z‡e Avgv‡ì
MÖv‡gi wPÎ GKUz wfbœ| MÖv‡gi †ewkifvM cwiev‡iiB GKRb K‡i †`‡ki evB‡i _v‡K| Zv‡ì cvVv‡bv
ê‡`wkK gy`ªv G MÖv‡gi gvby‡li Avw_©K Ae¯’v‡K gReyZ K‡i‡Q| MÖv‡gi Av‡qi Av‡iKwU eo Drm
KzwUi wkí| cÖvq cÖwZwU evwo‡ZB bKkxKuv_v, D‡ji ˆZwi MvwjPv, cv‡Ui ˆZwi bvbv M„nm¾vi cY¨ ˆZwi
nq| G¸‡jv kn‡i wewµ K‡i MÖv‡gi gvbyl cÖPzi A_© Avq K‡i| GQvov K…wlRvZ cY¨ †hgb : avb, cvU,
Mg I bvbv ai‡bi mewR ZiKvwi wewµ K‡iI MÖv‡gi gvbyl A_© †ivRMvi K‡i| cÖwZ eyaevi MÖv‡g nvU
e‡m| nv‡U kn‡ii †jvKRb G‡m mivmwi fv‡e MÖv‡gi K…lK‡ì KvQ †_‡K K…wlRvZ cY¨ msMªn K‡i|
MÖv‡gi cÖwZôvb : Avgv‡ì MÖv‡g GKwU cÖv_wgK I GKwU gva¨wgK we`¨vjq i‡q‡Q| GQvov GKwU
Kvwgj gv`ªvmv i‡q‡Q| Av‡iv i‡q‡Q GKwU ¯^v¯’¨ Kg‡c−· I `ywU †emiKvwi Awdm| ag©xq cÖwZôv‡bi
g‡a¨ wZbwU gmwR`, GKwU gw›ì I GKwU wMR©v i‡q‡Q| MÖv‡gi †klcÖv‡š— i‡q‡Q GKwU †cv÷ Awdm|
MÖv‡gi ms¯‹…wZ : mvs¯‹…wZKfv‡e Avgv‡ì MÖvg LyeB DbœZ| ag©xq AvPvi Abyôv‡bi cvkvcvwk GLv‡b bvbv
ai‡bi †gjv I mvs¯‹…wZK Abyôvb cwiPvwjZ nq| †hgb : ˆPÎ gv‡mi †k‡l ˆPÎmsµvwš—i †gjv, êkvL
gv‡m êkvwL †gjv, ANÖvY gv‡m bevbœ Abyôvb, †cŠl gv‡m wcVvi Abyôvb BZ¨vw`| MÖv‡gi gymwjg I wn›`y
we‡q‡Z †jvKR Mvb, bvP I Lvev‡ii Av‡qvRb Kiv nq| GQvov wewfbœ RvZxq wè‡m ¯‹z‡j Abyôv‡bi
cvkvcvwk ¯’vbxqfv‡eI †jvKRb bvbv Abyôv‡bi Av‡qvRb K‡i _v‡K|
¯^vaxbZv msMÖv‡g MÖv‡gi Ae`vb : gnvb gyw³hy‡× G MÖv‡gi gvby‡li Ae`vb A‡bK| G MÖv‡gi gvby‡li
mvnwmKZv I exi‡Z¡ cvwK¯—vwb evwnbx G MÖv‡g cÖ‡e‡ki Lye GKUv my‡hvM cvqwb| gyw³hy‡×i mgq G
AÂ‡ji `yRb AvÂwjK KgvÛvi G MÖv‡g †_‡KB hy× cwiPvjbv K‡i‡Qb| cvwK¯—vwb evwnbxi MwZ‡iva
Kivi j‡¶¨ G MÖv‡gi GK †Q‡j weªR aŸsm K‡Z wM‡q kwn` n‡q‡Qb| Zuvi Ges gyw³hy‡× Av‡iv hviv
kwn` n‡q‡Qb Zv‡ì ¯§i‡Y MÖv‡g GKwU kwn` wgbvi ¯’vcb Kiv n‡q‡Q|
Dcmsnvi : Avgv‡ì iZbcyi MÖvg Avgv‡ì Kv‡Q Lye wcÖq| G MÖv‡gi cÖK…wZ gvqvq Rov‡bv| iZbcy‡ii
gvbyl mnR, mij I AwZw_civqY| BQvgZx b`xi †mŠ›`h© G MÖvg‡K K‡i‡Q Ab¨ me MÖvg †_‡K
Avjv`v| iZbcyi MÖv‡gi me †kÖwY-†ckvi gvbyl wg‡jwg‡k emevm K‡i|
`k©bxq ¯’vb
f~wgKv : BwZnvm I HwZ‡n¨ mg„× Avgv‡ì evsjv‡`k| wewfbœ mgq wewfbœ kvmK G‡`k‡K kvmb
K‡i‡Qb| Zviv ˆZwi K‡i‡Qb wewfbœ myig¨ cÖmv`, gw›ì gmwR` BZ¨vw`| G¸‡jv GLb Avgv‡ì `k©bxq
¯’v‡b cwiYZ n‡q‡Q| GQvov Avgv‡ì †`k cÖvK…wZKfv‡eI g‡bvig| G‡`‡ki eb, cvnvo, mgy`ª,
R½jI Avgv‡ì `k©bxq ¯’v‡b cwiYZ n‡q‡Q|
evsjv‡`‡ki `k©bxq ¯’vb : evsjv‡`k HwZnvwmK `k©bxq ¯’vb¸‡jvi g‡a¨ D‡j−L‡hvM¨ n‡jv :
w`bvRcy‡ii Kvš—Rx gw›ì, bIMuvi cvnvocyi, e¸ovi gnv¯’vbMo, bv‡Uv‡ii w`NvcwZqv ivRevwo (DËiv
MYfeb) I ivwb fevbxi evwo, cywVqvi Rwg`vievwo, MvRxcy‡ii fvIqvj ivRevwo, XvKvi Avnmvb
gwÄj, bvivqYM‡Äi †mvbvi Muv, Kzwgj−vi gqbvgwZ BZ¨vw`| cÖvK…wZK `k©bxq ¯’vb¸‡jvi g‡a¨
D‡j−L‡hvM¨ n‡jv : w`bvRcy‡ii ivgmvMi, bv‡Uv‡ii Pjbwej, †bÎ‡Kvbvi wewowmwe, wm‡j‡Ui Rvdjs,
K·evRvi mgy`ª‰mKZ BZ¨vw`|
`k©bxq ¯’vb wn‡m‡e bv‡Uvi : ivRkvnx wefv‡Mi GKwU †Rjv kni bv‡Uvi| Gi DË‡i i‡q‡Q bIMuv I
e¸ov †Rjv, `w¶‡Y cvebv I Kzwóqv †Rjv, c~‡e© cvebv I wmivRMÄ †Rjv Ges cwð‡g ivRkvnx †Rjv
iPbv 95
Aew¯’Z| bv‡Uvi †Rjvi BwZnvm I HwZn¨ †ek cÖvPxb I mg„×| GLv‡b HwZnvwmK I cªvK…wZK Dfq
ai‡bi `k©bxq ¯’vb i‡q‡Q|
bv‡Uv‡ii HwZnvwmK ¯’vb : 1869 mv‡j bv‡Uvi gnvKzgv wn‡m‡e cÖwZôv cvq| 1959 mv‡j bv‡Uvi
c~Yv©½ †Rjvq cwiYZ nq| cªvPxb kni nIqvq bv‡Uv‡i A‡bK HwZnvwmK ¯’vcbv j¶ Kiv hvq| Zvi
g‡a¨ w`NvcwZqv ivRevwo I †QvUZid ivRevwo D‡j−L‡hvM¨| ivwb fevbxi KxwZ© bv‡Uv‡ii gvbyl
GLbI kª×vf‡i ¯§iY K‡i|
ivwb fevbxi KxwZ© : GKRb `¶ Rwg`vi cÖRvìw` wn‡m‡e ivwb fevbxi bvg me©Rbwew`Z| wZwb
Abvo¤î Rxebhvc‡bi m‡½ m‡½ mgvRwn‰Zlx I D`vi g‡bvfv‡ei AwaKvix wQ‡jb| wZwb kZ kZ
gw›ì, AwZw_kvjv I iv¯—v wbg©vY K‡ib| cÖRv‡ì cvbxq R‡ji Afve `~i Kivi Rb¨ wZwb A‡bK¸‡jv
cyKzi Lbb K‡ib| wZwb wk¶vwe¯—v‡i AvMÖnx wQ‡jb|
w`NvcwZqv ivRevwo : bv‡Uvi kni †_‡K cÖvq 2.40 wK‡jvwgUvi `~‡i w`NvcwZqv ivRevwo Aew¯’Z|
ivRv `qvivg ivq G ivRevwo cÖwZôv K‡ib| wKš‘ 1897 mv‡j bv‡Uv‡i GK fqven f~wgK¤ú nq| G‡Z
w`NvcwZqv ivRevwo gvivZ¥K ¶wZMÖ¯— nq| c‡i †`wk-we‡`wk ¯’cwZ I wkíx‡ì Øviv ivRv cÖg`vbv_
ivq ivRevwowU cybwbg©vY K‡ib| G ivRevwowU cÖvq 43 GKi Rwgi Dci wbwg©Z| mg¯— ivRevwowU DuPz
†`qvj Øviv Ave„Z| ivRevwo‡Z †XvKvi gy‡L GKwU wmsnØvi i‡q‡Q| G wmsnØv‡ii `ycÖv‡š— `ywU Kvgvb
i‡q‡Q Ges gv_vi Dc‡i i‡q‡Q GKwU my`„k¨ eo Nwo| g~jfe‡bi †fZ‡ii mvRm¾v I AvmevecÎ
GLbI gvbyl‡K wew¯§Z K‡i| fe‡bi †cQb w`‡K i‡q‡Q GKwU evMvb| GLv‡b `y®cÖvc¨ A‡bK MvQ
Av‡Q| mg¯— ivRevwowU GKwU Mfxi wSj Øviv cwi‡ewóZ| 1967 mv‡j ZrKvjxb Mfb©i †gvbv‡qg Lvb
w`NvcwZqv ivRevwo‡K Ôw`NvcwZqv Mfb©i nvDmÕ wn‡m‡e cÖwZôv K‡ib| evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZvi ci
e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb w`NvcwZqv ivRevwo‡K ÔDËiv MYfebÕ bv‡g ¯^xK…wZ cÖ`vb K‡ib|
†QvUZid ivRevwo : bv‡Uvi †Rjvi e½Rj bvgK ¯’v‡b †QvUZid ivRevwo Aew¯’Z| ivRv P›`ªbv_
ivq, †hv‡M›`ªbv_ ivq, Rx‡Z›`ªbv_ ivq I ex‡i›`ªbv_ iv‡qi ZË¡veav‡b ivRevwowU cwiPvwjZ n‡Zv|
eZ©gv‡b GwU cÖZœZË¡ Awa`ß‡ii Aax‡b i‡q‡Q| †QvU Zi‡di †fZ‡i A‡bK¸‡jv Mfxi cyKzi i‡q‡Q|
ivRevwoi mxgvi g‡a¨ gw›ì i‡q‡Q mvZwU| GQvov `ywU eo eo feb Ges †ek K‡qKwU †QvU †QvU
feb i‡q‡Q|
Pjbwej : bv‡Uv‡ii cÖvK…wZK `k©bxq ¯’vb¸‡jvi g‡a¨ Pjbwej Ab¨Zg| el©vi mgq Pjbwej cvwb‡Z
f‡i hvq| ZLb Gi †mŠ›`‡h© AvK…ó n‡q A‡bK ch©UK GLv‡b †eov‡Z Av‡m| Pjbwe‡ji Dci †bŠKvq
Ny‡i Zviv Gi cÖvK…wZK †mŠ›`h© m¤ú~Y©fv‡e Dc‡fvM K‡i|
bv‡Uv‡ii KuvPv‡Mvj−v : HwZnvwmKfv‡e bv‡Uv‡ii KuvPv‡Mvj−v wgwó mycÖwm×| `ya Øviv KuvPv‡Mvj−v cÖ¯‘Z
Kiv nq| ïay evsjv‡`‡k bq, wek¦e¨vcx G wgwói L¨vwZ i‡q‡Q|
Dcmsnvi : wkíxi Zzwj‡Z AvuKv Qwei g‡Zv my›ì evsjv‡`k| evsjv‡`‡ki †mŠ›`‡h©i †Kv‡bv Zzjbv
†bB| HwZnvwmK I cÖvK…wZK Dfq w`K †_‡KB Avgv‡ì †`k mg„×| Avgiv A‡b‡KB UvKv LiP K‡i
†`‡ki evB‡ii †mŠ›`h© †`L‡Z hvB| wKš‘ Avgv‡ì †`k †h †mŠ›`‡h©i jxjvf~wg Zv nq‡Zv A‡b‡KB
Rvwb bv| †`k‡K fv‡jvfv‡e wP‡b-†R‡b †`‡ki †mŠ›`h© Dc‡fv‡M Avgv‡ì Zrci nIqv DwPZ |
evsjv‡`‡ki b`b`x
f~wgKv : Kwe Rxebvb›` `vk evsjv‡`‡k AmsL¨ b`xi mgv‡ek †`‡L G‡K ÔRjv½xi †XD‡q †fRv evsjvÕ
e‡j AwfwnZ K‡i‡Qb| †QvU-eo cÖvq mvZ k b`x G †`k‡K wN‡i i‡q‡Q| b`x‡K wN‡i M‡o D‡V‡Q
G‡`‡ki A‡bK Rbc`| gv‡qi g‡Zv †mœn w`‡q b`x¸‡jv G‡`k wN‡i †i‡L‡Q| ZvB G‡`k‡K b`xgvZ…K
†`k ejv nq|
evsjv‡`‡ki cÖavb cÖavb b`b`x : evsjv‡`‡ki me b`xi GKwU m¤ú~Y© ZvwjKv cÖ¯‘Z Kiv †ek KwVb
KvR| Z‡e G‡`‡ki cÖavb wKQz b`xi bvg Avgv‡ì meviB Rvbv| †m¸‡jv n‡jv : cÙv, †gNbv, hgybv,
eªþcyÎ, KY©dzwj I gvZvgyûix|
cÙv : evsjv‡`‡ki cÖavb b`x cÙv| wngvj‡qi M‡½vÎx wngevû †_‡K Gi DrcwË| fvi‡Z G b`xi bvg
M½v| g~jZ M½v b`xi †h avivwU evsjv‡`‡k cÖ‡ek K‡i‡Q, Zvi bvgB cÙv| G b`x ivRkvnx †Rjvi
`w¶Y w`K w`‡q cÖevwnZ n‡q †Mvqvj‡›ì wbKU hgybv b`xi m‡½ wgwjZ n‡q‡Q| cÙvi cÖavb
kvLvb`x¸‡jv n‡”Q : Kzgvi, gv_vfv½v, ˆfie, MovB, gaygZx I Avwoqvj Luv| gnvb›`v cÙvi cÖavb
Dcb`x|
†gNbv : †gNbv b`xi Rb¥ Avmv‡gi cvnv‡o| wm‡j‡Ui myigv I Kzwkqviv b`xi wgwjZ †mªvZ
AvRwgwiM‡Äi Kv‡Q G‡m ÔKvjbxÕ bv‡g cwiwPwZ †c‡q‡Q| †k‡l gqgbwmsn †Rjvi ˆfieevRv‡ii
Kv‡Q G‡m G b`x †gNbv bvg aviY K‡i‡Q| eªvþYevwoqvi wZZvm I Puv`cy‡ii WvKvwZqv †gNbvi `ywU
cÖavb kvLv b`x| †MvgZx, gby, evDjvB †gNbvi Dcb`x|
hgybv : hgybvi Drm wngvjq ce©‡Z| hgybv b`x †Mvqvj‡›ì Kv‡Q G‡m cÙvb`xi m‡½ wgwjZ n‡q‡Q|
a‡jk¦ix hgybvi cÖavb kvLvb`x| aijv, wZ¯—v, Ki‡Zvqv I AvÎvB hgybvi Dcb`x|
KY©dzwj : KY©dzwj b`xi Rb¥ Avmv‡gi jymvB cvnv‡o| iv½vgvwU I PÆMÖv‡gi Dci w`‡q cÖevwnZ n‡q G
b`x e‡½vcmvM‡i c‡o‡Q| G b`xi ˆ`N©¨ cÖvq 274 wK‡jvwgUvi| KY©dzwj b`x AZ¨š— Li‡mªvZv| G
b`xi Dci euva w`‡qB wbwg©Z n‡q‡Q KvßvB cvwb we`y¨r †K›`ª| G b`xi Zx‡iB M‡o D‡V‡Q KY©dzwj
KvMR I †ikg wkí-KviLvbv| KY©dzwji cÖavb Dcb`x n‡”Q nvj`v, †evqvjLvjx I Kvmvjs|
iPbv 97
eªþcyÎ : wngvjq ce©‡Zi ˆKjvm k„‡½i gvbm m‡ive‡i G b`xi DrcwË| wZeŸ‡Zi c~e© w`K I Avmv‡gi
cwðg w`K w`‡q G b`x cÖevwnZ n‡q KzwoMÖvg †Rjvi ga¨ w`‡q G b`x evsjv‡`‡k cÖ‡ek K‡i‡Q| eskx
I kxZj¶¨v eªþcy‡Îi cÖavb kvLv b`x| aijv I wZ¯—v Gi Dcb`x|
Avgv‡ì ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡b b`-b`xi cÖfve : b`xi m‡½ Avgv‡ì Rxeb Mfxifv‡e RwoZ| Avgv‡ì
hvZvqv‡Zi Ab¨Zg cÖavb gva¨g n‡”Q b`xc_| b`x‡K wN‡i M‡o D‡V‡Q G‡`‡ki A‡bK eëmv-
evwYR¨‡K›`ª| Avgv‡ì K…wl‡¶Î A‡bKvs‡kB b`xi Dci wbf©ikxj| G‡`‡ki Kwe-mvwnwZ¨K I wkíxiv
b`x‡K wb‡q m„wó K‡i‡Qb AmsL¨ mvwnZ¨Kg© |
b`-b`xi DcKvwiZv : evsjv‡`k‡K mey‡R-k¨vg‡j f‡i †Zvjvi †cQ‡b b`-b`xi f~wgKv Acwimxg|
b`xi cvwb‡Z e‡q Avmv cwj cÖvK…wZKfv‡e Avgv‡ì gvwU‡K De©i K‡i‡Q| Avgv‡ì K…wli AMÖMwZ‡Z
ZvB b`xi e~wgKv †ek ¸i“Z¡c~Y©| K…wl‡¶Î QvovI b`x¸‡jv wgVv cvwbi gv‡Qi Ab¨Zg Drm| b`x‡Z
gvQ a‡i RxweKv wbe©vn K‡i AmsL¨ gvbyl| †`kxq cÖ‡qvRb wgwU‡qI gvQ we‡`‡k ißvwb K‡i cÖPzi
ê‡`wkK gy`ªv Avq Kiv nq| GQvov cwienb-msµvš— Kv‡RI b`x‡K eënvi Kiv nq| GK‡kªwYi gvbyl
G KvR K‡iB Zv‡ì RxweKv wbe©vn K‡i|
b`-b`xi AcKvwiZv : b`xi wKQz AcKvwiZvI Avgv‡ì †Pv‡L c‡o| el©vKv‡j b`x¸‡jv dz‡j-†du‡c
I‡V| ZLb eb¨v †`Lv †`q| GQvov b`xi cÖej †mªv‡Z fvOb ïi“ nq| KLbI KLbI †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv
MÖvg fvO‡Z fvO‡Z b`xi gv‡S m¤ú~Y© nvwi‡q hvq| Gi d‡j ¶wZMÖ¯— nq gvby‡li Nievwo, RwgRgv,
MvQcvjv, Mevw`cï I M„nmvgMÖx| A‡bK mgq b`xi cÖej †mªv‡Z gvby‡li RxebnvwbI N‡U| GK
M‡elYvq †`Lv †M‡Q, evsjv‡`‡k cÖwZeQi cÖvq `k j¶ gvbyl b`xfvO‡bi wkKvi nq|
Dcmsnvi : b`-b`x evsjv‡`k‡K K‡i‡Q mg„×| G‡`k‡K wN‡i †i‡L‡Q Pviw`K †_‡K| b`-b`x¸‡jv
G‡`‡ki †MŠie| Z‡e eZ©gv‡b †m †MŠie ¤−vb n‡Z P‡j‡Q| b`x¸‡jv fivU n‡q nvwi‡q †dj‡Q Zv‡ì
¯^vfvweK MwZc_| ZvB G wel‡q GLbB Avgv‡ì Kvh©Ki c`‡¶c †bIqv DwPZ|
RvZxq Kwe KvRx bRi“j Bmjvg

f~wgKv : Ô_vKe bv K e× N‡i/ †`Le Gevi RMrUv‡K
†Kgb K‡i Nyi‡Q gvbyl/ hyMvš—‡ii N~wY©cv‡K|Õ
(msKí : KvRx bRi“j Bmjvg)
A‡bK L¨vwZgvb Kwei KweZvq evsjv mvwnZ¨ mg„× n‡q‡Q| Z‡e KvRx bRi“j Bmjvg Zuv‡ì g‡a¨
e¨wZµg| wZwb we‡`ªvnx Kwe, gvbeZvi Kwe, †cÖ‡gi Kwe| wZwb Avgv‡ì RvZxq Kwe| evsjv fvlv-fvlx
gvbyl evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ Zuvi Ae`vb †Kv‡bv w`b fyj‡e bv|
Kwei Rb¥cwiPq : 1899 mv‡ji 24 †g (1306 e½v‡ãi 11 ˆRô¨) cwðge‡½i ea©gvb †Rjvi Pyi“wjqv
MÖv‡g Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| Zuvi wcZvi bvg KvRx dwKi Avng` Ges gvZvi bvg Rv‡q`v LvZzb| †Q‡j‡ejvq
bRi“‡ji bvg wQj `ytLy wgqv|
Kwei wk¶vRxeb : †QvU †_‡KB bRi“j wQ‡jb AZ¨š— †gavex| MÖv‡gi g³e¨ †_‡K wZwb cÖvBgvwi cvm
K‡ib| Gici wZwb gqgbwms‡ni wÎkv‡ji `wiivgcyi nvB¯‹z‡j wKQzKvj cov‡jLv K‡ib| Zvici wZwb
fwZ© nb ea©gvb †Rjvi ivbxMÄ wmqvi‡mvj ivR nvB¯‹z‡j| GLv‡b `kg †kªwYi QvÎ _vKv Ae¯’vq wZwb
49 b¤î †e½wj †iwR‡g‡›U ˆmwbK n‡q cÖ_g gnvhy‡× †hvM`vb K‡ib| bRi“‡ji cÖvwZôvwbK
cov‡kvbvi GLv‡bB BwZ N‡U|
Kwei Kg©Rxeb : bRi“j ev‡iv eQi eq‡m †j‡Uvi Mv‡bi `‡j †hvM †`b| †mLvb †_‡K wZwb mvgvb¨
wKQz †ivRMvi Ki‡Zb| Gici wZwb Avmvb‡mv‡ji GK i“wUi †`vKv‡b gvwmK GK UvKv †eZ‡b PvKwi
†bb| evOvwj cë‡b ˆmwbK wn‡m‡e wKQzKvj AwZevwnZ Kivi ci Kve¨mvabv wZwb cy‡ivcywi wb‡qvwRZ
nb| mvsevw`K wn‡m‡eI wZwb h‡_ó K…wZZ¡ †`wL‡q‡Qb| Zuvi m¤úv`bvq cÖKvwkZ nq behyM, jvOj I
a~g‡KZz cwÎKv| cwÎKv¸‡jv h‡_ó RbwcÖq n‡qwQj|
Kwei Kve¨cÖwZfv : 1920 mvj †_‡K bRi“j cy‡ivcywi mvwnZ¨ iPbvq g‡bvwb‡ek K‡ib| Zuvi cÖ_g
cÖKvwkZ KweZvi bvg Ôgyw³Õ| wKš‘ †h KweZv Zuv‡K L¨vwZ G‡b †`q Zvi bvg Ôwe‡`ªvnxÕ| cieZ©xKv‡j
wZwb we‡`ªvnx Kwe wn‡m‡e mgwaK cwiwPwZ jvf K‡ib| ÔAvb›`gqxi AvMg‡bÕ KweZvwU iPbv K‡i wZwb
weªwUk kvmK‡ì e¨½ K‡iwQ‡jb| G Kvi‡Y Zuv‡K KviveiYI Ki‡Z n‡q‡Q|
mvwnZ¨KxwZ© : KvRx bRi“j Bmjvg Lye Aí mgq mvwnZ¨ mvabvi my‡hvM †c‡qwQ‡jb| Zvi g‡a¨B wZwb
iPbv K‡iwQ‡jb AwMœexYv, we‡li euvkx, PµevK, †`vjbPuvcv, dwYgbmv cÖf„wZ Kve¨MÖš’ I Kz‡nwjKv,
g„Zy¨¶zav cÖf…wZ Dcb¨vm| wZwb cÖvq `ynvRv‡ii g‡Zv Mvb iPbv K‡i‡Qb| Zuvi Mv‡bi my‡ii êwPÎ¨
Avgv‡ì gy» K‡i| gvbyl GLbI kª×v mnKv‡i Zuvi Mvb¸‡jv †kv‡b|
msea©bv, m¤§vbbv I cyi¯‹vi : 1929 mv‡j KjKvZv A¨vjevU© n‡j bRi“j‡K RvwZi c¶ †_‡K m¤§vbbv
Rvbv‡bv nq| 1938 mv‡j KjKvZvq AbywôZ e½xq gymjgvb mvwnZ¨ m‡¤§j‡b bRi“j‡K mfvcwZi
c‡` mgvmxb K‡i m¤§vb †`Lv‡bv nq| 1945 mv‡j KjKvZv wek¦we`¨vjq bRi“j‡K ÔRMËvwiYx
¯^Y©c`KÕ cÖ`vb K‡i| 1960 mv‡j fviZ miKvi Zuv‡K cÙf~lY Dcvwa †`q| XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq †_‡K
1975 mv‡j Zuv‡K wW.wjU. Dcvwa cÖ`vb Kiv nq| 1976 mv‡j wZwb GKz‡k c`K jvf K‡ib|
Kwei Amy¯’Zv : 1942 mv‡j Kwe gw¯—‡®‹i c¶vNvZ †iv‡M Avµvš— n‡q Amy¯’ n‡q c‡ob| Zuv‡K
wPwKrmvi Rb¨ we‡k¦i wewfbœ †`‡k cvVv‡bv n‡jI my¯’ nbwb wZwb| Gici †_‡K g„Zyï c~e© ch©š— wZwb
wQ‡jb wbe©vK|
iPbv 99
Kwei evsjv‡`‡k AvMgb : 1972 mv‡j e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingv‡bi cÖ‡Póvq Amy¯’ Kwe‡K XvKvq Avbv
nq| Zuv‡K evsjv‡`‡ki bvMwiKZ¡ cÖ`vb Kiv nq Ges RvZxq Kwei gh©v`vq AwawôZ Kiv nq|
g„Zz¨ : evsjv‡`‡k Ae¯’vbKv‡j 1976 mv‡ji 29 AvM÷ Kwe g„ZzëiY K‡ib| XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq
gmwR` cÖv½‡Y Zuv‡K c~Y© mvgwiK gh©v`vq `vdb Kiv nq| cÖwZeQiB Zuvi Rb¥ I g„Zyëvwl©Kx‡Z Zuvi
mgvwa‡Z mevB kª×v Ávcb K‡i|
Dcmsnvi : evOvwji Me© bRi“j| evOvwji wcªq Kwe bRi“j| wZwb Zuvi m„wói ØvivB evsjv mvwn‡Z¨
AgiZ¡ †c‡q‡Qb| evOvwj RvwZ wPiKvj Zuv‡K kª×vf‡i ¯§iY Ki‡e| Zuvi mvwnZ¨ hyM hyM a‡i Ab¨v‡qi
wei“‡× cÖwZev` Ki‡Z Avgv‡ì †cÖiYv †RvMv‡e| bRi“j ïay GKwU mg‡qi Kwe bb| wZwb me mg‡qi
me gvby‡li Kwe|
Kx ai‡bi eB Avgvi co‡Z fv‡jv jv‡M

f~wgKv : MíKvi I Jcb¨vwmK gvw·g †MvwK© e‡j‡Qb, ÔAvgvi g‡a¨ DËg e‡j hw` wKQz _v‡K Zvi Rb¨
Avwg eB‡qi Kv‡Q FYx|Õ mwZ¨Kvi A‡_©B eB gvby‡li g‡a¨ BwZevPK fvebvi Rb¥ †`q| gvby‡li
†PZbv‡K RvMÖZ K‡i| ZvB‡Zv eB Avgvi me‡P‡q wcÖq eÜz|
Avgvi eB covi ïi“i K_v : gv‡qi KvQ †_‡K eY©gvjv †kLvi ci cuvP eQi eq‡m Avgv‡K ¯‹z‡j fwZ©
K‡i †Ìqv nq| ¯‹z‡ji cvVëB ZLb Avgvi m½x nq | wKš‘ Zvi A‡bK Av‡M †_‡KB Avwg eB
coZvg| †QvU‡ejvq ÔVvKzigvi SzwjÕ Avgv‡K Lye Avb›` w`Z| G Mí¸‡jv Avwg wb‡R c‡o hZUv
Avb›` †cZvg, Zvi †P‡q A‡bK †ewk Avb›` †cZvg ï‡b| GQvov Ck‡ci Mí, †gvj−v bvwmiDÏx‡bi
Mí, exie‡ji Mí I †Mvcvj fuv‡oi Mí Avgvi co‡Z fv‡jv jvMZ| wKš‘ GLb Avwg G iKg eB cwo
bv| †Mv‡q›`v Mí, gyw³hy‡×i Mí QvovI AviI bvbviK‡gi M‡íi eB GLb Avgvi wbZ¨m½x|
Avgvi fv‡jv jvMvi eB : †Mv‡q›`v Mí co‡Z Avgvi me‡P‡q fv‡jv jv‡M| †Mv‡q›`v PwiÎ¸‡jvi g‡a¨
Ô†djy`vÕ Avgvi me‡P‡q wcÖq| Agi G Pwi‡Îi mªóv mZ¨wRr ivq| †djy`v‡K wb‡q mZ¨wRr ivq
A‡bK¸‡jv Mí wj‡L‡Qb| Zvi g‡a¨ D‡j−L‡hvM¨ n‡jv Rq evev †djybv_, KjKvZvq †djy`v, ev·
inm¨, †mvbvi †Kj−v, i‡qj †e½j inm¨, †kqvj inm¨ BZ¨vw`| Mí¸‡jv hLb Avwg cwo, ZLb Avgvi
g‡a¨ GK †ivgvÂKi Abyf~wZi m„wó nq| gv‡S gv‡S Avwg wb‡R‡K M‡íi PwiÎ wn‡m‡eI fve‡Z ïi“
Kwi| †djy`vi m‡½ _vKv Z‡c‡mi PwiÎ G‡¶‡Î Avgv‡K LyeB AvKl©Y K‡i| Avi RUvqyi PwiÎ Avgv‡K
Avb›` †`q| Z‡e †djy`vi PwiÎ GKK_vq AmvaviY| Mí¸‡jv hLb Avwg cwo, ZLb mgq †Kvb w`K
w`‡q †K‡U hvq Avgvi g‡bB _v‡K bv| me KvR fy‡j Mí¸‡jvi g‡a¨ Avwg wb‡R‡K Wywe‡q ivwL|
hZ¶Y GKwU Mí cov †kl bv nq, ZZ¶Y Avwg eB †Q‡o DV‡Z cvwi bv| GK Kíbvi RM‡Zi g‡a¨
Mí¸‡jv Avgv‡K †U‡b wb‡q hvq|
Avgvi Ab¨vb¨ eB‡qi msMÖn : †Mv‡q›`v Mí QvovI Avgvi msMÖ‡n gyw³hy‡×i eB, BwZnv‡mi eB, mv‡qÝ
wdKkb, MwY‡Zi eB I g¨vwRK †kLvi eB i‡q‡Q| †Mv‡q›`v Mí covi cvkvcvwk G eB¸‡jv co‡ZI
Avgvi fv‡jv jv‡M|
eB c‡o Avgvi cÖvwß : Avb›` cvIqvi Rb¨B Avwg g~jZ eB cwo| Z‡e †Mv‡q›`v Mí¸‡jv Avgv‡K
hyw³ev`x I weÁvbgb¯‹ n‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i‡Q| Avgvi Pvicv‡ki ARvbv RMr m¤ú‡K© Avgv‡K aviYv
w`‡q‡Q eB| we‡k¦i wewfbœ wel‡qi m‡½ Avgv‡K cwiPq Kwi‡q w`‡q‡Q eB| eB c‡o Avwg gvby‡li gb
I Zvi wPš—v m¤ú‡K© wewfbœ aviYv †c‡qwQ| fwel¨‡Z G Ávb Avgv‡K c_ Pj‡Z mvnvh¨ Ki‡e| Avgvi
cwievi, we`¨vjq I wk¶‡ì Kv‡Q Avgv‡K AvìYxq K‡i‡Q eB|
Dcmsnvi : eB Avgv‡K memgq mr c‡_ Pj‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| Avgvi gb Lvivc n‡j eÜzi g‡Zv Avgvi
cv‡k †_‡K eB Avgv‡K mvnvh¨ K‡i| eB c‡o Avwg gvby‡li Rb¨ fv‡jv wKQz Kivi †cÖiYv cvB| Ávb
I eyw×‡Z gvbyl‡K kvwYZ n‡Z n‡j eB‡qi †Kv‡bv weKí †bB| ZvB cÖ‡Z¨‡KiB eB cov DwPZ|
Avgvi Pvicv‡ki cÖK…wZ

f~wgKv : mey‡Ri Pv`‡i XvKv Avgv‡ì GB †`k| G‡`‡ki cÖvK„wZK †kvfv Avgv‡ì gy» K‡i| G‡`‡ki
cÖK…wZi iƒc eo wewPÎ| G‡`‡ki b`x, gvV, AiY¨, AvKvk, cvnvo †`‡L Avgiv cyjwKZ nB| Avgv‡ì
gvZ…f~wg Zvi Aciƒc Hk¦h© I m¤ú‡` Abb¨|
Pvicv‡ki cÖK…wZ : Avgvi Rb¥ I †e‡o IVv MÖv‡gi cwi‡e‡k| GLvbKvi gvV, NvU, eb I cÖvš—i
mewKQzi m‡½B Avgvi AvZ¥vi m¤úK©| ZvB G cÖKw… Z Avgvi Kv‡Q Ab¨ me ¯’v‡bi †P‡q A‡bK †ewk
Avcb|
eb-ebvbx : Avgvi Pviw`‡K mey‡Ri mgv‡ivn| †hw`‡K ZvKvB †mw`‡KB Nb meyR| Avg, Rvg, KuvVvj,
Zvj, bvwi‡Kj, eU, kvj, †m¸b, †gnMwb, KoBmn AviI KZ MvQ| Gme MvQMvQvwj wg‡j Pvicv‡k
GKUv e‡bi g‡Zv m„wó n‡q‡Q| Kwe RmxgD`&`x‡bi fvlvq :
e‡bi c‡i eb P‡j‡Q e‡bi bvwn †kl,
dz‡ji d‡ji myevm fiv G †Kvb cixi †`k
el©vi w`‡b hLb G e‡b e„wó Av‡m, ZLb g‡b nq cÖK…wZ †hb Zvi `ynvZ evwo‡q Avgv‡K WvK‡Q| Avevi
kx‡Zi w`‡b hLb MvQ¸‡jvi cvZv S‡i c‡o, ZLb cÖK…wZ‡K Amnvq g‡b nq| em‡š— bZzb cvZv G‡j
MvQ¸‡jv bZzb mv‡R †m‡R I‡V| ïay eo MvQ¸‡jvB bq, †QvU MvQ¸‡jvI Aciƒc †kvfv m„wó K‡i
Pvicv‡k|
iPbv 101
gvV-cÖvš—i : e‡bi w`K †_‡K †PvL †Nviv‡ZB avb‡LZ mvg‡b G‡m c‡o| hLb Zvi Dci w`‡q evZvm
e‡q hvq, ZLb g‡b nq mey‡Ri mgy`ª eywS nvZQvwb w`‡q WvK‡Q| cvU‡¶‡Zi cvU MvQ¸‡jvI †ek eo
n‡q‡Q| †mw`‡K ZvwK‡q gbUv Avb‡›` f‡i hv‡”Q| Mg‡L‡Zi Mg¸‡jv †c‡K D‡V‡Q| Zvi Dci hLb
m~‡h©i Av‡jv co‡Q, ZLb †mvbvwj Av‡jvq Pviw`K f‡i hv‡”Q| G gv‡VB kx‡Zi mgq †dv‡U m‡l©dzj|
ZLb Pviw`K njy` n‡q I‡V| †gŠgvwQi `j G‡m ZLb †mLvb †_‡K gay msMÖn K‡i|
Rjvkq : gvV cvi n‡q iv¯—vq Avm‡ZB GKUv eo cyKzi †Pv‡L c‡o| cyKz‡ii Pvwiw`‡K bvwi‡Kj I
KjvMvQ jvMv‡bv| cvwb Kv‡Pi g‡Zv ¯^”Q| Zvi GK †Kv‡Y dz‡U Av‡Q kvcjv dzj| gv‡S gv‡S GKUv
`y‡Uv gvQ jvd w`‡”Q Gw`K †_‡K Iw`‡K| `y‡Uv †Q‡j A‡bK DuPz GKUv Mv‡Qi Wvj †_‡K cyKz‡ii
cvwb‡Z Suvwc‡q covi m‡½ m‡½ Pviw`‡K †UD e‡q †Mj| cyKzicvo w`‡q mvg‡b Avm‡ZB GKUv wej
†Pv‡L c‡o| we‡j A‡bK cvwb| †R‡jiv †mLv‡b Rvj w`‡q gvQ ai‡Q| we‡ji cvwb‡Z nvjKv nvjKv
†UD| Z‡e el©vq Ggb _v‡K bv| ZLb A‡bK eo eo †UD Gcvi †_‡K Icvi Aewa e‡q hvq| we‡ji
Dc‡i wKQz †bŠKv †f‡m P‡j‡Q| wKQz gvbyl we‡ji Gcvi †_‡K Icvi hv‡”Q|
cïcvwL : MvO kvwjK, eK, †e‡j nuvm, gvQivOv QvovI we‡ji av‡i i‡q‡Q AviI A‡bK cvwL| iv‡Z
gv‡S gv‡S `y-GKUv †g‡Qv evN we‡ji av‡i †`Lv hvq| GQvov meyR avb‡L‡Z I Mv‡Qi gv_vq Qz‡U
Av‡m wUqv, Po–B, kvwjK, NyNy, eyjeywj, wd‡½, †`v‡qjmn AviI A‡bK cvwL| Nb meyR Mv‡Qi Avov‡j
gv‡S gv‡S `y-GKUv †kqvj †`Lv hvq| Z‡e mvc, †ewR, ebweovj †mLvbKvi ¯’vqx evwm›`v|
iv‡Zi AvKvk : iv‡Zi AvKvk †`‡L g‡b nq G †hb ¯^‡M©i jxjvf~wg| AMwYZ Zviv iv‡Zi AvKvk‡K
D¾¡j K‡i †Zv‡j| c~wY©gvi mgq Puv‡ì Av‡jvq Sjgj K‡i Pvicvk| Avevi Agvem¨vi iv‡Z Pviw`‡K
Kv‡jv AÜKv‡i f‡i hvq| ZLb †RvbvwKi Av‡jvq gvbyl c_ wP‡b N‡i †d‡i|
m~‡h©v`q I m~h©v¯— : cÖK…wZ †R‡M I‡V m~‡h©v`‡qi m‡½ m‡½| KvKWvKv †fv‡i gvbyl Nyg †_‡K D‡V
Avcb Kv‡R e¨¯— n‡q c‡o| mvivw`b ci AvKvk ivwO‡q hLb m~h©v¯— nq, ZLb cÖK…wZi †Kv‡j †h hvi
¯’v‡b wd‡i hvq|
Dcmsnvi : Avgvi Pvicv‡ki cÖK…wZ †PvLRyov‡bv I gb fyjv‡bv| ZvB †h GKevi G cÖK…wZi gv‡S
Av‡m, †m Avi GLvb †_‡K †h‡Z Pvq bv| LuyR‡Z Pvq bv Ab¨ †Kv‡bv iƒc| Kwe Rxebvb‡›ì fvlvq :
evsjvi gyL Avwg †`wLqvwQ
ZvB Avwg c„w_exi iƒc LuywR‡Z hvB bv Avi
G‡`‡ki cÖK…wZ I Gi †mŠ›`h© Avgvi Me©| Avwg Avgvi †`k‡K Lye fv‡jvevwm|
Avgvi †`Lv GKwU †gjv

m~Pbv : †gjv kãwU †kvbvi m‡½ m‡½ Avgv‡ì g‡b Avb‡›ì Abyf~wZ m„wó nq| Av¶wiKfv‡e †gjv
k‡ãi A_© n‡jv ÔwgjbÕ| †gjvq cwiwPZRb‡ì m‡½ †`Lv nq Ges fvewewbgq nq| G‡Ki m‡½ A‡bï
ms‡hvM N‡U †gjvq| Avgv‡ì ms¯‹…wZ‡Z †gjvi ¸i“Z¡ Amxg|
†gjvi cÖPjb : AwZ cÖvPxbKvj †_‡KB evsjv‡`‡k †gjvi cÖPjb wQj| Z‡e ZLb †gjvi Av‡qvRb n‡Zv
mywbw`©ó wKQz ¯’v‡b Ges e„nr cwim‡i| eZ©gv‡b †`‡ki cÖvq me ¯’v‡bB †gjv nq| †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bvwUi
Av‡qvRb A‡bK eo, Avevi †Kv‡bvwUi ¶z`ª| Z‡e †gjvi Avb›` GLb Av‡Mi g‡ZvB i‡q‡Q|
†gjvi Dcj¶ : Avgv‡ì †`‡k †ewkifvM †gjv wewfbœ m¤cÖ`v‡qi ag©xq Abyôvb‡K †K›`ª K‡i AbywôZ
nq| wn›`y‡ì `yM©vc~Rv, i_hvÎv, †`vj Drme, Rb¥vógx cÖf„wZ Dcj‡¶ †gjv AbywôZ nq| gymjgvb‡ì
10B gnig‡K †K›`ª K‡i †gjv AbywôZ nq| †eŠ×‡ì †eŠ×c~wY©gv Dcj‡¶I †gjv AbywôZ nq| GQvov
ˆPÎmsµvwš— I evsjv bee‡l© †gjv AbywôZ nq| Avgvi †`Lv †gjvi Dcj¶ wQj c‡njv êkvL ev evsjv
beel©|
†gjvi ¯’vb : mvaviYZ †Lvjv †Kv‡bv e„nr ¯’v‡b, †hLv‡b gvby‡li PjvPj i‡q‡Q, †Zgb ¯’v‡bB †gjv
AbywôZ nq| A‡bK mgq ¯‹zjgv‡VI †gjv AbywôZ nq| Z‡e Avwg †h †gjvwU †`‡LwQ, †mwU e‡mwQj
b`xi av‡ii GKwU e„nr eUMv‡Qi wb‡P|
†gjvi cÖ¯‘wZ : c‡njv êkvL ev evsjv beel© evOvwji me‡P‡q Avb‡›ì w`b| Gw`b‡K Dcj¶ K‡i
†gjvi cÖ¯‘wZI wQj wekvj| A¯’vqxfv‡e eUMv‡Qi Pviw`‡K †`vKvbcvU ˆZwi Kiv nq| GKw`‡K
mvs¯‹…wZK Abyôvb I hvÎvcjvi Rb¨ GKwU eo gÂ ˆZwi Kiv nq| wKQz wKQz gvbyl g~j ¯’v‡b RvqMv bv
†c‡q iv¯—vi cv‡k Zv‡ì wRwbmcÎ wb‡q emvi cÖ¯‘wZ †bq| g‡Âi Pviw`‡K gvBK jvMv‡bv nq|
†gjvi wPÎ : c‡njv êkvL ev beel© ïi“i m‡½ m‡½ †gjv ïi“ nq| ¯’vbxq BDwbqb cwil‡ì
†Pqvig¨vb †gjvi m~Pbv K‡ib| †gjv ïi“ n‡ZB G‡Z Rb‡mªvZ †`Lv hvq| †h †`vKvb¸‡jv Kvj ch©š—
Lvwj wQj Zv AvR Kvbvq Kvbvq bvbv `ªe¨mvgMÖx‡Z f‡i hvq| gvbyl iwOb †cvkvK c‡i †gjvq cÖ‡ek
K‡i| †QvU †Q‡j-†g‡q‡ì †Pv‡L gy‡L Avb‡›ì SjK †`Lv hvq| e„×ivI wfo Gwo‡q †gjvq cÖ‡ek
Ki‡Z _v‡K| †gjvi Pviw`‡K cÖPÊ wfo j¶ Kiv hvq| cÖwZwU †`vKv‡b gvbyl Zv‡ì cQ‡›ì I
cÖ‡qvR‡bi wRwbmcÎ wKb‡Z ïi“ K‡i| †QvU †Q‡j‡g‡qiv wfo K‡i gvwUi †Ljbv, †ejyb, euvwk AviI
bvbv wRwb‡mi †`vKv‡b| bvixiv wfo K‡i cÖmvab mvgMÖx I Pzwoi †`vKv‡b| G Qvov Kvc‡oi †`vKv‡bI
wfo j¶ Kiv hvq| cyi“‡liv Zv‡ì †cvkv‡Ki †`vKv‡bi mvg‡b wfo K‡i| †gjvi Gw`‡K wgwói
†`vKvb j¶ Kiv hvq| GLv‡b Mig wRwjwc wKb‡Z mevB wfo K‡i| GQvov †QvjvfvRv, ev`vgfvRv,
cuvcifvRv, fyÆvi LB, KbK av‡bi LB, gyowK, evZvmv nvIqvB wgVvB I bvbv iK‡gi wgwó cvIqv hvq
†gjvq| mevB G¸‡jv †L‡Z †L‡Z †gjvq Ny‡i †eovq| †gjvi GKw`‡K GKwU †jvK mv‡ci †Ljv
†`Lvw”Qj| Zv †`L‡Z wfo K‡i AmsL¨ gvbyl| GQvov †QvU Lv‡Uv GKUv mvK©v‡mi Av‡qvRbI wQj|
Avgvi †`Lv GKwU †gjv 103
†gjvi mvs¯‹…wZK Abyôvb : mÜ¨vi mgq †gjvq mvs¯‹…wZK Abyôv‡bi Av‡qvRb Kiv nq| ¯’vbxq wkíx‡ì
Mvb cwi‡ek‡bi ci ïi“ nq hvÎvcvjv| g‡Â †fjyqv my›ìxi cvjv cwi‡ekb Kiv nq| hvÎvcvjvq
†fjyqv my›ìxi Rxe‡bi `ytL †`‡L A‡b‡KB Av‡eMvµvš— n‡q c‡ob| cwi‡k‡l mevB‡K abëv` Rvwb‡q
KZ©„c
© ¶ †gjvi BwZ Uv‡bb|
†gjvi Zvrch© : †gjvq gvby‡li m¤úªxwZi GK eÜb ˆZwi nq| ¯’vbxqfv‡e ˆZwi wRwb‡mi GKwU cÖ`k©bx
nq †gjv‡Z| gvbyl Zvi wbR¯^ ms¯‹…wZ m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cv‡i †gjvq G‡m| ïay ZvB bq, GLv‡b
A_©‰bwZK welqI hy³ _v‡K| GK`j gvby‡li DcvR©‡bi g~j Drm n‡jv †gjv| GQvov †µZvivI Zv‡ì
cÖ‡qvRbxq wRwbmcÎ µq Kivi Rb¨ †gjvi Dci wbf©i K‡i| A‡b‡K †gjv‡K wN‡i eQ‡ii wewKwKwbi
eo cwiKíbvI K‡i _v‡K|
Dcmsnvi : evOvwj ms¯‹…wZi weivU AskRy‡o i‡q‡Q †gjv| †gjv mvaviY †Kv‡bv Av‡qvRb bq| Gi
m‡½ Rwo‡q Av‡Q Avgv‡ì cÖ_v, BwZnvm I HwZn¨| †gjvi ga¨ w`‡q GK‡kªwYi Rxeb I RxweKv M‡o
D‡V‡Q| ïay MÖv‡gB bq, kn‡iI †gjv Avb‡›ì Drm| ZvB‡Zv †gjvi w`‡b gvbyl Ni †Q‡o †ewi‡q
c‡o| gvbyl‡K Avb›``v‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ mg‡eZ Ki‡Z †gjvi †Kv‡bv weKí †bB| ZvB †Zv †gjv AvRI
Avgv‡ì Kv‡Q GZ AvKl©Yxq|
GKwU w`‡bi w`bwjwc

m~‡h©v`‡qi m‡½ m‡½ c„w_ex‡Z GKwU w`‡bi m~ÎcvZ nq| Avevi m~h©v‡¯—i m‡½ m‡½ w`bwU †klI n‡q
hvq| GKwU w`b †kl nIqvi m‡½ m‡½ †mwU AZxZ n‡q hvq| wKQz ¯§„wZ wKQz NUbv cÖwZw`bB Avgv‡ì
g‡b Rgv nq| Avi Gfv‡eB cvi nq Avgv‡ì ˆ`bw›`b Rxeb|
AvR 2 Rvbyqvwi| Avwg mßg †kªwY‡Z DbœxZ n‡qwQ| MZ 21 wW‡m¤î Avgvi evwl©K cix¶vi djvdj
w`‡q‡Q| Avwg wØZxq ¯’vb AwaKvi K‡iwQ| evwoi mevB †ek Lywk n‡q‡Q| AvR mßg †kªwY‡Z Avgvi
cÖ_g K¬vm n‡jv| ¯‹zj GKB wKš‘ K¬vm i“g wfbœ| ¯‹z‡ji mevB‡K †ek Lywk Lywk †`Lvw”Qj| mevi ci‡b
bZzb ¯‹zj †Wªm| Kuv‡a bZzb ¯‹zj e¨vM| Avi e¨vMfwZ© bZzb K¬v‡mi eB|
¯‹z‡j Avgvi cÖ_g K¬vm wQj evsjv| Rwjj m¨vi mevi cwiPq wb‡q evsjv cov‡jb| lô †kªwY‡ZI m¨vi
evsjv cov‡Zb| m¨v‡ii KÉ I D”PviY Avgv‡K gy» K‡i| Gici KuvKb g¨vWvg K¬vm wb‡jb| wZwb
Avgv‡ì Bs‡iwR cov‡jb| Zvici MwYZ I ag© K¬vm n‡jv Ges wUwd‡bi NÈv coj| wUwd‡b Avwg
wisKzi m‡½ A‡bK¶Y Mí Kijvg| wisKz Avgvi me‡P‡q fv‡jv eÜz| evwl©K cix¶vq Avgvi †_‡K b¤î
Kg †c‡jI I Avgvi †_‡K A‡bK †ewk eyw×gvb I †gavex | I Avgvi wUwdb †_‡K wKQzUv fvMI
emvj|
wUwd‡bi ci Avgvi weÁvb K¬vm kyi“ n‡jv| Kvjvg m¨vi Avgv‡ì AYyi MVb cov‡jb| weÁv‡bi RwUj
RwUj welq¸‡jv m¨vi Lye mnR K‡i Avgv‡ì mvg‡b Zz‡j a‡ib| G Kvi‡Y K¬v‡mi mevB Zv‡K Lye
cQ›` K‡i| Gici ¯^cb m¨v‡ii mgvR K¬vm †k‡l Avgv‡ì QzwU n‡jv| wi·vq P‡o Avwg evwo wd‡i
Gjvg|
evwo G‡m †`wL gv Avgvi Rb¨ Lvevi wb‡q A‡c¶v Ki‡Qb| gv Avgv‡K ¯‹z‡ji K_v wR‡Ám Ki‡jb
Ges mevi †LuvR-Lei wb‡jb| Gici Avwg QzUjvg gv‡Vi w`‡K| mevi m‡½ wµ‡KU †Ljjvg| Avmvi
mgq mvMi fvBqvi m‡½ †`Lv n‡jv| mvMi fvBqv Lye fv‡jv| †h‡Kv‡bv wec‡` Zv‡K WvK‡jB cvIqv
hvq|
evwo‡Z G‡m †`wL evev Awdm †_‡K wd‡i Avgvi Rb¨ A‡c¶v Ki‡Qb| evRvi †_‡K Avgvi Rb¨
G‡b‡Qb Mig Mig wRjvwc| gv evevi cv‡k Avgv‡K em‡Z ej‡jb| Avwg evevi cv‡k em‡ZB wZwb
Avgvi gv_vq nvZ eyjv‡Z jvM‡jb| fvB‡evb‡ì g‡a¨ wZwb Avgv‡K GKUz †ewkB fv‡jvev‡mb| Avgv‡K
mviv w`‡bi K_v wR‡Ám Ki‡jb wZwb|
evevi m‡½ K_v †kl K‡i Avwg evMv‡b †Mjvg| A‡bK¸‡jv Muv`v Avi Wvwjqv dz‡ji Pviv jvwM‡qwQ
evMv‡b| m‡½ jvwM‡qwQ `y‡Uv †Mvjvc Pviv| GKUv Wvwjqv Mv‡Q Kwj G‡m‡Q| g‡b nq, jvj i‡Oi dzj
dzU‡e| Muv`v MvQ¸‡jv‡ZI Kwj G‡m‡Q| †Mvjvc Mv‡Qi †Mvovq †ek AvMvQv R‡g‡Q| Avwg me AvMvQv
cwi®‹vi K‡i me¸‡jv Mv‡Q cvwb w`jvg|
mÜ¨vi mgq nvZgyL ay‡q Avwg †Uwe‡j emjvg| ¯‹zj e¨vM †_‡K GK GK K‡i me¸‡jv eB bvgvjvg|
nvZ eywj‡q †`L‡Z jvMjvg bZzb K¬v‡mi eB| bZzb eB‡q GKai‡bi MÜ _v‡K| Avwg cÖvY f‡i †m MÜ
wbjvg| Zvici cÖwZwU eB‡qi cÖ_g Aa¨vq D‡ë-cv‡ë †`Ljvg| NÈv `y‡qK ci Avwg †Uwej †_‡K
D‡V †Uwjwfkb †`L‡Z †Mjvg|
†Uwjwfk‡b fviZ A‡÷ªwjqv wµ‡KU g¨vP nw”Qj| †Ljvq Uvb Uvb D‡ËRbv| A‡bK cÖwZØw›ØZvi ci
fviZ GK DB‡K‡U A‡÷ªwjqv‡K civwRZ Kij| †Ljv †kl nIqvi ci evev msev` †kvbvi Rb¨ P¨v‡bj
cwieZ©b Ki‡jb| evevi m‡½ AvwgI e‡m e‡m msev` ïbjvg|
iv‡Z LvIqvi Rb¨ mevB GKm‡½ †Uwe‡j emjvg| †L‡Z †L‡Z evev A‡bK gRvi gRvi Mí Ki‡jb|
LvIqv †kl K‡i Avwg N‡i P‡j Gjvg| iv‡Z Nygv‡bvi Av‡M Avwg cÖwZw`bB eB cwo| AvR cojvg
Ryjfv‡b©i ÔAvwk w`‡b wek¦ågY|Õ MíUv GZ AvKl©Yxq †h cov †kl Ki‡Z B‡”QB KiwQj bv| wKš‘
Avgvi †Zv Av‡iKUv KvR evwK| cÖwZw`‡bi me K_v¸‡jv wj‡L ivLv| GZ¶Y ch©š— hv wj‡LwQ, Zv wQj
Avgvi AvR‡Ki mviv w`b| Kvj AviI GKwU bZyb w`b Avm‡e| NU‡e AviI bZzb NUbv| AviI wKQz
AwfÁZv A‡c¶v Ki‡e Avgvi Rb¨| †m¸‡jvI †jLv n‡e Avgvi w`bcwÄi LvZvq|
105
kwn` wgbvi
f~wgKv : ÔAvgvi fvB‡qi i‡³ ivOv‡bv GKz‡k †deª“qvwi

Avwg Kx fywj‡Z cvwi
†Q‡j nviv kZ gv‡qi Akªy Mov‡q †deª“qvwi
Avwg Kx fywj‡Z cvwiÕ
cÖwZeQi GKz‡k †deª“qvwi‡Z cÖfvZ‡dwii G Mvb †M‡q Avgiv kwn` wgbv‡i hvB| †mLv‡b dzj w`‡q
fvlvkwn`‡ì cÖwZ Avgiv kª×v RvbvB| kwn` wgbvi Gw`b dz‡j dz‡j †Q‡q hvq| Avgv‡ì g‡b Kwi‡q
†`q gv‡qi fvlv Avgv‡ì Kv‡Q KZ Avcb| G fvlvi gh©v`v i¶v Ki‡ZB evsjvi †Q‡jiv ivRc‡_ cÖvY
w`‡qwQj| Zv‡ì ¯§„wZ i¶v‡_©B wbwg©Z n‡q‡Q kwn` wgbvi|
kwn` wgbvi m„wói cUf~wg : 1952 mv‡ji 26 Rvbyqvwi wbwLj cvwK¯—vb gymwjg jx‡Mi WvKv Awa‡ek‡b
cvwK¯—v‡bi cÖavbgš¿x LvRv bvwRgyÏxb †NvlYv K‡ib ÔD`©yB n‡e cvwK¯—v‡bi GKgvÎ ivóªfvlv|Õ
G †NvlYvi cÖwZev‡` 4 †deª“qvwi cÖwZev` wèm, 11 I 13 †deª“qvwi cZvKv wèm cvwjZ nq| †mLvb
†_‡K †NvlYv †`qv nq 21 †deª“qvwi ivóªfvlv wèm cvwjZ n‡e| G †NvlYvi †cªw¶‡Z kvlK‡Mvôx 21
†deª“qvwi‡Z mKj cÖKvi mfv, wgwQj, wgwUs I †kvfvhvÎv wbwl× Kivi Rb¨ 144 aviv Rvwi K‡i| wKš‘
QvÎRbZv G evav‡K AwZµg K‡i wgwQj †b‡q GwM‡q hvq mvg‡bi w`‡K| XvKv †gwW‡Kj K‡j‡Ri
mvg‡b wgwQjwU Avm‡ZB cywjk Zvi Dci ¸wj Pvjvq| cywj‡ki ¸wj‡Z wbnZ nb mvjvg, ReŸvi,
iwdK, eiKZ, kwdDimn AviI A‡b‡K| Zuv‡ì ¯§„wZ i¶v‡_©B M‡o I‡V
¯§„wZi kwn` wgbvi|
cÖ_g kwn` wgbvi : 21 †deª“qvwii kwn`‡ì ¯§„wZ i¶v‡_© 22 I 23 †deª“qvwi AK¬vš— cwikªg K‡i
QvÎRbZv GKwU kwn` wgbvi ˆZwi K‡i| G Kv‡R Ask †bq wZb k QvÎ I `yRb ivRwgw¯¿| cÖ_g kwn`
wgbvi ˆZwii Rb¨ mvB` nvq`vi GKwU bKkv cÖYqb K‡ib| Zuvi bKkvq kwn` wgbv‡ii D”PZv bq dzU
_vK‡jI ˆZwii ci GwUi D”PZv nq GMv‡iv dzU| kwn` kwdD‡ii wcZv 24 †deª“qvwi GwU D‡Øvab
K‡ib| wKš‘ K‡qK w`b ciB cvwK¯—vwb kvmK‡Mvôx G kwn` wgbviwU †f‡O †d‡j| Z‡e evOvwji ü`q
†_‡K Zviv G wgbv‡ii ¯§„wZ gy‡Q w`‡Z cv‡iwb| Kwe AvjvDÏxb Avj AvRv‡ì fvlvq :
B‡Ui wgbvi †f‡O‡Q fvOyK
GKwU wgbvi M‡owQ Avgiv Pvi-†KvwU cwievi
AvR‡Ki kwn` wgbvi : eZ©gvb kwn` wgbviwUi bKkv K‡ib ¯’cwZ nvwg`yi ingvb| cieZ©xKv‡j kwn`
wgbviwU AviI ms¯‹vi Kiv nq| eZ©gv‡b XvKv †gwW‡Kj K‡j‡Ri mvg‡b Avgiv †h kwn` wgbviwU
†`wL †mwUB P~ovš— nvwg`yi ingv‡bi bKkvi cwic~Y© iƒc| cÖwZeQi gvbyl G wgbv‡ii mvg‡bB
fvlvkwn‡ì D‡Ï‡k¨ kª×v wb‡e`b K‡i| eZ©gv‡b G kwn` wgbv‡ii Av`‡jB evsjv‡`‡ki wewfbœ ¯’v‡b
kwn` wgbvi wbg©vY Kiv n‡q‡Q|
kwn` wgbv‡ii Zvrch© : kwn` wgbv‡ii wmbvi I Zvi ¯—¤¢¸‡jv gvZ…f~wg I gvZ…fvlvi Z_v gv I Zuvi
kwn` mš—v‡bi cÖZxK| gvSLv‡bi me‡P‡q DuPz ¯—¤¢wU gv‡qi cÖZxK| Pvicv‡ki †QvU PviwU ¯—¤¢ mš—v‡bi
cÖZxK| hviv Zv‡ì ey‡Ki i³ †X‡j evsjv fvlvi AwaKvi cÖwZôv K‡i‡Q| Avgv‡ì Rxe‡b hv wKQz
my›ì, hv wKQz ïf Zvi m‡½ kwn` wgbv‡ii Mfxi m¤úK© i‡q‡Q| GwU kyay GKwU wgbvi bq, GwU
Avgv‡ì †cÖiYvi cÖZxK| ïay fvlv Av‡›`vjb bq, gyw³hy‡×I kwn` wgbvi Avgv‡ì †cÖiYv hywM‡q‡Q|
Avgv‡ì hy× R‡qi Ab¨Zg †cÖiYv GKz‡k †deª“qvwi| Avgiv hLbB Ab¨v‡qi wkKvi nB, ZLwb kwn`
wgbvi Zvi cÖwZev` Kivi Rb¨ Avgv‡ì †cÖiYv †RvMvq|
kwn` wgbvi I Avgv‡ì ms¯‹…wZ : Avgv‡ì ms¯‹…wZK Kg©Kv‡Êi m‡½ kwn` wgbv‡ii Mfxi m¤úK©
i‡q‡Q| †`‡k hLbB †Kv‡bv Ab¨vq msNwUZ nq, ZLwb kwn` wgbv‡ii mvg‡b †_‡K Zvi cÖwZev` Kiv
nq| wewfbœ RvZxq wè‡mi Abyôvb nq kwn` wgbvi cÖv½‡Y| GgbwK †Kv‡bv RvZxq ev mvs¯‹…wZK
e¨w³‡Z¡i g„Zyï ci Zuv‡K †kl kª×v Ávc‡bi Rb¨ kwn` wgbvi cÖv½‡Y ivLv nq|
Dcmsnvi : kwn` wgbvi Avgv‡ì †cªiYvi Drm| Avgiv kwn` wgbv‡ii w`‡K ZvwK‡q Avgv‡ì mg„×
AZx‡Zi K_v fvwe| Avi eZ©gvb cÖR‡b¥i Kv‡Q Me© K‡i †m K_v¸‡jv ewj| AvR 21 †deª“qvwi
Avš—R©vwZK gvZ…fvlv wè‡mi gh©v`v †c‡q‡Q| fvlvi Rb¨ Avgv‡ì AvZ¥`v‡bi BwZnvm Qwo‡q †M‡Q
wek¦e¨vcx| kwn` wgbvi cÖwZwôZ n‡q‡Q we‡k¦i wewfbœ †`‡k| evOvwji m‡½ m‡½ †MvUv c„w_exi gvbyl
AvR kwn` wgbv‡ii mvg‡b ùvwo‡q fvlv kwn`‡ì Ae`vb‡K kª×vf‡i ¯§iY K‡i|
†Uwjwfkb
f~wgKv : wMÖK kã Ô†UwjÕ I jvwZb wfkb kã †_‡K †Uwjwfkb kãwU G‡m‡Q| †Uwj kãwUi A_© n‡jv
`~iZ¡ Avi wfkb A_© †`Lv| †Uwjwfkb gvby‡li Lye ¸i“Z¡c~Y© Avwe®‹vi| Gi gva¨‡g we‡k¦i †h‡Kv‡bv
cÖv‡š—i †h‡Kv‡bv NUbv gyn~‡Z©B Avgv‡ì mvg‡b P‡j Av‡m| we‡bv`‡bi †kªô gva¨g wn‡m‡e †Uwjwfkb
GLb AMÖMY¨| eZ©gvb c„w_ex‡Z †Uwjwfk‡bi f~wgKv LyeB ¸i“Z¡c~Y©|
†Uwjwfk‡bi Avwe®‹vi : Bsj¨v‡Ûi weÁvbx Rb †eqvW© 1926 mv‡j cÖ_g †Uwjwfkb Avwe®‹vi K‡ib|
Zuvi Avwe®K…Z †Uwjwfk‡K AviI ms¯‹vi K‡i weªwUk eªW Kvw÷s 1936 mv‡j eëmvwqK wfwË‡Z
†Uwjwfk‡bi cÖPvi K‡i| †Uwjwfkb wb‡q GLbI Pj‡Q bvbv M‡elYv| c~‡e©i g‡Zv †Uwjwfkb GLb Avi
†Pv‡L c‡o bv| c~‡e© †h †Uwjwfkb IR‡b I AvqZ‡b e„nr wQj, GLb Zv Avi †Zgb †bB| weÁv‡bi
kwn` wgbvi 107
`ªyZ AMÖMwZi d‡j GLb GjwmwW, GjBwW, w_ªwW BZ¨vw` cÖhyw³i †Uwjwfkb evRv‡i †`Lv hvq| G¸‡jv
cÖhyw³MZ fv‡e GZ DbœZ G‡Z Qwe †`‡L Rxeš— †g‡b nq| ZvQvov G¸‡jv we`y¨r mvkªqx|
†Uwjwfk‡bi eënvi : c„w_exi cÖvq me †`‡kB †Uwjwfkb eënvi Kiv nq| g~jZ we‡bv`‡bi gva¨g
wn‡m‡e †Uwjwfkb eënvi Kiv nq| Avgv‡ì †`‡k †Uwjwfkb Pvjy n‡q‡Q AvR †_‡K cÖvq AvU Pwj−k
eQi Av‡M| we‡bv`‡bi cvkvcvwk Avgv‡ì †`‡k †Uwjwfk‡b MYwk¶v, wbi¶iZv `~ixKiY, cwievi-
cwiKíbvi g‡Zv ¸i“Z¡c~Y© welq¸‡jv cÖPvi K‡i _v‡K|
evsjv‡`k †Uwjwfkb : 1964 mv‡j evsjv‡`k †Uwjwfkb Zvi hvÎv ïi“ K‡i| Z‡e 1981 mvj †_‡K
evsjv‡`k †Uwjwfkb iwOb Abyôvb m¤cÖPvi ïi“ K‡i| 1984 mv‡j PÆMÖv‡gi †eZeywbqvq Ges Zvi
c‡i Uv½vB‡ji Zvwjevev‡` f~-DcMÖn †K›`ª ¯’vwcZ nq| hvi d‡j c„w_exi †h‡Kv‡bv cÖvš— †_‡K †cÖwiZ
`„k¨ Avgiv †Uwjwfk‡bi gva¨‡g †`L‡Z cvB|
†emiKvwi †Uwjwfkb P¨v‡bj : eZ©gv‡b evsjv‡`‡k †ekwKQz †emiKvwi †Uwjwfkb P¨v‡bj Pvjy Av‡Q|
†hgb : GwUGb evsjv, P¨v‡bj AvB, GbwUwf, evsjvwfkb, GKz‡k †Uwjwfkb, êkvLx †Uwjwfkb, mgq
†Uwjwfkb, AviwUwf, †gvnbv †Uwjwfkb, gvQivOv †Uwjwfkb, P¨v‡bj 24, †`kwUwf, GKvËi (71) wUwf
BZ¨vw`|
Avgv‡ì Rxe‡b †Uwjwfk‡bi Dc‡hvwMZv : eZ©gv‡b gvby‡li Rxe‡b †Uwjwfkb we‡bv`‡bi cÖavb
gva¨g| gvbyl Zvi Aemi KvUvq †Uwjwfk‡bi mvg‡b e‡m| g‡bi K¬vwš— `~i K‡i †Uwjwfkb †`‡L|
GKwU †Uwjwfkb N‡i _vK‡j mviv `ywbqvi NUbv‡K nv‡Zi g‡a¨ cvIqv hvq| †h‡Kv‡bv cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©v‡M
†`‡ki mg¯— Lei Avgiv †Uwjwfk‡bi gva¨‡g †c‡q _vwK| RbKj¨vY I Rbm‡PZbZvg~jK †h‡Kv‡bv
Abyôvb †Uwjwfk‡bi gva¨‡gB cÖPvi Kiv n‡q _v‡K| wk¶vwelqK Abyôvb¸‡jvI †Uwjwfk‡bi gva¨‡g
cÖPvi Kiv nq| UK‡kv¸‡jv‡Z wewfbœ gZvgZ cÖPvwiZ nq|
†Uwjwfk‡bi †bwZevPKZv : †Uwjwfkb †hgb Avgv‡ì Avb›` `vb K‡i, †Zgwb Gi wKQz †bwZevPK
w`KI i‡q‡Q| AwaK mgq †Uwjwfkb †`L‡j `„wókw³ n«vm †c‡Z cv‡i| gv‡S gv‡S †Uwjwfk‡b ag©,
ms¯‹…wZ I HwZn¨ cwicwš’ Abyôvb cÖPvi Kiv nq| G Abyôvb¸‡jv Zi“Y g‡b †bwZevPK cÖfve †d‡j|
Dcmsnvi : weÁvb Avgv‡ì Rb¨ Avk©xev`¯îƒc| weÁv‡bi hy‡M mevB mg‡qi m‡½ cvj−v w`‡q Pj‡Q|
`ywbqvi me Lei GLb gvby‡li gy‡Vvi g‡a¨| †Uwjwfkb G KvR‡K AviI mnR K‡i w`‡q‡Q| Avgv‡ì
cÖwZw`‡bi Rxe‡b †Uwjwfkb n‡q D‡V‡Q Acwinvh©| Z‡e †Uwjwfk‡b Abyôvb m¤cÖPv‡ii †¶‡Î Aek¨B
wKQz bxwZgvjv _vKv DwPZ, hv Avgv‡ì wK‡kvi-Zi“Y‡ì mvgvwRK Ae¶‡qi nvZ †_‡K i¶v Ki‡e|
k„•Ljv‡eva
m~Pbv : ÔMan is bron Free, but everywhere he is in chainÕ -gnvb `vk©wbK i“‡kvi G
e³‡eï A_© n‡jv, gvbyl gy³fv‡e G c„w_ex‡Z Rb¥MÖnY Ki‡jI cÖwZc‡`B †m k„•LwjZ| G c„w_exi
mewKQzB cÖK…wZi wbq‡g euvav| cÖK…wZi wbq‡gi mvgvb¨Zg e¨Z¨q NU‡jB gvbeRxe‡b wech©q †b‡g
Av‡m| wbqg †g‡bB cÖwZw`b m~‡h©v`q I m~h©v¯— nq| Av‡m w`b Av‡m ivZ|
k„•Ljv‡ev‡ai ¯îƒc : k„•Ljv‡eva ej‡Z mvaviYZ Rxebhvc‡b wbqgbxwZ, g~j¨‡eva I Av`©‡ki cÖwZ
AbyMZ _vKv‡K †evSvq| mgvRRxe‡b †Kv‡bv gvbylB Avcb †Lqvj Abyhvqx Pj‡Z cv‡i bv| wbqwš¿Z
RxebhvcbB Zv‡K j‡¶¨ †cuŠ‡Q w`‡Z cv‡i| cÖPwjZ wbqg-Kvbyb I iv‡óªi cÖwZ AbyMZ †_‡K Rxeb
cwiPvjbvB n‡jv k„•Ljv‡eva|
k„•Ljv‡ev‡ai ¸i“Z¡ : gvbeRxe‡bi Rb¨ k„•Ljv‡ev‡ai ¸i“Z¡ Acwimxg| k„•Ljvi Kvi‡YB gvbeRxe‡b
myL-kvwš— †b‡g Av‡m| †¯^”QvPvix e¨w³ KL‡bvB myLx n‡Z cv‡i bv| †m ïay wb‡RiB bq, mgv‡RiI
kvwš— bó K‡i| k„•Ljvnxb Rxeb j¶¨nxb †bŠKvi g‡Zv cvwb‡Z †f‡m †eovq| Zvi †Kv‡bv wVKvbv _v‡K
bv| gvbyl hw` wb‡Ri †fZi k„•Ljv aviY Ki‡Z bv cv‡i, Z‡e mgv‡RI ˆbivR¨ I wek„•Ljv †b‡g
Av‡m| ZvB myLx Rxebhvc‡bi Rb¨ k„•Ljvi †Kv‡bv weKí †bB|
k„•LjvPP©vi mgq : ˆkke n‡jv k„•LjvPP©vi Dchy³ mgq| wbqg gv‡bB k„•Ljv| GwU iß K‡i PP©vi
gva¨‡g Rxeb‡K myLx Kiv hvq| gvbeRxe‡b mdjZvi PvweKvwV n‡jv k„•Ljv| k„•Ljvi d‡jB gvbyl
mgv‡Ri AvPiYwewa †g‡b P‡j Ges mdjfv‡e Rxe‡b cÖwZwôZ nq|
QvÎRxe‡b k„•Ljv : QvÎRxe‡b k„•Ljv we‡kl ¸i“Z¡ cvjb K‡i| KviY G mg‡qB fwel¨r Rxe‡bi exR
†ivwcZ nq| k„•Ljv‡eva GKRb QvÎ‡K `vwqZ¡kxj K‡i †Zv‡j| cov‡kvbvi cÖwZ Zvi g‡bv‡hvM e„w×
K‡i| fwel¨‡Z k„•Ljv‡evaB Zv‡K mybvMwiK n‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i|
gvbeRxe‡b k„•Ljv : m„wói †miv Rxe gvbyl| Ab¨vb¨ cÖvYx †_‡K gvbyl DbœZ, KviY †m wbqge×
Rxebhvcb K‡i| Rxeb‡K mv_©©K Ki‡Z k„•Ljvi †Kv‡bv weKí †bB| k„•Ljve× gvbyl ïay wb‡Ri ev
cwiev‡ii Rb¨ bq, iv‡óªi RbÏ m¤ú`| gvbeRxe‡b j¶¨‡K Rq Ki‡Z k„•Ljvi †Kv‡bv weKí †bB|
mgvRRxe‡b k„•Ljv : Avw`ghyM †_‡KB gvby‡li mgv‡R wKQz wbqg-k„•Ljv †g‡b Pjv nq| eZ©gvb hy‡MI
wbqg k„•Ljv mgv‡Ri Rb¨ Acwinvh©| mwZ¨Kvi A‡_© wbqg-k„•Ljv Qvov †Kv‡bv mgvR Pj‡Z cv‡i bv|
wbqge×fv‡eB mgv‡Ri mg¯— AvPvi-Abyôvb cwiPvwjZ nq| k„•LjvB mgvR‡K my›ì I mv_©K K‡i
†Zv‡j| Awbqg ev wek„•Ljv mgvR‡K aŸs‡mi c‡_ wb‡q hvq| mgvR‡K my›ì I mv_©K K‡i M‡o
†Zvjvi Rb¨ k„•Ljvi †Kv‡bv weKí †bB|
k„•Ljv m„wói Dcvq : cwievi k„•Ljv m„wói cÖavb †K›`ª| GKwU wkï cwievi †_‡KB cÖ_g k„•Ljv
†k‡L| wØZxq ch©v‡q wkïi wk¶v ïi“ nq we`¨vj‡q| wk¶K I wk¶vcÖwZôvb wkïi k„•Ljv‡eva‡K
k„•Ljv‡eva 109
RvwM‡q †Zv‡j| DË‡ivËi G k„•Ljv‡ev‡ai ga¨ w`‡qB wkï GKw`b DbœZ Pwi‡Îi gvbyl wn‡m‡e M‡o
I‡V|
k„•Ljvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv : gvby‡li Rxe‡bi mKj †¶‡ÎB k„•Ljvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Acwimxg| k„•Ljv †g‡b
bv Pj‡j Rxe‡bi me©‡¶‡Î gvbyl‡K wech©‡qi m¤§yLxb n‡Z nq| Zvi Rxe‡b †b‡g Av‡m civR‡qi
M−vwb| Lye mg„× †Kv‡bv mgvR ev cÖwZôvbI k„•Ljvi Afv‡e aŸsm n‡q †h‡Z cv‡i| AZGe k„•Ljvi
cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Ab¯^xKvh©|
wek„•Ljvi cwiYwZ : wek„•Ljvi cwiYwZ fqven| wek„•LjZv ïay aŸsmB †W‡K Av‡b| hy×‡¶‡Î GKRb
ˆmwbK hZB `¶ †nvK bv †Kb, Zv‡K k„•Ljvi g‡a¨ _vK‡Z nq| GKgyn~‡Z©i wek„•Ljv Zv‡K Ges Zvi
mn‡hvMx‡ì gvivZ¥K Ae¯’vq wb‡q †h‡Z cv‡i| †Ljvi gv‡V †Kv‡bv †L‡jvqvo hw` wek„•Lj AvPiY
K‡i, Z‡e Zvi `j wbwðZ A‡_© civR‡qi m¤§yLxb nq| wek„•Ljv Gfv‡eB gvbyl‡K aŸs‡mi c‡_ wb‡q
hvq|
Dcmsnvi : GKRb gvbyl, GKwU mgvR, GKwU RvwZ ZLbB mf¨ n‡q I‡V, hLb Zvi g‡a¨ k„•Ljv‡eva
_v‡K| c„w_exi BwZnvm ch©v‡jvPbv K‡i †`Lv hvq, GKwU mf¨Zv Z_v RvwZ ZLbB aŸsm n‡q‡Q, hLb
Zvi g‡a¨ k„•Ljv‡ev‡ai Afve †`Lv wM‡q‡Q| k„•Ljvnxb gvby‡li †hgb †Kv‡bv gh©v`v †bB, †Zgwb
k„•Ljvnxb RvwZiI †Kv‡bv m¤§vb †bB| G Kvi‡YB mgvRRxe‡b k„•Ljv GZ AZ¨vek¨Kxq|
my›ìeb
f~wgKv : my›ìeb c„w_exi GKK e„nËg g¨vb‡MÖvf eb| G e‡bi 62 kZvsk evsjv‡`‡ki Lyjbv †Rjvq
Ges evwK 38 kZvsk cwðge‡½i PweŸkciMbv †Rjvq Aew¯’Z| cÖvK…wZK †mŠ›`‡h© my›ìeb AZzjbxq
Ges Rxe‰ewP‡Î¨ AmvaviY| my›ìeb GKwU GKK B‡Kv wm‡÷g| GwU ïay evsjv‡`‡ki bq, we‡k¦i
cÖK…wZ‡cÖwgK‡ì Kv‡QI GKwU AvKl©Yxq ¯’vb|
my›ìe‡bi AvqZb I Ae¯’vb : my›ìeb 21 wWwMÖ wÎk BwÂ DËi A¶vsk †_‡K 89 wWwMÖ k~b¨ BwÂ ev
89 wWwMÖ cÂvbœ c~e© `ªvwNgvs‡k Aew¯’Z| AvR †_‡K cÖvq 200 eQi c~‡e© my›ìeb 16,700 eM© wK.wg
GjvKve¨vcx we¯—…Z wQj| wKš‘ eZ©gv‡b Gi AvqZb msKzwPZ n‡q †M‡Q| eZ©gv‡b G ebf~wgi AvqZb
6017 eM©wK‡jvwgUvi| mg¯— my›ìeb `ywU eb wefv‡Mi Aš—f©y³| GLv‡b PviwU cÖkvmwbK †iÄ n‡q‡Q,
i‡q‡Q 16 wU d‡i÷ †÷kb|
my›ìe‡bi f~ZË¡, g„wËKv I Rjevqy : my›ìe‡bi f~fvM wngvjq ce©‡Zi f~wg¶qRwbZ Rgv cwj †_‡K
m„wó| f~-weÁvbxiv GLvbKvi f~wg MVb web¨v‡m `w¶Y-c~e© w`‡K mvgvb¨ Xv‡ji mÜvb †c‡q‡Qb|
K~cLbb M‡elYv †_‡K †`Lv hvq, my›ìe‡bi cwðg GjvKv Zzjbvg~jK w¯’i| Z‡e `w¶Y -~e© w`‡Ki
GKwU Ask µ‡gB wbgœgyLx n‡”Q| evsjv‡`‡ki Af¨š—‡ii Zzjbvq my›ì e‡bi gvwU GKUz Avjv`v
ai‡bi| †Rvqvi fvUvi Kvi‡Y GLvbKvi cvwb‡Z Rjve×Zv I jeYv³Zv †ewk| GLvbKvi gvwU cwjhy³
†ùv-Avk| my›ìe‡bi evwl©K Mo ZvcgvÎv m‡e©v”P 31 wWwMÖ Ges me©wbgœ 21 wWwMÖ|
my›ìe‡bi Dw™¢` : my›ìe‡bi Dw™¢`Kzj êwPÎ¨gq| GLvbKvi AwaKvsk MvQcvjv g¨vb‡MÖvf ai‡bi|
GLv‡b i‡q‡Q e„¶, jZv¸j¥, Nvm, ciMvQv BZ¨vw` Dw™¢`| Dw™¢`weÁvbx wW.†cÖBb my›ìe‡b 334
cÖRvwZi Dw™¢` Av‡Q e‡j D‡j−L K‡i‡Qb| c„w_ex‡Z G ch©š— mÜvbcÖvß 50wU g¨vb‡MÖvf Dw™¢‡ì g‡a¨
my›ìe‡bB Av‡Q 35wU| my›ìe‡bi Dw™¢‡ì g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q my›ìx, Mivb, †MIqv, †KIov, Iov cïi,
ay›`j, evBb cÖf„wZ| GQvov my›ìe‡bi cÖvq meLv‡bB R‡b¥ †MvjcvZv|
my›ìe‡bi cÖvYx : wewPÎ me cÖvYxi evm my›ìe‡b| my›ìe‡b i‡q‡Q cÖvq 50 cÖRvwZi ¯—b¨cvqx, 50
cÖRvwZi mixm„c, 320 cªRvwZi cvwL, 8 cÖRvwZi DfqPi cÖvYx Ges 400 cÖRvwZi gvQ| my›ìe‡bi ¯—
b¨cvqx cÖvYx‡ì g‡a¨ i‡qj †e½j UvBMvi c„w_ex weL¨vZ| GQvov i‡q‡Q wPÎv I gvqv nwiY, evbi,
ebweovj, wjIcvW©, kRvi“, D` Ges eb¨ k~Ki| GLv‡b i‡q‡Q wewPÎ me cvwL| eK, mvim, nvowMjv,
Kv`v‡LuvPv, †jbRv I nvwÆwU GLvbKvi b`x-bvjv I MvQcvjvi gv‡S emevm K‡i| mgy`ª DcK~‡j †`Lv
hvq− MvswPj, Rj KeyZi, Uvb© BZ¨vw`| GQvov wPj, CMj, kKzb, gvQivOv, KvV‡VvKiv, fMxi_, †cuPv,
gaycvqx, eyjeywj, kvwjK, wd‡½, NyNy, †e‡b †eŠ, nuvwoPuvPv, dzjSwi, gywbqv, UzbUzwb, †`v‡qj, eveyB, cÖf„wZ
cvwL my›ìe‡b evm K‡i| my›ìe‡bi mixm„c‡ì g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q Kzwgi, mvc, wUKwUwK RvZxq mixm„c
BZ¨vw`|
A_©‰bwZK †¶‡Î my›ìe‡bi Ae¯’vb : my›ìe‡b cÖvß KvV R¡vjvwb I KvVKqjv wn‡m‡e eëüZ nq|
GQvov g¨vb‡MÖv‡fi dj †Mv-Lv`¨ wn‡m‡e eëüZ nq| †MvjcvZv ïwK‡q N‡ii Pvj I †eov ˆZwi‡Z
eëüZ nq| my›ìe‡b †h kvgyK-wSbyK cvIqv hvq, Zv Lvevi Pz‡bi fv‡jv Drm| my›ìe‡bi gayi Dci
wbf©i K‡i GK‡kªwYi gvbyl Zv‡ì RxweKv wbe©vn K‡i| †`‡k wewµi cvkvcvwk G gay we‡`‡kI ißvwb
nq| grm¨Rxexiv my›ìeb †_‡K gvQ a‡i Zv ¯’vbxq evRvimn wewfbœ ¯’v‡b wewµ K‡i| my›ìe‡bi ebR
m¤ú`‡K †K›`ª K‡i K‡qKwU wkí-KviLvbv M‡o D‡V‡Q| Gi g‡a¨ Lyjbv wbDRwcÖ›U I nvW©‡evW© wgjm
D‡j−L‡hvM¨|
eZ©gv‡b my›ìe‡bi Ae¯’v : my›ìe‡bi ebR m¤ú‡ì cÖwZ AvK„ó n‡q gvbyl Anin cª‡ek Ki‡Q
GLv‡b| d‡j Gi fvimvg¨ bó n‡”Q| GQvov jeYv³Zv e„w× †c‡q g¨vb‡MÖvfI aŸsm n‡q hv‡”Q| i‡qj
†e½j UvBMv‡ii †kl Avevm¯’j my›ìeb| †Pviv wkKvwi‡ì nvgjvq ev‡Ni msL¨v Kg‡Z Kg‡Z 450-G
G‡m ùvwo‡q‡Q| mv¤cÖwZK AvBjvq my›ìeb e¨vcK ¶wZi m¤§yLxb n‡q‡Q|
Dcmsnvi : my›ìeb Avgv‡ì HwZn¨| †`‡ki `w¶YvÂ‡ji gvby‡li Av_©-mvgvwRK Ae¯’vb‡K DbœZ
Ki‡Z my›ì e‡bi f~wgKv Ab¯^xKvh©| c„w_exi e„nËg g¨vb‡MÖvf d‡i÷ my›ìeb| ZvB Avgv‡ì DwPZ
my›ìeb I Gi cÖvK…wZK m¤ú` i¶vq wbR wbR Ae¯’vb †_‡K D‡`¨vMx nIqv|
11.2 mvivsk/mvigg© :
†Kv‡bv c`¨ ev M‡`ï g~jfve ev e³e¨‡K msw¶ß AvKv‡i cÖKvk Kivi bvgB mvigg© ev mvivsk|
mvaviYZ c‡`ï fve‡K ms‡¶‡c cÖKvk‡K mvigg© Ges M‡`ï e³e¨‡K ms‡¶‡c cÖKvk Kiv‡K mvivsk
e‡j| mvigg© ev mvivsk †jLvi mgq :
1. †h cvVUzKzi mvigg© ev mvivsk iPbv Ki‡Z n‡e, †mUzKz g‡bv‡hvM w`‡q co‡Z n‡e|
2. evowZ welq eR©b Ki‡Z n‡e| KL‡bv †Kv‡bv cv‡Vi g~j fve Dcgv iƒc‡Ki Avov‡j
_vK‡Z cv‡i , Zv ey‡S g~j fve wjL‡Z n‡e|
3. mvivsk ev mvig‡g© Dcgv, iƒcK Gme ev` w`‡q wjL‡Z n‡e|
4. cÖZ¨¶ Dw³ eR©b K‡i c‡iv¶ Dw³‡Z wjL‡Z n‡e|
5. Avwg, Avgiv ev Zzwg, †Zvgiv w`‡q evK¨ ïi“ Kiv hv‡e bv|
6. g~j As‡k D×…wZ _vK‡j cÖ‡qvR‡b †mB D×…wZi fveUzKz D×…wZ Qvov wjL‡Z n‡e|
GK.
†QvU evjyKvi KYv, we›`y we›`y Rj
M‡o †Zv‡j gnv‡`k mvMi AZj|
gyn~Z© wb‡gl Kvj, Zz”Q cwigvY,
i‡P hyM-hyMvš—iÑ Abš— gnvb,
cÖ‡Z¨K mvgvb¨ Î“wU ¶z`ª Aciva,
µ‡g Uv‡b cvc c‡_ NUvq cÖgv`|
cÖwZ Ki“Yvi `vb, †mœnc~Y© evYx,
ÑG aivq ¯^M© †kvfv wbZ¨ †`q Avwb|
mvigg© : c„w_exi †Kv‡bv wKQzB mvgvb¨ bq| †QvU †QvU evjyKYv †Zgb gnv‡`k ˆZwi K‡i, †Zgwb we›`y
we›`y Rj gnvmvM‡ii Rb¥ †`q, ¶z`ª ¶z`ª gyn~‡Z©i gva¨‡g m„wó nq hyM-hyMvš—‡ii| mvgvb¨ Aciv‡ai c_
a‡iB Av‡m gnvcvc| mvgvb¨ GKUy Ki“Yvi I †mœ‡ni evYx G c„w_ex‡Z ¯^M©myL G‡b w`‡Z cv‡i| ZvB
†QvU n‡jB †Kv‡bv wKQz Zz”Q bq|
`yB.
†Kv_vq ¯^M©, †Kv_vq biK? †K e‡j Zv eû`~i?
gvby‡li gv‡S ¯^M© biKÑ gvby‡l‡Z myivmyiÑ
wicyi Zvo‡b hLb †gv‡ì we‡eK cvq‡Mv jq,
AvZ¥M−vwbi biK Ab‡j ZLwb cywo‡Z nq|
cÖxwZ I †cÖ‡gi cyY¨ evua‡b h‡e wgwj ci¯ú‡i
¯^M© Avwmqv `vuovq ZLb Avgv‡ìB Kz‡oN‡i|
mvigg© : ¯^M© ev biK `~‡i †Kv_vI bq| ¯^M© I biK gvby‡li gv‡SB weivR K‡i| gvbyl hLb †Kv‡bv
Lvivc KvR K‡i AbyZß n‡q hš¿Yvq †fv‡M, ZLb †mUvB biKhš¿Yv| ci¯ú‡ii cÖwZ we‡f` I ¯^v‡_©i
Ø‡›Ø gvbyl GB c„w_ex bi‡K cwiYZ K‡i| hLb G‡K Ab¨‡K me êwiZv fz‡j weï×fv‡e fv‡jvev‡m
ZLbB c„w_ex‡Z †b‡g Av‡m ¯^M©xq myL|
wZb.
Avwm‡Z‡Q ïfw`b,
w`‡b w`‡b eû evwoqv‡Q †`bv, ïwa‡Z nB‡e FY!
nvZzwo kvej MvuBwZ Pvjv‡q fvwOj hviv cvnvo,
cvnvo-KvUv †mB c‡_i `y-cv‡k cwoqv hv‡ì nvo,
†Zvgv‡i †mwe‡Z nB‡jv hvnviv gRyi, gy‡U I Kzwj,
†Zvgv‡i ewn‡Z hviv cweÎ A‡½ jvMvj a~wj,
ZvivB gvbyl, ZvivB †èZv, Mvwn Zvnv‡ì Mvb,
Zv‡`wi e¨w_Z e‡¶ cv †d‡j Av‡m be DÌvb!
mvigg© : c„w_exi hZ DbœwZ meB kÖgRxex gvby‡li `vb| Zv‡ì wbijm †mev I kÖ‡gi Kvi‡YB Avgiv
myLx Rxeb hvcb Kwi| Zv‡ì GB kÖ‡gi g~j¨ Avgiv †`B bv, Zv‡ì `ytL-†e`bv Abyfe Ki‡Z PvB bv|
cÖK…Zc‡¶ ZvivB mf¨Zvi AMÖhvÎvi KvwiMi| ZvB cwikÖgx gvbyliv kÖ×vi cvÎ| Zv‡ì RqMvb Kiv
Avgv‡ì KZ©e¨|
Pvi.
wec‡` †gv‡i i¶v K‡iv, G b‡n †gvi cÖv_©bv Ñ
wec‡` Avwg bv †hb Kwi fq|
`ytL-Zv‡c e¨w_Z wP‡Ë bvB-ev w`‡j mvš—¡bv,
`ytL †hb Kwi‡Z cvwi Rq|
mnvq †gvi bv hw` Ry‡U, wb‡Ri ej bv †hb Uz‡U,
msmv‡i‡Z NwU‡j ¶wZ, jwf‡j ïay eÂbv,
wb‡Ri g‡b bv †hb gvwb ¶q||
mvigg© : Kwe m„wóKZ©vi Kv‡Q AbyMÖn cÖv_©bv K‡ib bv| Kwe Kvgbv K‡ib, Zvi Dci Awc©Z `vwqZ¡ †hb
wZwb h_vh_fv‡e cvjb Ki‡Z cv‡ib| wec` n‡Z i¶v, `yt‡L mvš—¡bv, K‡g©i fvi jvNe Zuvi cÖZ¨vwkZ
bq| Kwei Kvgbv wec`‡K, `ytL‡K, fq‡K Rq Kivi g‡bvej †hb Zuvi AUzU _v‡K|
cuvP.
mgq I †¯ªvZ KvnviI A‡c¶vq e‡m _v‡K bv, wPiKvj Pwj‡Z _v‡K| mg‡qi wbKU Abybq K‡iv,
Bnv‡K fq †`LvI å“‡¶cI Kwi‡e bv, mgq Pwjqv hvB‡e, Avi wdwi‡e bv| bó ¯^v¯’¨ I nviv‡bv ab
cybtcÖvß nIqv hvq, wKš‘ mgq GKevi MZ nBqv †M‡j Avi wdwiqv Av‡m bv| MZ mg‡qi Rb¨
Aby‡kvPbv Kiv wbõj| hZB Kuv` bv MZ mgq Avi wdwiqv Avwm‡e bv|
mvivsk : mgq wPiengvb| kZ †Póv Ki‡jI mg‡qi MwZ‡K †KD i“× Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| †Póv I kÖg
w`‡q nq‡Zv jyß-¯^v¯’¨ ev aŸsm nIqv ab-m¤ú` cybivq D×vi Kiv hvq| wKš‘ P‡j hvIqv mgq‡K kZ
†PóvqI KL‡bvB wdwi‡q Avbv hvq bv|
Qq.
Ac‡ii Rb¨ Zzwg cÖvY `vI, Avwg Zv ej‡Z PvB‡b| Ac‡ii ¶z`ª ¶z`ª `ytL Zzwg `~i K‡iv| Aci‡K
GKUzLvwb myL `vI| Ac‡ii m‡½ GKUzLvwb wgwó K_v ej| c‡_i Amnvq gvbylwUi w`‡K GKUz Ki“Y
Pvnwb wb‡¶c K‡iv, Zvn‡jB A‡bK n‡e| PwiÎevb, gvbeZvm¤úbœ gvbyl wb‡Ri †P‡q c‡ii Afv‡e
†ewk Aaxi nb, c‡ii `ytL‡K †X‡K ivL‡Z †MŠie‡eva K‡ib|
mvivsk : gvby‡li Rb¨ A‡bK eo wKQz Ki‡Z bv cvi‡jI †QvU †QvU Kv‡Ri ØvivI Avgiv gvby‡li
DcKv‡i Avm‡Z cvwi| mva¨g‡Zv mnvqZv w`‡q A‡bï g‡b Avkvi mÂvi Ki‡Z cvwi| gvbweK APiY
w`‡q Amnvq gvbyl‡K mvš—¡bv w`‡Z cvwi| Gfv‡eB gnr gvby‡liv Zuv‡ì gn‡Ë¡i cwiPq †`b|
mvZ.
Afve Av‡Q ewjqvB RMr êwPÎ¨gq| Afve bv _vwK‡j Rxe m„wó e„_v nB‡Zv| Afve Av‡Q ewjqvB
Afve c~i‡Yi Rb¨ G‡Zv D`¨g, G‡Zv D‡`¨vM| Avgv‡ì msmvi Afve‡¶Î ewjqvB Kg©‡¶Î| Afve bv
_vwK‡j mKj‡KB ¯’vYy, ¯’wei nB‡Z nB‡Zv, gbyl¨Rxeb weo¤^bvgq nB‡Zv| gnvÁvbxiv RMr nB‡Z `ytL
`~i Kwievi Rb¨ e¨MÖ| wKš‘ RM‡Z `ytL Av‡Q ewjqvB †Zv Avgiv †mevi my‡hvM cvBqvwQ| †mev
gvbeRxe‡bi ag©| `ytL Av‡Q ewjqvB †m †mevi cvÎ hÎZÎ m`vKvj QovBqv iwnqv‡Q| whwb Abœ`vb,
e¯¿`vb, Ávb`vb, we`¨v`vb K‡ib wZwb †hgb RM‡Zi eÜz, †Zgwb whwb `yt‡L Avgv‡ì †mevi cv‡Î
ARmª `vb Kwi‡Z‡Qb, wZwbI gvb‡ei cig eÜz| `ytL‡K kÎ“ g‡b KwiI bv, `ytL Avgv‡ì eÜz|
mvivsk : Afve ev cÖ‡qvR‡bi Kvi‡YB gvbyl m„wó K‡i| m„wói †cÖiYvB gvby‡li Kv‡Ri Drm| Afve bv
_vK‡j gvbyl Ajm n‡q †hZ| `ytL Av‡Q e‡jB gnvgvbeMY †mevi nvZ cÖmvwiZ K‡ib| `yt‡L whwb
GwM‡q Av‡mb, wZwb gvb‡ei cigeÜz| `yt‡Li Av¸‡b cy‡oB gvbyl LuvwU †mvbv nq| ZvB `ytL‡K kÎ“
fvev wVK bq|
11.3 fvem¤úªmviY :
Avgv‡ì †`‡ki Kwe-mvwnwZ¨K‡ì †jLvq KL‡bv †Kv‡bv GKwU ev‡K¨ ev KweZvi GK ev GKvwaK
Pi‡Y Mfxi †Kv‡bv fve wbwnZ _v‡K| †mB fve‡K we¯—vwiZfv‡e †jLv, we‡k−lY Kiv‡K fvem¤úªmviY
e‡j| †h fvewU KweZvi Pi‡Y ev ev‡K¨ cª”Qbœfv‡e _v‡K Zv‡K bvbvfv‡e e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z nq| mvaviYZ
mgvR ev gvbeRxe‡bi gnr †Kv‡bv Av`k© ev êwkó¨, bxwZ-ˆbwZKZv, †cÖiYvg~jK †Kv‡bv welq †h cv‡V
ev ev‡K¨ ev Pi‡Y _v‡K, Zvi fvem¤úªmviY Kiv nq| fvem¤úªmvi‡Yi †¶‡Î iƒc‡Ki Avov‡j ev
cÖZx‡Ki †fZi w`‡q †h e³e¨ Dc¯’vcb Kiv nq, Zv‡K hyw³, Dcgv, D`vniY BZ¨vwì mvnv‡h¨
we‡k−lY Ki‡Z nq|
fvem¤úªmviY Kivi †¶‡Î †hme w`K we‡klfv‡e †Lqvj ivL‡Z n‡e :
GK. D×…Z AskUzKz g‡bv‡hvMmn co‡Z n‡e|
`yB. Aš—wb©wnZ fvewU eySvi †Póv Ki‡Z n‡e|
wZb. Aš—wb©wnZ fvewU †Kv‡bv Dcgv-iƒc‡Ki AvkÖ‡q wbwnZ Av‡Q wKbv Zv wPš—v Ki‡Z n‡e|
Pvi. mnR-mijfv‡e g~jfve‡K dzwU‡q Zzj‡Z n‡e|
cvuP. g~j e³e¨‡K cÖKvkiƒc †Ìqvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvR‡b hyw³ Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z n‡e|
Qq. e³‡eï cybive„wË †hb bv nq, †m w`‡K †Lqvj ivL‡Z n‡e|
GK.
wcZvgvZv ¸i“R‡b †èZzj¨ Rvwb,
hZ‡b gvwbqv Pj Zvnv‡ì evYx|
g~jfve : evev, gv I AwffveKe„›` Avgv‡ì Rxeb MVb I cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ †hme Dc‡`k †`b, †m¸‡jv
†g‡b Pjv KZ©e¨|
m¤úªmvwiZ fve :
wcZv-gvZv Avgv‡ì Rxeb `vb K‡ib Ges A‡bK Kó K‡i jvjb cvjb K‡ib| wcZv-gvZvi m‡½ Ab¨
¸i“RbivI Avgv‡ì my¯’ Rxeb weKv‡k mnvqZv K‡ib Ges A‡bK Kó ¯^xKvi K‡i Avgv‡ì eo K‡i
†Zv‡jb| Guiv mevB eq‡m, Áv‡b eyw×‡Z cÖÁvq Avgv‡ì †_‡K A‡bK eo| Zuviv Avgv‡ì †mœn K‡ib,
fv‡jvev‡mb Ges me©`vB g½j Kvgbv K‡ib| AwfÁZvi Av‡jv‡K Zuviv Rv‡bb Kx Ki‡j Avgv‡ì fvj
n‡e| bexbZv I AbwfÁZvi Kvi‡Y GB KwVb I RwUj c„w_exi A‡bK wKQzB Avgv‡ì ARvbv| †m
Rb¨ wcZv-gvZv ¸i“Rb I we‡k¦i gnvb e¨w³‡ì Dc‡`k Pjvi c‡_ Av‡jvKewZ©Kv wn‡m‡e MÖnY Ki‡Z
n‡e| Avi Zv bv Ki‡Z cvi‡j Rxe‡b mdjZv Avm‡e bv| cÖwZ gyn~‡Z© Avgiv †nuvPU Lve| Avgiv Rvwb,
Ck¦iP›`ª we`¨vmvMi, ev‡qwR` †ev¯—vwg Kxfv‡e ¸i“Rb‡ì Av‡`k-Dc‡`k cvjb K‡i‡Qb| Avi †m
Kvi‡YB Zuviv AvR mK‡ji kÖ×vi cv‡Î cwiYZ n‡Z †c‡i‡Qb| ZvB wcZv-gvZv, ¸i“Rb Av`k©¯’vbxq,
†èZzj¨ Ges Avivabv‡hvM¨| Zuv‡ì evYx AbymiY K‡i wb‡Ri Rxeb Mo‡Z n‡e Ges †`k, RvwZ Z_v
mgMÖ wek¦‡K kvk¦Z Kj¨v‡Yi w`‡K GwM‡q wb‡Z n‡e|
wm×vš— : wcZv-gvZv, ¸i“Rb I we‡k¦i gnvb e¨w³‡ì Dc‡`k gvb‡j wb‡Ri Rxeb my›ì I weKwkZ
n‡e Ges †`k I RvwZ DbœwZi wkL‡i †cuŠQ‡Z cvi‡e|
`yB.
Avgv‡ì †`‡k n‡e †mB †Q‡j K‡e
K_vq bv eo n‡q Kv‡R eo n‡e|
g~jfve : KvRB gvby‡li cwiPq‡K aviY K‡i| gy‡L eo eo K_v bv e‡j KvR Ki‡j mf¨Zvi weKvk
mvab n‡e|
m¤úªmvwiZfve : Avgv‡ì mgv‡R Ggb A‡bK gvbyl Av‡Q, hviv A‡bK K_v ej‡Z fv‡jvev‡m wKš‘
Kv‡Ri mgq Zviv dvwK †`q| Dciš‘ KvR †k‡l Zviv A‡bï mgv‡jvPbv K‡i| Gme gvbyl mgv‡Ri
Rb¨ ¶wZKi| Zviv mf¨Zvi weKv‡k †Kv‡bv f‚wgKv iv‡L bv eis Gi AMÖhvÎvq cÖwZeÜKZv m„wó K‡i|
wKš‘ wb‡R KvR Ki‡j Ges A‡bï Kv‡R mnvqZv Ki‡j Avgv‡ì †`‡ki DbœwZ Z¡ivwš^Z n‡e| we‡k¦i
me †`‡kB kÖg‡K, Kg©‡K we‡kl gh©v`v †Ìqv nq| gnvgvbe‡ì Rxebx cvV Ki‡j †`Lv hvq Zuviv Kg©
I wbôv w`‡q c„w_ex‡Z wb‡R‡ì bvg ¯^Y©v¶‡i †Lv`vB K‡i †i‡L‡Qb| hyM hyM a‡i Zuviv mviv we‡k¦
¯§iYxq n‡q _vK‡eb| GLb †_‡K Pvi `k‡KiI AwaK mgq Av‡M wbj Avg©÷ªs, gvB‡Kj KwjÝ I
GWDBb AjwWªb -GB wZbRb gvbyl HKvwš—K mvabv, wbijm kÖg I K‡Vvi Aaëmv‡qi d‡j Puv‡`
AeZiY Ki‡Z †c‡iwQ‡jb| GB `ytmvnmx Kv‡Ri Rb¨ Zuviv AvRI gvby‡li Kv‡Q eiYxq n‡q Av‡Qb|
GB Kv‡Ri ga¨ w`‡q Zuviv weÁvb‡K eû`~i GwM‡q wb‡q wM‡qwQ‡jb| Avgv‡ìI DwPZ Zuv‡ì c_‡K
AbymiY K‡i fv‡jv I cyY¨Kg© K‡i wb‡Ri, cwiev‡ii Z_v †`‡ki gyL D¾¡j Kiv| Avi hviv KvR bv
K‡i †ewk K_v e‡j, Zv‡ì‡K gvbyl evPvj e‡j| Avi evPv‡ji m½ Z¨vM Kiv evÃbxq|
wm×vš— : AvZ¥¤¢wiZv cwiZ¨vM K‡i KvR I cwikÖ‡gi ga¨ w`‡q we‡k¦ cÖwZôv jvf Ki‡Z n‡e|
wZb.
bvbvb †`‡ki bvbvb fvlv
webv ¯^‡`kx fvlv wg‡U wK Avkv?
g~jfve : gvZ…fvlvi gva¨‡gB gvbyl cÖK…Z imv¯^v`b Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges GB fvlvqB Zv‡ì cÖv‡Yi ù‚wZ©
N‡U|
m¤úªmvwiZfve : c„w_exi cÖvq me RvwZiB wbR¯^ fvlv Av‡Q Ges GK fvlv †_‡K Ab¨ fvlv Avjv`v|
Avgiv fvlvi gva¨‡g ïay wb‡Ri g‡bi fveB A‡bï Kv‡Q cÖKvk Kwi bv, gvZ…fvlvi mvnv‡h¨ A‡bï
g‡bi K_v, mvwnZ¨-wk‡íi e³eÏ wb‡Ri g‡a¨ Abyfe Kwi| wb‡Ri fvlvq wKQz †evSv hZ mnR, Ab¨
fvlvq Zv m¤¢e bq| we‡`‡k †M‡j wb‡Ri fvlvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Abyfe Kiv hvq AviI cÖLifv‡e| ZLb
wb‡Ri fvlvfvwl gvby‡li Rb¨ †fZ‡i †fZ‡i gi“f‚wgi g‡Zv Z…wlZ n‡q _v‡K gvbyl| Avgiv evOvwj,
evOjv Avgv‡ì fvlv| evsjv fvlvq Avgiv K_v ewj, cov‡jLv Kwi, Mvb MvB, Qwe AuvwK, mvwnZ¨ iPbv
Kwi, nvwm-†Lwj, Avb›`-†e`bv cÖKvk Kwi| Ab¨ fvlvq Zv ¯^Ztù‚Z©fv‡e Kiv m¤¢e bq| iex›`ªbv_
VvKzi, KvRx bRi“j Bmjvg, Rxebvb›` `vk, gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq cÖgyL GB fvlvq mvwnZ¨ iPbv K‡i
hk¯^x n‡q‡Qb| gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `Ë Rxe‡bi ïi“‡Z Ab¨ fvlvq mvwnZ¨ iPbv K‡i c‡i Av‡¶c
K‡i‡Qb Ges gvZ…fvlvq mvwnZ¨PP©v K‡i wek¦L¨vwZ jvf K‡i‡Qb| gv‡qi gy‡Li eywj †_‡K wkï Zvi
wb‡Ri fvlv AvqË Kiv ïi“ K‡i Ges GB fvlv‡ZB Zvi ¯^cœ¸‡jv iƒc †èvi †Póv K‡i, GB fvlv‡ZB
†jLvcov K‡i Ges RMr I Rxeb‡K wPb‡Z ïi“ K‡i| wfbœ fvlvfvlx‡ì g‡a¨ Avš—tm¤ú‡K©i Rb¨,
†`k-we‡`‡ki Ávb-weÁvb I mf¨Zvi AMÖMwZi m‡½ wb‡R‡ì mshy³ ivLvi Rb¨ Avgv‡ì Ab¨ fvlv
we‡kl K‡i Bs‡iwR fvlv wkL‡Z nq| wKš‘ gvZ…fvlvi eywbqv` k³ bv n‡j Ab¨ fvlv †kLvI Avgv‡ì
Rb¨ KwVb n‡q I‡V|
wm×vš— : ¯^‡`‡ki fvlv‡K fv‡jvevm‡Z n‡e, Gi weKvk I mg„w×‡K Aeva Ki‡Z n‡e Ges weK…wZ‡K
†iva Ki‡Z n‡e| my‡cq Rj †hgb AvKl©Yxq, †Zgwb ¯^‡`‡ki fvlv mywgó|
Pvi.
jvB‡eªwi RvwZi mf¨Zv I DbœwZi gvb`Ê

g~jfve : jvB‡eªwi n‡”Q Áv‡bi Avavi| GKwU RvwZi i“wPi cwiï×, Áv‡bi MfxiZv I mf¨Zvi
AMÖMgb m¤ú‡K© mg¨K aviYv cvIqv hvq H RvwZi jvB‡eªwii gva¨‡g|
m¤úªmvwiZfve : GKwU RvwZ ev †`‡ki mvwnZ¨, Ávb-weÁvb, †Ljvayjv-we‡bv`b, mf¨Zv-ms¯‹…wZi
cwiPqq‡K aviY K‡i †mB RvwZi mhZœ ˆZwi jvB‡eªwi| KL‡bv KL‡bv gvby‡li gyL †hgb e¨w³i
Aš—M©Z iƒc ev cwiw¯’wZ‡K wb‡`©k K‡i, †Zgwb jvB‡eªwi RvwZi DbœwZ I AMÖMwZ‡K wPwýZ K‡i|
jvB‡eªwi RvwZi AZxZ I eZ©gvb‡K GK my‡Zvq †eu‡a iv‡L Ges fwel¨‡Zi w`Kwb‡`©kbv †`q|
Ávbv‡š^lx I mZ¨mÜvbx gvbyl jvB‡eªwi‡Z G‡m wb‡R‡K mg„× K‡i Ges RvwZi mf¨Zvi µ‡gvbœwZ‡Z
f~wgKv iv‡L| GKwU jvB‡eªwi‡Z msiw¶Z mvwnZ¨MÖš’ †`‡L mswk−ó RvwZi mvwnZï“wP Dcjwä Kiv hvq,
weÁvbMÖš’ †`‡L RvwZi weÁvb-wPš—v I fwel¨r cwiKíbv Abyfe Kiv hvq| ZvB MÖš’vMvi n‡”Q Kv‡ji
mv¶x| Ávb-weÁvbmsµvš— †h‡Kv‡bv cÖ‡qvR‡b jvB‡eªwi cig eÜz Ges Abš— Drm| c„w_ex‡Z hZ eo
eo Avwe®‹vi n‡q‡Q, †m¸‡jvi cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki †cQ‡b i‡q‡Q jvB‡eªwii ¸i“Z¡c~Y© f~wgKv| ZvB A‡bK eo eo
hy‡×i c‡i †`Lv †M‡Q weRqx kw³ civwRZ RvwZi jvB‡eªwi‡K aŸsm K‡i w`‡q‡Q| GKwU e„nr jvB‡eªwi
RvwZi me ai‡bi Z_¨B ïay msi¶Y K‡i bv, †`‡ki mwVK DbœwZ‡ZI cÖfve‡Ki f~wgKv cvjb K‡i|
jvB‡eªwi gvby‡li Avb‡›ìI †LvivK †hvMvq Ges gvby‡li gb‡K cÖkvš— K‡i| cy¯—KcvV gvby‡li GKwU
m„wókxj kL| Avi GB kL c~i‡Yi Rb¨ jvB‡eªwii cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Aek¨¤¢vex|
wm×vš— : †h RvwZ hZ DbœZ, †mB †`‡ki jvB‡eªwi ZZ mg„×|
cvuP.
cy®ú Avcbvi Rb¨ †dv‡U bv
g~jfve : A‡bï Rb¨ wb‡R‡K DrmM© Kivi g‡a¨B gvbyl¨Rxe‡bi mv_©KZv|
m¤úªmvwiZfve : dzj GB RM‡Zi GKwU Awb›`¨my›ì m„wó| Zvi †mŠ›`h© †`‡L gvbyl gy» nq| dz‡ji
M‡Ü gvby‡li gb f‡i I‡V| dzj †_‡K †gŠgvwQ gay msMÖn K‡i, dzj †_‡K ˆZwi nq dj| †mB dj
gvbyl, cï-cvwL †L‡q ¶zav wbe„Ë K‡i Ges †`n I g‡bi weKv‡ki Rb¨ Lv`¨ Dcv`vb MÖnY K‡i| dzj-
dj †_‡K ˆZwi nq A‡bK Rxebi¶vKvix Ilya| dz‡ji cÖwµqvRv‡Zi gva¨‡g ˆZwi nq wewfbœ ai‡bi
†mŠif| dzj wcÖqR‡bi Rb¨ m‡e©vrK…ó Dcnvi| †h‡Kv‡bv Avb›`-Drme‡K Av‡iv my›ì, Av‡iv AvKl©Yxq
Ki‡Z dz‡ji †Kv‡bv weKí †bB| A‡bï g‡a¨ Avb›`-mÂvi I DcKv‡ii g‡a¨B dz‡ji cwiZzwó| iƒc-
NªvY-jveY¨ meB Ac‡ii Rb¨ wewj‡q w`‡q dzj ab¨ nq| gvbemgv‡RI Ggb wKQz gvbyl Av‡Qb, hviv
A‡bï Kj¨v‡Y wb‡Ri mg¯— AR©b DrmM© K‡ib| weÁvbx‡ì be be Avwe®‹vi gvbemf¨Zv‡K mg„×
K‡i| mgvR‡mev K‡i wb‡Ri Rxeb‡K Zz”Q K‡i mgvR‡K Dbœq‡bi w`‡K wb‡q hvq| civ_©ciZv GKwU
gnr ¸Y| c‡ii DcKv‡i wb‡R‡K wemR©b w`‡j GK AZxw›`ªq Avb›` Abyfe Kiv hvq Ges wb‡Ri `ytL-
†e`bvI fz‡j _vKv hvq| ¯^v_© wPš—v gvbyl‡K myL w`‡Z cv‡i bv| AvZ¥‡Kw›`ªKZv gvbyl‡K weeªZ K‡i
†Zv‡j|
wm×vš— : cy®ú‡K Av`k© wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv K‡i gvbeKj¨v‡Yi eªZ MÖnY Ki‡j Awbe©Pbxq Z…wß Abyfe Kiv
m¤¢e|
Qq.
B‡Ui ci BU g‡a¨ gvbyl KxU
g~jfve : bMimf¨Zvi cxo‡b gvby‡li Rxeb AvR `ywe©ln n‡q D‡V‡Q| kn‡ii K…wÎgZvq gvbyl ax‡i
ax‡i Zvi ¯^vfvweK cÖe„wË nvwi‡q AvR Kx‡U cwiYZ n‡q‡Q|
m¤úªmvwiZfve : b`x-bvjv-Lvj-wej-cvnvo AiY¨ cÖK…wZi ¯^Ztù‚Z© `vb| wKš‘ gvbyl me mgqB
AvwacZëv`x| †m cÖK…wZi Ici ¶gZv cÖ‡qvM K‡i B‡Ui c‡i BU †Mu‡_ GKUvi ci GKUv `vjvb ˆZwi
K‡i bMi m„wó K‡i‡Q| d‡j e¨vnZ n‡”Q cÖK…wZi cÖZ¨vwkZ weKvk| nvwi‡q hv‡”Q Qvqv mywbweo kvwš—i
bxo, mywgó evqycÖevn, b`xi KjaŸwb| †mB ggZvgq I ¯^v¯’¨Ki cwiw¯’wZ‡K `Lj K‡i wb‡q‡Q GLb eo
eo AÆvwjKv, evqy I kã`~lY, Zxeª hvbRU I †Kvjvnj| gvbyl GLv‡b ¯^vfvweKfv‡e k¦vmMÖnY Ki‡Z
cv‡i bv| kn‡i MÖv‡gi †mB wgj‡bvb¥yL †mŠnv`©¨c~Y© cwi‡ek †bB, Zvi wecix‡Z Av‡Q ci¯ú‡ii g‡a¨
Zxeª cÖwZ‡hvwMZv I ¯^v‡_©i Ø›Ø| GLv‡b †KD Kv‡iv myL-`yt‡Li Askx`vi nq bv| cÖ‡Z¨‡KB GLv‡b
wew”Qbœ Øx‡ci g‡Zv emevm K‡i| d‡j AviY¨K f~wg‡K aŸsm K‡i gvbyl hZB hš¿mf¨Zvi eovB Ki“K
bv †Kb, cÖK…Zc‡¶ gvbyl bMimf¨Zvi huvZvK‡j c‡o †m †fZ‡i-evB‡i wbt¯^ n‡q Kx‡U cwiYZ n‡”Q|
Rxe‡bi ¯^vfvweK ù~wZ© webó n‡q hv‡”Q| ZvB Ávb-weÁv‡bi wkL‡i D‡VI gvbyl AvR K¬vš—, Aembœ|
cÖK…wZ aŸsm Kivi Kvi‡Y gvbyl GLb cÖwZ gyn~‡Z© cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©v‡Mi f‡q kw¼Z _v‡K| †m AvR gy³
cwi‡e‡ki Rb¨ e¨wZe¨¯—| †m GKUz wbg©j evZvm †meb Ki‡Z Pvq, eyKf‡i wbtk¦vm wb‡Z Pvq, cÖvYLy‡j
K_v ej‡Z Pvq, mnggx© n‡Z Pvq G‡K A‡bï| ZvB Avevi †m wd‡i †c‡Z Pvq †mB cÖmbœ, my›ì, wmœ»
MÖvg|
wm×vš— : bMi gvby‡li eënvwiK Rxeb‡K wKQzUv mnR Ki‡jI Zvi ¯^v”Q›`¨‡K bó K‡i w`‡q‡Q| bMi
gvby‡li Rxe‡bi ¯^vfvweK weKv‡k Aš—ivq m„wó K‡i‡Q|
mvZ.
e‡bïv e‡b my›ì wkïiv gvZ…‡µv‡o
g~jfve : cÖK…wZ mewKQziB GKwU ¯^vfvweK †mŠ›`h© Av‡Q Ges †mB †mŠ›`h© h‡_vchy³ cwi‡e‡kB
¯^Ztù~Z© I AvKl©Yxq|
m¤úªmvwiZfve : †mŠ›`h© cÖK…wZi GK gnvg~jëvb `vb| †Kv_vq †mB †mŠ›`h© me‡P‡q bv›`wbK Zv
cÖK…wZB wba©viY K‡i †`q| wbw`©ó cwi‡e‡ki e¨Z¨q NU‡j †mŠ›`‡h©i ¯^vfvweK J¾¡j¨ wb®úÖf n‡q hvq|
eb¨ cÖvYxiv e‡bB my›ì, cvwL gy³ AvKv‡k| dzj my›ì Mv‡Q, gvQ ¯^vfvweK R‡j| wKš‘ eb¨ cÖvYx‡K
†jvKvj‡q, cvwL‡K LuvPvq, dzj‡K dzj`vwb‡Z, gvQ‡K Wv½vq ivL‡j Zv‡ì Rxe‡bi MwZ e¨vnZ nq,
†mŠ›`‡h©i nvwb N‡U, KL‡bv KL‡bv Rxebbv‡ki Avk¼v ˆZwi nq| Giv cÖZ¨vwkZ cwigÊj nvwi‡q
wb®úÖvY n‡q I‡V| wkïiI h_v_© ¯’vb gv‡qi †Kvj| gv‡qi †Kv‡j wkï‡K hZUzKz gvbvq, Ab¨ †Kv_vI Zv
m¤¢e bq| wb‡R‡ì kL-Avn¬v` c~i‡Yi Rb¨ gvbyl KL‡bv KL‡bv K…wÎg cwi‡ek ˆZwi K‡i eb¨ cÖvYx,
cvwL, gvQ †cvlvi †Póv K‡i, wKQzUv nq‡Zv mdjI nq| wKš‘ †mB me cÖvYxi Rxe‡bi Q›` bó nq,
e¨vnZ nq h_v_© weKvk| ZvB K…wÎgZv KL‡bv MÖnY‡hvM¨ bq| ïay cÖvYxi Avevm bq, gvby‡li Rxe‡bI
K…wÎgZv Kvg¨ bq| KL‡bv KL‡bv gvbyl gy‡Lvk c‡i Zvi h_v_© iƒc‡K †X‡K K…wÎg AvPiY K‡i|
gq~‡ii †cLg jvMv‡jB KvK KL‡bv gq~i nq bv|
wm×vš— : hvi †hLv‡b ¯’vb, Zv‡K †mLv‡bB _vK‡Z †Ìqv DwPZ| cÖK…Z iƒ‡cB mewKQz my›ì, K…wÎgZv
¯^Ztù~Z©vi Aš—ivq|
AvU.
mevi Dc‡i gvbyl mZ¨ Zvnvi Dc‡i bvB
g~jfve : gvby‡l gvby‡l A‡bK ai‡bi we‡f`-êlg¨ _vK‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘ me‡P‡q eo mZ¨ n‡”Q Avgiv
mevB gvbyl|
m¤úªmvwiZfve : me gvbyl GKB m„wóKZ©vi m„wó Ges mKj m„wói g‡a¨ gvbyl †kÖô| c„w_exi GKB Rj-
nvIqvq Avgiv †e‡o DwV| Avgv‡ì mK‡ji i‡³i is jvj| ZvB gvbyl G‡K A‡bï Nwbô AvZ¥xq|
†fŠ‡MvwjKfv‡e Avgiv †h †hLv‡bB _vwK bv †Kb, A_ev Avgiv †h hy‡MiB gvbyl nB bv †Kb, Avgv‡ì
GKwU cwiPq Avgiv gvbyl| KL‡bv KL‡bv ¯^v_©wmw×i Rb¨ Avgiv RvZ-Kzj-ag©-e‡Y©i cv_©K¨ ˆZwi K‡i
gvbyl‡K `~‡i †V‡j w`B, GK `j Av‡iK `j‡K N„Yv Kwi, cðv‡Z †dj‡Z PvB, ci¯úi nvbvnvwb‡Z wjß
nB| wKš‘ G¸‡jv Avm‡j mvgwqK, cÖK…Z e¨vcvi n‡”Q Avgiv G‡K A‡bï cig myü`| Avgv‡ì DwPZ
mevB‡K åvZ…‡Z¡i eÜ‡b Ave× ivLv| cÖ‡Z¨K‡K gvbyl wn‡m‡e gh©v`v †Ìqv Ges Zvi AwaKvi msi¶‡Y
GKwbô _vKv| gvby‡li g‡a¨ bvix-cyi“l, wkw¶Z-Awkw¶Z, abx-`wi`ª, eªvþY-k~`,ª Avkivd-AvZivd,
wn›`y-gymjgvb, †eŠ×-wLª÷vb, †K›`ªevmx-cÖvš—evmx Ggb fvMvfvwM KL‡bvB Kvg¨ n‡Z cv‡i bv| Zv‡Z
gvbeZvi Aegvbbv Kiv nq| ZvB AvaywbK Kv‡j GK wek¦, GK RvwZ †PZbvi weKvk NU‡Q `ª“Z|
gvbeRvwZi GKB GKvZ¥-aviYv cÖwZwôZ n‡j hy‡M hy‡M, †`‡k †`‡k gvivgvwi, hy×-weMÖn K‡g Avm‡e|
gvbyl msNvZ-we‡Øl gy³ kvwš—c~Y© GKwek¦ cÖwZôv Ki‡Z cvi‡e| me©Î gbyl¨‡Z¡i RqMv_v †NvwlZ n‡e|
wm×vš— : mKj ag©-eY©-†Mv‡Îi gvbyl‡K gvbyl wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…wZ w`‡q, weï×fv‡e fv‡jvevm‡Z cvi‡jB
we‡k¦ cÖvw_©Z myL I mg„w× cÖwZwôZ n‡e|
121
11.4 Av‡e`bcÎ I wPwV
GK. Rwigvbv gIKz‡di Rb¨ cÖavb wk¶‡Ki Kv‡Q Av‡e`b|
eivei
cÖavb wk¶K
KvwZ©Kcyi D”P we`¨vjq, XvKv|
gva¨g : †kÖwYwk¶K|
welq : Rwigvbv gIKz‡di Rb¨ Av‡e`b|
g‡nv`q,
webxZ wb‡e`b GB †h, Avwg Avcbvi we`¨vj‡qi mßg †kÖwYi QvÎ| Avwg mvaviYZ cÖwZ gv‡mi
wba©vwiZ Zvwi‡LB Avgvi †eZb cwi‡kva K‡i _vwK| wKš‘ G gv‡m evev UvKv cvVv‡Z †`wi Kivq wbw`©ó
w`‡b †eZb cwi‡kva Ki‡Z cvwiwb| †h Kvi‡Y Avgvi Rwigvbv n‡q‡Q| Avwg AvR †eZb cwi‡kva
Ki‡Z PvB| wKš‘ Avgvi c‡¶ Rwigvbv †Ìqv KóKi|
AZGe, webxZ Av‡e`b GB †h, mü`q we‡ePbvi gva¨‡g Rwigvbv gIKzd K‡i, Avgvi †eZb cwi‡kva
Kivi AbygwZ w`‡q evwaZ Ki‡eb|
wb‡e`K
Avcbvi GKvš— AbyMZ QvÎ
dqmvj Avn‡g` mygb
†kÖwY : mßg
†ivj b¤î : 9
ZvwiL : 3iv b‡f¤î 2012
`yB. ¯‹z‡j my‡cq cvwbi eë¯’v Kivi Rb¨ cÖavb wk¶‡Ki wbKU Av‡e`b|
eivei
cÖavb wk¶K
Rvgvjcyi miKvwi D”P we`¨vjq
Rvgvjcyi|
welq : my‡cq cvwbi eë¯’v Kivi Rb¨ Av‡e`b|
g‡nv`q,
webxZ wb‡e`b GB †h, Avgv‡ì ¯‹z‡ji wUDeI‡qjwU Av‡m©wbKgy³ bv nIqvq Avgiv Lvevi cvwbi
we‡kl msK‡U AvwQ| G Ae¯’vq Avgv‡ì ¯‹z‡j `ª“Z GKwU Av‡m©wbKgy³ wUDeI‡qj ¯’vcb Kiv ìKvi|
AZGe, Rbv‡ei wbKU webxZ Av‡e`b, Ri“wi wfwË‡Z GKwU Av‡m©wbKgy³ wUDeI‡qj ¯’vcb K‡i
evwaZ Ki‡eb|
webxZ wb‡e`K
Rvgvjcyi ¯‹z‡ji QvÎ-QvÎx‡ì c‡¶
Awb›`¨ †mvg
†kÖwY : 7g
†ivj : 05
ZvwiL : 3iv AvM÷ 2012

Av‡e`bcÎ I wPwV 123
wZb. †Zvgvi GjvKvq cvVvMvi ¯’vc‡bi Rb¨ Dc‡Rjv †Pqvig¨v‡bi wbKU GKwU Av‡e`b cÎ wj‡Lv|
eivei
Dc‡Rjv †Pqvig¨vb
†Mv`vMvox Dc‡Rjv cwil`
ivRkvnx|
welq : †Mv`vMvox c~e©cvovq GKwU cvVvMvi ¯’vc‡bi Rb¨ Av‡e`b|
g‡nv`q,
m¤§vbc~e©K webxZ wb‡e`b GB †h, Avgv‡ì †Mv`vMvox c~e©cvovq nvB¯‹zj I cÖvBgvwi ¯‹z‡ji QvÎQvÎxmn
RbmsL¨v cÖvq `yB nvRv‡ii Dc‡i| wKš‘ `yf©v‡Mï welq n‡”Q, GLv‡b †Kv‡bv cvVvMvi †bB| QvÎ-
QvÎx‡ì ÁvbPP©v, gvbmMVb I m„Rbkxj †PZbv weKv‡k GKwU cvVvMvi LyeB cÖ‡qvRb| GQvov GjvKvq
ˆ`wbK cwÎKv I mvgwqK cÎ-cwÎKv coviI †Kv‡bv eë¯’v †bB| GLv‡b GKwU cvVvMvi n‡j Zi“YivI
Zv‡ì Ajm mgq‡K ÁvbPP©vi g‡Zv cÖ‡qvRbxq Kv‡R e¨q Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
AZGe, †Mv`vMvox c~e©cvovq mKj eq‡mi Rbmvavi‡Yi DcKv‡ii K_v we‡ePbv K‡i AwZmZ¡i GLv‡b
GKwU cvVvMvi ¯’vc‡bi eë¯’v MÖn‡Yi Rb¨ Avcbv‡K we‡klfv‡e Aby‡iva Rvbvw”Q|
wb‡e`K
†Mv`vMvox c~e©cvovi Rbmvavi‡Yi c‡¶
†iv‡`jv kviwgb
ZvwiL : 2iv Ryb 2012|

Pvi. RvZxq †kvK wè‡mi Abyôv‡bi cÖ¯‘wZi Rb¨ 4_© (PZz_©) NÈvi ci K¬vm ¯’wM‡Zi Rb¨ Av‡e`b|
eivei
cÖavb wk¶K
Rvnv½xibMi wek¦we`¨vjq ¯‹zj I K‡jR
mvfvi, XvKv|
welq : RvZxq †kvK wè‡mi Abyôv‡bi cÖ¯‘wZi Rb¨ 4_© NÈvi ci K¬vm ¯’wM‡Zi Rb¨ Av‡e`b|
g‡nv`q,
m¤§vbc~e©K wb‡e`b GB †h, Avgv‡ì we`¨vj‡q AvMvgxKvj 15B AvM÷ RvZxq †kvK wèm cvjb Kiv
n‡e| †kvK wè‡mi Abyôv‡bi wewfbœ KvR myôfv‡e m¤úbœ Kivi Rb¨ cÖwZwU †kÖwY‡KB †Kv‡bv bv †Kv‡bv
`vwqZ¡ †Ìqv n‡q‡Q| Avgv‡ì Ici `vwqZ¡ c‡o‡Q gÂ m¾v| AvMvgxKv‡ji †kvK wè‡mi mvwe©K
KvR mym¤úbœ Kivi Rb¨ AvR 4_© NÈvi ci K¬vmmg~n ¯’wMZ Ki‡j fv‡jv nq|
AZGe, Rbv‡ei wbKU webxZ Av‡e`b, 4_© NÈvi ci K¬vmmg~n ¯’wMZ K‡i evwaZ Ki‡eb|
webxZ wb‡e`K
Avcbvi GKvš— eva¨MZ QvÎ
†gvnb AvdRvj c„w_ex
†kÖwY : mßg
†ivj : 03
ZvwiL : 14B AvM÷ 2012

cvuP. †Zvgvi QvÎvevm Rxe‡bi AwfÁZv Rvwb‡q †Zvgvi gv‡K cÎ †jL|

kvnRv`cyi
wmivRMÄ
14B Ryb 2012
c~Rbxq gv
Avgvi cÖYvg wbI| evev‡K Avgvi cÖYvg wÌ| Zzwg I evev †Kgb AvQ? †Zvgv‡ì Rb¨ Avgvi me
mgqB wPš—v nq| wb‡R‡ì kix‡ii cÖwZ hZœ wbI| Avwg GK mßvn Av‡M Avgvi ¯‹z‡ji QvÎxev‡m
D‡VwQ| QvÎxev‡mi cwi‡ek LyeB fv‡jv| wewfbœ †kÖwYi QvÎxiv GLv‡b _v‡K| QvÎxiv ci¯ú‡ii cÖwZ
h‡_ó mnvbyf~wZkxj| †h Kvi‡Y Kv‡iv †Kv‡bv mgm¨v nq bv| Aemi mg‡q A‡b‡K GKmv‡_ Mí Kwi|
Avgv‡ì evwo‡Z mÜ¨vq †hgb mevB GK‡Î AvÇv w`B, A‡bKUv †mB iKg| QvÎxev‡mi g‡a¨B GKwU
†QvU cvVvMvi Av‡Q| GLv‡b cvVëB‡qi cvkvcvwk mvwnZ¨, weÁvb I mvaviY Áv‡bi eB Av‡Q| ILv‡b
e‡m eB cov hvq Avevi wZb w`‡bi Rb¨ K‡¶I wb‡q Avmv hvq| Avgvi K‡¶ †h †g‡qwU Av‡Q †mI
7g †kÖwYi QvÎx| Ii bvg gwb| I Lyjbvi †g‡q| gwb LyeB my›ì iex›`ªm½xZ Mvq| †Zvgv‡ì Rb¨ gb
Lvivc n‡j gwb Avgv‡K Mvb †kvbvq| Avgvi K¶Uv PviZjvq| K‡¶i Rvbvjvq ùvov‡j meyR Mv‡Qi
Dci w`‡q my›ì AvKvk †`Lv hvq| QvÎxev‡m GKwU wgjbvqZb Av‡Q, †mLv‡b K¨vivg I †Uwej †Uwbm
†Ljv hvq, kx‡Zi mgq e¨vWwg›Ub †Ljvi eë¯’v Kiv nq| cÖ_g cÖ_g QvÎxev‡mi Lvevi Lye fvj jvMZ
bv, ZLb †Zvgvi ivbœvi K_v Lye g‡b n‡Zv| wKš‘ GLb Af¨¯— n‡q †MwQ| cÖwZ gv‡m `yBevi we‡kl
Lvev‡ii eë¯’v Kiv nq, ZLb mvs¯‹…wZK Abyôv‡bi Av‡qvRb _v‡K A‡bKUv Drm‡ei g‡Zv| Avgv‡K
wb‡q wPš—v K‡iv bv| Avkv Kwi Avwg fv‡jvB _vKe|
¯^”Q †Kgb Av‡Q? Ii †jLvcovi cÖwZ bRi †iL| c~Rvi QzwU n‡jB Avwg evwo P‡j Avme| Avgvi Rb¨
Avkxe©v` K‡iv|
BwZ
†Zvgv‡ì Av`‡ii
ïåv †Mv¯^vgx
WvKwU‡KU
†cÖiK cÖvcK
ïåv †Mv¯^vgx gwb †Mv¯^vgx
kvnRv`cyi, wmivRMÄ K‡jR †ivW, wmivRMÄ
Qq. †Zvgvi Rxe‡bi j¶¨ Kx Rvwb‡q eo fvB‡K wPwV wjL|
†`vnvi, XvKv
13 B Rvbyqvwi 2012
kÖ‡×q eo fvB,
Avgvi mvjvg wb‡eb| evwoi mK‡j Avgiv fv‡jv AvwQ| Avgvi ¯‹z‡ji K¬vm fv‡jvfv‡e ïi“ n‡q‡Q|
AvwgI cov‡kvbv ïi“ K‡iwQ| Av`‡ii †QvU †evb AwÎ‡K fwZ© Kiv‡bv n‡q‡Q| Avcbvi K_vg‡Zv
Avgiv `yÕR‡b GKm‡½ ¯‹z‡j hvB| Avcwb wPš—v Ki‡eb bv|
Avcwb Rvb‡Z †P‡qwQ‡jb Avwg eo n‡q Kx n‡Z PvB| Avgv‡ì Rjxj m¨vi‡K †Zv Avcwb wP‡bb|
Avwg m¨vi‡K Lye cQ›` Kwi| m¨vi Avgv‡ì‡K Lye fv‡jvfv‡e covb| cov‡bvi mgq Avgiv Kxfv‡e eo
n‡Z cvie, †`‡ki gvby‡li †mev Ki‡Z cvie, c„w_ex‡K Av‡iv my›ì Ki‡Z cvie Gme e‡jb| Avgvi
g‡b nq, Avgv‡ì †`‡ki Rb¨ GL‡bv Av`k© wk¶K A‡bK †ewk ìKvi| ZvB Avwg wVK K‡iwQ,
fv‡jvfv‡e cov‡jLv †kl K‡i Avwg wk¶K ne|
Avcwb Avgvi Rb¨ †`vqv Ki‡eb| Avgv‡ì GjvKvi mevB fv‡jv Av‡Qb| `v`v-`vw` GLb †ek my¯|’
Avcwb evwo Avmvi mgq Avgvi Rb¨ weÁvbwelqK gvwmK cwÎKv wb‡q Avm‡eb| fv‡jv _vK‡eb|
BwZ
Avcbvi Av`‡ii
mygb ingvb AK©
†cÖiK: cÖvcK WvKwUwKU

mygb ingvb AK© †gvqv‡¾g †nv‡mb bxjy
wgTv evwo, PiKzkvB 19/50 iƒcbMi
†`vnvi, XvKv 1331 cj−ex, XvKv 1216
AvU. †Zvgvi GjvKvi GKwU †jvKR Drm‡ei eY©bv w`‡q cÖevmx eÜz‡K cÎ wjL|
wcÖqv¼v eo–qv
ivRvbMi, PÆMÖvg
ZvwiL : 8B †g 2012
wcÖq cyZzj,
Avgvi cÖxwZ I fv‡jvevmv bvI| AvR cÖvq `yB eQi n‡Z Pjj Zzwg ivwkqv P‡j †MQ| Avgv‡ì `yR‡bi
Rxeb †h cÖvYPvÂ‡j¨ ficyi wQj Zv wKQz‡ZB fzj‡Z cvwi bv| Zzwg †Zvgvi evev-gvi m‡½ ivwkqv P‡j
hvIqvi ci GL‡bv Avgv‡ì GjvKvi bvbv Abyôvb †mB Av‡Mi g‡ZvB Avgiv Dc‡fvM Kwi| Z‡e
Avgiv †Zvgvi Afve †eva Kwi| Gevi Avgv‡ì GjvKvq †ek eo Av‡qvR‡b êkvLx Drme AbywôZ
n‡q‡Q| AvR Avwg †mB Drm‡ei K_v ej‡ZB †Zvgv‡K wPwV wjLwQ|
Zzwg †Zv Rvb Avgv‡ì mviv evsjv‡`‡kB c‡njv êkvL beel© wn‡m‡e cvwjZ nq| GLb Avgv‡ì
iv½ywbqv‡ZI c‡njv êkvL Dcj‡¶ e¨vcK Av‡qvR‡b bvbv Abyôvb nq| ivRvbM‡i GeviB cÖ_g
êkvLx Drm‡ei Abyôvb nq| ¯^cb, cyjK, n¨vcx, ˆPZvjx, AwbK, `xcv, KzgKzg, bvnvi, ivRy, mRj
Ges Avwg mevB wg‡j mKvj mKvj Avgv‡ì we`¨vgqx ¯‹z‡ji gv‡V P‡j hvB| cÖ_‡g ILvb †_‡K mKvj
mvZUvq ïi“ nq êkvLx †kvfvhvÎv| bvbv is‡qi e¨vbvi †d÷zb nv‡Z Avgiv i¨vwj‡Z Ask †bB| i¨vwj
†kl K‡i ¯‹z‡ji gv‡V P‡j Avwm| ILv‡bB wekvj AvKv‡i †gjv e‡m‡Q| gv‡Vi DËi w`‡K PoKMv‡Qi
Av‡qvRb, Zvi cv‡k e‡m‡Q Pzwoi †`vKvb| †QvU †QvU ev‡· bvbv ai‡bi Pzwoi cmiv mvwR‡q e‡m‡Q
gwnjviv| Zvi cv‡k PvbvPzi I wbgwK fvRv I wewµ Pj‡Q| Avwg Mig wbgwK fvRv Avav †KwR wK‡b
mevB wg‡j †L‡qwQ Avi Ny‡i Ny‡i †gjvUv †`‡LwQ| gv‡Vi c~e© †Kv‡Y evuk-†e‡Zi bvbv M„n¯’vwj `ªe¨ wb‡q
e‡m‡Q we‡µZviv| ILv‡bI †ek wfo| Zvi cv‡kB bvbv ai‡bi †ejyb, evuwki cmiv e‡m‡Q| Avwg
Avgvi †QvU †evb wcÖqwš—i Rb¨ †ejyb I evuwk wK‡bwQ| Ii Rb¨ iwOb wdZvI wK‡bwQ| `xcv †Zv †hUv
†`‡L †mUvB wK‡b Ggb Ae¯’v Ii| nv‡Z †h KqUv UvKv wQj me UvKvq `xcv Ii fvB †ev‡bi Rb¨ bvbv
wRwbmcÎ wK‡bwQj| ivRy, mRj, n¨vcx, AwbK, ¯^cb evu‡ki ˆZwi Kjg`vwb wK‡bwQj| Avgiv mevB
wg‡j PiKMv‡QI DVjvg| ILv‡b D‡V †Zv ˆPZvjx fxlY fq †c‡q †Mj| wKš‘ wK Avi Kiv `kcvK bv
†L‡q †Zv Avi bvgv hv‡e bv| ˆPZvjx e‡j‡Q, I Avi KL‡bv PiKMv‡Q DV‡e bv|
AvR Avi wjLwQ bv| Zzwg fv‡jv †_‡Kv| R¨vVv-R¨vVvBgv‡K kÖ×v wÌ| †Zvgvi me Lei Rvwb‡q
Avgv‡K wj‡Lv| †Zvgvi Rb¨ Amxg fv‡jvevmv iBj|
BwZ
wcÖqv¼v eo–qv
AIR MAIL WvKwUwKU

†cÖiK: cÖvcK
wcÖqv¼v eo–qv dvnwg`v cyZzj
ivRvbMi, PÆMÖvg| g‡¯‹v, ivwkqv|
129

Grameer Class 7

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Grameer Class 7

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

PDF Edited By

evsjv e¨vKiY I wbwg©wZ

RvZxq wk¶vµg I cvV¨cy¯—K †evW©

[cÖKvkK KZ©„K me©¯^Z¡ msiw¶Z]

miKvi KZ©„K webvg~‡j¨ weZi‡Yi Rb¨

cÖ‡dmi †gvt †gv¯—dv KvgvjDwÏb

1.2 evsjv fvlvi D™¢e I µgweKvk

1.3 mvay I PwjZ ixwZ : me©bvg I wµqvc‡`i cv_©K¨

mvay fvlvi cÖvgvY¨ msÁv

PwjZ fvlvi cÖvgvY¨ msÁv

mvay fvlv I PwjZ fvlvq wµqvc‡`i KwZcq i~c :

mvay fvlv I PwjZ fvlvq me©bvg c‡`i KwZcq i~c :

mvay fvlv I PwjZ fvlvi ˆewkó¨

mvay fvlvi ˆewkó¨

PwjZ fvlvi ˆewkó¨

mvay I PwjZ ixwZi cv_©K¨

mvay I PwjZ fvlvi bgybv

(L) PwjZ †_‡K mvay

2.2 e¨vKiY cv‡Vi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv

evsjv e¨vKi‡Yi Av‡jvP¨ welq

3.1 aŸwbi †kªwYwefvM

¯^iaŸwbi D”PviY ¯’vb I ˆewkó¨

aŸwb D”PviY ¯’vb D”PviY ¯’vb Abymv‡i bvg

e¨ÄbaŸwbi †kªwYwefvM I D”PviY ˆewkó¨

e¨ÄbaŸwbi D”PviY ¯’vb I ˆewkó¨

aŸwb-cÖK…wZ AícÖvY aŸwb gnvcÖvY aŸwb

A¨v aŸwbi D”PviY

wb‡P QKvKv‡i mwÜi wefvRb †`Lv‡bv n‡jv :

4.1 e¨ÄbmwÜ : wbqg I D`vniY

Zrmg ev ms¯‹…ZvMZ e¨ÄbmwÜ

K& + ¯^iaŸwb = M& + ¯^iaŸwb : w`K& + Aš— = w`Mš—

wYRš— = wYP& + Aš— ZrKvj = Z`& + Kvj Zrmg = Z`& + mg

cwi + Q` = c`& + nwZ = eb + cwZ =

2| QK Abyhvqx wb‡Pi kã¸‡jvi mwÜ we‡k−lY Ki Ges mwÜi wbqg †jL :

kã mwÜ-we‡k−lY mwÜi wbqg

wb‡P GKwU ev‡K¨i mvnv‡h¨ GB m¤ú‡K©i m~Îmg~n †`Lv‡bv n‡jv :

5. wµqv‡K Ô†Kv_v n‡ZÕ cÖ‡kœi DË‡i cvIqv hv‡e Acv`vb KviK|

1. kã wefw³ ev bvg wefw³

KZ…©Kvi‡K wewfbœ wefw³i cÖ‡qvM

Acv`vb Kvi‡K mvaviYZ cÂgx wefw³ nq|

AwaKiY Kvi‡K wewfbœ wefw³i cÖ‡qvM

m¤^Ü c‡`i wefw³

Kg©Kvi‡K Ôk~b¨ Õ wefw³ : †Nvov Mvwo Uv‡b|

Kvbœvq †kvK g›`xf‚Z nq| AwaKi‡Y mßgx

Rx‡e `qv K‡i mvayRb| m¤úª`v‡b mßgx

bRiyj KZ©„K AwMœexYv iwPZ nq| KZ…©Kvi‡K 3qv

(L) me©bvg k‡ãi i~c : Avwg, Zzwg, †m

5.4 we‡kl‡Yi ÔZiÕ I ÔZgÕ

ÔÑZiÕ ÔÑZgÕ Gi ev‡K¨ cÖ‡qvM

g~j we‡klY kã Cqm&-†hv‡M Bô-†hv‡M

g~j we‡kl‡Yi kã Zi-†hv‡M Zg-†hv‡M

6.1 DcmM©‡hv‡M kãMVb

DcmM© g~j kã DcmM©‡hv‡M MwVZ kã

evsjv DcmM©‡hv‡M kã MVb :

ev‡K¨ evsjv DcmM©hy³ k‡ãi cÖ‡qvM

2. Zrmg ev ms¯‹…Z DcmM©

ev‡K¨ Zrmg ev ms¯‹…Z DcmM©hy³ k‡ãi cÖ‡qvM

evsjv DcmM© Zrmg (ms¯‹…Z) DcmM© we‡`wk DcmM©

6.2 cÖZ¨q‡hv‡M kãMVb

cÖZ¨q m¤ú‡K© ÁvZe¨

L. evsjv K…r cÖZ¨q

K. ms¯‹…Z Zw×Z cÖZ¨q

L. evsjv Zw×Z cÖZ¨q