SPSS Week 7

In this SPSS assignment, use the tools learned in Gravetter and Wallnau (2013) Chapter 11 to
describe a dependent-samples repeated-measures t-test using the teachersurvey.sav SPSS data
file. Imagine a researcher is interested in whether teachers’ self-esteem differs at the beginning
and at the end of the school year. Use the data file: teachersurvey.sav to conduct a dependent-
samples repeated-measures t-test (referred to as a paired-samples t-test in SPSS). In this data-set
self-esteem was measured at the beginning of the school year (Score One) and at the end of the
school year (Score Two) (i.e., repeated-measures with the same group). These are the variables
to be used in this analysis.

Paired Samples Statistics

Mean N Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
Pair 1 ScoreOne 77.63 40 5.808 .918
ScoreTwo 84.58 40 7.060 1.116

Paired Samples Correlations

N Correlation Sig.
Pair 1 ScoreOne & ScoreTwo 40 .052 .752

Paired Samples Test

Paired Differences
95% Confidence Interval of the
Difference
Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean Lower Upper
Pair 1 ScoreOne - ScoreTwo -6.950 8.907 1.408 -9.799 -4.101

a.) Are the two main assumptions underlying repeated-measures t-tests met? Support your
response with SPSS output as needed.
The first assumption says that there are no significant outliers between the two
groups. This assumption is met as there are not significant outliers. The second
assumption is that between the two groups the distribution should be normally
 distributed. This as well has been met, therefore the two main assumptions have
been met

b.) What are the null and alternative hypotheses?

Ho: Teachers self-esteem does not differ from the beginning to the end of the
school year.

Ha: Teachers self-esteem differs at the beginning and end of the school year

c.) What are the mean and standard deviation for beginning self-esteem (Score One) and
end self-esteem (Score Two) using APA style?
The mean and standard deviation for the beginning self-esteem score was 77.63
(mean) and 5.808 (standard deviation). The mean and standard deviation for the
end self-esteem score was 84.58 (mean) and 7.060 (standard deviation).

d.) What is the value of Cohen’s d? Is it small, medium, or large?

The value of Cohen’s d is d=Mean/SD; -6.98.907= -.7803 This is still considered
medium

e.) Interpret the mean, standard deviation, standard error, and confidence interval in the
paired-samples t-test output box.
When interpreting the mean one can look of the mean of score one (77.63) and
score two (84.58) and know that teacher’s self-esteem at the end of the semester
measured higher than in the beginning (score one). The standard deviation of
both scores combined (8.907) shows that there is a significant amount of variation
between the two scores. The standard error suggests that there is variability
between samples. Lastly the confidence interval shows that there is a significant
change in the measurement of self – esteem.

f.) What is the percentage of variance explained? Interpret this value.

The percentage of variance allows the researcher to compare different samples at
different points and time.
g.) Report the results in APA format.
In reporting the results, we see that the mean is higher in the end of the year. We
also have discovered that not only is the self-esteem higher but it is significantly
higher than in the beginning.
h.) What might be concluded from these results? In these conclusions, discuss possible
limitations of the study and recommendations for future research.
In conclusion the study shows that self-esteem does differ from beginning to the
end of the school year with teachers. The data proved that there is a significant
difference in the self-esteem of teachers at the end of the year compared to the
beginning. One limitation of this study is that this does not address why self-
esteem is measured higher at the end of the school year.