ghlk; 3

njhopy;El;gk; Njh;e;njLj;jy; kw;Wk; kjpg;gPL

ghl mikg;G

3.0 Kd;Diu
3.1 ghlj;jpd; Nehf;fq;fs;
3.2 khw;Wj; njhopy;El;gq;fs; Ma;T nra;jy;
3.3 njhopy;El;g – nghUshjhu rhj;jpaq;fs; Ma;T nra;jy;
3.4 gy;NtW jpl;lkhd msitfspd; Njit
3.5 vhprf;jpiaj; jpwikahfg; gad;gLj;Jjy;
3.6 Rw;Wr; #oy; ghJfhg;G
3.7 njhopy;El;gg; gad;ghl;by; ePjpnewp
3.8 gzpahsh;fSf;Fk;> mYtyfj; jsthlq;fs; kw;Wk;
,ae;jpuq;fSf;fhd njhlh;G kw;Wk; gzpahsh; gzp Nkk;ghL
3.9 kuGrhh; Ma;T Kiw
3.10 gy;NtW jpl;lkhd msitfs; mbg;gilapy; KbntLj;jy; Kiw
kw;Wk; ,ju Kiwfs;
3.11 ghlr; RUf;fk;
3.12 Kf;fpa thh;j;ijfs;
3.13 gbj;jij epidT $h;jy;
3.14 Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk; gapw;rpfs;

1
3.0 Kd;Diu

xU ehl;bd; nghUshjhu tsh;r;rp me;j ehl;bd; njhopy; El;g

tsh;r;rpiag; nghWj;J mikfpd;wJ. kf;fspd; r%f – nghUshjhu
tsh;r;rpapYk;> tho;f;ifj; ju cah;tpYk; njhopy;El;gj;jpd; gq;F
mjpfkhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. tptrhaj; Jiw kw;Wk; njhopy;Jiw tsh;r;rpia
tpl kpf mjpfkhff; ftdj;jpy; nfhs;sg;gLtJ njhopy;El;gj; JiwahFk;.
tptrhak; kw;Wk; njhopy;Jiwfspd; tsh;r;rp> njhopy;El;gj; Jiwapd;
tsh;r;rpiag; nghWj;J mikfpd;wJ. xU Fwpg;gpl;l njhopy;El;gj;jpidj;
Njh;e;njLg;gjpy;> gad;ghL> Rw;Wr;#oy; ghJfhg;G> juk;> %yjdk;
Mfpa mk;rq;fs; ftdj;jpy; nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd.

tPl;L cgNahfg; nghUl;fs;> mYtyfj; jsthlq;fs;> ,ae;jpuq;fs;>

kpd;rhjdq;fs;> kpd;dpay; rhjdq;fs;> fzpdpfs;> gazpah;
thfdq;fs;> Nghf;Ftuj;J thfdq;fs;> Nritj; njhopy;fs;> g+kpiar;
Rw;wp tUk; nraw;iff; Nfhs;fs;> mtw;iwr; Rke;J nry;Yk;
uhf;nfl;Lfs;> kpd;rhu cw;gj;jp Mfpa midj;jpYk; njhopy;El;gg;
gad;ghl;bid fhzKbfpd;wJ. njhopy;El;g tsh;r;rpapid czu Kbfpd;wJ.
gad;ghl;bd; gyd;fisAk; njhpe;J nfhs;fpNwhk;. njhopy;El;gk; vd;gJ
kdpj tho;tpy; xd;wwf; fye;J tpl;l mk;rkhfNt fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. kUj;Jtj;
Jiwapd; njhopy;El;gk; kf;fspd; tho;ehis cah;j;;jpAs;sJ. jfty;
njhlh;Gj; Jiwapd; njhopy;El;gk; cyf ehl;L kf;fis xd;wpizf;fpd;wJ.

2
fhy; CdKw;NwhUf;Fg; nghUj;jg;gLk; nraw;iff; fhy;fs; kpfkpf vil
Fiwe;j %yg; nghUl;fshy; nra;ag;gl;bUg;gJ tsh;e;J tUk;
njhopy;El;gj;jpd; kpf Kf;fpa mk;rkhf ehk; vLj;Jf; nfhs;syhk;.
njhopy;El;g tsh;r;rp xU ehl;bd; mwpTg; Gul;rpapdhy;
Vw;gLfpd;wJ. mwpTg; nghUshjhuk; njhopy;El;g tsh;r;rpf;F
cjtpGhpfpd;wJ. mwpTg; nghUshjhuKk;> mwpTg; Gul;rpAk;
,e;jpahtpy; xd;wpize;J ,Ug;gjhy;> njhopy; El;g tsh;r;rpapy; cyf
ehLfNshL Nghl;bapl Kbfpd;wJ.

NkNy jug;gl;Ls;s gj;jpfspy;> njhopy;El;gj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

vOjg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,tw;iwg; gbj;j khzthfs; njhopy;El;gj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
Fwpj;j Nfs;tpf;F tpilaspf;f jk;ikj; jahh;gLj;jpf; nfhs;syhk;.

3.1 ghlj;jpd; Nehf;fq;fs;

fPo;f;fhZk; mk;rq;fis khzth;fs; Ghpe;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;fpw

Nehf;fj;Jld; ,g;ghlk; jug;gLfpd;wJ.

 khw;Wj; njhopy; El;gq;fis Ma;T nra;tij tpsf;Fjy;

 njhopy;El;g – nghUshjhu rhj;jpaf; $Wfis tpthpj;jy;
 njhopy;El;gk; Njh;T nra;tjpy; Nkw;nfhs; Ntz;ba gy;NtW
fhuzpfis tpthpj;jy;
 Rw;Wr;#oy; ghJfhg;gpid tpsf;Fjy;
 gzpahsh; - mYtyfj; jsthlq;fs;> ,ae;jpuq;fs; njhlh;G> mjd;
jpwd;kpF gad;ghL vLj;Jiuj;jy;

3
 kuGrhh; Ma;T Kiwia tpsf;Fjy;
 gy;NtW jpl;lkhd msitfspd; mbg;gilapy; KbntLf;Fk; Kiw
gw;wp tpthpj;jy;

,g;ghlj;jpd; Nehf;fq;fis khzth;fs; njhpe;J

nfhz;bUg;gPh;;fs;. ,tw;iw kPz;LnkhU Kiw epidtpy; nfhs;Sjy;
rpwe;jJ. Vnddpy; Njh;Tfspy; ngUk;ghyhd Nfs;tpfs; ghlj;jpd;
Nehf;fq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Nl mikfpd;wJ.

3.2 khw;W njhopy;El;gq;fis Ma;T nra;jy;

jw;NghJ eilKiwapy; gad;gl;L tUk; njhopy;El;gj;jpw;F khw;whf

VNjDk; njhopy;El;gk; ,Uf;fpd;wjh vd;gij Ma;T nra;jy; khw;Wj;
njhopy; El;g Ma;T vdg;gLk;. jw;NghJ gad;ghl;by; ,Uf;Fk;
njhopy;El;gj;jpy; vjph;Nehf;Fk; gad;ghL my;yJ gyd; ,y;yhj
epiyapNyh my;yJ gpur;ridfs; (Fwpg;ghf Rw;Wr;#oy; khRgLjy;)
Vw;gLfpw epiyapNyh khw;Wj; njhopy;El;gk; Muhag;gLk;.

mizf;fl;Lfspy; ePiuj; Njf;fp itj;J Gdy; kpdepiyaq;fs;

mikf;fg;gl;L kpd;rhuk; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;lJ. ,t;topapy; Nghjpa
msT kpd;rhuk; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;glhjjhy;> khw;Wj; njhopy; El;gkhf
mdy;kpd; epiyaq;fs; cUthf;fg;gl;ld. fhw;whiyfs; %yk; kpd;rhuk;
cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ. etPdj; njhopy;El;g trjpfisf; nfhz;L
mZkpd; epiyaq;fs; cUthf;fg;gl;L kpd;rhuk; cw;gj;jpr;

4
nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ. kpd;rhuk; cw;gj;jp nra;tjpy; vd;ndd;d khw;Wj;
njhopy; El;gq;fs; cs;sd vd;gij ehk; njhpe;J nfhs;fpNwhk;.

xU khw;Wj; njhopy;El;gj;ijj; Njh;e;njLf;fpd;w NghJ mjd; tuT –

nrytpidf; ftdj;jpy; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. njhopy;El;gj;ijg; ngWtjw;F
Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;ba epiyahd nryTfs;> njhlh; nryTfs;> ,r;nryTfshy;
fpl;Lk; gad;fs; Mfpatw;iw Muha;e;J nray;gl Ntz;Lk;.

Gjpa khw;Wj; njhopy;El;gj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jk; NghJ> Rw;Wr;

#oy; khRglhJ ghh;j;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. khRgLk; #oy; Vw;gbd;>
njhopy;El;gk; gad;gLj;JtJ jil nra;ag;glyhk;.

,uz;L rf;fuk; kw;Wk; ehd;F rf;fu thfdq;fspy; ngl;Nuhy;> Bry;

vhpnghUshfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jdhy; Rw;Wr;#oy;
khRgLfpd;wJ. Rw;Wr;#oy; khR FiwAk; tifapy; khw;Wj;
njhopy;El;gkhf a+Nuh I, a+Nuh II, a+Nuh III Nghd;w
njhopy;El;gq;fisf; nfhz;l thfdq;fs; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLfpd;wd.
kpd;rhuj; Njitiaf; Fiwf;fpd;w tifapy; gRik tPLfs; fl;lg;gLfpd;wd.

nghpa mstpyhd kbf;fzpdp ifalf;f mstpy; jahhpf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

ngl;Nuhy; vd;[pd;fs; khw;Wj; njhopy;El;gj;jpd; tpisthf Bry; vd;
[pd;fshf khWfpd;wd. ,jdhy; vhpnghUs; nryT Fiwfpd;wJ. epow;glf;
fUtpapy; epow;glk; vLg;gjw;Fg; gad;gl;l nfhlhf;> Nfhdpfh

5
fk;ngdpfspd; gpypk; Nuhy;fs; khw;Wj; njhopy;El;gk; (b[pl;ly;
Nghl;Nlh) tsh;e;jjd; fhuzkhf fhzhkw; Ngha;tpl;ld.

njhopw;rhiyfspy; md;whlk; khw;Wj; njhopy;El;gk;

Nahrpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. khw;Wj; njhopy;El;gj;jpw;nfd Muha;r;rp
kw;Wk; Nkk;ghl;Lg; gphpT njhlq;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

khw;Wj; njhopy;El;gj;jpd; gad;fis Muha;e;J ghh;f;fpd;w NghJ

mjd; gf;ftpisTfisAk; ftdj;jpy; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. gf;ftpisTfSf;Fhpa
jPh;TfisAk; fhz Ntz;Lk;. mjw;fhf NehpLk; nryTfisAk; Nkw;nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk;. mZkpd; epiyaq;fis Vw;gLj;Jk; NghJ> ghJfhg;G
mk;rq;fspy; mjpff; ftdk; nrYj;j Ntz;bAs;sJ.

khw;Wj; njhopy;El;gk; midtuhYk; tuNtw;fg;gLk;. #hparf;jp

%yk; kpd;rhuk; cw;gj;jp nra;tij kj;jpa – khepy muRfs;
tuNtw;fpd;wd. khdpa cjtpfSk; nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ.

iff;fbfhuk;> njhiyNgrp> ghl;lhpfs;> jfty; gjpT nra;Ak;

fUtpfs;> thndhyp> njhiyf;fhl;rp Nghd;w md;whlk; ehk;
gad;gLj;Jk; nghUs;fspYk; khw;Wj; njhopy; El;gj;jpd; gad;ghl;bid
czu Kbfpd;wJ.

NkNy vOjg;gl;Ls;s tptuq;fisg; gbj;j gpd;> khw;Wj;

njhopy;El;gk; vd;why; vd;? ,jpy; ftdj;jpy; nfhs;s Ntz;ba mk;rq;fs;

6
vd;d? khw;Wj; njhopy;El;gj;jpd; mtrpaKk;> gad;ghLfSk; vd;d?
vd;gjid khzth;fs; Ghpe;J nfhs;s KbAk;. Ghpe;J nfhz;lij epidtpy;
nfhz;L ghl Kbtpy; jug;gLk; tpdhf;fSf;F tpil juyhk;.

3.3 njhopy;El;g – nghUshjhu rhj;jpaf; $Wfs;

xU njhopy;El;gj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jk; NghJ> mj;njhopy; El;gj;jpd;

gad;ghL> KjyPL> tUtha;> Njit Mfpa mk;rq;fisf; ftdj;jpy; nfhz;L>
njhopy;El;gj;ij eilKiwg;gLj;JtJ rhj;jpakh vd;gij Muha Ntz;Lk;.
xt;nthU njhopy;El;gKk; nghUshjhu hPjpahf gad; juj;jf;fjhf ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk;. njhopy;El;gj;jpw;nfdr; nra;ag;gLk; KjyPl;bw;F Vw;g
gad;ghLk;> tUthAk; Ntz;Lk;. ,t;tpuz;Lk; rhj;jpakpy;iynadpy;>
njhopy;El;gj;ijg; gad;gLj;jf; $lhJ.

fhw;whiyfs; %yk; kpd;rhuk; cw;gj;jp nra;ayhk;. Mdhy;

fhw;whiyfs; ehl;bd; midj;Jg; gFjpfspYk; epWtpl KbahJ. fhw;W
mjpfkhf ,Uf;fpd;w gFjpfspy; kl;LNk epWtpl KbAk;. fhw;whiyfspy;
fhw;W ,;;y;iynadpy; kpd;rhuk; ,y;iy.

xt;nthU njhopw;rhiyAk; jdJ Njitf;F Vw;g njhopy;El;gj;ijj;

Njh;e;njLj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. “Ngf;fpq;” nra;tjpy; mjpetPd
,ae;jpuq;fs; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lnkdpy;> ,ae;jpuq;fisf; nfhz;L Ngf;fpq;
nra;fpd;w mstpw;F cw;gj;jp ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,y;iynadpy;
gzpahsh;fisf; nfhz;Nl me;j Ntiyiar; nra;ayhk;.

7
 etPd njhopy;El;gk; nfhz;l fUk;ghiyfis mikf;fpd;w NghJ>
Nghjpa msT fUk;G fpilf;Fkh vd;gij cWjp nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
Rw;Wr;#oy; khRglhJ ,Uf;Fkh vd;gij cWjp nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
njhopyEl;gj;ijf; ifahs;tjw;F chpa gzpahsh;fs; ,Uf;fpwhh;fsh vd;gij
cWjp nra;a Ntz;Lk;. ,ae;jpuq;fspy; VNjDk; gOJ Vw;gl;lhy;> mjidr;
rhpnra;a gapw;rp ngw;w gzpahsh;fs; Ntz;Lk;. njhopy;El;gj;jpd;
%yjdk; Klq;fp tplf; $lhJ. mjpfkhd cw;gj;jpf;Nfw;g tpw;gid ,Uf;Fkh
vdTk; Muha Ntz;Lk;.

,g;ghlj;jpd; %yk; xU Gjpa njhopy;El;gj;jpidg; gad;gLj;Jk;

NghJ vd;ndd;d mk;rq;fisf; ftdj;jpy; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;gjid khzth;fs;
mwpe;jpUg;gPh;fs;. etPdj; njhopy;El;gk; nghUshjhu hPjpahf
rhj;jpakpy;iynadpy; mjidg; gad;gLj;j Ntz;bajpy;iy.

rhj;jpaf; $Wfs;

xU njhopy;El;;gj;ijg; gad;ghl;bw;F vLj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; Kd;

fPo;f;fhZk; rhj;jpaf; $Wfis Muha;e;J ghh;f;fyhk;.

- njhopy;El;gj;jhy; th;j;jf tha;g;Gfs; caUkh?

- njhopy;El;g gad;ghL Fwpj;J re;ij Ma;T jUk; jfty;fs;
- njhopy;El;gj;ij eilKiwf;Ff; nfhz;L tUtJ rhj;jpakh?
- njhopy;El;gj;jpw;F nrytplg;gLk; %yjdr; nryTfs;
(epiyahd nryTfs;> njhlh; nryTfs;)

8
 - njhopy;El;gj;jpw;Fj; Njitg;gLk; cs;fl;likg;G trjpfs;
- gzpahsh;fspd; Njit> %yg;nghUl;fspd; Njit
- njhopy;El;gj;jpw;fhd %yjdk; ngwg;gLk; topfs;
- %yjdj;jpw;Fk; - tUtha;f;Fk; ,ilNaahd njhlh;G
- Rw;Wr;#oy; ghJfhg;G

NkNy Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;stw;iwg; gbj;j gpwF xU

njhopy;El;gj;ijg; gad;ghl;by; nfhz;LtUtjw;F vd;ndd;d rhj;jpaf;
$Wfis Ma;T nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;fpw tpdhtpw;F tphpthd gjpiyj;
njhpe;J nfhz;Nlhkh vd;gjid khzth;fs; ghpNrhjpj;Jg; ghh;j;Jf; nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk;.

9
3.4 njhopy;El;gj;ijj; jPh;khdpf;Fk; gy;NtW fhuzpfs;>
KbntLf;Fk; Kiwfs;

ehk; xU njhopy;El;gj;ijj; Njh;e;njLf;f gy;NtW fhuzpfisg;

gad;gLj;JfpNwhk;. njhopy;El;gk; kl;Lky;yhJ ve;j xU nray; Fwpj;J
KbntLg;gjpYk; gy;NtW fhuzpfis ftdpj;jpy; nfhs;fpNwhk;.
cw;gj;jpapy; Gjpa njhopy;El;gj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jk; NghJ> KjyPL
vt;tsT> cw;gj;jp ngUf;fk; vt;tsT> njhopy;El;gk; gad; vj;jid
tulq;fs;> nrytpdq;fs; vd;ndd;d> tUtha; vt;tsT ,Uf;Fk; Nghd;w
fhuzpfs; ftdj;jpy; nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd.

xU fhh; thq;Ffpd;w NghJ> tpiy> ghJfhg;G mk;rq;fs;> trjp>

vhpnghUs; rpf;fdk; Nghd;w gy;NtW mk;rq;fisf; ftdj;jpy;
nfhs;fpd;Nwhk;. gq;Fr; re;ijapy; KjyPL nra;fpd;w NghJ vz;zw;w
fhuzpfisf; ftdj;jpy; nfhs;fpNwhk;. Nghl;l gzk; jpUk;g tUkh> Nghl;l
gzj;jpw;F tUkhdk; tUkh vdr; rpe;jpj;Jr; nray;gLfpNwhk;. Nritj;
njhopypy; <LgLk; epWtdq;fs;> NritfSf;F MFk; nryTfisAk;>
Efh;Nthh; jpUg;jpapidAk; ftdj;jpy; nfhz;L nray;gl Ntz;bAs;sJ.

cuj; njhopw;rhiyfs;> ,urhadg; nghUl;fs; cw;gj;jp nra;Ak;

Miyfs; vq;F epWtg;glyhk; vd;gjw;F gy;NtW fhuzpfs;
Muhag;gLfpd;wd.

10
 th\pq;nk\pd;> nug;[pNul;lh;> btp> MbNah rp];lk;
Nghd;wtw;iw thq;Fk; NghJ ekJ Efh;Nthh; gad;gLj;Jk; fhuzpfs;
fzf;fpylq;fhJ.
Xhplj;jpy; mZkpd; ciy mikg;gJ vd;gJ vspjhd fhhpaky;y.
mjw;F vz;zw;w fhuzpfs; gy Mz;Lfs; Muhag;gl;L
KbntLf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. xt;nthU nraYf;Fk; vd;ndd;d khw;Wtopfs;
cs;sd; mtw;wpw;fhd nrytpdq;fs; vd;d vd;gJ gy Nfhzq;fspy;
Muhag;gLfpd;wJ.

khw;Wtopfis vy;yhk; ftdj;jpy; nfhz;L> ve;j khw;Wtop ekf;Fg;

nghUe;Jk; vdj; jPh;khdpj;J> me;j khw;Wtopapy; khjphp nrayhf;fk;
nra;J ntw;wp ngw;w gpd;dh; jhd; Njh;e;njLj;j khw;Wtopapid
epue;jukhfg; gad;gLj;JfpNwhk;. ,jidj; jhd; KbntLj;jypy; cs;s
gy;NtW epiyfs; vd;W nrhy;fpNwhk;.

xU Fwpg;gpl;l njhopy;El;gj;jpid njhopyfq;fspy; gad;gLj;jpl

MuhAk; NghJ> fzpjk;> nghUshjhuk;> fzpdp njhopy;El;gk;>
nkd;nghUs; njhopy;El;gk;> jfty; njhopy;El;gk; Nghd;w midj;Jj;
Jiwfspd; Nfhl;ghLfSk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. ,t;thwhd midj;Jj;
JiwfspYk; KbntLj;jy; njhlh;ghd gy;NtW #j;jpuq;fs;
tbtikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,itfs; ahTk; fzpjr; #j;jpuq;fshf cs;sd.
nghUshjhu KbTfis> fzpjr; #j;jpuq;fs; %yk; fzpdpg; gad;ghL nfhz;L
Njh;e;njLf;Fk; tifapy;> gy;NtW fhuzpfs; nfhz;L KbntLf;Fk; Kiwfs;

11
mike;Js;sd. fzpjk; kw;Wk; fzpdpj; Jiwapy; Ngrg;gLk; my;fhhpjk;
vd;gij ,jw;F vLj;Jf;fhl;lhfr; nrhy;yyhk;.

12
3.5 jpwd;kpF vhprf;jp gad;ghL

ekf;Ff; fpilf;fpd;w kpd;rhuk;> ngl;Nuhy;> Bry;> kz;nzz;iz>

rikay; vhpthA Nghd;w vhprf;jpapid kpfj; jpwikahfTk;>
rpf;fdkhfTk; vt;tpj tpuaKk; ,d;wpg; gad;gLj;JtJ jpwd;kpF vhprf;jpg;
gad;ghL vdg;gLfpd;wJ.

#hpa ntspr;rk; tPl;by; fpilf;Fk;gb tPl;il tbtikj;jhy; gfy;

Neuq;fspy; kpd;tpsf;Ffs; Njitg;glhJ. kpd;rhuj;ij rpf;fdg;gLj;jyhk;.
GNshurd;l; tpsf;Ffisg; gad;gLj;jpdhy; kpd;rhug; gad;ghL FiwAk;.
gRik tPLfis mikj;jhy; kpd;rhug; gad;ghL FiwAk;.

2012 Vg;uy; Kjy; 2013 gpg;uthp tiuapy; 110 gpy;ypad;

lhyh;fs; mstpw;F vhprf;jp Njitf;nfd ,e;jpahtpy; ngl;Nuhypag;
nghUl;fs; ,wf;Fkjp nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd. ,jd; fhuzkhfg; ngUksT
md;dpar; nryhtzp nrYj;j Ntz;ba #o;epiy Vw;gLfpd;wJ. kpfj;
jpwikahfTk;> rpf;fdkhfTk; ngl;Nuhypag; nghUl;fisg;
gad;gLj;jpdhy; ngl;Nuhypag; nghUl;fspd; ,wf;Fkjp cah;tij XusT
fl;Lg;gLj;jyhk;.

vhprf;jpia kpfj; jpwikahfg; gad;gLj;Jtjhy; vhprf;jpapd; Njit

FiwfpwJ; gad;ghL FiwfpwJ; vhprf;jpf;fhd nryTfSk; Efh;NthUf;Ff;
Fiwfpd;wJ. vhprf;jpapd; gad;ghL Fiwaf; Fiwa Rw;Wr;#oy;
khRgLtJk; FiwAk;. jpwd;kpF vhprf;jpg; gad;ghL> GJg;gpf;fty;y

13
vhprf;jp Mfpa ,uz;Lk; vhprf;jpf; nfhs;ifapd; kpf Kf;fpa mk;rq;fshff;
fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.

Gtp ntg;gkiljiyf; Fiwj;jy;> vhprf;jpg; ghJfhg;gpid cWjp

nra;jy;> ,aw;if vhprf;jp tsq;fisf; fhj;jy; Mfpatw;wpy; ehk;
xt;nthUtUk; mjpff; ftdk; nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;. jpwd;kpF vhprf;jpg;
gad;ghL vhprf;jp Njitapidf; Fiwg;gNjhL kl;Lkpd;wp> ngUksT
epjpr; RikapidAk; Fiwf;fpd;wJ.

vhpnghUs; Nrkpg;G> gad;ghL Fwpj;J ,e;jpad; Mapy;

fhh;g;gNurd;> ghuj; ngl;Nuhypak; fhh;g;gNurd;> ,e;J];jhd;
ngl;Nuhypak; fhh;g;gNurd; Nghd;w epWtdq;fs; Efh;NthUf;Fg;
gapw;rp Kfhk;fis elj;Jfpd;wd. jpwd;kpF vhprf;jpg; gad;ghl;bw;F
,g;gapw;rp Kfhk;fs; nghpJk; cjTfpd;wd. Fiwthd vhprf;jpapd; %yk;
mjpfkhd cw;gj;jpia cUthf;fty;y njhopy;El;gk; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl
Ntz;Lk;. mg;NghJ jhd; njhopw;rhiyfs; gad;gLj;Jk; vhprf;jpapd;
msT Fiwa tha;g;Gfs; Vw;gLk;. vhpnghUs; rpf;fdk;> vhpnghUs;
cw;gj;jpf;Fr; rkkhFk;. kpd;rhug; gfph;khdj;jpy; Vw;gLk; kpd;
,og;igf; Fiwg;gjd; %yk; jpwd;kpF kpd;rhu gad;ghl;bidg; ngw
KbAk;.

3.6 Rw;Wr;#oy; ghJfhg;G

14
 Rw;Wr; #oiyg; ghJfhj;J mjid tskhf itj;Jf; nfhs;tJ jdp egh;>
eph;thf mikg;Gfs; kw;Wk; muR MfpNahhpd; Kf;fpaf; flikahFk;.
Rw;Wr;#oy; khRglhJ ,Ue;jhy; jhd; ,aw;if tsq;fs; kdpjh;fSf;Fg;
gads;s tifapy; ,Uf;Fk;. Rw;Wr;#oy; khRgl;lhy; kf;fspd;
MNuhf;fpak; FiwAk;. tptrha epyq;fspy; tptrha cw;gj;jpAk; FiwAk;.
gUtkioapd; msT FiwAk;. epyj;jb ePh; khRgLk;. vdNt Rw;Wr;#oy;
ghJfhg;G kpf Kf;fpa mk;rkhff; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. gy;Yaph;
ngUf;fj;jpw;Fk; Rw;Wr;#oy; ghJfhg;G mtrpakhfpd;wJ.
fy;Y}hpfspYk;> gy;fiyf;fofq;fspYk; Rw;Wr;#oy; ghJfhg;G Fwpj;j
gbg;Gfs; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. ,jd; fhuzkhf> Rw;Wr;#oy;
ghJfhg;G Fwpj;j tpopg;Gzh;T khzth;fspilNa Vw;gl;bUf;fpd;wJ.

Gtp ntg;gkiltjhYk; Rw;Wr;#oy; ngUksT ghjpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

fhw;W> ePh; khRgLtJ fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;. thfdq;fs; ntspapLk;
fhpakpythAthy; fhw;W khRgLfpwJ. Gtp ntg;gkhfpwJ. Gtp
ntg;gkiltjhy; cyfj; jl;gntg;g epiy khWk; #oy; cUthfpwJ.
njhopw;rhiyfs; ntspapLk; ntg;gk;> thfdq;fspd; ntg;gk;>
kpd;tpsf;Ffs; ntspapLk; ntg;gk;> FspUl;bfs; ntspapLk; ntg;gk;>
fhpakpythA> kPj;Njd; Nghd;w thAf;fs; g+kpia ntg;gkilar;
nra;fpd;wd. Fg;igfs;> gpsh];bf; fopTfis Kiwahff; ifahs;tjw;F fopT
Nkyhz;ikapy; mjpff; ftdk; nrYj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

Rw;Wr;#oy; khRgLtjw;Fk;> njhopy;El;g tsh;r;rpf;Fk; ,ilNa

neUq;fpa njhlh;G cz;L. njhopy;El;g hPjpahfTk;> nghUshjhu

15
tsh;r;rp hPjpahfTk; cyfpy; tsh;r;rpaile;j ehLfspy; g+kp mjpf
mstpy; ntg;gkiltjhfTk;> Rw;Wr;#oy; khRgLtjhfTk;
nrhy;yg;gLfpd;wJ.

Rw;Wr;#oy; khRgLtij KOikahfj; jLf;f Kbatpy;iynad;whYk;>

khRgLtJ Fwpj;j tpopg;Gzh;T Vw;gLj;jTk;> Rw;Wr;#oy; khRgLtijf;
Fiwf;fTk; gy;NtW mikg;Gfs; cyf mstpYk; xt;nthU ehl;bYk;
Vw;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.

,e;jpahtpy; Rw;Wr;#oy; ghJfhg;gpw;nfdj; jdp mikr;rfk;

cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;j mikr;rfk; gpsh];bf; fopT Nkyhz;ik Fwpj;J
fPo;f;fhZk; newpKiwfis mwptpj;Js;sJ.

 gpsh];bf; igfis Efh;NthUf;F ,ytrkhfj; juf; $lhJ.

 gpsh];bf; igfspy; mjdJ jbkk; vd;d vd;gJ mr;rbf;fg;gl;bUf;f
Ntz;Lk;. kWRow;rpf;F cfe;jjh my;yJ kf;Fk; jd;ik nfhz;ljh
vd;gJk; njhptpf;fg;gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
 gpsh];bf; igfs; ntz;ik epwj;jpy; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;> my;yJ
,e;jpaj; ju epWtdk; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;s epwj;jpy; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
 gpsh];bf; ifigfs; 40 ikf;uhd; msT jbkk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; my;yJ
Vw;fdNt eph;zapf;fg;gl;l msthd 20ikf;uhd; msit tpl
mjpfkhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

16
 If;fpa ehLfs; mikg;gpy;> If;fpa ehLfs; Rw;Wr;#oy; mikg;G
cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. cyfshtpa Rw;Wr;#oy; ghJfhg;G Fwpj;j
eltbf;iffis ,e;j mikg;G Nkw;nfhz;L tUfpd;wJ. mnkhpf;f If;fpa
ehLfspy; Rw;Wr;#oy; ghJfhg;G Vn[d;]p cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. jl;gntg;g
khWghl;bw;fhd eltbf;iffis vLj;jy;> fhw;wpd; juj;ij cah;j;Jjy;>
Ntjpg;nghUl;fspd; ghJfhg;ig cWjp nra;jy;> mnkhpf;f ePh;
Mjhuq;fisg; ghJfhj;jy;> rKjhaj; J}a;ik Mfpa Nehf;fq;fisf; nfhz;L ,e;j
Vn[d;]p nray;gLfpd;wJ.

njhopw;rhiyfspd; cw;gj;jp kw;Wk; tsh;r;rpf;Fhpa

njhopy;El;gq;fs; cUthf;Ftjpy; ftdk; nrYj;Jk; NghJ> njhopw;rhiyfspd;
fopTfs; Nkyhz;ik> fopTfs; Rj;jpfhpg;G Mfpatw;wpw;fhd
njhopy;El;g cUthf;fj;jpYk; mjpff; ftdk; nrYj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

3.7 njhopy;El;g Nkk;ghl;by; ePjpnewp

njhopy;El;gk; ehl;L kf;fspd; r%f – nghUshjhu tsh;r;rpf;Fk;>

ehl;bd; njhopy;tsh;r;rpf;Fk; cjtpLk; vd;gij midtuhYk; Vw;ff;$Lk;.
Mdhy; njhopy;El;gj;jpd; gf;ftpisTfs; kf;fisg; ghjpf;fpd;w tifapy;
,Uf;ff;$lhJl. njhopy;El;gf; fz;Lgpbg;gpYk;> gad;ghl;bYk; ePjpnewp
,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. Gjpa njhopy;El;gk; tsh;r;rpiaj; jUtNjhL> kf;fspd;
MNuhf;fpak; kw;Wk; Rw;Wr;#oYf;F vt;tpjj; jPq;ifAk; nfhLj;Jtplf;
$lhJ. ,jidj; jhd; njhopy;El;g Nkk;ghl;by; ePjpnewp vd;W
Fwpg;gpLfpd;Nwhk;.

17
 mjpfkhd tpisr;riyj; jUk; Gjpa tpijfisf; fz;Lgpbf;fpwhh;f;s.
me;j tpijfis tpisepyq;fspy; tpijj;J tptrhak; nra;jhy; mWtil ngUFk;.
Mdhy; mWtilapy; jPl;ba tpijfspy; Kisg;Gj; jd;ik ,Uf;fhJ. kPz;Lk;
tpijahfg; gad;gLj;j KbahJ. kPz;Lk; tptrhak; nra;a tpijfSf;F vq;Nf
NghtJ? tpijiaf; fz;Lgpbj;j epWtdj;jplkpUe;J tpiy nfhLj;J tpijfis thq;f
Ntz;Lk;. tpijfs; ,;y;iynadpy; tptrhak; ghjpf;fg;gLk;. ,e;j cjhuzj;jpy;
fz;Lgpbg;gpw;Nfw;g gf;ftpisTfs; ,Uf;fpd;wd.

mZ tpQ;Qhdpfs; mZFz;ilf; fz;Lgpbf;fpd;whh;fs;. xU mZFz;L

gad;gLj;jg;gl;lhy; gy ,yl;rk; Ngh; ,we;JNghthh;fs;. tptrhak;>
gaph;fs;> Rw;Wr;#oy; Kw;wpYk; ghjpg;gilAk;. mZFz;bd;
gpd;tpisTfs; mjpfk;. mZFz;L fz;Lgpbg;gpy; ePjpnewp FiwthfNt
cs;sJ.

Njhy; gjdpLk; Miyfs;> ,urhadg; nghUl;fis cw;gj;jp nra;Ak;

Miyfs; > rpnkz;l; Miyfs; jkJ mjpePtdj; njhopy;El;gj;jhy; Rw;Wr;
#oiy khRgLj;Jfpd;wd. rKjha ePjpnewp Fiwe;Js;sJ.

mjpetPdj; njhopy;El;gj;jpd; gadhf Gjpa Gjpa cuq;fs;> g+r;rp

kUe;Jfs; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLfpd;wd. ,jdhy; tptrha mWtil caUk;
vd;fpwhh;fs;. mWtil cauyhk;. Mdhy; tptrha epyk;> jkJ
jdpj;jd;ikia ,oe;J twz;L tpLtjhfr; nrhy;fpwhh;fs;. nfhRf;fis tpul;Lk;
vd;W jug;gLfpd;w midj;Jj; jputq;fspYk;> gf;ftpisTfis Vw;gLj;Jk;
jd;ik ,Ug;gjhfr; nrhy;yg;gLfpd;wJ.

18
 `hh;Nkhd; gad;ghL. FNshdpq; Kiwapy; caphpdq;fis
cUthf;Fjy; Mfpatw;iw ePjprhh; njhopy;El;gkhf Vw;f ,aytpy;iy.
Ma;T vd;W nrhy;yp ,e;jpa ,aw;if tsq;fis kpifahfg; gad;gLj;jf; $lhJ
vd kj;jpa murpd; Rw;Wr;#oy; mikr;rfk; njhptpj;Js;sJ.

xU njhopy;El;gk; tUthia kl;Lk; ftdj;jpy; nfhs;shJ> kf;fspd;

MNuhf;fpak;> ehl;bd; Rw;Wr;#oy; Mfpatw;iwAk; ftdj;jpy;
nfhz;bUf;Fk; NghJ mj;njhopy;El;gk; ePjprhh; njhopy;El;gkhfpd;wJ.
,jdhy; xU ehl;by; gd;Kf tsh;r;rp Vw;gLk;. ,jidg; gbj;j khzth;fs;
ePjprhh; njhopy;El;gj;jpd; mtrpaj;ij czh;e;jpUg;gPh;;fs;.

3.8 gzpahsh; - njhopyfj; jsthlq;fs;> ,ae;jpuq;fs;

njhlh;G (vh;Nfhdkpf;];)

xt;nthU njhopyfq;fspYk;> gzpahsh;fSf;Fk;> jsthlq;fs;

kw;Wk; ,ae;jpuq;fSf;fpilNa neUq;fpa njhlh;G ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. njhlh;G
vd;why; vd;d? jq;Fjilapd;wp rpwg;ghfg; gzpahw;Wk; tifapy;
gzpahsh; gzp nra;a cfe;jjhf ,ae;jpuq;fSk;> mYtyfj; jsthlq;fSk;
mikf;fg;gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,jidj; jhd; Mq;fpyj;jpy ‘vhNfhekpf;];’
(Ergonomics ) vd;W nrhy;fpwhh;fs;. ,jw;Fk; njhopy;El;gk;
Njitg;gLfpd;wJ.

19
 vh;Nfhdkpf;]; vd;gjw;F rpy vspa tpsf;fq;fis khzth;fs; Kd;
itf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

 mYtyf ,sepiy cjtpahsh;> mYtyf jl;lr;rh; - ,UtUf;Fk; xNu

khjphpahd Nkir> ehw;fhypfisj; juf; $lhJ. jl;lr;rUf;Fj; jug;gLk;
ehw;fhyp rw;W caukhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. mg;NghJ jhd; jl;lr;R
vspjhf ,Uf;Fk;. gzpAk; tpiutpy; KbAk;. ,JNghyj; jhd; fzpdpia
gy kzp Neuq;fs; gad;gLj;JNthUf;F jdpg;gl;l mjw;Nfw;g Nkir>
ehw;fhypfs; mikf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
 cztfq;fspy; czT cz;Nghh;f;F Nkir> ehw;fhypapd; cauk;
rhpahf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. ehk; mkh;fpd;w ehw;fhyp cauk;
FiwthfNth> my;yJ mjpfkhfNth ,Ue;jhy; czT cz;gjpy;
rpukk; ,Uf;Fk; . rikayiwfs; rikay; nra;NthUf;F cfe;jjhf
mikf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. rikay; nghUl;fSk;> ghj;jpuq;fSk; vt;tpjr;
rpukk; ,d;wp gad;gLj;Jk; tifapy; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
 mYtyf miwfspy; mikf;fg;gLfpd;w kpd;tpsf;Ffs;>
kpd;tprpwpfs;> Fsp&l;bfs; midj;Jk; gzpahsh;fs; vt;tpjr;
rpukkpd;wp gzp nra;Ak; tifapy; mikf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
 njhopyfq;fspy; xt;nthU fUtpAk; ifahs;tjw;F trjpahf ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk;. fUtpfs; midj;Jk; gzpahsh;fspd; mUfhikapNyNa ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk;.
 njhopyfq;fspy; gzpahsh; trjpAk;> cw;gj;jpg; ngUf;fKk;
‘vh;Nfhdkpf;];’ jj;Jtj;jpd; mbg;gil Nehf;fq;fshFk;. gzp
nra;tjw;F> jsthlq;fspd; mikg;G hPjpahf rpukk; Vw;gbd;.

20
 cw;gj;jpg; ngUf;fk; Vw;glhJ. kpf vspikahf ,af;Fk; tifapy;
,ae;jpuq;fs; mikf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. trjpahf mkh;e;J gzpahw;Wk;
tifapy; Nkir> ehw;fhypfs; mikf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. ,jw;fhd
njhopy;El;gj;ij midj;J;j njhopyfq;fSk; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
 nra;a Ntz;ba Ntiy> Ntiy nra;gthpd; Njitfs;> gad;gLj;jg;gLk;
jsthlq;fs;> miwfyd;fs; kw;Wk; ,ae;jpuq;fSf;fhd Njitfs; Mfpa
midj;Jk; xUq;fpizf;fg;gl;L midj;Jj; NjitfSk; g+h;j;jp nra;Ak;
tifapy; gzpkid mikf;fg;gLtij vh;Nfhdkpf;]; vd;fpNwhk;.
vh;Nfhdkpf;]; nghwpapay; Jiwapy; ngUk;gq;F tfpf;fpd;wJ.

gzpahsh;fsJ clyikg;G hPjpahfTk;> kdepiy hPjpahfTk;

‘vh;Nfhdkpf;];’ mikf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. njhopyfq;fspd; eph;thfj;jpd;
mbg;gilapYk; ‘vh;Nfhdkpf;];’ mikf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. rpy mYtyfq;fspy;
midj;J mYtyfg; gzpahsh;fSk;> kpfg;nghpa tbtpyhd xNu miwapy;
mkh;e;J gzp nra;thh;fs;. rpy mYtyfq;fspy; xt;nthU gphpT mYtyfg;
gzpahsh;fSf;Fk; jdpj;jdp fl;blq;fspy; gzp nra;thh;fs;. ,e;j
tpj;jpahrj;jpw;Nfw;g mytyfj; jsthlq;fSk;> ,ae;jpuq;fSk; mikf;fg;gl
Ntz;Lk;.

,Uf;fpd;w trjpfis Kiwahf eph;khzpj;J gzpf;F cfe;jjhf Nkk;gLj;jp

mtw;iw KOikahfg; gad;gLj;jp> mYtyfj; jsthlq;fisAk; ,ae;jpuq;fisAk;
gzpahsh;fs; vspikahfg; gad;gLj;jp cw;gj;jpg; ngUf;fj;jpw;Fk;. gzp
cah;tp;w;Fk; toptif nra;tJ vh;Nfhdkpf;]; njhopy;El;gj;jpd; Kf;fpa
mk;rkhFk;.

21
 xU ehd;F rf;fu thfdj;jpy; ];Bhpq; tisak;> fpah;> gpNuf;>
Xl;Leh; ,Uf;if> gpd;dhy; tUk; thfdq;fisf; fhl;Lk; fz;zhb ,itaidj;Jk; kpf
vspikahf thfdj;ij Xl;br; nry;Yk; tifapy; Xl;LeUf;F trjpahf (Xl;Leh;
caukhf ,Ue;jhYk;> Fs;skhf ,Ue;jhYk;) ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,t;thW
,Ue;jhy;> thfdKk; ey;y Kiwapy; ,af;fg;gLk;. Xl;LeUf;Fk; vt;tpj
rpukKk; ,Uf;fhJ. ,J jhd; vh;Nfhdkpf;]; jj;Jtj;jpd; Nehf;fkhFk;. Nkiy
ehLfspy; ,j;jj;Jtk; midj;Jj; JiwfspYk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

,g;ghlk; gbf;Fk; khzth;fs;> ‘vh;Nfhdkpf;];’ jj;Jtk; vd;why;

vd;d? ,jdJ rpwg;gk;rq;fs; ahit? Nghd;w Nfs;tpfSf;Fg; gjpyspf;Fk;
tz;zk; jk;ikj; jahh;gLj;jpf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

3.9 kuGrhh; Ma;TKiw

kuGrhh; Ma;TKiw th;j;jfk; kw;Wk; njhopy; epWtdq;fspy;

njhopy;fs; rhh;e;j KbTfis vLf;fg; nghpJk; gad;gLfpd;wJ. fzpjk;
kw;Wk; khDltpay; Nfhl;ghLfis ,izj;J 1970 fspy; jhk];. vy;. rhj;ad;
vd;gth; kuGrhh; Ma;T Kiwapid cUthf;fpAs;shh;.

xU njhopw;rhiyapy; gy;NtW Jiwfs; my;yJ gphpTfs; ,Uf;Fk;.

xU Fwpg;gpl;l nray; Fwpj;J KbntLf;Fk; NghJ> KbntLg;gjw;F
xt;nthU JiwapYk; rhjf – ghjf mk;rq;fs; Muhag;gl;L> MNyhridfs;
toq;fg;gLk;. gy Jiwfspd; MNyhridfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L
KbntLf;fg;gLk;. xt;nthU JiwAk; xU Fwpg;gpl;l jpl;lj;ij epiwNtw;w

22
gy;NtW topfisr; Rl;bf;fhl;Lk;. rpwe;j top Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;L>
jpl;lq;fs; epiwNtw;WtJ Fwpj;J Muhag;gLk;.

xU kdpj clYf;F kUj;Jtk; nra;tJ Fwpj;J KbntLf;Fk;NghJ> mtuJ

,uj;j mOj;jk;> ehbj;Jbg;G> ,uj;jj;jpy; rh;f;fiuapd; msT> ,uj;j
ehsq;fspd; nray;ghL> ,uj;j Xl;lk; Nghd;w gy;NtW ghpNrhjidfspd;
Kbtpd; mbg;gilapy; kUj;Jtk; njhlh;ghd KbT vLf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. mJ
Nghy> xU epWtdj;jpd; gy;NtW Jiwfspd; nray;ghLfs; Muha;;e;J
KbntLf;fg;gl;l gpd;dh;> xl;Lnkhj;j epWtdj;jpd; KbT mikAk;.
cw;gj;jp nryTfisf; Fiwj;jy;> gzpahsh;fisf; Fiwj;jy;> gzpahsh;
gzpj;jpwid Nkk;gLj;Jjy;> tpw;gid cah;j;Jjy;> ,yhgk; juhj fpisfis
%Ljy;> njhopy;fis %Ljy;> Gjpa njhopy;fspy; KjyPL nra;jy;.
mYtyfg; gzpfis ,ae;jpukhf;Fjy; Nghd;w gy;NtW KbTfis Nkw;nrhd;d
topapy; vLf;fyhk;.

cjhuzkhf> xU rq;fj;jpy; jiytiuj; Njh;e;njLf;f Ntz;Lk;. Njh;T

nraa taJ> mDgtk;> fy;tp. ftUk; jd;ik Mfpa ehd;F fhuzpfs;
jPh;khdpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. %d;W Ngh; jiyth; gjtpf;Fg;
Nghl;bapLfpwhh;fs; vd itj;Jf; nfhs;Nthk;. Nghl;bapLk;
xt;nthUtUf;Fk; ,e;j ehd;F fhuzpfs; nghUe;Jfpd;wdth vd Muha;e;J
ghh;j;J KbntLf;f Ntz;Lk;. %thpy; ahUf;F kpifahfg; nghUe;Jfpd;wJ
vdj; njhpe;J nfhz;L jiyth; Njh;T Fwpj;J Kbtpid vLf;f Ntz;Lk;.

23
 th;j;jf epWtdq;fspy; %yg; nghUl;fis ahhplkpUe;J ve;j
mstpw;F> vg;NghJ> ve;j tpiyapy; thq;FtJ vd;gJ Fwpj;j KbT Kf;fpa
KbthFk;. ,e;j Kbtpd; mbg;gilapy; jhd; jq;F jilaw;w cw;gj;jp ,Uf;Fk;.
,J NghyNt cw;gj;jpahd nghUl;fis ahUf;F tpw;gJ. ve;j mstpy;
tpw;gJ> vg;NghJ tpw;gJ> vd;d tpiyapy; tpw;gJ vd;gJ Fwpj;j KbTk;
Kf;fpa KbthFk;. ,e;j ,uz;L KbTfSk; rhpahf ,Ue;jhy; jhd;> xU
epWtdj;jpd; nray;ghL rhpahf ,Uf;f KbAk;. thq;FtjpYk;> tpw;gjpYk;
xt;nthd;wpYk; ehd;F mk;rq;fs; ,Uf;fpd;wd. %yg; nghUs; thq;FtJ
vd;gJ ehd;F mk;rq;fspd; Kbitg; nghWj;J mikAk;. ,J NghyNt tpw;gid
KbTk; ehd;F mk;rq;fspd; Kbitg; nghWj;jJ. xU epWtdj;jpd;
xl;Lnkhj;j KbT> gy;NtW Jiwfspd; nray;ghLfis itj;Jj; jhd; vLf;fg;gl
Ntz;bapUf;fpd;wJ.

,g;ghlj;ijg; gbj;j khzth;fs; KbntLj;jypy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;

gy;NtW fhuzpfs;> KbntLj;jy; Kiwfs; Fwpj;J Nfl;fg;gLk; tpdhf;fSf;Fg;
gjpyspf;Fk; tifapy; jk;ikj; jahh;gLj;jpf; nfhs;s KbAk;.

24
 ghlk; - 4
njhopy;El;g ,lkhw;wk; kw;Wk; ifafg;gLj;Jjy;

mikg;G

4.0 mwpKfk;

4.1 gFjpapd; Nehf;fq;fs;

4.2 mwpTrhh; nrhj;J

4.3 mwpTrhh; nrhj;J Nkyhz;ik

4.4 rl;lk; kw;Wk; nghUshjhuj;jpd; mwpTrhh; nrhj;Jhpik

4.5 ,wf;Fkjp fl;Lg;ghLfs;

4.6 njhopy;El;g ,lkhw;wj;jpy; cyf tzpf mikg;G tpjpfspd;

jhf;fq;fs;

4.7 Nguk; NgRk; nray;ghLKiwfs;

4.8 khw;wk; tpUg;gk;

4.9 Ghpe;Jzh;T xg;ge;jk;

4.10 RUf;fk;

4.11 Kf;fpa tpjpKiwfs;

4.12 cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;fhd gjpy;fs;

25
4.13 Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk; gapw;rpfs;

mwpKfk;

ehl;bDila td Mjhuq;fspd; gad;ghl;bd; %yk; kdpjh;fspd; Njitia

g+h;j;jp nra;Ak; Nehf;Fld; cUthf;fg;gl;l mikg;Gjhd; nghUshjhu Kiw
vdg;gLfpwJ. Kd;dh; ehLfs; xd;Wld; xd;W mjpfj;
njhlh;gpy;yhky; ,Ue;jd. jfty; njhlh;gpd; tsh;r;rpAk;> Gjpa
Nghf;Ftuj;Jr; rhjdq;fspd; fz;Lgpbg;Gk;> njhopy;El;gj;jpd;
mghpjkhd Kd;Ndw;wKk;> cyfj;ij xU Filapd; fPo; nfhz;L te;J
tpl;ld. ,g;nghOJ jfty; njhopy;El;gKk;> fzpg;nghwpapd;
fz;Lgpbg;Gk;> mijj; njhlh;e;J ,izaj;jsj;jpd; cUthf;fKk; ehLfSf;fpilNa
cs;s J}uj;ij ntFthff; Fiwj;Jtpl;ld. Xh; ehl;bd; ehfhPfk;> fyhr;rhuk;>
gz;ghL midj;Jk; cyfk; KOtJk; gutj; njhlq;fp tpl;ld. tsh;e;JtUk;
ehLfs;> jq;fsJ nghUshjhu tsh;r;rpf;fhf> kw;w tsh;r;rp ngw;w
ehLfsplkpUe;J njhopy;El;g ,lkhw;wj;jpw;F kpFjpahd mstpy; nryT
nra;fpd;wd. ,jpy; gy rpukq;fSk;> jlq;fy;fSk;. gpur;ridfSk; cs;sd.

4.1 gphpT Nehf;fq;fs;

,e;jg; gphpitg; gbg;gjd; thapyhf ePq;fs; njhpe;Jnfhs;s

Ntz;bad :
 mwpTrhh; nrhj;J tpthjpj;jy;
 mwpTrhh; nrhj;J Nkyhz;ik tpsf;fk; jUjy;
 rl;lk; kw;Wk; nghUshjhuj;jpd; mwpTrhh; nrhj;Jhpik
26
  njhopy;El;g ,lkhw;wj;jpy; cyf tzpf mikg;G tpjpfspd; jhf;fq;fs;
 Nguk; NgRk; nray;ghl;bd; tpsf;fk;
 Ghpe;Jzh;T xg;ge;jk; kw;Wk; njhopy;El;g khw;wk; Fwpj;J
njhpe;Jnfhs;Sjy;

4.2 mwpTrhh; nrhj;J

mwpTrhh; nrhj;J ,d;W xU kpfKf;fpa nrhj;jhf midj;J ehLfshYk;

fUjg;gLfpwJ. kdpjd; jdJ rpe;jdhrf;jpapd; cjtpahYk;> fbd
ciog;ghYk;> rpwe;j gilg;Gfis gilf;fpwhd;. me;jg; gilg;Gfs;
mw;Gjkhdit> nghf;fp\k; Nghd;wit. ,e;j mwpTrhh; nrhj;jhdJ ve;j
ehl;by; cUthf;fg;gl;lNjh> me;j ehl;Lf;Fg; ngUik. fbd
ciog;gpdhYk;> jdJ tho;f;ifapy; ngUk; gFjpiaAk; mh;g;gzpj;J
rKjhaj;jpw;Nf gad;gLk; tifapy; rpy mhpa fz;Lgpbg;GfisAk;> Gjpa
cj;jpfisAk;> Gjpa KiwfisAk; Kjd;Kiwahf ntspcyfpw;F
nfhz;LtUfpd;whd;. ,g;gbg;gl;l jdpj;jd;ik ngw;w> rpwg;G kpf;f
mwpthw;wyhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l nghUl;fSf;F gpuj;Naf chpikfs;
murhq;fj;jhy; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

,irf;fUtpfs;> ,yf;fpak; kw;Wk; fiyj; njhlh;ghd Ntiyg;ghLfs;>

nrhw;nwhlh;fs;> fz;Lgpbg;Gfs;> Gjpa cj;jpfs;> FwpaPLfs;>
njhopy; rhh;e;j tbtikg;G> tzpfr; rpd;dq;fs;> fhg;Ghpikfs;>
gjpg;Ghpikfs;> th;j;jf ,ufrpaq;fs; vd mwpTrhh; nrhj;Jf;fs;

27
Vuhsk;. ,j;jifa mwpTrhh; nrhj;Jf;F chpa v[khdh;fSf;F mwpTrhh;
nrhj;J rl;lj;jpd; fPo;> gpuj;Naf chpikfs; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

gy E}w;whz;Lfshf mwpTrhh; nrhj;J eph;thf rl;l nfhs;iffs;

cUthf;fg;gl;bUe;j NghJk;> 19k; E}w;whz;L tiu mwpTrhh; nrhj;J
eilKiwapy; ,;y;iy vd;fpwhh;fs;. 20k; E}w;whz;bd; gpw;gFjpapy;
jhd; mwpthh;e;j nrhj;J gad;ghl;bw;F tuyhapw;W. 1710k; Mz;L
,aw;wg;gl;l Anne gphpl;B\; rl;lk; kw;Wk; 1623y; ,aw;wg;gl;l
VfNghfq;fs; rl;lk;> fhg;Ghpik kw;Wk; gjpg;Ghpik rl;lq;fspd;
Njhw;wq;fshf fUjg;gLfpd;wd.

1867k; Mz;by; tl n[h;kd; $l;likg;G epWtdk; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.

mjd; murpay; mikg;G> Nkw;$wpa $l;likg;gpw;F mwpTrhh; nrhj;J
ghJfhf;fg;gl Ntz;ba mtrpaj;ij czh;e;J> ghJfhg;gpw;fhd rl;l
mjpfhuq;fis toq;fpaJ. ghhp]; cld;gbf;if (1883) kw;Wk; ngHpd;
cld;gbf;if (1886) fspd; eph;thfr; nrayfq;fs; cUthf;fg;gl;L> ngh;d;
ehl;by; 1893k; Mz;L ,uz;Lk; ,ize;J xd;whapd. mg;nghOjpypUe;J
jhd; mwpTrhh; nrhj;J vd;w Gjpa xUq;fpize;j jiyg;G If;fpa rh;tNjr fhy
mwpTrhh; ghJfhg;gpw;fhd mbf;Nfhy; Cd;wg;gl;lJ.

gpd;dh; ,e;j mikg;G 1960y; n[dpthtpy; ,lk; ngah;e;J 1967y;

cyf mwpTrhh; nrhj;J mikg;G (WIPO) vd;w epWtdkhf epWtg;gl;lJ.
,e;j fhyf; fl;lj;jpy;> mnkhpf;fhtpy; 1980y; NgNlhy; rl;lk;
,aw;wg;gLk; tiu> ,J gw;wpa tpguq;fs; kf;fSf;Fj; njhpatpy;iy.
fz;Lgpbg;Gfspd; thapyhf fhg;Ghpik gw;wpa tpguq;fs;

28
ntspaplg;gltpy;iy. khwhf> uhzp vyprngj; 1d; VfNghf chpikf;fhf
njhlq;fg;gl;lJ. Rkhh; 200 Mz;LfSf;F gpd;dh;> vyprngj; Ml;rp
KbTf;F te;j gpwF fhg;Ghpik vd;gJ chpikr; rl;lkhf cUntLj;J
gpujpgypf;fj; njhlq;fpaJ. 1818y; fl;Liuj; njhFg;Gfspy;
gpnuQ;Rf;fhuh;> ngQ;rkpd;> mwpTrhh; nrhj;J vd;w thh;j;ijia Vw;f
KbahJ vd thjp;l;lhh;. mf;Nlhgh; 1845y; jhd; fhg;Ghpikf;fhd
krh#nrl;]; rh;f;a+l; ePjpkd;wk; Davoll etal. Vs. Brown tof;fpy; jhd;
mwpTrhh; nrhj;J vd;w thh;j;ij gad;gLj;jg;gl;ljhf $wg;gl;lJ. Nkw;
$wg;gl;l tof;fpy; ePjpgjp rhh;y];. l. cl;ghp (Justice Charles Woodbury)
mwpTrhh;e;j nrhj;jpid ,e;j topapy; jhd; ghJfhf;f ,aYk; vd
Fwpg;gpl;lhh;. vg;gb xU tptrhap ghLgl;L> Nghuhb NfhJikia
mWtil nra;fpwhNuh mNj Nghy kdpjd; jdJ rpe;jid rf;jpapd; %yk;>
mauhJ ghLgl;L> Neuj;ijAk; nghd;dhd fhyj;ijAk; nghUl;gLj;jhky;
mw;Gjkhd gilg;Gfis gilf;fpd;whd;. ,g;gbg;gl;l mhpa
nghf;fp\q;fspd; (mwpTrhh; nrhj;J) kjpg;G ghJfhf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd
typAWj;jpdhh;.

mwpTrhh; nrhj;J gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfs; / vz;zq;fs; Ngrg;glhj me;j

fhyf;fl;lj;jpy; a+jh;fsJ rl;lj;jpy; mwpTrhh;e;j nrhj;J gw;wpa
fUj;Jf;fs; ,Ue;jjhf $wg;gLfpd;wJ. Mdhy;> 16k; E}w;whz;Lfspy;
Fiwe;j fhy gjpg;Ghpikia Gj;jf ntspaPl;lhh;fSf;F
epahag;gLj;jpajw;fhd Fwpg;Gfs; ,Ue;jjhf $wg;glfpd;wJ.

4.2.1 epjp Cf;fj; njhif

29
 ,e;j gpuj;Naf chpik mwpTrhh; nrhj;J chpikahsh;fSf;F
Cf;fj;njhif toq;Ftnjd vd;fpw fUj;J tYg;ngw;whYk; > Nltpl; nytpd;
kw;Wk; ikf;Nfy; Nghy;bhpd;> Nkw;$wpa fUj;ij Vw;ftpy;iy.
mwpTrhh; nrhj;Jhpik chpikahsh;fsJ gilg;GfSf;Fk;> mwpT rhh;e;j
nrhj;Jf;fSf;Fk; Cf;fj; njhif toq;Ftjw;F VNfhgpj;j fUj;Jf;fs; gpd;dh;
tYg;ngw;wd. NkYk; mwpTrhh; nrhj;J njhlh;ghd Muha;r;rp kw;Wk;
Nkk;ghl;Lr; nryTfisAk; Vw;Wf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;w fUj;Jk; ,Ue;jd.

30
 cd; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij njhpe;J nfhs;

mwpTrhh; nrhj;jpid tiuaW

WIPO vd;why; vd;d?

rl;lj;jpd; nghUshjhu Ma;T vd;why; vd;d?

4.3 mwpTrhh; nrhj;J cj;jpapay; Nkyhz;ik

1990 fspd; gpw;gFjpapypUe;J xU jfty; kjpg;gPL %yk;

ghh;r;#d; 100 (Fortune 100) %d;W fhyhz;Lfspy; nkhj;j re;ij
%yjdkhdJ> fhg;GhpikfshYk;> gjpg;GhpikfshYk; kw;Wk; tzpfr;
rpd;dq;fs;> njhl;L czu Kbahj nrhj;Jf;fshYk; tof;fj;jpypUe;jjhf
$wg;gLfpwJ. ,e;j #oypy;> mwpTrhh; nrhj;J Nkyhz;ik nray;ghL
kw;Wk; th;j;jfg; gphpT jiyth;fs;> %j;j mjpfhhpfs;. mwpTrhh;
nrhj;jhdJ njhopy;El;gk; tsh;r;rpapd; fhuzkhfNt cUthf;fg;gLfpd;wJ
vd;gjw;F rk;kjk; njhptpf;ftpy;iy. ,Ue;jhYk;> epWtdq;fspd;
mwpTrhh; nrhj;jpd; kjpg;ig njhpe;Jnfhs;s fPo;f;fhZk; tpdhf;fis
epWtd cah; mjpfhhpfs; Nfl;bUf;fpwhh;fs;.

1. epWtdq;fs; Nghl;b ed;ikfisg; ngw kw;Wk; epiy epWj;j

mwpTrhh; nrhj;Jhpik vg;gb gad;gLfpwJ?
2. mwpTrhh; nrhj;J chpikfs; vg;gb njhopy; fl;likg;ig ghjpf;fpd;wd?

31
3. ve;nje;j tpUg;gq;fis mwpTrhh; nrhj;Jhpik NeUf;F Neuhf
Nghl;bahsh;fSf;F toq;fr; nra;tJ?
4. Eiotjw;fhd jilfis vg;gb mwpTrhh; nrhj;J chpikfshy; Kwpabf;f
KbAk; kw;Wk; epWt KbAk;?
5. vt;topapy; mwpTrhh; nrhj;Jhpikfs;> epWtdj;jpw;fhf
ngUkstpy; ,yhgj;ij <l;bj;ju cjtp nra;Ak;?
6. Nehf;fpah> Nkhl;lhNuhyh> Nehth ehh;b];f;> ypNah /ghh;kh
fk;ngdpfs; fhg;Ghpik kw;Wk; rl;l Jiwfs; mwpTrhh;
nrhj;JhpikfSf;fhf ve;j mstpw;F cjtpGhpfpd;wd? mwpTrhh; nrhj;J
cj;jpahdJ rpwg;ghd Kiwapy; vq;qdk; epWtd tbtikg;gpw;F
mbNfhy;fpwJ?

4.4 rl;lk; kw;Wk; nghUspapaypy; nrhj;Jhpik

rl;lj;jpd; nghUshjhu gFg;gha;T vd;gJ nghUshjhu Kiwfis

rl;lg;gb Muha;tjhFk;. nghUshjhuf; fUj;Jf;fs;> rl;lq;fspd; tpisTfis
tpsf;fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. ,it rl;l tpjpKiwfs; nghUshjhu hPjpahf
jpwikahf ,Uf;fpd;wdth vd;gij kjpg;gplTk;> ve;nje;j rl;l tpjpfis
mwptpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gij fzpf;fTk; gad;gLfpd;wd.

4.4.1 gpw gphpTfs; kw;Wk; mZFKiwapd; cwT

tof;fwpQh;fs; kw;Wk; rl;l mwpQh;fs; $w;wpd;gb

nrhw;nwhlh; “rl;lk; kw;Wk; nghUshjhuk;” vd;gJ nghUshjhu Kiwfs;
vq;qdk; rl;lg; gpur;ridfSf;F jPh;thf gad;gLfpd;wd vd;gjhFk;. rl;l
mikg;Gfs; kw;Wk; murpay; mikg;Gfs; xd;Nwhnlhd;W
32
njhlh;Gs;sjhy;> rl;lk; kw;Wk; nghUshjhuk; gw;wpa rpy rpf;fy;fs;
murpay;> nghUshjhuk;> murpay;nghUshjhuk; kw;Wk; murpay;
mwptpay; vd;w gy Nfhzq;fspy; vOg;gg;gLfpd;wd. rl;lk; kw;Wk;
nghUspay; nra;j Muha;r;rp kw;Wk; gFg;gha;Tfs;
epNahfpshrpf;fspd; ghuk;ghpaj;jpw;Fs; mlq;Fk;. Mdhy;
khh;f;rp];l; kw;Wk; Kf;fpa Nfhl;ghL / gpuhq;Ngh;l; KjypNahh; mNj
gpur;ridfs; mZFKiwfSf;F Kuz;ghlhd fUj;Jf;fNshL ,Ue;jpUf;fpwhh;fs;.
cjhuzkhf Kf;fpa rl;l Ma;Tfs; ,af;fj;jpd; cWg;gpdh;fs; kw;Wk;
Muha;r;rp kw;Wk; r%ftpay; cWg;gpdh;fs; mNj mbg;gil gpur;ridfis
fUJtjhy; Nkw;$wpa Ma;Tfs; rl;lk; kw;Wk; nghUshjhuk; vd;W gue;j
nghUspy; mlq;Ftjhf $Wfpwhh;fs;.

4.4.2 gpwg;gplk; kw;Wk; tuyhW

18k; E}w;whz;bd; njhlf;fj;jpNyNa Mlk;];kpj; tzpfr; rl;lj;jpd;

nghUshjhu tpisTfisg; gw;wp tpsf;fpAs;shh;. vdpDk; re;ijapy;yhj
eltbf;iffSf;F xOq;FgLj;Jk; rl;lj;jpid Muha;tjw;F> nghUshjhuj;ij
gad;gLj;JtJ vd;gJ GjpjhFk;. 1961y; nuhdhy;l; Nfh]; kw;Wk; ifNlh
fyhgpNu]; jdpg;gl;l Kiwapy; xt;nthUtUk; ,uz;L mw;Gjkhd fl;Liufis
ntspapl;ldh;. mitahtd. r%fr; nrytpd; gpur;rid kw;Wk;
,lh;gfph;jypy; rpy vz;zq;fSk; kw;Wk; Fw;wr; nrayfs; MFk;. ,e;j
fl;Liufs; rl;lk; kw;Wk; nghUshjhuj;jpd; etPd gs;spj; njhlf;fg;
Gs;spahf fUjg;gl;lJ.

33
 1970fspd; Kw;gFjpapy>; n`d;wpNkd; rl;lk; kw;Wk;
nghUshjhuj;jpw;F ikak; mikf;f Ntz;Lk; vd tpUk;gpdhh;. mth;
Nuhnr];lhpy; njhlq;fp> kpahkpapy; Ntiyghh;j;jhh;. Mdhy;>
tpiutpNyNa <Nkhhpf;F nrd;W N[hh;[;Nkrdpy; Kbj;Jf; nfhz;lhh;.
gpwF N[hh;[; Nkrd; ePjpgjpfs; fw;Fk; fy;tp ikakhf khwpaJ. Nkd;>
[hd; xypd; mwf;fl;lisapd; Mjutpd; Nghpy; <h;f;fg;gl;lhh;. gpwF
me;j ,af;fj;jpw;fhf MjuT nfhLj;jhh;. ,d;W xypdpd; rl;lk; kw;Wk;
nghUshjhu ikaq;fs; cyfpy; gy gy;fiyf;fofq;fspy; nray;gl;L
tUfpd;wd.

4.4.3 Neh;kiw kw;Wk; xOq;FKiw rl;lk; kw;Wk;

nghUshjhuk;

rl;lj;jpd; nghUshjhu gFg;gha;T nghJthf Neh;kiw kw;Wk;

xOq;FKiw vd ,U cl;gphpTfshf gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

Neh;kiwr; rl;;lk; kw;Wk; nghUshjhuk;

Neh;kiwr; rl;lk; kw;Wk; nghUshjhuk; gy;NtW rl;l tpjpfspd;

tpisTfis fzpf;f nghUshjhu gFg;gha;T gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. Neh;kiw
rl;lk; kw;Wk; nghUshjhuk; rpy rkaq;fspy; nghUshjhur; nray;jpwd;
mbg;gilapy; rl;ltpjpfis Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhf gad;gl;ld. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf>
nghUshjhu Kd;Ndw;wj;ij Fw;wr; nray;fs; nghJthd rl;l tpjpfis cUthf;f
Ntz;bajhapw;W.

xOq;FKiwr; rl;lk; kw;Wk; nghUshjhuk;

34
 xOq;FKiwr; rl;lk; kw;Wk; nghUshjhuk; xUgb NkNy nrd;W
gy;NtW nfhs;iffspd; nghUshjhu tpisTfspd; mbg;gilapy; nfhs;iffis
ghpe;Jiu nra;fpwJ. xOq;FKiw rl;lj;jpd; Kf;fpa mk;rkhdJ xJf;fPl;Lr;
nray;fspy; jpwd; ,Ug;gJ jhd;.

rl;lk; kw;Wk; nghUshjhu mwpQh;fs; gad;gLj;jpa xU nghJthd

fUj;J vd;dntd;why; NgNul;Nlh jpwNd MFk;.

jw;fhy tsh;r;rpfs;

rl;lKk;> nghUshjhuKk; gy Nfhzq;fspy; tsh;r;rp ngw;Ws;sd.

rl;l rpf;fy;fSf;F Games Theory gad;gLfpwJ. NkYk; rl;lj;jpd; nghUshjhu
Ma;T> nghUshjhuj;jpy; ngUkstpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;w Gs;spapay;
kw;Wk; fzpjk; NkYk; md;whlk; gy;fiyf;fofq;fspYk;> Ma;T
ikaq;fspYk; Nguhrphpah;fs; Nkw;nfhz;bUf;Fk; nghUshjhuj;
njhlh;ghd tzpf Nkyhz;ik Rw;Wr; #oy; Ma;Tfs; nghUshjhuj;ijAk;>
rl;lj;ijAk; gy Nfhzq;fspy; tsh;j;J tUfpd;wd.

4.5 ,wf;Fkjp fl;Lg;ghLfs;

jdJ Njitfis xU ehL kw;nwhU ehl;bypUe;J ngWtjw;F ‘,wf;Fkjp’

vd;W ngah;. ,aw;ifahdJ rpy ehLfSf;F ngUkstpy; vz;iz tsj;ijAk;
(ngl;Nuhy;> BrYf;F Kf;fpa fhuzkhd Crude oil) ePh; tsj;ijAk;> fdpk
tsj;ijAk; toq;fpAs;sJ. kf;fSf;Fj; Njitg;gLk; midj;Jg; nghUl;fSk; xNu
ehl;by; fpilg;gjpy;iy. MfNt> Njitg;gLk; nghUl;fs; kpfTk;

35
,d;wpaikahj nghUl;fshff; $l ,Uf;fyhk;. rpy nghUl;fs; capital goods
MfTk;> njhopy;El;gkhfTk; $l ,Uf;fyhk;. ,d;iwa cyfkakhd #oypy;>
midj;Jg; nghUl;fSk;> midj;J ehl;L kf;fSf;Fk; fpilf;f top Vw;gl;Ls;sJ.
nghUl;fs; jtpu> rpwe;j NritfSk; (services) ,wf;Fkjp nra;ag;gLfpd;wd.
gyjug;gl;l ehLfspypUe;J nghUl;fisNah my;yJ NritfisNah thq;Fjy;
kw;Wk; tpw;wy;> ntspehl;L th;j;jfj;jpw;F (International trade)
mbNfhyhfpwJ. ,d;iwa fhyfl;lj;jpy;> ve;j xU ehLk; vg;nghOJNk
jd;dpiwT ngw;w ehlhf fUj KbahJ. xt;nthU ehLk;> kw;w ehLfis
VjhtJ xU tYthd fhuzj;jpw;F mz;bAs;sd. me;je;j ehLfSf;Fs; gu];gu
ek;gpf;if cz;L. Mdhy;> ,wf;Fkjpahsh;fNsh my;yJ
Vw;Wkjpahsh;fNsh me;je;j ehl;bYs;s Rq;f tpjpfSf;F (Customs Law)
fl;Lg;gl;Nl nghUl;fis thq;Fjy; my;yJ tpw;wy; eilngWfpwJ.
,wf;Fkjpahsh; jdf;Fj; Njitahd midj;Jg; nghUl;fisAk;> jd; tpUg;gk;
Nghy kw;w ehLfsplkpUe;J thq;f KbahJ. nghUs; ,wf;Fkjpf;fhd
fl;Lg;ghLfs; cs;sd. Rq;fj;Jiw mjpfhhpfs; (Customs Authorities)
Vw;Wkjp nra;Ak; ehl;bYk; ,Uf;fpwhh;fs;> ,wf;Fkjp nra;Ak;
ehl;bYk; ,Uf;fpwhh;fs;. nghUl;fis Vw;Wkjp nra;Ak; NghJ me;j
ehl;bw;F me;epa nryhtzp (Foreign Exchange) fpilf;fpwJ.

4.5.1 me;epar; nryhtzpf; fl;Lg;ghL ( Foreign Exchange

Control)

,e;jpa hprh;t; tq;fp (RBI), me;epar; nryhtzp xJf;fPLfspd;

ghJfhtydhf nray;gLfpd;wJ. me;epar; nryhtzpia mjpfkhfg
ngw;Ws;s ehLfs;> tsh;r;rp ngw;w ehLfshfTk;> rf;jp kpFe;j

36
ehLfshfTk;> nghUshjhu tsh;r;rpapy; kw;w ehLfSf;F
Kd;NdhbahfTk; ,Uf;f tha;g;Gs;sJ. Mdhy; nghUl;fis ngUkstpy;
,wf;Fkjp nra;Ak; ehLfs; me;epar; nryhtzpia (Foreign Exchange)
nfhLf;f Ntz;bapUg;gjhy; kpfTk; vr;rhpf;ifAld; nray;gl
Ntz;bapUf;fpwJ. xU ehL nrYj;jy; NtWghl;L kpifg; gpur;ridia
re;jpf;Fk; nghOJ> mJ md;dpar; nryhtzpia fl;Lg;gLj;JfpwJ(Exchange
Control) kw;Wk; nrYj;jy; Kiwia jdf;F ed;ik gaf;Fk; tpjj;jpy;
xOq;FgLj;JfpwJ.

1939k; ,uz;lhtJ cyfg;Nghh; njhlq;fpaJ KjNy ,e;jpah me;epar;

nryhtzp gw;whf;Fiwahy; mtjpAw;W tUfpwJ. 1947k; Mz;L
me;epar; nryhtzp xOq;FKiw rl;lk; mKYf;F te;jJ. mjd; gpwF 1973y;
me;epar; nryhtzp xOq;FKiwr; rl;lk; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
jw;NghJ> ,J me;epar; nryhtzp Nkyhz;ik rl;lkhf 1999k; Mz;by;
khw;wp mikf;fg;gl;L ehl;by; me;epar; nryhtzpia Nkyhz;ik nra;J
tUfpwJ.

NkYk; Rq;fj; jPh;itr; rl;lk; (Custom Act) ,e;jpahtpy; 1962k;

Mz;by; mKYf;F te;jJ. xU ehl;bypUe;J kw;w ehl;bw;F tpjpfis kPwp
(,wf;Fkjp thp fl;lhky;) nghUl;fis nfhz;L te;J me;je;j ehLfspy; mjpf
tpiyf;F nghUl;fis tpw;gJ flj;jy; (smuggling) vdg;gLfpwJ. thp fl;lhky;
nghUl;fis flj;Jk; NghJ> me;je;j ehl;bw;Fj; Njitahd tUtha; (Revenue)
Fiwe;J Nghtjhy;> me;j ehL nghUshjhur; rpf;fypy; khl;bf; nfhs;s
Ntz;bajhapw;W. rh;tNjr mstpy; flj;jy; gpur;rid ngUk; gpur;ridahf
cs;sJ. mJ ehl;bd; nghUshjhuj;ij rPh;Fiyar; nra;tjhy; kpfg; nghpa
37
Fw;wkhf fUjg;gLfpwJ. MdhYk;> flj;jy; njhopy;fSk;> flj;jy;fhuh;fSk;
Fiwe;jghby;iy.

4.5.2 th;j;jf ,Ug;G ( Balance of Trade)

,d;iwa cyfshtpa kakhf;fy; #o;epiyapy; xt;nthU ehLk;

md;dpar; nryhtzpiag; ngUf;Ftjw;fhf nghUl;fshfNth my;yJ Nritfs;
%ykhfNth my;yJ njhopy;El;g ,lkhw;wk; %ykhfNth Vw;Wkjp
nra;tjw;F Nghl;lh Nghl;bAld; nray;gl;L tUfpwJ. cyfshtpa kakhf;fy;
re;ijfis Nghl;baplj; jf;fjhf Mf;fpAs;sJ. Mdhy; Gjpa Nritfspd; tsh;r;rp
fzprkhf Vw;gl;Ls;sJ. Vw;WkjpfSk;. ,wf;FkjpfSk; #Lgpbj;Js;sd.
Vw;Wkjp kjpg;gpw;Fk;> ,wf;Fkjp kjpg;gpw;Fk; cs;s tpj;jpahrk;
jhd; me;j ehl;bd; th;j;jf ,Ug;G vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ. th;j;jf rkepiy xU
ehl;bd; tsh;r;rpiaf; Fwpg;gpLk; FwpaPlhfTk; tpsq;FfpwJ. Gs;sp
tptuq;fs; %yk; gy ehLfspd; th;j;jf ,Ug;igj; njhpe;J nfhs;syhk;.
th;j;jf rkepiy / th;j;jf ,Ug;ig NX vd;w FwpaPl;bd; %yk;
njhpag;gLj;Jfpwhh;fs;. xU ehl;bd; xl;Lnkhj;j Vw;Wkjp kjpg;G
( nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; Nritfs; %ykhf tUthahf ngwg;gLk; kjpg;G)>
,wf;Fkjp nra;Ak; NghJ mjw;fhd nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; NritfSf;fhf
nrytplg;gLk; kjpg;G - ,uz;bw;Fk; cs;s NtWghL jhd; th;j;jf ,Ug;G
MFk;. ,e;jpah kw;w ehLfisg; Nghy Vw;Wkjpiag; ngUf;Ftjw;F
Vuhskhd Cf;Ftpg;Gfs; (incentives) toq;fg;gLfpd;wd. ehLfspd;
th;j;jf ,Ug;gpw;fhf> ,wf;FkjpfisNa rpy ehLfs; fl;LgLj;jpAs;sd. rpy
ehLfspy; ,wf;Fkjp nra;tNj jLf;fg;gl;bUf;fpwJ. nghUs; / Nritia

38
,wf;Fkjp nra;tjhy; fzf;fplg;gl;l kjpg;G> Vw;Wkjp nghUl;fs; kjpg;ig
tpl mjpfkhFk; NghJ (Imports exceeding Exports) th;j;jfg; gw;whf;Fiw
Vw;gLfpwJ. ,e;j th;j;jfg; gw;whf;Fiw mjpfkhf> mjpfkhf xU ehL
gytPdkhfpwJ. cjhuzkhf mnkhpf;fh> vz;iz nghUspy; (Oil) XusT
jd;dpiwT ngw;wpUe;jhYk;. fdlhtpypUe;J ngUkstpy; vz;izia ,wf;Fkjp
nra;fpwJ. mnkhpf;f ehl;bw;F mjpf mstpy; Oil demand (vz;izf;fhd
Njit) Ntz;bapUg;gjhy;> mnkhpf;f kf;fs;> fdlh ehl;bypUe;J
ngUkstpy; vz;izia ,wf;Fkjp nra;fpwhh;fs; vd;W $wg;gLfpwJ.

4.5.3. ,wf;Fkjp tiffs;

,wf;Fkjp nra;tjpy; ,uz;L tiffs; cs;sd.

1. njhopw;Jiw kw;Wk; Efh;Nthh; nghUs;fs;

2. ,ilepiyg;nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; Nritfs;

kypthd tpiyapy kw;Wk; jukhd nghUl;fis cs;Sh; re;ijapy;

toq;Ftjw;fhf epWtdq;fs; ntspehLfspypUe;J nghUl;fisAk;>
NritfisAk; ,wf;Fkjp nra;fpd;wd. cs;Sh; re;ijapy; fpilf;fg;ngwhj
nghUl;fs; gytw;iw epWtdq;fs; ,wf;Fkjp nra;fpd;wd.
,wf;Fkjpahsh;fspy; %d;W gue;j tiffs; cz;L.

1. cyfpYs;s ve;j xU ey;y nghUSf;fhd Njly; mjid ,wf;Fkjp nra;J>

cs;Sh; re;ijapy; tpw;gJ
2. kypthd tpiyapy; ntspehl;L nghUl;fs; fpilj;jhy; ,wf;Fkjp nra;tJ

39
 3. may;ehl;Lld; Nrh;e;J cyf mspg;G rq;fpypapd; xU gFjpahf
,Ug;gJ.

ntspehLfspy; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk; nghUl;fspd; tbtikg;G

kw;Wk; juj;jpid mwpe;J nfhz;L> cs;ehl;L epWtdq;fs; jahhpf;Fk;
nghUl;fis thq;fp> rpy;yiw th;j;jfh;fs; tzpfk; nra;J tUtJ mjpfkhfpf;
nfhz;bUf;fpwJ. ntspehl;L jahhpg;ghsh;fis milahsk; nfhz;L>
cs;ehl;L rg;isah;fisj; jtph;j;J (Direct Import) Neub ,wf;Fkjp nra;J>
ngUkstpy; rpy;yiw tzpfh;fs; th;j;jfk; nra;J ,yhgk; <l;b tUfpwhh;fs;.

xU ehl;bd; nghUshjhuj;jpd; tsh;r;rp kw;Wk; Nkk;ghl;bd;

mbg;gilapy; me;ehl;bd; nghUshjhur; Rw;Wr;#oy; khWk;
jd;ikAilajhf cs;sJ. epjp rhh;e;j Rw;Wr; #oy; nghUshjhuj;jpd;
tsh;r;rpf;Fk; Nkk;ghl;bw;Fk; kpfTk; ,d;wpaikahj fhuzpahFk;.
njhopy;El;gk; ehl;bd; tsh;r;rpf;F rpwe;j Kiwapy; gq;fspf;fpwJ.
njhopy;El;gk; ,y;iy vdpy;> ve;j xU ehLk; fPo; kl;lj;jpw;F nrd;W
tpLk;. njhopy;El;gk; vd;gjpy; Gjpa Gjpa fz;Lgpbg;GfSk;> Gjpa
KiwfSk; mlq;Fk;. njhopy;El;gkhdJ xU epWtdj;jpd; Nkk;ghl;bw;Nfh
my;yJ xU ehl;bd; nghUshjhu kw;Wk; rKjha tsh;r;rp kw;Wk;
Nkk;ghl;bw;fhf kpf mtrpakhd fhuzpahfNt fUjg;gLfpwJ kw;Wk;
nray;gLfpwJ.

njhopy;El;gk; - ,yf;fzk;

40
 njhopy;El;gk; vd;w thh;;j;ijf;F J.K. fhy;gpnu];j; vd;gth;
“eilKiwg; gzpfSf;F mwptpay; my;yJ Vida mikf;fg;gl;l mwpit
Kiwahfg; gad;gLj;JjNy njhopy;El;gk;” vd;W ,yf;fzk; tiue;jhh;. xU
ehL Nkk;ghL milAk; nghOJ nghUshjhuj;jpy; cw;gj;jpj; njhopypd;
gq;F NgustpdjhfpwJ. ekJ ,e;jpaj; njhopy;fspy; njhopy;El;gj;jpy;
nefpo;Tj; jd;ikia ngWk; Nehf;fpy; 34 NgusT Kd;Dhpik
njhopy;fspd; may;ehl;L njhopy;El;g cld;ghLfSf;F mq;fPfhuk;
jhdhfNt mDkjp nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

cyf thzpg mikg;ghdJ 01.01.1995k; Mz;by; thzpgj;ij cyf

mstpy; ngUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w gy;Nehf;Fld; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,e;j
mikg;ghdJ fhg;Gthpfs; kw;Wk; thzpgk; kPjhd nghJthd
cld;ghl;bw;F gpwF te;jJ. fhg;G thpfs; kw;Wk; thzpgk; kPjhd
nghJthd cld;ghlhdJ cyf thzpgg; gpur;ridfis fye;J MNyhrpf;fTk;>
jPh;f;fTk; vd gj;jhz;LfSf;F xU Kiw cWg;gpdh; ehLfs; Nrh;e;J $b
tpthjpf;ff; $ba mikg;ghFk;. [dthp 1> 1995y; 77 cWg;gpdh;fisf;
nfhz;l cyf thzpg mikg;ghdJ cah;e;J 2001y; 128 cWg;gpdh;fshf
nray;gl njhlq;fpaJ.

Vida cWg;gpdh;fspd; gpujpepjpfisf; nfhz;l mikr;rfk; rhh;e;j

khuhNl cyf thzpg mikg;Gf; fl;likg;gpd; jiyikaplj;ij tfpf;fpwJ.
,k;khehL Njitahd eltbf;iffis vLg;gjd; %ykhf cyf thzpg mikg;gpd;
gzpfis Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wJ.

41
TRIPS

cyf thzpf mikg;Gld; njhlh;Gs;s cld;ghLfSs; thzpgk; njhlh;ghd

mk;rq;fshd mwpthw;wy; rhh;e;j nrhj;Jhpikfs; kPjhd cld;ghL xU
Kf;fpa mq;fk; tfpf;fpwJ. ,t;Tld;ghl;by; mwpthw;wy; rhh;e;j
nrhj;jpd; VO ghFghLfs; mlq;Ffpd;wd. mit gpd;tUkhW.

1. gjpg;Ghpik (Copy right)

2. fhg;Ghpik (Patent right)
3. tzpf; FwpaPLfs; (Trade Marks)
4. njhopy; rhh;e;j tbtikg;Gfs; (Industrial Designs)
5. g+Nfhsk; rhh;e;j Fwpg;gPLfs; (Geographical Indications)
6. tpahghu ,ufrpaq;fs; (Trade Secrets)
7. xUq;fpizf;fg;gl;l fw;wilg;Gfs; (Integrated Circuits)

thzpgk; njhlh;ghd mk;rq;fshd mwpthw;wy; rhh;e;j nrhj;Jhpikfs;

kPjhd cld;ghLfspd; epiwNtw;wj;jpw;F vd rl;lKiwiaAk;> eilKiwiaAk;
Vw;gLj;j ,ilepiyf; fhyk; Njitahf cs;sJ. ,f;fhyk; tsh;e;j ehLfSf;F xU
Mz;lhfTk;. tsh;e;J tUk; ehLfSf;Fk;> fpof;F> INuhg;gpa kw;Wk; u\;a
ehLfSf;Fk; 5 Mz;L fhykhfTk;> kpff; Fiwthd mstpy; tsh;r;rpaile;j
ehLfSf;F 11 Mz;L fhykhfTk; cs;sJ. ,t;Tld;ghLfspd; ,af;fq;fs;
kw;Wk;; mit njhlh;ghd murpd; epiwNtw;wk; Nghd;wtw;iw
njhlh;e;J fz;fhzpf;Fk; tifapy; thzpgk; njhlh;ghd mk;rq;fshd
mwpthw;wy; rhh;e;j nrhj;JhpikfSf;F vd xU fTd;rpiy mikf;fTk; ,e;j

42
thzpfk; njhlh;ghd mk;rq;fshd mwpthw;wy; rhh;e;j nrhj;Jhpikfs;
kPjhd cld;ghL Kaw;rp nra;fpwJ.

njhopy;El;g khw;wj;jpd; ,d;wpaikahik

ehl;bd; nghUshjhu tsh;r;rpf;F etPd njhopy;El;gk; kpfTk;

,d;wpaikahjJ. njhopy;El;gk;> ,e;jpahtpy; Fiwe;jhy;> ,wf;Fkjp
nra;a Ntz;ba fl;lhakhfpwJ. vdNt njhopy;El;g ,wf;Fkjpfs; tphpthd
ghprPyidf;F cl;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. Mdhy; ek;khy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l
,f;nfhs;if njhopy;El;gj;ij cUthf;fj; jtwptpl;lJ. cs;ehl;by;
njhopy;El;gk; cUthf;fk; Fiwahky; ,Ue;jhy; jhd;> ehl;bd; nghUshjhu
tsh;r;rp rPuhf ,Uf;Fk;. etPdj; njhopy;El;gj;jpdhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l
nghUl;fs; jhd; gd;dhl;Lr; re;ijapy; tuNtw;G ,Uf;Fk;. etPdj;
njhopy;El;gj;jpdhy; jhd; ey;y jukhd nghUl;fisAk; epWtdq;fSf;F
cs;ehl;by; kl;Lkd;wp> cyf ehLfspilNaAk; ed;kjpg;igAk;>
ew;ngaiuAk; ngw;Wj; jUk;. 1970k; Mz;Lfspy; Rkhh; 200
ntspehl;L $l;L cld;ghLfs; kl;Lk; jhd; ifnaOj;jhfpd. gpwF 1985
Mz;Lfspy; ,t;Tld;ghLfs; vz;zpf;iffs; 1025 vd cah;e;jd. fhyk; nry;yr;
nry;y kj;jpa murhq;fkhdJ> epjp my;yJ njhopy;El;gj;jpy; ntspehl;L
$l;L cld;gbf;ifia rpy Fwpg;gpl;l njhopy;fspy; kl;LNk mDkjpj;jJ.
murhq;fj;jpd; fl;Lg;ghLfshy; njhopy;El;gj;jpd; ,wf;Fkjpfs; Fiwa
Muk;gpj;jd. vg;nghOJk; ntspehl;L njhopy;El;gj;ijNa
ek;gpapUf;fhky;> cs;ehl;Lj; njhopy;El;gj;jpid Cf;Ftpg;gjd; %yk;
ehl;bd; vjph;fhy Nkk;ghl;il cah;j;j KbAk; vd murhq;fk; KbntLj;jJ.

43
tpQ;Qhdk; Vs njhopy;El;gk;

gyh; tpQ;QhdKk;> njhopy;El;gKk; xd;W vdf; fUJfpwhh;fs;.

Mdhy; mit ntt;Ntwhdit. tpQ;QhdkhdJ kdpjdpd; mbg;gil mwpT
Ghpe;J nfhs;Sk; jd;ikf;F Njitahd fUtpia mspf;fpwJ. Mdhy; eilKiwg;
gzpfSf;F mwptpay; mwpit Kiwahfg; gad;gLj;JjNy njhopy;El;gk;
MFk;. mwpit ve;j Kiwapy; gad;gLj;jp xl;Lnkhj;j rKjhaj;jpw;F
cgNahfg;gLfpwJ vd;gij epidtpy; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. ,j;jifa
rpe;jdhrf;jpf;F ngUkstpy; Kid ciog;Gk;> gapw;rpAk;> nghd;dhd
NeuKk; Njitg;gLfpwJ. vdNt jhd; ,jdhy; cUthf;fg;gLk; nghUl;fSf;F
mwpTrhh;e;j nrhj;Jhpik mspf;f Ntz;Lk; vd xt;nthU ehSk;
vjph;ghh;f;fpwJ. tpQ;QhdkhdJ> gjpg;Gfspd; thapyhf cyfk; KOtJk;
fpilf;fpd;wJ. Mdhy; njhopy;El;gkhdJ xUtuJ fbd ciog;G>
tplhKaw;rpapd; %ykhf fpilf;fg; ngWtjhy;> fz;Lgpbg;Gfs; kw;Wk;
Gjpa Kiwfis ,ufrpakhf itj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;bajhfpwJ. mjw;fhd
nrhj;Jhpikf;F ngUkjpg;G ( gjpg;Ghpikj; njhif) mspf;fg;gLfpwJ.

44
cyf tzpf mikg;G (World Trade Organisations) tpjpfshy;
Vw;gl;l jhf;fq;fs;
njhopyEl;g ,lkhw;wq;fSf;F njhopy;El;gk; xl;Lnkhj;j
rKjhaj;jpd; tho;f;if KiwiaNa Kw;wpYkhf khw;wptpl;lij ehk;
fhz;fpNwhk;. rKjhaj;jpd; tho;f;ifj; juk;> tho;f;if Kiw> gz;ghL>
fyhr;rhuk;> etPd tho;f;if Kiw Kjypad tpQ;Qhdk; kw;Wk;
njhopy;El;gj;jpidNa ngUkstpy; rhh;e;Js;sd.

xU epWtdj;jpd; njhopy;El;gkhdJ> kw;nwhU epWtdj;jpw;F

Kiwahf nrd;W gad;gLk; NghJ njhopy;El;g Fwpg;Gfs; khw;wk; vd;W
miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ. gd;Kf th;j;jf tpjpfis kPwf; $ba rpy cWg;gpdh;
ehLfshy;> NtWghLfSk;> fUj;Jg; ghpkhw;wq;fSk; mjpfkhfp
tUtjhy;> cyf th;j;jf mikg;G ehLfSf;fpilNa epytp tUk; jfuhWfs;
kw;Wk; NtWghLfSf;F jPh;T fhZk; gzpia cyf tzpf mikg;G nra;J
tUfpwJ. gd;Kf th;j;jf tpjpfs; ey;y Kiwapy; nray;gl ,d;wpaikahj
gFjpahf tpsq;FfpwJ.

cyf th;j;jf mikg;gpd; gzpfs; gy. mtw;Ws; Kf;fpakhd rpy fPNo

nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

1. gyfl;rp xg;ge;j tif thzpg cwTfs; njhlh;ghf cWg;gpdh;fSf;F

,ilNa xg;ge;jg; Ngr;R elj;Jtjw;Fj; Njitahd nghJ ,lj;ij mspj;jy;
2. cld;ghL kw;Wk; gy fl;;rp xg;ge;j tif th;j;jf cld;ghLfspy;
Nehf;fq;fis eilKiwg;gLj;jy;> eph;thfk; kw;Wk; ,af;fj;ij
vspjhf;Fjy;
45
 3. cld;ghLfs; kPjhd fUj;J NtWghLfspd; jPh;T njhlh;ghd tpjpfs;
kw;Wk; eilKiwfs; kPJ cld;ghl;il eph;tfpj;jy;.

cyf thzpg mikg;G KO xw;Wikapd; mbg;gilapy; KbntLf;Fk;

eilKiwia gpd;gw;WfpwJ. rpy rkaq;fspy; fUj;J NtWghLfs;
fhuzkhfNth my;yJ tpjpKiwfs; kPwg;gLk;NghJ gpzf;Ffs; tUk; NghJ
my;yJ KO xw;Wikapd;gb KbT vLf;fg;l Kbatpy;iy vd;why; “ xU ehL –
xU thf;F” vd;w mbg;gilapy; 2 / 3 gq;F ngUk;ghd;ikapy; KbT
vLf;fg;gLk;. Vnddpy; fhg;G thpfs; kw;Wk; th;j;jfk; kPjhd nghJthd
cld;ghl;il #o;e;J nfhs;Sk; tifapyhd xUq;fpizf;fg;gl;l> kpfTk; tsk;
ngwf;$ba> epiyj;J epw;ff; $ba gy fl;rp xg;ge;j tif thzpg Kiwia
Vw;gLj;jp top elj;JjNy cyf th;j;jf mikg;gpd; Kf;fpa gzpfspy;
xd;whff; fUjg;gLfpwJ.

cyf tzpf mikg;gpd; jfuhWfSf;F Kd; xU Gfhiu rkh;g;gpf;f xU

cWg;gpdh;> khepy KbT jPh;T mika tpz;zg;gpf;f Xh; rpwe;j
topKiwahf filg;gpbf;fg;gLfpwJ. kw;w rpy ehLfs; tpjpKiwfis
kPWk;NghJ my;yJ me;j kPwy;fs; Ntw;W ehLfSf;F ghjfkhf mikAk;
NghJ> cyf th;j;jf mikg;gplk; ey;ynjhU jPh;T fhZtjw;F tpz;zg;gk;
%yk; Pressure nfhLf;f Ntz;bajhfpwJ.

cyf tzpf mikg;gpd; rl;l tpjpfspd; thapyhf th;j;jf Nehf;fq;fis

miltjw;F Gfhh;fs; toptFj;jpUe;jJ vd;why; mJ kpifahfhJ vd $wyhk;.
cyf tzpf mikg;G tof;Fr; nray;Kiw ngUkstpy; rk;ke;jg;gl;l tof;Ffspy;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. nghJthf tptrha khdpaq;fs; kw;Wk; gz;iz
46
nfhs;iffs; njhlh;ghd tof;Ffspy; cyf th;j;jf mikg;Gr; nray;Kiw
eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. rl;l kw;Wk; murpay; mk;rq;fs; %yk; Vida
jfuhWfis jhf;Fk; topKiwahf Nkw;$wpa ,e;j eltbf;iffs; mjpfkhapw;W.
Fwpg;ghf mz;ikapy; mnkhpf;f gUj;jp kw;Wk; INuhg;gpa xd;wpak;
rh;f;fiu Nehahspfs; Mh;g;ghl;lq;fs;> Ngr;R thh;;j;ijfs;> tof;F
kw;Wk; cs;ehl;L gz;iz khw;wq;fs; ,ilapy; cs;s neUq;fpa njhlh;Gfis
gpujpgypf;fpd;wd. ,Nj Nghy rpy tpiy gl;ilfs; kw;Wk; njhlh;Gila
me;j kw;w Kf;fpa epfo;Tfspy; fdlh ehl;L ghy; nfhs;ifahdJ cyf th;j;jf
mikg;gpd; tof;Fr; nray;Kiw thapyhf gyjug;G Ngr;Rthh;;j;ijfs; %yk;
ntspf;nfhzh;e;Js;sd.

Njh`h Rw;W

Njh`h Rw;wpw;fhd Ngr;Rthh;;j;ijfs; kw;Wk; cs;ehl;L

nfhs;iffspd; rPh;jpUj;jq;fis ehk; ed;whf Ghpe;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
Vndd;why; Nkw;$wpaitfs; gputhfk; Nghd;w jhf;fq;fis
cUthf;fpAs;sd. rl;lj; jPh;g;GfisAk;> gyjug;G Ngr;Rthh;j;ij
nray;ghLfSk; xd;nwhnlhd;W tpNuhjk; Ngzhky; cWjp nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
rpy rkaq;fspy; jfuhWfs; kw;Wk; Ngr;R thh;j;ijfSf;F ,ilNa Vw;gl;l
ey;y MNuhf;fpakhd gjw;wk; jfty; kw;Wk; Jy;ypakhd Ngr;Rthh;;j;ij
KbTfis ntspf;nfhzh;e;Js;sJ. rpy rkaq;fspy; rpy Kuz;ghLfs;> rpy
tpjp kPwy;fs; cyf tzpf mikg;gpw;fhd murpay; MjuT kw;Wk; th;j;jf
Ml;rpia tYtpof;fr; nra;fpd;wd. ey;y gads;s kw;Wk; juKs;s cyf tzpf
mikg;gpid epiyepWj;j> tzpf mikg;gpd; jfuhWfSf;F jPh;T nghwp
Kiwia cUthf;f xU Mf;fg;g+h;tkhd gq;fspg;G NjitahdJ. cs;ehl;L
47
cWjpg;gLj;jy; eltbf;iffspd; Nghf;if kw;w ehLfs; Ghpe;J nfhs;s
Ntz;bajhapw;W.

rpy rkaq;fspy; Ngr;Rthh;;j;ijfs; R%fkhf ele;J

nfhz;bUf;Fk;NghJ> tof;Ffs; $Ljyhd Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij czh;j;Jfpd;wd.
Ngr;Rthh;j;ijfspd; ed;ikfs;> tof;Ffspd; ey;y jPh;g;gpid ey;f Ntz;Lk;.
rpy ehLfs; cyf th;j;jf mikg;gpd; tw;GWj;jypd; fhuzkhfNth my;yJ
mr;RWj;jy; Gfhhp;d; NghpNyh Ngr;Rthh;;j;ijfs; eilngWtjhf
fUJfpd;wd. khwhf rpy ehLfs;> tof;Fr; nray;Kiw thapyhf jhd; fpilf;f
Ntz;ba midj;J rYiffisAk; KOtJkhf ngw KbAk; vd;W fUJfpd;wd. mjd;
%yk; tUq;fhyj;jpy; Ngr;R thh;j;ijfSf;F NkYk; toptFf;Fk; vd;W rpy
ehLfs; fUJfpd;wd. cyf th;j;jf mikg;G rl;l kw;Wk; ePjpj; Jiw
nray;ghLfspd; njhopy;El;gj; njhlh;Gfs;> nfhs;iffs;> tptrhaj;jpw;fhd
Nkk;gl;l th;j;jf tpjpfis Nkd;ikg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd Njly; Njitg;gl;lJ. cWg;G
ehLfspd; Fwpg;gpl;l FOf;fs; ,e;jg; gzpfis xt;nthU <h;g;G kw;Wk;
Mgj;Jfspdhy; Vw;gLk; tpisTfis Muha Ntz;bajpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; njhpa
tUfpwJ.

,J jtpu> tof;Fr; nray;Kiwfspd; jhf;fq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wk; kw;Wk;

Ngr;Rthh;j;ij nray;ghLfspYk;> cs;ehl;L nfhs;if khw;wq;fspYk;
,Ug;gjhf fUjg;gLfpwJ. ,jdhy; cyf th;j;jf mikg;G jPh;T fhZk; gzpapy;
murpay; MjuT kw;Wk; ek;gfj;jd;ik gw;wp mwpe;J nfhs;sTk; KbAk;.
Mdhy; tYthd murpay; mjpfhuj;Jtk; ngw;w murpay; th;j;jf FO
jPh;g;Gfis fhy jhkjkhfj; jhd; nray;gLj;Jfpd;wd.

48
4.6.1 fz;Nzhl;lk;

,e;j ghlj;jpy; cyf th;j;jf mikg;ghdJ jPh;j;J itf;Fk; gy gpur;ridfis

fhz;fpNwhk;. ,jd; Kjy; gFjpapy; tptrhaj;jpw;F Njitahd th;j;jf tpjpfs;
tiuaiw kw;Wk; tsUk; nray;ghl;by; tptrhaj;jpw;fhf tzpf
tpjpfSf;fpilNa cs;s njhlh;gpid gw;wpa fz;Nzhl;lj;ij fhzKbfpwJ. ,jd;
2tJ gphptpy; tptrha tzpff; nfhs;ifj; njhlh;ghf tof;F nray;Kiw
gad;gLj;jg;gl;L tUtij tpsf;FfpwJ. ,jd; 3tJ gFjpapy; Njhfh Rw;wpy;
eilngw;w Ngr;Rthh;;j;ijfs; kw;Wk; fdlh ehl;by; ghy; gpur;rid
tphpthf tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jd; 4tJ gFjpapy; tptrhaj;jpw;F
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; khdpaq;fs;> cyf th;j;jf mikg;G jUk; rYiffs; kw;Wk;
$Ljy; eltbf;iffs; xg;ge;jk; Kjypad tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. NkYk; ,J vg;gb
cUFNt Rw;W xg;ge;jj;jpy; ,Ue;J NtWgl;Ls;sJ vd;gijAk;
tpsf;fpAs;sJ. ,jd; 5tJ gFjpapy; re;ijia mZFk; gpur;rid> tpiy
Vw;w ,wf;fq;fs;> vy;iyfis rhptu ghJfhf;Fk; nghUl;L Nkw;nfhz;l
eltbf;iffs; tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

cyf th;j;jf mikg;Gld; Price Band Kiw cs;ehl;L tpiy Vw;wq;fis

rkhspj;jJ gw;wp xU rhuhh; ghuhl;bdhYk;> rpy ehLfs; ,jw;F ,zf;fk;
njhptpf;ftpy;iy. MfNt ,wf;Fkjp nfhs;iffis epiyg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; mjw;fhd
njhlh;Gfis cyf th;j;jf mikg;Gld; nfhz;bUf;fTk; ,jdhy; tsUk; ehLfSf;F
ghJfhg;G nra;aTk; xU Gjpa rpwg;G ghJfhg;G topKiw (New Special
Space guard Mechanism) cUthf;Ftjw;F tsUk; ehLfs; jpl;lkpl;Ls;sd. ,e;j

49
ghlj;jpd; ,Wjpahd gphptpy; nghJ kw;Wk; khdpaq;fs; kPJ tptrhak;
rhh;;e;j Jiwapy; ,ilNa Vw;gl;Ls;s tuk;G kPwy;fis kj;jpa];jk;
nra;aTk;> FO mwpf;iffs; jhf;fk; kw;Wk; Ngr;Rthh;j;ijfspy;
Kd;Ndw;wk; rhpnra;aTk;> tpiy njhlh;Gila fl;lzq;fis jilfs; nra;aTk;>
xUjiy gl;r kw;Wk; gd;Kf mZFKiwfis ,izf;f topfis $WfpwJ. ,e;j tifapy;
cyf th;j;jf mikg;G ehLfSf;F ,ilNa cs;s gpur;ridfis rhpahd Kiwapy;
ifahs rl;l eltbf;iffis typAWj;jp tUfpwJ.

4.6.2 tof;F kw;Wk; NguNgr;R

,uz;L Kjd;ikahd nray;ghLfSf;F ,ilNaAs;s Synergy thapyhf cyf

th;j;jf mikg;ghdJ ed;ik ngWfpwJ. th;j;jf cWg;gpdh;fspilNa>
gu];guk; rhjfkhd th;j;jf tpjpfisg; gw;wpa Ngr;Rthh;;j;ij> MNyhrid
nray;Kiw> tpthjk; kw;Wk; tof;F tpjpfs;> fl;lzq;fs; ml;ltizia ,izj;J
nra;jy; Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. NkYk; cyf tzpf mikg;gpd; nray;ghLfs;
tptrhak; gw;wpa tpguq;fs; tpjKiwfis cUthf;Fjy; kw;Wk; tpjpKiwfis
eilKiwg;gLj;Jjy; gw;wpa njhlh;Gfs; fPNo RUf;fkhf nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

jiyefuq;fspy; cs;s muR mjpfhhpfs;> murpay;thjpfs;> gd;Kf

th;j;jf Ngr;Rthh;j;ijfs; kw;Wk; cyf th;j;jf mikg;G> cs;ehl;L nfhs;if
ghJfhg;G Nghd;w gy tp\aq;fs; gu];guk; Ngrp jpUg;jpfukhd
xg;ge;jq;fis jahhpg;gjhFk;. ,Ue;j NghjpYk;> Nkw;$wpa tp\aq;fis>
cyf th;j;jf mikg;gpd; nghUs; tpsf;fk; kw;Wk; Ngr;Rthh;j;ijfis
eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;F Rahjhdkhd Adjudicative gzpapy; jfuhWfSf;F R
%fkhd jPh;T fhz;gjpy; Kidg;ghf cs;sJ.

50
 gpur;ridfs; tsu tsu> R%fkhd jPh;T fhz;gjpy; rpf;fy;
Vw;glyhapw;W. Kd;G Nghy Ngr;Rthh;;j;ij KiwapNyNa th;j;jf
njhlh;ghd kPwy;fSf;F jPh;T fhz;gJ vd;gJ Nghf> th;j;jf
ty;Yeh;fshYk;> tof;fwpQh;fshYk; jPh;T fhz;gjw;F cyf th;j;jf mikg;G
fUjpaJ. ,k;Kiw gpd;gw;wg;gbd;> cyf th;j;jf mikg;G gw;gy
tpkh;rdq;fSf;F cs;gl NehpLk;.

cyf th;j;jf mikg;gpd; “rl;l fyhrhuk; (Legal Culture) jfuhW jPh;T

Kiwf;F Kd;ghfNt legislative gzpiaj; njhlq;fp tpl;ljhf tpkh;rfh;fs;
$Wfpd;wdh;. eilKiwapy; ,Uf;Fk; gy gpur;ridfSf;F cyf th;j;jf
mikg;gpw;F Rahjhdkhd Adjudicative mjpfhuq;fs; toq;fg;gl;lhy; jhd;
Ngr;Rthh;j;ij kw;Wk; tof;Fj; jPh;T Kiwf;F ,ilNaAs;s njhlh;gpid
rkhspj;J ey;ynjhU jPh;T fhz ,aYk;.

xU rkaj;jpy;> rl;lk; kw;Wk; murpay; nray;Kiwj; njhlh;G

Kf;fpakhdjhf fUjg;gLfpwJ. gpur;ridfNsh my;yJ jfuhWfNsh
goikahdJ. fle;j fhyj;Jld; njhlh;GilaJ. khwhf mjw;fhd jPh;TfNsh
tUq;fhyj; njhlh;GilaJ vd;gij epidtpy; nfhs;s Ntz;bAs;sJ.
tpjpKiwfNs ,y;yhj NghJ mjw;fhf rl;l hPjpahf ahUk; jfuhW nra;a
khl;lhh;fs;. my;yJ Vw;fdNt jPh;T nra;ag;gl;l cld;gbf;iffSf;F
kWgbAk; Ngr;Rthh;;j;ijfs; nra;akhl;lhh;fs;. rl;lj; jPh;T Kiwap;d;
,WjpahdJ rl;l KbT (legal decision) kl;Lkd;wp muR cld;gbf;iff;F rk;kjk;
njhptpj;jyhFk;. NkYk; Vida ,Wjp tptuq;fisj; njhpe;J nfhs;SjYk;>
mitfis Vw;Wf; nfhs;SjYk;> mjw;fhf VNjDk; khw;wq;fs;
51
Njitg;gl;lhy;> mk;khw;wq;fis nfhz;L tUjYNk rl;l KbthFk; (legal
decision).

,jpy; eilKiwg; gpur;rid vd;dntd;why;> tsUk; ehLfs; nfhz;L

tUk; midj;Jj; jfuhWfSf;Fk;> cldbahf jPh;T nrhy;Yk; rhpahd jPh;Tfs;
readymade Mf ,Uf;f ,ayhJ my;yth. vdNT jhd; clarification kw;Wk;
interpretation of rules gpd;gw;w Ntz;bajhfpwJ.

tsUk; ehLfs; GJg;GJg; gpur;ridfisf; nfhz;L tUtjhy;>

gpur;ridfs; ed;F Muhag;gl;Lk; rPhpa Kiwapy; thjplg;gl;Lk;>
Kbe;jhy; cld;gbf;iffspy; rpy khw;wq;fis nra;Jk;> cyf th;j;jf
mikg;gpd; tpjpKiwfisg; gpd;gw;wpdhy; jhd; tsUk; ehLfSf;F ey;y
epahak; fpilf;Fk; vd ek;gg;gLfpwJ.

4.7 Nguk; NgRjy; nray;Kiw

xU nghUisNah (goods) my;yJ NritiaNah (service) Efh;Nthh;

thq;Fk;NghJ> tpw;gidahshplk; Nrit mg;nghUSf;Fj; jf;f tpiyia
nfhLg;gJ tof;fk;. khwhf> vd;d tpiyapy; nghUis thq;fyhk; vd;W
thq;Fgth; jfuhW nra;jhy; tpw;gid elf;fhky; Ngha;tpLk; my;yth.
vdNt jhd; R%fkhd topapy; Nguk; Ngrpdhy; jhd;> tpiy eph;zak;
nra;a ,aYk;. mjd; gpwNf vj;jifa thzpgk; nra;ayhk; my;yJ ve;j
tpiyapy; tpw;fyhk; vd;w cld;ghL Vw;gLk;. Fixed Price –f;fhd khw;W
tpiy strategy jhd; Nguk; NgRjy; vd;gjhFk;. ,e;j khjphp Nguk; NgRk;
NghJ Efh;Nthh;fSf;F kdepiwTk; NkYk; NkYk; nghUl;fis thq;f

52
Ntz;Lk; vd;w mthTk; NkNyhq;Fk;. mg;NghJ jhd; ngUkstpy;
tpw;gidg; ngUFk;. rpy;yiu tpahghuj;jpy;> nghJthf rhjhuz
rpy;yiug; nghUl;fis Nguk; Ngrpdhy; vg;nghOJk; yhgk; fhz;gJ
mhpJ. khwhf> tpiyAah;e;j nghUl;fis Kd;gpd; njhpahj
Efh;Nthh;fSf;F tpw;Fk; NghJ (cjhuzk; thfd Ch;jpfs;) Nguk; NgRtJ
vd;gJ tof;fj;jpy; ,Ue;J tUfpwJ.
gpuhe;jpa NtWghLfs;

midj;J tzpf eltbf;iffisAk; (Transactions) Nguk; NgRtJ vd;gJ ,ayhJ.

me;nje;j gpuhe;jpa tof;fq;fs; kw;Wk; kj ek;gpf;iffSk; kl;LNk Nguk;
NgRtij eph;zapf;fpd;wd.
tlmnkhpf;fh kw;Wk; INuhg;ghtpy; Nguk; NgRjy; vd;gJ tpiy
cah;e;j nghUl;fSf;F kl;LNk fUjg;gl;L te;jJ. (thfd Ch;jpfs;> eif
Mguzq;fs;> tPLkid thq;fy;> tpw;wy;) Nghd;w tpiyAah;e;j
nghUl;fSf;F kl;LNk Nguk; NgRjy; eilKiwapy; njhd;W njhl;L ,Ue;J
tUfpwJ. Mrpa ehLfs; kw;Wk; ,e;NjhNd\pah ehLfspy; rhjhuz
nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; NritfSf;F $l> Foe;ijfs; Nguk; NgRtJ> mjd; gpwNf
nghUl;fis thq;FtJ tof;fj;jpy; ,Ue;J tUfpwJ. ,];Nuy; ehl;by; rhjhuz
Gof;fj;jpypUf;Fk; cilfs; kw;Wk; Nrhg;G rhjdg;nghUl;fSf;F $l
Ngr;Rthh;j;ij elj;jpa gpd;dNu nghUl;fs; tpw;fg;gLfpd;wd.

4.8 khw;wk; nra;tjw;fhd tpUg;gk;

,aw;ifr; rhjdq;fs; vd;w nrhw;nwhlh; cw;gj;jpapy;

NeubahfNth my;yJ kiwKfkhfNth <LgLj;jg;gLk; gy;NtW rhjdq;fisAk;

53
Fwpf;fpd;wJ. ,aw;ifr; rhjdq;fspd; gw;whf;Fiwiag; gw;wpg; gy;NtW
fUj;Jf;fs; $wg;gLfpd;wd. mjpfhpj;Jf; nfhz;Nl tUfpd;w kf;fs;
njhifahYk;> mth;fsJ Efh;tpd; mjpfhpg;ghYk;> rhjdq;fSf;Fg;
gw;whf;Fiw Vw;gLfpd;wJ. mjd; ,aw;if epiyapy; my;yhky; VNjDk;
xd;W $Ljyhd mstpy; Rw;Wr #oypy; ,Ug;gpd; mJ khR vdg;gLfpwJ.
,J nghUshjhu Kiw my;yJ kdpjd; my;yJ ,uz;bw;Fk; jPq;F tpistpf;ff;
$ba tifapy; nghushjhu Kiwapy; NeubahfNth my;yJ kiwKfkhfNth
Vw;gLk; xd;W my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l khw;wq;fis Fwpf;fpwJ. ,J
VNjDk; Nehf;fj;JlNdh my;yJ Nehf;fkpd;wpNah jPq;fpiof;ff;$ba
tpisTfis Rw;Wr;#oypy; Vw;gLj;jf;$ba ,urhadk; Rw;Wr;#oypy;
ntspaplg;gLtijf; Fwpf;fpwJ. Fiwe;j nrytpy; fopTfis mfw;w
KidtjdhNyNa khR Vw;gLfpwJ. cz;ikahd my;yJ tha;g;G tsk; kpf;f
jPq;fhd> jPq;fpiof;ff;$ba> trjpf;Fiwthd tpisTfSld; $ba khw;wj;ij>
Rw;Wr;#oypd; xd;W my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l mq;fq;fspy;
NeubahfNth my;yJ kiwKfkhfNth Vw;gLj;jf;$baNj Rw;Wr;#oy; khR
vd tiuaWf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

cyfpy; fhzg;gLfpd;w midj;J tif caphpd tho;f;ifr; #oy;

KiwfSk;> ,aw;ifr; #oypy; rkepiyapy; ,Uf;fpd;wd. kdpjdpd;
nra;ifapdhy; gy caphpd tho;f;ifr; #oy; kz;lyq;fSk; (mjhtJ tdr;
#o;epiy kz;lyk;> ePh;r; #o;epiy kz;lyk;> tpz;ntsp kz;lyk;> fly;
kz;lyk;) ghjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,jdhy; Rw;Wr;#oy; rkepiy
ghjpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. njhopw;rhiyfshy; jhd; fhw;W mjpfk;
khRgLfpd;wJ. fhw;W khRghl;bw;Fj; njhopyf fopTfNs Kf;fpa

54
Mjhuq;fshf mikfpd;wd. NkYk; njhopw;rhiyfs; ntspNaw;Wk;
fopTfs; ePNuhilfspy; Neubahf fye;J ePiu khRgLj;Jfpd;wd. kf;fs;
njhifapd; mjpfhpg;gpw;F Vw;g mjpf kpd; Mw;wiy cw;gj;jp
nra;tjhy; mdy; khRghl;Lg; gpur;rid NkYk; mjpfhpf;fpd;wJ. ,jdhy;
tPzhfpd;w ntg;gePh;> ePhpd; caphpd> ,uhrhaz kw;Wk;
,aw;nghUs; jd;ik khwhky; ,Uf;Fk; tifapy; Nkyhz;ik nra;ag;gLjy;
Ntz;Lk;. NkYk; Nfhbf;fz;fhd thfdq;fspypUe;J ntsptUk; GifahdJ
g+kpapd; ntg;gj;ij mjpfhpf;fpd;wJ. Nkw;$wpa khRfshy; Climate
Change (jl;gntg;g khw;wk;) Vw;gl;L midj;J caphpdq;fSk;> kdpjd;
cs;gl nrhy;nyhdhj; Jauj;jpw;F MshfpAs;shh;fs;. ,jdhy; ehl;bd;
nghUshjhu tsh;r;rpAk; ghjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. GHG ntspNaw;wq;fis
Fiwf;Fk; tz;zk; tsh;e;J tUk; ehLfs;> ed;whf tsh;r;rp ngw;w
ehLfspypUe;J Environmentally Sound Technologies (EST) – ey;y Rw;Wr;
#oy; ghJfhg;G njhopy;El;gq;fis> khw;wk; (Transfer) nra;a Kaw;rp
Nkw;nfhz;Ls;shh;fs;. Nkw;$wpa Kaw;rpfs; fhh;gd; fopTfis Fiwj;J
ehl;bd; nghUshjhu tsh;r;rpf;F top tFf;Fk; vd ek;gg;gLfpwJ. ,j;jifa
njhopy;El;g ,l khw;wq;fs; (Transfer of Technology) ,d;W kpf Kf;fpakhf
fUjg;gLfpd;wd.

4.8.1 gpur;rid kw;Wk; Kf;fpa mk;rq;fs;

Kd;Ndw;wk; kw;Wk; rPuhd jl;gntg;g nfhs;iffSf;fhd

Nehf;fq;fis eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;F njhopy;El;g ,lkhw;wq;fs; nra;a
Ntz;bajhfpwJ. mNj rkak; tsh;e;j ehLfSf;Fk;> tsh;e;J tUk;
ehLfSf;Fk; ,ilNa fUj;J NtWghLfs; mjpfkhfp njhopy;El;g ,lkhw;wk;
55
nra;Ak; Kaw;rpapy; jil Vw;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;j fUj;J NtWghLfSf;fhd kpf
Kf;fpa fhuzk; vd;dntd;why; njhopy;El;g ,lkhw;wk; nra;tjpdhy;
Vw;gLk; nryit ve;j mstpy; tsh;e;j ehLfSk;> tsh;e;J tUk; ehLfSk;
gfph;e;J nfhs;tNjahFk;.

NkYk; njhopy;El;g ,lkhw;wk; Fwpj;j gpur;rid ehLfspilNa

epytp tUk; fUj;J NtWghLfs;> jw;NghJ murhq;fk; kw;Wk; jdpahh;
Jiwfspy; epytj; njhlq;fpAs;sJ. ,e;j njhopy;El;g ,lkhw;wk; gw;wpa
nrytpid murhq;fKk;> jdpahh; epWtdq;fSk; ve;j mbg;gilapy;
gfph;e;J nfhs;tJ vd;w rh;r;ir Kw;Wg; ngwhky; tsh;e;J tUfpwJ.
tsh;e;J tUk; ehLfs;> njhopy;El;g ,lkhw;wj;ij tpUk;gpdhYk;>
cz;ikapy; nryT gStpd; fhuzkhf KOtJkhf eilKiwg;gLj;j Kbahky;
jtpf;fpd;wd.

4.8.2 ghpe;JiufSk; kw;Wk; KbTiuAk;

njhopy;El;g ,lkhw;wk; Fwpj;j tp\aj;jpy; jl;gntg;gk; rkepiy

(rPNjh\;z epiy) ed;ikAk;> NkYk; gy ed;ikfSk; fpilf;Fk; vd;gjhy;>
tsh;r;rp ngw;w ehLfs; kw;Wk; tsh;e;J tUk; ehLfSf;fpilNa
njhopy;El;g ,lkhw;wj;jpdhy; Vw;gLk; nryT gSit vt;tpjk; gfph;e;J
nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;w gpur;rid jPh;f;fg;glhky; ,Ue;J tUfpwJ.
,uz;lhtjhf> njhopy;El;g ,lkhw;wk; vd;fpw Kaw;rpia Fiwe;jgl;r
nrytpy;> ey;y Kiwapy; vg;gb ifahs Ntz;Lk; vd;gjhFk;.

56
 njhopy;El;g ,lkhw;wk; gw;wp gy mk;rq;fis Muha;e;J
murhq;fk; kw;Wk; jdpahh; Jiwfs; ,UtUk; Nrh;e;J ,jw;fhd
ngUKaw;rpia vLj;jhy;> ey;y jPh;T fpilf;fyhk;. ePz;l fhy nghUshjhu
tsh;r;rpf;F> njhopy;El;g ,lkhw;wj;jpwF njhopy;El;g jpwikfis
Nkk;gLj;JtJ gw;wp Muha;e;J njhopy;El;g know – how I ngUf;f Ntz;ba
fl;lhak; Vw;gl;Ls;sJ.

njhopy;El;g ,lkhw;wj;ij nray;gLj;Jtjpy; tsh;e;j ehLfSk;> tsUk;

ehLfSk; murpay;> njhopy;El;gk;> nghUshjhuk;> nra;jp njhlh;G>
fyhr;rhuk; njhlh;ghd gy gpur;ridfis> jlq;fy;fis rkhspf;f
Ntz;bajhapw;W. Nkw;$wpa rpy jlq;fy;fs; (barriers) ehl;bd;
nghUshjhu tsh;r;rpia ghjpf;Fk; fhuzpfshf ,Ug;gjhf jdpahh; Jiw
th;j;jfk; kw;Wk; %yjdj;ij Cf;Ftpg;gjw;F murhq;fk; Kaw;rpfs; vLf;f
Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j Kaw;rpahdJ gpw;fhyj;jpy; njhopy;El;gk; tsh;tjw;F
toptFf;Fk;.

gy Mz;Lfshf jdpahh; Jiw> muRj;Jiwia tpl nghJthf ehl;bd;

nghUshjhuj;jpd; tsh;r;rp k;wWk; Nkk;ghl;bw;F ghLgl;L tUtijf;
fhz;fpNwhk;. mjw;fhd Cf;Ftpg;Gfis jdpahh; Jiwf;F nfhLj;jhy;>
ehl;bd; xl;Lnkhj;j eyidf; nfhz;Lk;> nghUshjhu Nkk;ghL fUjpAk;>
jdpahh; Jiw Nghl;b Nghl;Lf; nfhz;L nghUs; cw;gj;jpia
ngUf;FtjpYk;> Gjpa Gjpa njhopy;El;gk; kw;Wk; Gjpa Gjpa cj;jpfis
nfhz;L tUthh;fs;. mjd; gadhf njhopy;El;gk; Nkk;ghL milAk;.

57
NkYk; njhopy;El;;g ,lkhw;w gpur;ridia Fiwe;j gl;r nrytpy; ifahsTk;
top gpwf;Fk;.

nghJj; JiwAk;> jdpahh; JiwAk; Nrh;e;J $l;lhz;ikahf (Public-

Private Partnership) Kaw;rp nra;jhy;> gpw;fhyq;fspy; njhopy;El;g
,lkhw;wj; njhlh;ghd nryTfs; Fiwf;fg;gl;L ehl;bd; tsh;r;rpf;Fk;>
kf;fSf;Fk; gad;gLk;. ,jw;fhd gy topfspy; rpy fPNo
nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. mitahtd

1. njhopy;El;g nra;jpia midtUf;Fk; njhpag;gLj;Jjy;

2. Rw;W #oy; Nkk;ghl;bw;F tpjpKiwfis nfhz;L tUjy;
3. KjyPl;L cjtp my;yJ khdpaq;fs; toq;Fjy;
4. kdpj tsj;ij Nkk;gLj;Jjy;
5. Muha;r;rp kw;Wk; tsh;r;rpf;fhd mbg;gil trjpfis mjpfg;gLj;Jjy;
6. mwpT rhh;e;j nrhj;JfSf;F ey;y Kiwapy; ghJfhg;G mspj;jy;

4.9 MOU : Ghpe;Jzh;T xg;ge;jk;

Ghpe;Jzh;T xg;ge;jk; vd;gJ ,U ehl;bdh; my;yJ ,U jdp egh;fs;

my;yJ ,U epWtdq;fs; (formal contract) xg;ge;j tbtk; ngWtjw;F Kd;G>
me;j xg;gejj;jpw;fhd Ngr;R thh;j;ijapy; cld;gl;L ifnahg;gk;
,LjyhFk;. ,e;j cld;ghl;bd; mk;rq;fis Ngr;R thh;j;ij %yk; ,U egh;fSk;
ed;whf Ghpe;J nfhz;L Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;ba eltbf;iffis nra;aj;
njhlq;fyhk;. mtuth;fs; mila Ntz;ba Nehf;fq;fis epidtpy; nfhz;L

58
,UtUk; (Two parties to contract) cld;gbf;ifapy; $wg;gl;Ls;sgb eltbf;iffis
njhlq;fp tpLthh;fs;.

,yf;fzk;

MOU vd;gJ Memorandum of Understanding (Ghpe;Jzh;T xg;ge;jk;).

,J document MfNt fUjg;gl;L> rl;lg;gb rl;l lhf;Fnkz;lhf Nfhh;l;by; $l
rkh;g;gpf;ff; $ba mstpw;F chpik ngw;Ws;sJ. ,e;j document-fhf xU
tbtikg;G cz;L. ,e;j document vjw;fhf jahhpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ> ,jpy;
vd;ndd;d tpguq;fs; mlq;fpAs;sd> ,jpy; ahh; ifnahg;gk; ,l;Ls;sdh;>
,jd; gad;fs; vd;d vd;gJ gw;wpa midj;J tpguq;fSk; Nkw;$wg;gl;l
document y; mlq;Fk;. gy mk;rq;fis rPhpa Kiwapy; Nrh;j;J
jahhpf;fg;gl;l gpwNf ,U egh;fSk; kPz;Lk; mjd; mk;rq;fisAk;>
eltbf;if vLj;jhy; fpilf;Fk; gad;fisAk; ed;whf Ghpe;J nfhz;l gpwNf ,J
document tbtk; ngWfpwJ. Njitg;gl;lhy; ,e;j document I ePjpkd;wj;jpYk;
jhf;fy; nra;ayhk;.

cd; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij njhpe;J nfhs;

1. ,wf;Fkjp vd;why; vd;d?

2. Nguk; NgRk; nray;ghL vd;why; vd;d?

3. MOU vd;why; vd;d?

4.10 RUf;fk;
59
1. cyf tzpf mikg;ghdJ fhg;G thpfs; kw;Wk; thzpgk; kPjhd
cld;ghl;ilg; gpd; njhlh;e;J te;j mikg;ghFk;.
2. ehl;bd; nghUshjhu tsh;r;rpf;F etPdj; njhopy;El;gk; kpfTk;
,d;wpaikahjJ. etPdj; njhopy;El;gj;jpd; gadhy; jhd; ey;yj;
jukhd nghUl;fisAk;> epWtdq;fSf;F cs;ehl;by;
kl;Lkpy;yhky;> cyf ehLfspilNaAk; ed;kjpg;igAk;>
ew;ngaiuAk; ngw;Wj; jUk;.
3. cyf th;j;jf mikg;Gld; njhlh;Gs;s cld;ghLfSs thzpgk; njhlh;ghd
mk;rq;fshd mwpthw;wy; rhh;e;j nrhj;Jhpikfs; kPjhd cld;ghL
xU Kf;fpa mq;fk; tfpf;fpwJ. ,t;Tld;ghl;by; mwpthw;wy;
rhh;e;j nrhj;jpd; VO ghFghLfs; cs;sd. mitahtd :
gjpg;Ghpik> fhg;Ghpik> tzpff; FwpaPLfs;> njhopy;rh;e;j
tbtikg;G> g+Nfhsk; rhh;e;j Fwpg;gPLfs;> tpahghu
ufrpaq;fs; kw;Wk; xUq;fpizf;fg;gl;l fw;wilg;GfshFk;.
4. kdpjdpd; nra;ifapdhy; gy caphpd tho;f;ifr; #oy; kz;lyq;fSk;
(tdr; #o;epiy kz;lyk;> ePh; #o;epiy kz;lyk;> tpz;ntsp
kz;lyk;> fly; kz;lyk; midj;Jk;) ghjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
5. ehl;bd; tsh;r;rp kw;Wk; rPuhd jl;gntg;g nfhs;iffis
eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;F njhopy;El;g ,lkhw;wk; nra;a Ntz;bajhfpwJ.
6. njhopy;El;g ,lkhw;wk; rPuhf nray;gl Ntz;Lnkd;why;>
mjw;fhd nryTg; gSitf; Fiwg;gjw;F tsh;e;j ehLfSk;> tsh;r;rp
ngw;w ehLfSk; ghLgl Ntz;Lk;. Fiwe;jgl;r nrytpy; njhopy;El;g
,lkhw;wk; epfo Ntz;Lnkdpy; nghJj; JiwAk;> jdpahh; JiwAk;

60
 Nrh;e;J $l;lhz;ikahf Public Private Partnership %yk; nray;gl
Ntz;Lk;. gpw;fhyj;jpy; njhopy;El;g ,lkhw;wk; njhlh;ghd
nryTfs; Fiwe;jgl;rkhf kf;fSf;Fk;> ehl;bd; tsh;r;rpf;Fk;
toptFf;Fk; vd cWjpahf ek;gg;gLfpwJ.

4.11 Key Terms

1. mwpT rhh;e;j nrhj;J : kdpjdpd; fw;gdhrf;jpapdhy;

fpilf;fg;ngWk; nghf;fp\g; gilg;Gfs; MFk;
2. ,wf;Fkjp : xU ehl;bypUe;J jdf;Fj; Njitahd nghUl;fis kw;w
ehLfs; ehLk; NghJ ,wf;Fkjp vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
3. Nguk; : xU nghUs; my;yJ Nritia ngWtjw;F tpw;gidahsh;
kw;Wk; thq;Fgth;fspilNa tpiyia tpthjpj;J tpiy eph;zk; nra;jy;
MFk;.
4. njhopy;El;g ,lkhw;wk; : xU epWtdj;jplkpUe;J kw;wnjhU
epWtdj;jpw;F njhopy;El;gj;ij khw;WtNj njhopy;El;g
,lkhw;wkhfpwJ.

“cd; Kd;Ndw;wj;ijj; njhpe;J nfhs;” – gjpy;fs;

1. kdpjdpd; fw;gdhrf;jpapdhYk;> fbd ciog;gpd; gadhfTk;

fpilf;fg;gngw;w mw;Gj nghf;fp\g; gilg;GfNs mwpT rhh;
nrhj;J MFk;.

61
2. WIPO vd;gJ World Intellectual Property Organisation (cyf mwpT
rhh;e;j nrhj;J mikg;G)

3. nghUshjhu rl;l Ma;T : nghUshjhu KiwfSf;F rl;lj;jid Ma;T

nra;tNj nghUshjhu rl;l Ma;thFk;.

4. ,wf;Fkjp : xU ehl;bdh; jq;fSf;Fj; Njitahd nghUl;fis kw;w

ehl;bypUe;j tUtpj;jNy ,wf;Fkjp MFk;.

5. Nguk; vd;gJ xU nghUisNah / NritiaNah tpw;gidahsh;

kw;Wk; thq;Fgth;fspilNa tpiyia tpthjpj;J> tpiy eph;zak;
nra;tjhFk;.

6. Ghpe;Jzh;T xg;ge;jk; vd;gJ ,U fl;rpapdUk; (,U egh;fSk;)

xg;ge;jk; tbtikg;G ngWtjw;F Kd;Ng Ngr;R thh;j;ij %yk;
cld;ghL Vw;gLjNy MFk;.

62
Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk; gapw;rpfs;
rpW gjpy; Nfs;tpfs;

1. nghUshjhu tsh;r;rp vd;why; vd;d?

2. mwpT rhh;e;j nrhj;J vd;why; vd;d?
3. ,wf;Fkjpapd; tiffs; ahit?
4. mwpTrhh; nrhj;J Nkyhz;ik vd;why; vd;d?
5. njhopy;El;g ,lkhw;wj;jpw;fhd Njit ahJ?

ePs; gjpy; Nfs;tpfs;

1. ,wf;Fkjp rhh;e;j fl;Lg;ghLfs; ahit?

2. Nguk; NgRk; nray;Kiwia tpthpf;f.
3. mwpTrhh; nrhj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tpthpf;fTk;. NkYk; mjd;
jd;ikfis $wTk;.
4. cyf tzpf mikg;gpd; \uj;Jf;fspd;gb njhopy;El;g ,lkhw;wk;
nra;tjhy; Vw;gLk; jhf;fq;fs; ahit?
5. cyf th;j;jf mikg;G vd;why; vd;d? cyf th;j;jf mikg;gpd;
mikg;G kw;Wk; gzpfs; ahit?

63
 ghlk; - 5
njhopy;El;g khWepiy Nkyhz;ik

,e;j cyfj;jpy; midj;JNk khw;wj;jpw;Fl;gl;ljhFk;. khw;wk; vd;gJ

epiyahdJ. njhopy;fspd; cw;gj;jp Kiwfspy;> tpepNahf Kiwfspy;>
tpw;gid Kiwfspy;> gzpahsh;fisg; gzpakh;j;Jk; Kiwfspy; - Mfpa
mj;Jidg; gphpTfspYk; ,d;Ws;s epiy ehis ,Uf;fhJ. tsh;r;rp Fwpj;j
khw;wq;fs; ele;J nfhz;Nl ,Uf;Fk;. Nghl;bkpFe;j th;j;jf cyfj;jpy;
Nghl;bapidr; rkhspf;fTk;> ntw;wp ngwTk; th;j;jf hPjpahd
khw;wq;fs; Njitg;gLfpd;wd.

tsh;e;J tuk; th;j;jfr; #oYf;F Vw;g cw;gj;jp kw;Wk; tpw;gid

Kiwfspy; khw;wk; Vw;gLfpwJ vd mwpfpNwhk;. Mdhy; kpf
tpiuthfTk;> kpf mjpf mstpYk; ehk; md;whlk; fhz;fpd;w
njhopy;El;gq;fspNy Vw;gLfpd;wJ. ,jidj; njhopy;El;g khWepiy
my;yJ tsh;r;rp epiy vdf; $wyhk;. njhopy;El;gj;jpy; Vw;gl;L tUk;
khw;wj;ij my;yJ tsh;r;rpapid Kiwahfg; gad;gLj;Jk; mstpw;F mjid
eph;thfk; nra;jpl Ntz;Lk;. ,jidj; jhd; njhopy;El;g khWepiy Nkyhz;ik
vd;fpNwhk;. njhopy;El;;g khWepiy / tsh;r;rp epiyapid Kiwahf
eph;tfpj;jhy; njhopy;El;g khw;wj;jpd; gad; ekf;F KOikahff; fpl;Lk;.

khWfpd;w / tshe;J tUfpd;w njhopy;El;gj;jpd; gadhf cw;gj;jp

cauyhk;. cw;gj;jpr; nrytpdq;fs; Fiwayhk;. ,ae;jpuq;fspd; gad;ghL
mjpfhpf;fyhk;. tsh;e;J tUk; njhopy;El;gj;ij gad;gLj;j %yjdk;
64
Njitg;glyhk;. njhopy;El;g khw;wj;jpw;Nfw;g njhopyfq;fis tbtikf;f
Ntz;Lk;. njhopy;El;gj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhd gapw;rpfisj;
njhopyhsh;fSf;F toq;f Ntz;Lk;. ,e;epiyapy; njhopy;El;g khWepiy
eph;thfk; mtrpakhfpd;wJ.

njhopy;El;g khWepiy / tsh;r;rp epiy Fwpj;j rpy cjhuzq;fisg;

ghh;g;Nghk;.

xypngUf;fp> xypthq;fp Mfpa ,uz;L fUtpfspy; njhopy;El;g

khw;wk; tpaj;jF tsh;r;rpapid Vw;gLj;jpapUf;fpd;wJ.

ifNgrpapy; njhopy;El;gk; nra;Ak; tpe;ijapid ehk; midtUk;

mwpNthk;. ifNgrp (nry;Nghd;) jfty; ghpkhw;wk; nra;Ak;
fUtpahfg; ghh;f;fg;gl;l epiy khwpAs;sJ. njhopy;El;g khWepiy /
tsh;r;rp epiyapd; tpisthf KO cyfKk; ,d;iwf;F ifNgrpapy; milj;J
itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

kpfg;nghpa mstpyhd fzpdp ,d;iwf;F cs;sq;ifapy; itj;Jf;

nfhs;Sk; mstpw;Fk;> ifapy; fl;bf; nfhs;sg;gLk; iff;fbfhu mstpw;Fk;
RUq;fp tpl;lJ.

jhdpaq;fp> Jzpfisj; Jitf;Fk; ,ae;jpuk;> mjpetPdj;

njhiyf;fhl;rpg; ngl;bfs;> kpd;tprpwpfs;> kpd;rhu mLg;Gfs;>

65
kbf;fzpdpfs; ,itahTk; khwptUk; njhopy;El;gj;jpd; tsh;r;rpahy;
Njhd;wpaitfshFk;.

kpd;rhuj;jpid kpr;rg;gLj;Jk; kpd;tpsf;Ffs;> #hpa mLg;Gfs;>

#hpa xsp cgfuzq;fs;> mjpetPd Fsp&l;bfs; Mfpaitfs; njhopy;El;g
tsh;r;rpapd; vLj;Jf;fhl;LfshFk;. njhopy;El;g tsh;r;rpapd; tpisthf
cw;gj;jp ngUfp> tpiyfs; Fiwtjw;Fk; tha;g;Gfs; cUthfpd;wd.

Nghf;Ftuj;J thfdq;fspy; njhopy;El;gk; nra;jpUf;fpd;w tsh;r;rp

mstpl KbahJ. iftz;b> khl;Ltz;b> Fjpiu tz;b vd;fpw epiy ,d;W ,y;iy.
rpw;We;J> NgUe;J> kfpOe;J> Giftz;b vd;w epiy cUthfp kzpf;F
gyE}W fpNyhkPl;lh; mjpNtfkhfr; nry;Yk; Nghf;Ftuj;J thfdq;fisj;
njhopy;El;g tsh;r;rp Vw;gLj;jpAs;sJ. mr;Rj; njhopypy; njhopy;El;g
tsh;r;rpapid czh;fpNwhk;.

njhopy;El;g tsh;r;rpapd; tpisthf xNu fUtp gy;NtW

gad;ghLfSf;Fg; gad;gLfpd;wJ. cjhuzkhf ifNgrp (nry;Nghd;)
kpd;mQ;ry; mDg;gg; gad;gLfpd;wJ. Gifg;glk; vLf;fTk;>
Gifg;glq;fis kw;wtUf;F mDg;gTk; gad;gLfpd;wJ. xypg;gjpT nra;Ak;
fUtpahfTk;> ghl;Lf;fis xypgug;Gk; fUtpahfTk;> jfty; Nrkpf;Fk;
fUtpahfTk; gad;gLfpd;wJ. njhopy;El;g tsh;r;rp mjptpiuthf
Vw;gLfpd;w NghJ> mjdhy; Vw;gLk; vjph;kiw tpisTfisr; re;jpf;fTk;>
fl;Lg;gLj;jTk; Gjpa rl;lq;fis kj;jpa – khepy muRfs; eilKiwg;gLj;j
Ntz;bAs;sJ. irgh; Fw;wq;fisj; jLf;f irgh; rl;lq;fs; Njitg;gLfpd;wd.
66
tsh;eJ tUk; njhopy;El;gq;fSf;F Vw;g cw;gj;jp Kiwfs;> cs;fl;likg;G
trjpfs; Mfpatw;iw njhopw;rhiyfspy; khw;wpaikf;f Ntz;bAs;sJ.
cw;gj;jpj; njhopy;fs;> Nritj; njhopy;fs;> tptrhak; Nghd;w midj;J
gphpTfspy; Gjpad gilf;fg;gl Ntz;Lnkdpy;> njhopy;El;gKk; mjd;
tsh;r;rpAk; kpfTk; mtrpakhfpd;wJ.

njhopy;El;gg; gad;ghLk;> cw;gj;jpg; ngUf;fKk;

,LnghUl;fSf;Fk;> cw;gj;jpg; nghUl;fSf;Fk; ,ilNaahd

tpfpjhrhuk; jhd; cw;gj;jpg; ngUf;fj;jpid mstpLfpd;wJ. xU myF
(a+dpl;) cw;gj;jpf;F> vj;jid myFfs; %yg;nghUl;fs; Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ
mstplg;gl;L gbg;gbahf %yg;nghUl;fsp;d; msT Fiwf;fg;gl
Ntz;Lk;. ,jidf; Fiwg;gjw;F njhopy;El;gk; cjtpLfpd;wJ. %yg;
nghUl;fspd; msT FiwAk NghJ cw;gj;jpg; ngUf;fk; Vw;gLfpd;wJ.

,J NghyNt> Xh; myF cw;gj;jpf;F vj;jid gzpahsh;fs; Ntz;Lk;

vd;gJ fzf;fplg;gl;L> njhopy;El;g gad;ghl;bd; tpisthf> gzpahsh;
vz;zpf;if Fiwe;J> gzpahshpd; cw;gj;jpg; ngUf;fk; Nkk;gLk;.

mr;rfq;fspy; gy ehl;fs; Njitg;gl;l gzpfs; ,d;W rpy kzp

Neuq;fspNyNa Kbe;J tpLpd;wd.

,LnghUl;fspd; mstpidf; Fiwj;J (%yg;nghUl;fs;>

gzpahsh;fs;> ,ju nrytpdq;fs;) cw;gj;jpiag; ngUf;FtNj
67
njhopy;El;gj;jpd; Nehf;fkhFk;. mg;NghJ jhd; njhopw;rhiyfs;
tsh;r;rp milAk;. cw;gj;jpr; nryTfs; FiwAk;. gd;dhl;Lr; re;ijapy;
gutyhf th;j;jfk; nra;ayhk;.

njhopy;fspd; tsh;r;rpf;F njhopy;El;gg; gad;ghL Njit.

New;iwaj; njhopy;El;gk; ,d;iwa njhopypd; Njitf;F cjtplhJ. mr;Rj;
njhopypy; <Lgl;Ls;Nshh;> ,j;njhopypy; tUq;fhyj;jpy; cUthff; $ba
njhopy;El;g tsh;r;rpapidf; fUj;jpy; nfhz;L> jkJ njhopyf cs;fl;likg;ig
cUthf;fpf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

jdp egNuh my;yJ njhopy; mikg;Ngh ve;j epiyapy;

njhopy;El;gj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jfpwhh;fs; vd;gij njhopy;El;g gad;ghL
vd;fpNwhk;. Kd;ngy;yhk; fy;Y}hp epiyapy; khzth;fs; gad;gLj;jpa
fzpdpj; njhopy;El;gk; ,d;W gs;spfs; epiyapNyNa khzth;fs;
gad;gLj;Jfpwhh;fs;. fzpdp njhopy;El;gg; gad;ghL mjpfhpj;Js;sJ.
gad;ghL mjpfhpf;Fk;NghJ Njitfs; cah;e;J fzpdp cw;gj;jp cah;fpd;wJ.

njhopy;El;gj;jpd; tsh;r;rp Gjpadtw;iwf; fz;Lgpbg;gjd;

mbg;gilapy; mikfpd;wJ. njhlh;r;rpahfg; Gjpa njhopy;El;gk;
fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;L te;jhy; jhd; njhopy;El;g tsh;r;rp ,Uf;Fk;. Gjpa
gad;ghLfSk; cUthf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. ,y;iynadpy; njhopy;El;gk;
fhzhkw; NghFk;.

68
 xU njhopy;El;gk; ve;j mstpw;F gy;NtW jug;gl;l kf;fsplKk;>
njhopy;fspYk; gad;ghl;by; ,Uf;fpwNjh mjidNa njhopy;El;gg; guty;
vd;fpNwhk;. xU njhopy;El;gk; gy;NtW ehLfspy; gad;gLtijAk;
njhopy;El;gg; guty; vd vLj;Jf; nfhs;syhk;.

kUj;Jtj; Jiw rhh;e;j njhopy;El;gk; midj;J ehLfspYk; gutpAs;sJ.

jfty; ghpkhw;wj; njhopy;El;gk;> fy;tp fw;gpj;jypy; njhopyEl;gk;
Nghd;wit cyf ehLfspd; gy gFjpfspy; ntFthfg; gutpAs;sd.
jw;NghJ khzth;fs; njhopy;El;gg; gad;ghL> njhopy;El;gg;
guty; Mfpa ,uz;ilAk; njspthfj; njhpe;J nfhz;bUg;gPh;fs;. ,J Fwpj;j
tpdhf;fSf;Fk; gjpyspf;fj; jahuhfpapUg;gPh;fs;.

njhopy;El;gj;jpy; ngUfp tUk; gad;ghLfis eph;tfpf;f Ntz;Lk;.

mNj Ntisapy; njhopy;El;gk; ve;j mstpw;F gutyhfpapUf;fpwJ
vd;gjidAk; fz;fhzpf;f Ntz;Lk;. njhopy;El;g Nkyhsh; ,jidNa
nghWg;ghf vLj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

njhopy;El;g gad;ghL> gutyhf;fk; Fwpj;j gy;NtW

fUj;Jf;fs;

xU njhopy;El;gj;jpd; Nkk;gl;l kjpg;G mj;njhopy;El;gk; ve;j

mstpw;Fg; gad;gLfpd;wJ vd;gijg; nghWj;J mikfpwJ. ,d;iwa
#o;epiyapy; fw;gpj;jy; njhlh;ghd njhopy;El;gj;jpd; gad;ghLk;>
gutyhf;fKk; njhlh;e;J mjpfhpj;Jf; nfhz;Nl tUfpd;wJ.
69
 ,d;iwa gs;spfs;> fy;Y}hpfspy; mjpetPd tFg;giwfs;
,Uf;fpd;wd. fUk;gyifAk;> Rz;zhk;Gf; Fr;rpAk; gad;ghl;bypUe;J
Fiwe;J tUfpd;wd. Gnuh[f;lh; kw;Wk; fzpdp cjtpAld; fw;gpj;jy;
nkd;nghUs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;L ghlq;fs; ntz;jpiuapy; xsp. xyp
mikg;GfNshL Nkk;gl;l Kiwapy; fw;gpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. njhopy;El;gg;
gad;ghL> gutyhf;fk; ,q;Nf njhpfpd;wJ. khzth;fs; ghlq;fisf;
FWe;jfl;by; gjpT nra;J nfhz;L> fzpdp cjtpAld; gbf;fpd;whh;fs;.
,d;iwf;Fj; Njh;Tfs; $l Md;iyd; vd;W nrhy;yg;gLfpd;w njhopy;El;g
cjtpNahL> vt;tpj fhfpjg; gad;ghLk; ,d;wp fzpdp cjtpAld;
khzth;fshy; vOjg;gLfpd;wd.
nkhopg;ghlk; Fwpj;j Ma;tfq;fs; fy;Y}hpfspd; tFg;giwfspNy
epWtg;gLfpd;wd. nkhop cr;rhpg;G> nkhopg;ghlk; fw;wy;>
fw;gpj;jy; njhlh;ghd nkd;nghUl;fs; Ma;tfq;fspy; khzth;fs;
gad;gLj;Jfpd;whh;fs;. tPbNahfhd;gud;rpq; %yKk; fw;gpj;jy;>
fye;Jiuahly;fs;> fUj;juq;Ffs; eilngWfpd;wd.

,d;lh;nel;> ,d;buhnel; gad;ghLk; ehSf;F ehs; ngUfpf; nfhz;Nl

tUfpd;wJ.

njhopy;El;gg; gad;ghL kw;Wk; gutiy ,Utopfspy;

njhopw;rhiyfspy; gad;gLj;jyhk;. njhopy;El;gg; gad;ghl;il
5. Nky;epiy eph;thfj;jpy; njhlq;fp> ,ilepiy eph;thfk;> filepiy
eph;thfj;jpy; Kbj;jy;
70
6. khwhf> filepiy eph;thfj;jpy; njhlq;fp> ,ilepiy eph;thfk;>
Nky;epiy eph;thfj;jpy; Kbj;jy;

mYtyfg; gzpfs;> mwpf;iffs; jahhpg;G rhh;e;j njhopy;El;gj;ij

Kjypy; Nky;epiy eph;thfj;jpy; rpy Mz;Lfs; / khjq;fs; gad;gLj;jptpl;L
gbg;gbahf ,ilepiy kw;Wk; filepiy eph;thfq;fspy; gad;gLj;jyhk;. ,J
xU fUj;J.

,Nj njhopy;El;gj;ij> filepiy eph;thfj;jpy; rpy Mz;Lfs; / khjq;fs;

gad;gLj;jptpl;L gbg;gbahf filepiy kw;Wk; Nky;epiy eph;thfq;fspy;
gad;gLj;jyhk;. ,J kw;nwhU fUj;J.

,uz;L fUj;Jf;fSk; gad;ghl;bw;F cfe;jitNa. jkJ eph;thf

mikg;gpw;F Vw;g> Njitf;F Vw;g njhopy;El;gk; gad;ghL kw;Wk;
gutiy mikj;Jf; nfhs;syhk;. njhopy;El;g trjpfis midj;Jj; JiwfspYk;
gutyhf;fp> fhfpjg; gad;ghL ,y;yhj njhopw;rhiy mYtyfj;ij
cUthf;fyhk;.

Gjpa fz;Lgpbg;Gfisg; gad;gLj;j KbntLj;jy; njhlh;ghd

mk;rq;fs;

Gjpa fz;Lgpbg;gpidNah my;yJ njhopy;El;gj;jpidNah gad;gLj;j

KbntLg;gjpy; Ie;J mk;rq;fs; mlq;fpAs;sd.

71
1. Gjpa njhopy;El;gk; my;yJ fz;Lgpbg;G vijg; gw;wpaJ vd;gJ
gw;wpj; njhpe;J nfhs;Sjy;
2. Gjpa njhopy;El;gj;jpidNah my;yJ fz;Lgpbg;gpidNah
gad;gLj;Jtjhy; vd;ndd;d gad;fs; vd;gij Muha;jy;
3. Gjpa njhopy;El;gk; gad;gLk; vd;gijj; njhpe;J nfhz;l gpwF
gad;gLj;jyhk; vd KbntLj;jy;
4. Kbtpid eilKiwg;gLj;Jjy;
5. eilKiwapy; vOk; rthy;fisr; re;jpj;J> gad;fis mDrhpj;J
njhlh;r;rpahf Gjpa njhopy; El;gj;jpidg; gad;gLj;jyhk; my;yJ
rpukk; ,Ug;gpd; gad;ghl;il epWj;jpf; nfhs;syhk;.

eph;thfj;ijg; GJg;gpj;J kWtbtk; cUthf;Fjy;

khwptUk; my;yJ tsh;r;rp ngw;WtUk; njhopy;El;gj;jpw;F Vw;g

eph;thf mikg;gpidg; GJg;gpj;J> kWtbtk; jUtJ kpfTk; mtrpakhFk;.
eph;thf mikg;igg; GJg;gpf;Fk; NghJ> md;whl eph;thf eltbf;iffisAk;
khw;wpaikf;f Ntz;Lk;. xU khw;wk; nfhz;L tUfpd;wNghJ>
khw;wj;jpw;Nfw;g gpur;ridfs; vOk;. cjhuzkhf> xU Jiwapy;
gzpGhpAk; gzpahsh; midtUf;Fk; rkkhf Nghd]; toq;fg;gl;L tUk;
epiyapy;> ,dpNky; mtuth; cw;gj;jpf;F Vw;g Nghd]; toq;fg;gLk;
vd;W Gjpa Kiwiaf; nfhz;L te;jhy;> gyh; vjph;f;fyhk;. ,g;gbg;gl;l
vjph;g;igr; rkhspf;Fk; rhJh;aj; jpl;lq;fis Kd;$l;bNa jahhpj;Jf; nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk;. eph;thfj;jpy; xU Jiwapy; khw;wk; nfhz;L tUtjhNyh my;yJ

72
 kWtbtk; jUtjhNyh mjd; jhf;fk; ve;nje;jj; Jiwfspy; ,Uf;Fk; vd;gij Kd;
$l;bNa mwpe;J mjw;Nfw;g eph;thf eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

xU eph;thfj;ijg; GJg;gpf;fpd;wNghJk; kw;Wk; kWtbtk;

jUfpd;w NghJk;> fPo;f;fhZk; mk;rq;fs; ftdpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
Njitf;Nfw;g khw;wq;fisf; nfhz;L tu Ntz;Lk;.

5. jfty; ghpkhw;w Kiw

jw;Nghija Kiwapy;. gzpahsh;fs; / Jiwj; jiyth;fs; midtUf;Fk; jfty;

ghpkhw;wk; vt;thW eilngWfpwJ> vt;tsT tpiuthfj; jfty;fisg;
ngWfpwhh;fs;> ngWfpd;w jfty;fs; eph;thf gzpfSf;fhf vt;tpjj;jpNy
gad;gLj;Jfpwhh;fs;> Njitg;gLk; jfty;fs; Njitahd Neuj;jpy;>
Njitg;gLNthiur; nrd;wilfpwjh vd;gdtw;iw Muha;e;J> vq;fhtJ
gpur;rid njd;gl;lhy; mjidj; jPh;f;f cldbahf eltbf;if Nkw;nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk;.

6. gzpahsh; gapw;rp Kiw

njhopw;rhiyfspy; eph;thf KiwfspYk;> cw;gj;jp KiwfspYk; th;j;jf

tsh;r;rp> njhopy;El;g tsh;r;rpapd; fhuzkhf khw;wq;fs; tuyhk;.
khw;wq;fSf;F Vw;g gzpahsh;fs; jk;ik Nkk;gLj;jpf; nfhs;Sk; tifapy;
mth;fSf;F chpa gapw;rpfs; toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. mth;fspd;
nray;jpwik Nkk;gl Ntz;Lk;. ,jw;Fhpa gapw;rp Kiwfs; mikf;fg;gl
Ntz;Lk;.
73
7. eph;thf mikg;G

njhopw;rhiyfSf;F kWtbtk; nfhLf;fg;gLk; NghJ. mtw;wpd; xl;Lnkhj;j

eph;thf mikg;gpy; khw;wk; NjitahfpwJ. GJtbtk; nfhLg;gjw;fhd
Nehf;fj;ij milAk; tifapy; eph;thf mikg;G khw;wpaikf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

8. KbntLf;Fk; Kiw

nghJthf KbntLj;jy; vd;gJ Nky;epiy eph;thfj;jpy; elf;fpd;wJ. gpur;rid

vd;d> gpur;ridiaj; jPh;f;f vd;ndd;d jPh;Tfs; cs;sd. ve;jj; jPh;T
rhj;jpag;gLk;. mjid vt;thW eilKiwg;gLj;JtJ vd;gij Muha;e;J
eilKiwf;Ff; nfhz;L te;J gpur;rpidf;F epue;ju jPh;T fhZjy; - ,jidj; jhd;
KbntLf;Fk; Kiw vd;fpNwhk;. th;j;jf> njhopy;El;g tsh;r;rpf;Nfw;g>
KbntLj;jy; vd;gJ Nky;epiy eph;thf eltbf;ifahf kl;Lk; ,y;yhJ> ,ilepiy>
filepiy eph;thf eltbf;ifahfTk; ,Uf;Fk; mstpw;F KbntLf;Fk; Kiw
rhh;e;j nfhs;iffs; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. mt;thwpUe;jhy; tsh;r;rp
Ntfj;jpw;Nfw;g gzpfs; eilngWk;.
9. gzpahsh; Cf;Ftpg;G topfs;

eph;thf mikg;gpw;Fg; GJg;nghypTk;> GJtbtKk; jug;gLfpd;w

NghJ> gzpahsh;fis Cf;Ftpj;J mth;fspd; gzpj;jpwd; caUk; tifapy;
jpl;lq;fs; jPl;lg;gl Ntz;Lk;. Gjpa Cjpa Kiwfs;> Gjpa Nghd]; jpl;lk;>
Gjpa gzr; rYiffs;> gzpj;jpwd; Nkk;ghl;Lr; rYiffs; Mfpad
njhopyhsh;fspd; gzpj;jpwid Nkk;gLj;jp> njhopw;rhiy tsh;r;rpf;F
mbj;jskhf mikAk;.
74
 eph;thfj;jpw;F kWtbtk; jUk; gzpapy; nghWg;ghdth;fis
epakpj;jy;

xU eph;thfj;jpw;F kWtbtk; jUk; gzpapy; gy;NtW

nghWg;ghsh;fisAk;> FOf;fisAk; epakpf;f Ntz;bAs;sJ. eph;thf
kWtbtpw;F fPo;f;fhZk; nghWg;ghsh;fs; epakpf;fg;gLfpwhh;fs;.
FOf;fSk; mikf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

5. eph;thfj; jiyth;
njhopy;El;g tsh;r;rpf;Nfw;gTk;> th;j;jf tsh;r;rpf;Nfw;gTk;>
njhopw;rhiyia khw;wpaikg;gjw;F eph;thfj; jiyth;
epakpf;fg;gLfpwhh;. mtNu Vida FOf;fisAk; epakpf;fpd;whh;.

2. nrayhf;ff; FO
eph;thf kWtbtk; my;yJ rPuikg;gpw;F xU nrayhf;ff; FO>
eph;thfj; jiythpd; fPo; mikf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,f;FO gy;NtW Jiwj;
jiyth;fisAk;> Kf;fpa mjpfhhpfisAk; cWg;gpdh;fshff;
nfhz;bUf;Fk;. ,f;FO eph;thf my;yJ cw;gj;jpf;fhd kWtbtk;
mikg;gjw;fhd FOit cUthf;Fk;. kWtbtk; my;yJ kWrPuikg;gpid
vt;thW nra;tJ> kWtbtj;jpw;fhd topfhl;L newpKiwfisj; jahhpg;gJ>
epjptrjpia Vw;gLj;JtJ> FOtpd; ghpe;Jiufis Muha;e;J KbntLg;gJ
Nghd;w gzpfisf; ftdpf;Fk;.

75
3. kWtbtk; cUthf;Fk; FO
eph;thf my;yJ njhopyfj;jpd; kWtbtk; ,g;gbj;jhd; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;
vd;gijj; jPh;khdpf;f kWtbtk; cUthf;Fk; FO mikf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
,f;FOtpy; eph;thfj; jug;gpYk;> gzpahsh; jug;gpYk; cWg;gpdh;fs;
rk vz;zpf;ifapy; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. eph;thf kWtbtk; mikj;jy; ,f;FOtpd;
gzpahFk;. ,f;FOtpy; MW Kjy; gd;dpnuz;L cWg;gpdh;fs; ,Uf;fyhk;.

4. mkyhf;ff; FO
eph;thf kWtbtk; cUthf;fg;gl;l gpwF> mjid eilKiwg;gLj;jp
kWtbtj;jpw;Nfw;g eph;thf kw;Wk; njhopyfg; gzpfis Nkw;nfhs;s
kWtbt mkyhf;ff; FO cUthf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

5. GJg;gpf;Fk; FO
eph;thf kWtbtk; eilKiwf;F te;j gpwF mjd; nray;ghLfisf;
fz;fhzpj;J VNjDk; jilfs; Vw;gbd; mtw;iwr; rhpnra;J kWtbtj;jpidg;
GJg;gpf;f GJg;gpf;Fk; FO mikf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. kWtbtj;ijg;
GJg;gpg;gjw;fhd ghpe;Jiufis ,f;FO toq;Fk;.

6. MNyhrfh;
th;j;jf tsh;r;rpf;Nfw;gTk;> tzpfr; #oYf;Nfw;gTk; eph;thfr;
rPh;jpUj;jk; kw;Wk; kWtbtk; Fwpj;j MNyhridfis toq;f MNyhrfh;
xUtUk; epakpf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.

76
 Nkw;$wpa FOf;fs; mikf;fg;gl;l gpwF midj;Jf; FO
cWg;gpdh;fSf;Fk; eph;thf kWtbtk; Fwpj;j gapw;rpfs; mspf;fg;gl
Ntz;Lk;.

eph;thf kWtbtk; mikf;fpd;w NghJ> jw;Nghija th;j;jf

#o;epiy> njhopy;El;gr; #o;epiy> rl;lr; #o;epiy> Efh;Nthhpd
vjph;ghh;g;Gfs;> re;ij epytuk;> re;ijapy; Nghl;bapd; jd;ik> %yg;
nghUl;fisf; flDf;Fj; jUNthhpd; kdepiy> Mfpait fye;j xl;Lnkhj;j tzpfr;
#oy; Muhag;gl Ntz;Lk;.

kWtbtk; njhopw;rhiyf;Fj; jug;gLk; NghJ> njhopw;rhiy vjw;fhf

epWtg;gl;Ls;sJ> mjd; Nehf;fk;> Nehf;fj;jpid milAk; topfs; Mfpad
kf;fSf;Fj; njhpag;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.

njhopw;rhiy rPuikf;fg;gLk; NghJ my;yJ kWtbTg;gLj;Jk; NghJ>

Efh;NthUf;Fk;> r%fj;jpw;Fk; njhopw;rhiyf;Fj; njhlh;Gila midtUf;Fk;
vd;ndd;d gad;fs; fpilf;Fk; vd;gJ njhptpf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. kWtbtk;
my;yJ kWrPuikg;G vd;gJ njhopy;El;gk; rhh;e;jjhfNt ,Uf;Fk;.

njhopw;rhiyapd; Nehf;fj;jpid vt;thW miltJ vd;gJ Fwpj;J

vg;nghOJk; rpe;jpg;gth;fshfTk;> nray;jpl;lk; jPl;Lgth;fshfTk;
gzpahsh;fs; cUthf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. gzpGhpAk; fyhr;rhuk; gzpahsh;
kdjpy; epiyj;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.

77
 xU epWtdj;jpd; nray;ghLfisj; jPh;khdpf;Fk; fhuzpfs; ahit
vd;gij midj;Jg; gzpahsh;fSf;Fk; njhptpf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
gzpahsh;fs; mf;fhuzpfs; kPJ ftdk; nrYj;jp> njhopw;rhiyapd;
Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;F ciof;f Ntz;Lk;.

eph;thf kWtbtpw;Fj; Njitahd njhopy;El;g trjpfs; cUthf;fg;gl

Ntz;Lk;. fl;blk; kw;Wk; cs;fl;likg;G trjpfis Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhd
njhopy;El;gk; gad;ghl;by; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. njhopy;El;gj;NjhL
gzpahsh;fs; xd;wpizf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

njhopy;El;g trjpfis cUthf;FtNjhL jfty; ghpkhw;w trjp>

jpwikahfg; gzpahw;WNthiu Cf;Ftpf;Fk; Cf;Ftpg;Gj; jpl;lq;fs; Mfpad
cUthf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

eph;thf kWtbtpw;Fj; Njitahd gzpahsh;fs; gzpakh;j;jg;gl

Ntz;Lk;. gzpahsh;fisj; Njh;e;njLj;jy; kw;Wk; gzpakh;j;jy; Fwpj;j
topKiwfs; cUthf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

njhopw;rhiy kWtbtk; njhlh;e;J fz;fhzpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

vjph;ghh;j;j gad;fisj; jUfpwjh vd Muha Ntz;Lk;. Njitg;gLk;
khw;wq;fis mt;tg;NghJ eilKiwg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. njhopw;rhiyapd;
KOikahd kWtbtk; / rPuikg;G Fwpj;j eilKiwfis tpiuthf mky;gLj;jJk;
mstpw;Fr; nray;jpl;lqfs; cUthf;fg;gl;L nrayhf;ff; FOtpd;
njhlh;;r;rpapid fz;fhzpg;gpy; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
78
njhopy;El;g cjtp nfhz;L re;ijf;Fhpa Gjpa nghUis
cUthf;Fjy;

re;ijapy; Efh;Nthhpd; Njit cah;e;J nfhz;Nl tUfpd;wJ.

Efh;Nthhpd; tho;f;ifj; juk; cah;e;J tUfpd;wJ. Fwpg;ghf> eLj;ju
tUkhdk; ngWk; Efh;Nthh; vz;zpf;if cah;e;J tUfpd;wJ. Neuj;ij
kpr;rg;gLj;Jk; jhdpaq;fp tPl;L cgNahfg; nghUl;fis Efh;Nthh; mjpf
mstpy; tpUk;Gfpwhh;fs;. kpd;rhug; gad;ghL Fiwfpd;w nghUl;fis
tpUk;Gfpd;whh;fs;. ,tw;iwnay;yhk; ftdj;jpy; nfhz;L tPl;L cgNahfg;
nghUl;fis cw;gj;jp nra;a mjw;Fhpa njhopy;El;gk; Njit.

vnyf;buhdpf;]; rhh;e;j nghUl;fs; vdpy;> vil FiwthfTk;> kpfr;

rpwpa mstpy; ,Uf;f Ntz;LnkdTk; Efh;Nthh; tpUk;Gfpd;whh;fs;.
mNj Ntisapy;> gad;ghL mjpfkhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. Efh;Nthh;
nghUl;fshdhYk;> tPl;L cgNahfg; nghUl;fshdhYk;> kpd;dZtpay;
rhh;e;j nghUl;fshdhYk;> ,ae;jpuq;fs; Nghd;w midj;jpYk; nryTfs;
Fiwa Ntz;Lk;. gad;ghL cau Ntz;Lk; vd midj;Jj; jug;gpdUk;
tpUk;Gfpd;whh;fs;. ,jw;Fj; njhopy;El;gj;jpd; gq;F kpfTk;
mtrpakhfpd;wJ.

jw;NghJ re;ijapy; ,Uf;Fk; nghUl;fspd; tbtj;ij khw;wpaikj;jy;>

cw;gj;jpr; nryitf; Fiwj;jy;> gad;ghl;il mjpfhpj;jy;> viliaf; Fiwj;jy;>

79
 jhdpaq;fpahf khw;Wjy; Mfpad re;ijf;fhd Gjpa nghUshf vLj;Jf;
nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ.

Gjpa nghUl;fis epidj;jTld; re;ijf;Ff; nfhz;Lte;Jtplf; $lhJ. gy

epiyfspy; Muha;r;rp nra;J> rhj;jpaf; $Wfis mwpe;j gpwF jhd;>
re;ijapy; mwpKfk; nra;a Ntz;Lk;. Gjpa nghUl;fisr; re;ijg;gLj;Jtjpy;
gy;NtW epiyfs; ,Uf;fpd;wd.

1. Gjpa nghUs; Fwpj;J kdjpy; cUthFk; jpl;lq;fs;

jw;NghJ re;ijapy; tpw;fg;gLk; nghUspd; jd;ikia vt;thnwy;yhk;

khw;wpaikj;jhy; re;ij tha;g;igg; ngUf;fyhk; vd cw;gj;jpahsh; kdjpy;
gy;NtW jpl;lq;fs; cUthFk;. nghUspd; tbtj;ij khw;wyhk;. viliaf;
Fiwf;fyhk;. gad;ghLfis mjpfhpf;fyhk;. ,tw;wpw;F Vuhskhd
jpl;lq;fs; kdjpy; vOk;. Gjpa nghUs; Fwpj;j jpl;lq;fs; jPl;lg;gLk; NghJ
ekJ epWtdj;J gyk; vd;d? gytPdk; vd;d? tha;g;Gfs; vd;d? mghaq;f;s
vd;d? vd;gdtw;iwf; ftdj;jpy; nfhz;L nray;gl Ntz;Lk;.

2. jpl;lq;fisg; ghprPyp;j;jy;
xU Gjpa nghUis re;ijapy; mwpKfk; nra;tJ Fwpj;J vz;zw;w
jpl;lq;fs; kdjpy; cUthFk;. midj;ijAk; Kiwahfg; ghprPyid nra;J
vj;jpl;lk; rhj;jpakhFk; vd;gij mwpa Ntz;Lk;. Efh;Nthhpd; gad;fs;>
vjph;ghh;f;fg;gLk; re;ij tsh;r;rp> re;ijapy; jw;Nghija Nghl;bapd;
epytuk;> njhopy;El;g hPjpahd rhj;jpaf; $Wfs;> tpw;gid kw;Wk;
,yhgj;jp;d; msT Mfpa mk;rq;fis ghprPyidapd; NghJ ftdj;jpy;

80
 nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk;. ghprPyidapd; Kbitg; nghWj;J jpl;lj;jpid mikj;Jf;
nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
3. Njh;e;njLj;j jpl;lj;jpidg; ghpNrhjpj;jy;

Gjpa nghUs; cUthf;fk; Fwpj;J gy;NtW jpl;lq;fis Muha;e;J>

rhj;jpakhd xU jpl;lj;jpidj; Njh;e;njLj;j gpwF> mj;jpl;lj;jpid
eilKiwg;gLj;JtJ Fwpj;J ghpNrhjid nra;a Ntz;Lk;.

 Gjpa nghUis mwpKfg;gLj;Jtjhy; vjph;Nehf;Fk; nrytpdq;fs;

 cw;gj;jpr; nrytpdq;fisf; Fiwf;Fk; gy;NtW topfs;
 Gjpa nghUs; Fwpj;J Efh;Nthhpd; mZFKiw
 Gjpa nghUs; Efh;NthUf;Fj; jUk; gad;fs;
 Gjpag; nghUspd; Nkk;gLj;jg;gl;l rpwg;gpgay;Gfs;

Nkw;$wpa mk;rq;fisf; fUj;jpy; nfhz;L Gjpa nghUs; mwpKfk;

nra;tjw;Fj; Njh;e;njLj;j jpl;lj;ijg; ghprPyid nra;a Ntz;Lk;.

4. th;j;jfr; #oiy Muha;jy;

Gjpag; nghUspidr; re;ijapy; mwpKfk; nra;Ak; NghJ mjw;fhd

th;j;jfr; #oiy Muha Ntz;Lk;.

 re;ijapy; epyTk; Nghl;bapd; mbg;gilapy; Gjpa

nghUspd; tpiy eph;zapj;jy;

81
 jw;Nghija re;ij epytug;gb> Gjpa nghUSf;fhd
tpw;gidapd; msT jPh;khdpj;jy;
 ,yhgj;jpd; msitAk;> ,yhg – el;lkpy;yhg; Gs;spapd;
epiyikapidAk; Muha;jy;
 Gjpa nghUs; cw;gj;jpf;Fj; njhopy;El;g hPjpahd rhj;jpaf;
$Wfs;
 xU Gjpag; nghUspid re;ijapy; mwpKfk; nra;aj;
jPh;khdpf;Fk; NghJ> nghUspd; tpiy> tpepNahfk;> tpsk;guk;>
nghUspd; Fzeyd;fs;> gad;ghL Nghd;wit Fwpj;j th;j;jfr; #oy;
Muhag;gl Ntz;Lk;.

5. nghUis cw;gj;jp nra;J re;ij tha;g;gpid Ma;T nra;jy;

th;j;jfr; #oiy KOikahf Muha;e;j gpd;dh;> nghUis cw;gj;jp

nra;J tpw;gid nra;af; $ba rhj;jpaf; $Wfis cWjp nra;J nghUspid
cw;gj;jp nra;J re;ij tha;g;gpid Ma;T nra;a Ntz;Lk;. xU Fwpg;gpl;l
re;ijapy; kl;Lk; Kjypy; mwpKfk; nra;a Ntz;Lk;. re;ij tha;g;Gfs;
mjpfhpf;Fk; NghJ> ehl;bd; kw;w gFjpfspYk; Gjpa nghUisr;
re;ijg;gLj;jyhk;. Gjpa nghUs; Fwpj;J Efh;Nthhpd; fUj;Jf;fisf;
Nfl;fyhk;. mjw;Nfw;g Gjpa nghUspd; cw;gj;jpapYk;>
gad;ghl;bYk; khw;wq;fisf; nfhz;L tuyhk;. Gjpa nghUs; midj;Jr;
re;ijapYk; Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;l gpwF> re;ij tphpthf;fj;jpy; ftdk;
nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;.

6. Gjpa nghUspid cw;gj;jp nra;J KOikahf th;j;jfg;gLj;Jjy;

82
 Gjpa nghUs; midj;Jtifahd re;ij Ma;tpw;F cl;gLj;jg;gl;l gpwF
mg;nghUs; re;ijapy; Efh;Nthuhy; Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;lgpwF>
KOikahd mstpy; cw;gj;jp nra;J midj;Jr; re;ijfspYk; tpw;gid
nra;ayhk;. nghUs; tpepNahfk;> tpsk;guk;> tpiy Fwpj;j eltbf;iffis
Nkw;nfhs;syhk;. th;j;jfg; Nghl;bfisr; rkhspf;Fk; cj;jpfisAk;
KbntLj;Jr; nray;gLj;jyhk;. Gjpa nghUSf;F KOikahd mstpy; re;ij
tha;g;Gfis cUthf;fpf; nfhs;syhk;.

re;ijapy; Gjpa nghUspid mwpKfk; nra;a Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;ba

eltbf;iffs; ahit? vd;w Nfs;tpf;F khzth;fs; gjpyspf;f jk;ikj;
jahh;gLj;jpf; nfhs;syhk;.

njhopy;El;g tsh;r;rpapdhy; re;ijapy; Nghl;bapLk;

trjpfs; ngUFk;

Gjpa njhopy;El;gj;jpidg; gad;gLj;Jtjhy; cw;gj;jp cah;fpwJ.

cw;gj;jpf;fhd nrytpdq;fs; Fiwfpd;wd. Gjpag;nghUl;fisr; re;ijapy;
mwpKfk; nra;a Kbfpd;wJ. ,jd; tpisthf xU cw;gj;jp epWtdj;jpw;Fr;
re;ijapy; Nghl;bapLk; tha;g;GfSk;> trjpfSk; cUthfpd;wd. Gjpa
njhopy;El;gj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jk; epWtdq;fs; re;ijapy; epiyj;J epw;f
Kbfpd;wJ. gy khjq;fs; tiu nfl;Lg; Nghfhj mstpw;F czTg; nghUl;fisg;
Ngf;fpq; nra;Ak; tifapy; njhopy;El;gk; cah;e;jpUf;fpd;wJ. ,jidg;

83
gad;gLj;Jk; epWtdq;fs;> czTg; nghUl;fs; tpw;gird; re;ijapy;
Kd;dpiy ngWfpd;wd.

njhopy;El;g hPjpahf cah;e;jpUf;fpd;w cw;gj;jp epWtdq;fs;>

kw;w epWtdq;fspd; tsh;r;rpf;Fj; jilahf ,Uf;fyhk;. Gjpa epWtdq;fs;
tu ,ayhkw; Nghfyhk;. xU cw;gj;jp epWtdk; midj;Jg; Nghl;bfisAk;
rkhspj;J> jkJ epiyapid re;ijapy; cWjpg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;s etPdj;
njhopy;El;gk; mtrpakhfpd;wJ.

etPdj; njhopy;El;;gj;jpid xU epWtdk; gad;gLj;Jk; NghJ>

me;epWtdj;jpy; xU KOikahd Gul;rp Vw;gLk;. rhjhuzkhf> xUth;
mjpetPdj; njhopy;El;gk; nfhz;l nry;Nghidg; gad;gLj;Jk; NghJ> mJ
jfty; ghpkhw;wj;jpw;Fhpa fUtpahf kl;Lk; gad;gLtjpy;iy. xUtUf;Fj;
Njitahd midj;Jj; jfty;fisAk; jUfpd;w fUtpahf nry;Nghd;
gad;gLfpd;wJ. jfty; Nrfhpg;G kw;Wk; ghpkhw;wj;jpy; nry;Nghd;
Xh; Gul;rpapid Vw;gLj;jpAs;sJ. ,J Nghyj; jhd;> mr;Rj; njhop;ypy;>
mjpetPdj; njhopy;El;g ,ae;jpuq;fs;> ngUk; Gul;rpia
cUthf;fpapUf;fpd;wd. ,J NghyNt> xt;nthU JiwapYk;. njhopy;El;gk;
tpaj;jF khw;wj;jpidAk;> Gul;rpapidAk; cUthf;fpAs;sJ.

cah;e;J tUk; njhopy;El;gk; njhopyfq;fspd; nrytpdq;fisf;

Fiwf;fpd;wJ. jdpeghpd; nrytpdq;fisAk; Fiwf;fpd;wJ. ‘];ifg;’
njhopy;El;gk; %yk;> ntspehl;Lj; njhiyNgrp miog;GfSf;fhd fl;lzk;
fw;gid nra;J ghh;f;f Kbahj mstpw;Ff; Fiwe;Js;sJ. ,j;njhopy;El;gk;
84
tPbNah fhd;gud;rpq; mikj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;fhd trjpapidAk; nra;J je;Js;sJ.
njhopy;El;g tsh;r;rpapd; fhuzkhf> midj;J vnyf;buhdpf;];
nghUl;fisAk; rhjhuz kdpjh;fs; thq;Fk; mstpw;F tpiyfs; Fiwe;J
nfhz;Nl tUfpd;wd.

gilg;ghw;wy; eph;thfk;

njhopy; tsh;r;rpf;Fg; gilg;ghw;wy; kpf Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.

gilg;ghw;wy; Gjpa nghUl;fis cUthf;fj; Jiz epw;Fk;. Gjpa nghUl;fis
mwpKfk; nra;Ak; epWtdq;fs; re;ijapy; epiyahd ,lj;ijg; gpbf;fpd;wd.
midj;J mwptpay; fz;Lgpbg;GfSf;Fk; tpQ;Qhdpfspd; gilg;ghw;wNy
mbg;gilahFk;. ,J NghyNt> njhopy;El;g tsh;r;rpf;Fk; gilg;ghw;wy;
kpf Kf;fpakhdjhff; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. gilg;ghw;wy; GJikfisg; gilj;J
tUfpd;wd. gilg;ghw;wy; vd;gJ njhopy;El;gk; kw;Wk; mwptpay;
rhh;e;jJ kl;Lky;y. md;whl eph;thf eilKiwfspYk; gilg;ghw;wiyg;
gad;gLj;jp. eph;thf eilKiwfis vspjhf;fyhk;. eph;thfj; jilfis mfw;wp>
eph;thfg; gzpfis vspikg;gLj;jyhk;. xt;nthU eph;thfKk;
gzpahsh;fspilNa gilg;ghw;wiy Cf;Ftpf;Fk; tz;zk; Nkyhz;ik eltbf;iffis
mikj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

gzpahsh; fye;Jiuahly;

Gjpa njhopy;El;gk; eilKiwg;gLj;JtjpYk; mjidg; gad;gLj;JtjpYk;

gzpahsh;fspd; gq;F kpf Kf;fpakhdJ. Gjpa njhopy;El;gk; kw;Wk;
mjd; gad;ghL Fwpj;j fye;Jiuahly; midj;J epiy (Nky;epiy> ,ilepiy>
85
filepiy) eph;thfpfsplKk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. mg;NghJ jhd; midj;J
mjpfhhpfSk;> gzpahsh;fSk; Gjpa njhopy;El;gk; eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjpy;
xUq;fpize;J nray;gLthh;fs;. gzpahsh; fye;Jiuahly; Nkyhz;ik kpf
Kf;fpa mk;rkhFk;. ,jw;nfd chpa Nkyhz;ikf; nfhs;iffs; Kiwahf
eilKiwg;gLj;jp Gjpa njhopy;El;gg; gad;ghl;bid mjpfhpf;fyhk;.

GJikahd eph;thfk;

Gjpa njhopy;El;g tsh;r;rpf;Nfw;g eph;thfKk; GJikahf ,Uf;f

Ntz;Lk;. gilg;ghw;wy; Gije;j Gjpa fUj;Jf;fis gzpahsh;fs; jUfpd;w
NghJ mjid Vw;W mth;fis Cf;ffg;gLj;Jk; tifapy; eph;thf eilKiwfSk;>
nfhs;iffSk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,J NghyNt tsh;r;rp rhh;e;j> Gjpa
njhopy;El;gk; rhh;e;j ghpe;Jiufisj; jUtjw;F gzpahsh; FOf;fis
mikf;fyhk;.

Gjpa fz;Lgpbg;Gfs; cUthtjw;F gilg;ghw;wy;> Ma;T> mfj;jfty;

ghpkhw;wk; kw;Wk; gapw;rp mtrpakhfpd;wJ. NkNyhq;fpa jfty;
ghpkhw;w mikg;G GJikahd eph;thfj;jpw;F mbj;jskhf mikfpd;wJ.
gzpahsh;fspd; gilg;ghw;wYf;fhf vd;ndd;d trjpfs; nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd
vd;gJ gzpahsh;fSf;Fj; njhptpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. gilg;ghw;wy; Nkk;gLk;
NghJ> mjdhy; gzpahsh;fSf;Fk;> eph;thfj;jpw;Fk; vd;ndd;d
ed;ikfs; vd;gJk; njspthf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. Gjpa nghUs; tbtikg;gpw;Fk;
gilg;ghw;wy; mtrpakhfpd;wJ. Gjpad fz;Lgpbg;gJ njhlh;ghf
Muk;gf; fl;l epiyapypUe;J. KbT epiy tiu fz;Lgpbg;G njhlh;ghd jfty;
86
ghpkhw;wk; KOikahf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. mg;NghJ jhd; Gjpad
fz;Lgpbg;Gfs; njhlh;ghd epiyik midtUf;Fk; njhpa tUk;. VNjDk;
gpur;ridfs; ,Ue;jhYk; midtUk; FOthf ,ize;J gpur;ridfSf;Fj; jPh;T fhz
KbAk;. gilg;ghw;wy;> Gjpa njhopy;El;gk; cUthFk; tifapy; Gjpa
eph;thfk; mika Ntz;Lk;. mg;NghJ mjpetPdj; njhopy;El;gKk;>
mtw;wpd; gad;ghLk; rhj;jpakhFk;.

xU eph;thfj;jpy; jfty; ghpkhw;wj;jpd; juj;jpid Nkk;gLj;j jfty;

njhopy;El;gtpay; nghpJk; cjTfpd;wJ. jfty; njhopy;El;gtpay;
mjptpiuthf tsh;e;J tUk; JiwahFk;. jfty; njhopy;El;gtpaypd;
gad;ghL> Gjpa njhopy;El;g tsh;r;rpf;Fg; nghpJk; cjTfpd;wJ.

,d;iwa #oypy;> cah;fy;tp epWtdq;fspy; fw;gpj;jYf;Fk;>

fw;wYf;Fk; jfty; njhopy;El;gtpay; nghpJk; gad;gLfpd;wJ.
fUk;gyifAk;> Rz;zhk;Gf; Fr;rpAk; fy;tp epWtdq;fspy; Fiwe;J
tUfpd;wd. mjpetPd fw;gpf;Fk; cgfuzq;fs; gad;ghl;by; cs;sd. ,J
NghyNt> jfty; njhopy;El;gtpay; gad;ghl;bd; fhuzkhf fhfpjg;gad;
,y;yh mYtyfq;fs; cUthfp tUfpd;wd. GJikahd eph;thf mikg;Gk;
cUthfpd;wJ.

njhopy;El;gk; gad;gLj;Jjy;

xU ehl;bd; r%fg; nghUshjhu tsh;r;rpf;F> tptrhak;

mbg;gilahf ,Ue;jJ. mjd; gpwF njhopw;rhiyfspd; tsh;r;rp
87
mbg;gilahf ,Ue;jJ. jw;Nghija #o;epiyapy; xU ehl;bd; r%f-
nghUshjhu tshr;rpf;F njhopy;El;g tsh;r;rpNa mbg;gilahf
,Uf;fpd;wJ. njhopy;El;gf; fz;Lgpbg;G> gad;ghL ,tw;wpy; ftdk;
nrYj;Jfpd;w ehL jhd; cyfg; nghUshjhu epiyapy; Kd;dpiy
ngWfpd;wJ. njhopy;El;g gad;ghL jhd; xU ehl;bd; tsh;r;rpapidj;
jPhkhdpf;fpd;wJ.

njhopy;El;gk; gad;gLj;Jtjpy; Kd;dpiyapy; epw;Fk; ehLfs;

cyfr; re;ijapy; Kd;dpiy ngWfpd;wd. Mfha tpkhdq;fisj; jahhpf;Fk;
epWtdq;fs; mnkhpf;fh kw;Wk; INuhg;gpa ehLfspy; kl;LNk
,Uf;fpd;wd. ,J NghyNt fg;gy; fl;Lk; epWtdq;fs; [g;ghd; Nghd;w
rpy ehLfspy; kl;LNk nghpa mstpy; ,aq;fp tUfpd;wd. Mfha tpkhdk;
jahhpj;jy;> fg;gy; fl;Ljy; rhh;e;j njhopy;El;gq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jtjpy;
,e;j ehLfs; Ke;jpf; nfhz;ld. njhopypy; tsh;r;rp ngw;W cyfr;
re;ijapy; jdf;nfhU epiyahd re;ijapid cUthf;fpf; nfhz;ld.
njhopy;El;gj;ij Kjd; Kjypy; gad;gLj;Jgth;fs; cw;gj;jpapYk;>
tpw;gidapYk; Kd;dpiy ngWthh;fs;.

xU njhopy;El;gk; ve;j mstpw;Fg; gy;NtW njhopy;fspy;

gad;gLj;jg;gl;L tUpfwJ vd;gijg; nghWj;J me;jj; njhopy;El;gj;jpd;
tsh;r;rp ,Uf;Fk;. vnyf;buhdpf; rh;f;a+l; rpg;];fspd; njhop;y;El;gk;
midj;J vnyf;buhdpf; fUtpfspYk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

88
 cyfpd; tsh;r;rpaile;j ehLfs; mjpetPdj; njhopy;El;gq;fis
Kjd;Kjypy; gad;gLj;jpa ehLfshfNt ,Uf;fpd;wd. g+Nfhs hPjpahd
NjitfSk;> njhopw;rhiyfs; kw;Wk; Efh;Nthhpd; NjitfSk;
njhopy;El;gj;ij cldbahfg; gad;gLj;Jtjw;Ff; fhuzkhf mikfpd;wd.

njhopy;El;gg; gad;ghL Fwpj;j nfhs;ifapy; fPo;f;fz;l Ie;J

mk;rq;fs; ftdj;jpy; nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd.

1. Gjpadtw;iw cUthf;Fgth;fs;

cw;gj;jpj; Jiwapy; kpfg;nghpa epWtdq;fs;> Gjpatdtw;iw

cUthf;f Kaw;rp nra;fpwhh;fs;. mjpy; vOk; rthy;fisAk;
re;jpf;fpd;whh;fs;. ,e;epWtdq;fs; gztrjp gilj;j epWtdq;fshfTk;> gy
Mz;Lfs; njhlh;e;J njhopypy; ey;yKiwapy; ,aq;fp tUk;
epWtdq;fshfTk; ,Uf;fpd;wd.\

2. njhopy;El;gj;ij cldbahf jw;NghJ gad;gLj;Jgth;fs;

Gjpjhfj; Njhd;wpa epWtdq;fs; tsh;e;J tUk; njhopy;El;gj;ij

cldbahfg; gad;gLj;Jk; epWtdq;fshf ,Uf;fpd;wd. njhopy;El;gj;jpd;
mbg;gilapy; jkJ njhopypid tpiuthf Nkk;gLj;Jfpd;wd. Gjpjhfj;
njhlq;fg;gl;l tq;fpfs;> fhg;gPL epWtdq;fs;> epjp epWtdq;fs;
tsh;e;J tUk; jfty; njhopy;El;gq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jtjpy; mjpf Mh;tk;
fhl;Lfpd;wd.

3. jw;NghJ Gjpjhfj; njhopy; njhlq;fp rpwg;ghf ,aq;Fgth;fs;

89
 ,e;epWtdq;fs; Gjpa njhopy;El;gj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jtjpy;
Mh;tkhf ,Uf;Fk;. kw;w epWtdq;fisAk; gad;gLj;j Cf;Ftpf;Fk;.
njhopypy; epiyahd ,lj;jpidg; gpbj;jpUf;Fk;.

4. Vw;fdNt njhopypy; ,Ug;gth;fs;

,e;epWtdq;fs; mjpetPdj; njhopy;El;gq;fis cldbahfg;

gad;gLj;Jtjpy; mjpf Mh;tk; fhl;Ltjpy;iy.

5. njhopypy; gpd;jq;fpapUg;gth;fs;

njhopypy; gpd;jq;fpa epWtdq;fSk;> Nghjpa %yjdk; ,y;yhj

epWtdq;fSk;> kpfr;rpwpa mstpy; nray;gLk; epWtdq;fSk;
tsh;e;JtUk; mjpetPdj; njhopy;El;gq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jtjpy; mjpf Mh;tk;
fhl;Ltjpy;iy. gad;gLj;Jtjpy; gpd;jq;fpAk; ,Uf;fpd;wd.

Gjpjhfj; njhlq;fg;gl;Ls;s gs;spfs;> fiy> mwptpay;

fy;Y}hpfs;> nghwpapay; fy;Y}hpfs; Mfpatw;wpy; fw;wy;>
fw;gpj;jy;> Ma;tfk; njhlh;ghf mjpetPd vnyf;buhdpf; fUtpfs;
,Uf;Fk;. kpfg; gioa fy;Y}hpfspy; ,jw;F trjpfs; ,Uf;fhJ. mjpetPdj;
njhopy;El;gj;jpid vg;gbg;gl;l epWtdq;fs; tpiuthfg; gad;gLj;j KbAk;
vd;gij ehk; mwpa Kbfpd;wJ.

njhopyf Ma;T kw;Wk; Nkk;ghL eph;thfk;

90
 xU njhopyf tsh;r;rpf;Fk;> Gjpa njhopy;El;g cUthf;fj;jpw;Fk;
Ma;T kw;Wk; Nkk;ghl;Lj; Jiwapd; gzp mtrpakhFk;. Gjpa
%yg;nghUl;fs; gad;ghL> Gjpa cw;gj;jp Kiwfs;> Gjpa nghUl;fs;
cw;gj;jp Mfpad midj;Jk; Ma;T kw;Wk; Nkk;ghl;Lj; Jiwapd; gzpfisg;
nghWj;Nj mikAk;. cyfr; re;ijapy; epyTk; th;j;jfg; Nghl;bfs;>
nghUl;fs; cw;gj;jp Fwpj;j etPdj; njhopy;El;gk;> etPdg; nghUl;fs;>
Efh;Nthhpd; Njitfs;> th;j;jfr; rl;lq;fs; Mfpait Fwpj;J Ma;T kw;Wk;
Nkk;ghl;Lj; Jiw Nkyhsh; njspthfj; njhpe;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.

Efh;Nthhpd; ehisa Njitfs; Kd;$l;bNa mwpag;gl Ntz;Lk;. re;ij

tsh;r;rp> cw;gj;jpj; Jiwapy; etPdj; njhopy;El;gk; gad;gLj;Jjy;>
gy;NtW JiwfSf;fpilNa R%f cwtpid Vw;gLj;Jjy;> Gjpa nghUl;fs;
cw;gj;jpapy; ftdk; nrYj;Jjy; MfpaitAk; Ma;T kw;Wk; Nkk;ghl;Lj;
Jiwapd; Nehf;fq;fshFk;. xU epWtdj;jpd; xl;Lnkhj;j tsh;r;rpf;F Ma;T
kw;Wk; Nkk;ghl;Lj; Jiw ngUk;gq;F tfpf;fpd;wJ.

cw;gj;jpia cah;j;Jjy;> cw;gj;jpr; nrytpdq;fisf; Fiwj;jy;>

,ae;jpuq;fspd; cw;gj;jpj; jpwid mjpfhpj;jy;> gzpahsh;fSf;F
nrk;ikahfg; gzpahw;Wtjw;Fhpa gzpr;#oiy cUthf;Fjy;> Gjpa
njhopy;El;gg; gad;ghLfisg; ghpNrhjpj;jy;> gad;ghLfis mjpfhpj;jy;
Mfpatw;wpd; Ma;T kw;Wk; Nkk;ghl;Lj; Jiw mjpff; ftdk; nrYj;jpdhy;
kl;LNk Gjpa njhopy;El;gk; cUthtjw;F mbj;jskhf ,Uf;Fk;. Gjpa
njhopy;El;gk; cUthfpd;w NghJ> epWtdj;jpd; cw;gj;jp tsh;r;rp
rhj;jpakhfpwJ. mNj Ntisapy; gy;NtW gd;dhl;L epWtdq;fNshL
91
th;j;jf hPjpahfTk;> njhopy;El;g hPjpahfTk; gy;NtW njhlh;GfisAk;
Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;s KbAk;.

xU njhopw;rhiyapd; ePbj;j tsh;r;rp mjd; njhopy;El;g tsh;r;rp

kw;Wk; gad;ghL nghWj;Nj mikAk;. ,jw;fhd Kd;khjphpapid xt;nthU
epWtdKk; Vw;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. tsh;e;J tUk; njhopy;El;gj;ij gad;gLj;jpf;
nfhs;tjw;Nfw;g jkJ cs;fl;likg;G trjpfis xt;nthU epWtdKk; mikj;Jf;
nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

czTg; nghUl;fisj; jahhpj;J tpw;Fk; vk;.b.Mh; Nghd;w

epWtdq;fs;> jhk; jahhp;j;j czTg; nghUl;fis mjpetPdj;
njhopy;El;gj;jpidg; gad;gLj;jp Ngf;fpq; nra;tjhy;> me;j czTg;
nghUl;fs; gy khjq;fs; tiu nfl;Lg; Nghfhj mstpw;F ,Uf;fpd;wd. rpy
kzp Neuq;fspy; nfl;Lg; NghFk; czTg; nghUl;fis mjpetPdj;
njhopy;El;gk;> gy khjq;fs; nfl;Lg; NghfhjthW ghJfhf;fpd;wJ. ,jd;
tpisthf> czTg; nghUl;fisj; jahhpf;Fk; epWtdq;fspy; xU ePbj;j
tsh;r;rp Vw;gLfpd;wJ. ,jpy; njhopyf Ma;T kw;Wk; Nkk;ghl;Lj
Jiwapd; gq;F mjpfkhf ,Uf;fpd;wJ.

92
 myF - 6

njhopy;El;g vLj;jhs;ifAk; Gjpa fz;Lgpbg;GfSk;

tbtikg;G:

6.0 Kd;Diu

6.1 gFjpapd; Nehf;fq;fs;

6.2 Gjpa njhopy;El;gf; fz;Lgpbg;Gfspd; ed;ikfs;

6.3 caH njhopy;El;g Kaw;rpfSk; mjpy; ,e;jpahtpd;

jw;Nghija epiy

6.4 ngwg;gl;l njhopy; El;gj;ij vLj;jhSikf;fhd

cghaq;fs;

6.5 njhopy;El;gj; jzpf;if

6.6 KbTiu

6.7 Kf;fpar; nrhw;fs;

6.8 ‘cdJ Ghpjiy Nrhjpj;JzH’ – gjpy;fs;

6.9 tpdhf;fSk; gapw;rpfSk;

6.0 Kd;Diu

tsHe;j ehLfsplkpUe;J ngwg;gl;l Gjpa njhopy;El;gq;fis

mtw;wpw;F ,izahf vq;qdk; vLj;jhs;tJ vd;gJjhd; tsHe;JtUk; ehLfs;
re;jpf;Fk; Kf;fpa gpur;ridahFk;. [g;ghd; mt;tpjkhf ngwg;gl;l Gjpa
93
njhopy;El;gq;fis jkf;F Vw;wthW rhjfkhf jf;fitj;Jf; nfhz;L ngw;w
kfj;jhd ntw;wp Gjpa njhopy;El;gq;fis jj;jkf;F Vw;wthW jftikj;Jf;
nfhs;tjw;fhd MHtj;ij fpsHe;njor; nra;Js;sJ.

Nehf;fq;fs;:

,e;jg; gFjpiag; fw;wgpwF ePq;fs;

 Gjpa njhopy; El;gf; fz;Lgpbg;Gfspd; %yk; tUk; ed;ikfis

tpthjpf;fyhk;.

 xUq;fpizg;G> Gjpa njhopy;El;gj;jpy; NjHe;J tsHe;j ehLfspd;

epWtdq;fSld; $l;lhf nray;gLjy; my;yJ Nkw;fz;l epWtdq;fspd;
njhopy;El;g mDkjp ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy;> ,t;thW nray;gLk;NghJ
ftdpf;fg;glNtz;ba nghJeyf; nfhs;ififfisAk; El;gq;fisAk; Ghpe;J
nfhs;syhk;.

 caH njhopy; El;g Kaw;rpfSk; mjpy; ,e;jpahtpd; jw;Nghija

epiyg;ghLfisAk; tphpj;Jiuf;fyhk;.

 gpw ehLfspypUe;J ngwg;gLk; Gjpa njhopy;El;gj;ij

cgfpufpf;Fk; topKiw my;yJ Aj;jpfis tpthpf;fyhk;.

 Gjpa my;yJ nrk;ikg;gLj;jg;gl;l njhopy;El;gj;ij cUthf;Fjy;

gw;wp tpthjpf;fyhk;.

 Gjpa njhopy;El;gf; fz;Lgpbg;Gfisg; ghpNrhjid nra;Ak;

mtrpak; gw;wp Ghpe;J nfhs;syhk;.

94
6.2 Gjpa njhopy;El;gf; fz;Lgpbg;Gfspd; ed;ikfs;:

njhopy;El;gf; fz;Lgpbg;G Kiw (TIS) vd;gJ

njhopy;El;gj;jpd; jd;ikiaAk; khwptUk; #oy;fisAk; tphpj;Jiuf;f
cUthf;fg;gl;l xU mwptpay; Ma;T. njhopy;El;gf; fz;Lgpbg;G Kiw
vd;gJ xU Fwpg;gpl;l/ tiuaWf;fgl;l nghUshjhu kw;Wk;
njhopy;ikak; rhHe;j gFjpfspy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; xU Mw;wy;kpF
fhuzpfspd; njhFg;Gr; nray;ghL. ,J njhopy;El;g cw;gj;jp> mjd;
tpahgfk; kw;Wk; gad;ghLfis cs;slf;fpaJ. ,e;j topKiwia ek;
Ma;tpy; Fiwe;jgl;rk; %d;W epiyfspy; nray;Kiwg;gLj;jyhk;.

1. mwpTrhH Jiwapy; nray;Kiwg;gLj;Jjy;

2. cw;gj;jpg;nghUs; my;yJ kdpj ifj;jpwd; nfhz;L nghUl;fis

cUthf;f gad;gLj;Jjy;.

3. ,j;jifa mZFKiw Vd; cw;gj;jpg; nghUl;fs; my;yJ iftpidg;

nghUl;fspy; ntw;wpfukhfTk; epiyahfTk; tsHe;J tpahgpj;Js;sJ
vd;gij tpsf;FKfkhfTk; %d;W tpjq;fspy; nray;Kiwg;gLj;jyhk;.

2.1 gpd;Gyk;

Nfhl;ghL tphpthuha;r;rp ikaj;jhy; toq;fg;gl;l Innovation

System Approach vd;w topKiwapd; xU gFjpajhd; TIS vd;gJ. ,e;j
topKiwapd; ikaf; fUj;J vd;dntd;why; njhopy;El;g
khw;wj;jpw;fhd fhuzpfs; xU jdpg;gl;l epWtdj;jpNyh/ Ma;T
epiyaj;jpNyh fz;lwpahky; epWtdq;fSk; mwpTrhH fy;tp
95
 epiyaq;fSk; nghjpe;Js;s gue;j r%f mikg;gpy; fz;lwpg;gl
Ntz;Lnkd;gNj. fz;Lgpbg;G Kiw Ma;Tfs; r%f mikg;gpdhy;
njhopy;El;g khw;wq;fspy; VW;gLk; Neub tpisTfisAk; xU
Fwpg;gpl;l ehl;bw;Fs; / njhopy;El;g Jiwf;Fs; Vw;gLk; kiwKf
tpisTfisAk; 1980 ,ypUe;Nj Fwpg;gpl;L tUfpwhHfs;.

xU Fwpg;gpl;l njhopy;El;gj; Jiwapy; cs;s mikg;GfisAk;

nray;ghLfisAk; fUj;jpy; nfhz;L mjd; tsHr;rpia Muha;e;J kjpg;gpLjNy
TIS ,d; nray;Nehf;fk; MFk;. ,ijj;jtpu TIS Kiwia gpw Gjpa fz;Lgpbg;G
KiwapypUe;J ,uz;L gFj;jha;Kiw rhHe;j mk;rq;fs; jdpj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;wd.

Kjyhtjhf> njhopy;El;g khWjiyAk; nghUshjhu nray;ghl;by;

khw;wq;fs; nfhz;L tUtjw;F ,e;j Jiw rhHe;j mwpT kl;Lk;
NghJkhdjpy;iy vd;gij TIS typAWj;Jk; Nfhl;ghL. Gjpa njhopy;El;g
tha;g;Gfis cUthf;Ftjw;F me;j JiwrhH mwpit gad;gLj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;. ,J
Gjpa njhopy;El;gq;fisg; GFj;Jtjpy; jdpkdpj Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij
typAWj;JfpwJ. ,t;tp\ak; cyfshtpa> Njrk; my;yJ rKjhak; rhHe;j Gjpa
njhopy;El;g Kiwfis mZFk;NghJ mjpy; jdpkdpj Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ftdk;
nfhs;sg;glhJ NkNyhl;lkhfg; ghHf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,uz;lhtjhf> Gjpa
njhopy;El;g Kiwfis mZFjy; vd;gJ Mw;wy;kpF KiwfSf;F kl;LNk
Kf;fpaj;Jtkspf;fpwJ.

,J njhlHghf njhopy; KidNthhpd; nray;fhLfs; ,j;Jiw mwpQHfis

Gjpa njhopy;El;g topKiwfis fhyg;Nghf;fpy; fl;likf;fg;glNtz;Lk; vd;w

96
rpe;jidia Cf;Ftpf;fg;gLtjhf mike;Js;sd. ,ijNa fhHrd;
kw;Wk; ];lhd;fPtp\; MfpNahH Vw;fdNt vLj;jpak;gpAs;suhHfs;.

Gjpa njhopy;El;g topKiwfs; vd;gJ rhkhdpa nghUl;fs; kw;Wk;

mjw;fhd Nritfs; vd;gijtpl mit JiwrhHe;j Gyik kw;Wk; jpwd;
Mfpatw;why; tpsf;fk; ngWfpwJ. mit xd;Wf;nfhd;W gpd;dpg;
gpize;j tiyg;gpd;dy; Nghd;w jpwik Mfpatw;iw cs;slf;fpajhFk;.
mt;thwhd Mw;wy; kpF JiwrhHe;j Gyik kw;Wk; jpwik $ba
tiyg;gpd;dy; njhopy; KidNthH kw;Wk; mtHfSf;fhd ce;Jjy; rf;jp
,Uf;fpkplj;J tsHr;rp my;yJ Kd;Ndw;wkhfg; ghpzkpf;fpwJ. cjhuzk;>
xNu njhopw;rhiyapy; my;yJ gy njhopy;rhiyfspYs;s urthjk; Gjpaf;
$ba njhFg;G epWtdq;fSk; njhopy;El;gq;fSk;. ,jd; nghUs;
vd;dntd;why; TIS mtw;wpd; gFjpf;$Wfs; gw;wpNah my;yJ mjd;
Mw;wy;kpF nray;ghLfs; gw;wpNah Muhag;glyhk; vd;gNj. mit
KiwNa gpd;tUkhW tpsf;fg;gLfpwd.

2.2 tbtikg;G:

TIS ,d; $Wfs; mjd; tbtikg;ghFk;. XusT ];jpuj;jd;ikNahL

ntFfhyk; epiyj;jpUg;gjhy; mit khw;wkpy;yh jd;ikiaf; Fwpf;fpwJ.
Kf;fpakhf mit %d;W tifg;gLk;.

Institutions (topKiwfs;)

topKiwfNs Gjpad GFj;jypd; mbehjk;/ Nfhl;ghLk;. mit

rhjhuzkhf Raf;fl;Lg;ghLfSila rKjhaj;jpy; toq;fptUk; topKiwfs; my;yJ
kdpjHfs; xt;nthUtUf;Fkpilapy; mtutH cwT epiyia Nkk;gLj;Jk;

97
kdpjNeak; rhHe;j rl;ljpl;lkhd fl;Lg;ghLfs; vdf;nfhs;syhk;.
Raf;fl;Lg;ghLila rKjha topKiwfs; my;yJ tof;fq;fSf;Fk; rl;ljpl;lkhd
fl;Lg;ghLfs; my;yJ topKiwfs; vd;gd xU mjpfhu ikaj;jpdhy;
,aw;wg;gl;L nray;gLj;jg;gLtJ. rKjhag; gof;ftof;f topKiwfs; vd;gd
xUnthUf;nfhUtH jhq;fNs cte;J Vw;gLj;jpf;nfhz;L filg;gpbj;JtUk;
topKiwfshFk;. rKjhag; gof;f tof;f topKiwfs; xOf;fk; my;yJ ,ay;G
vd; ,Utifg;gLk;. xOf;fk; vd;gJ jhHkPf newpfs; rhHe;j rKjhaf;
fl;Lg;ghLfs; kw;Wk; kjpg;gPLfshFk; vd;why; ,aw;ifNahbiae;j ,ay;G
rKjhaj;jpd; xl;Lnkhj;j Fzeyd;fs; rhHe;jjhFk;. rl;ljpl;lkhd topKiwfs;
vd;gjw;F murpd; rl;ljpl;lq;fs;> nfhs;if KbTfs;> xU epWtdj;jpd;
tjpKiwfs;> xg;ge;jq;fs; Mfpatw;iw cjhuzkhff; Fwpg;gplyhk;. xU
njhopw;rhiy epWtdk; mjd; Rw;Wr;#oy; khrwh tz;zk; kWRow;rp
nra;tNjh me;epWtdj;jpd; jhHkPff; flikahFk;. ,aw;ifNahbiae;j
,ay;gpd; topg;gl;l topKiwfs; vd;gJ md;whlk; vjpHnfhs;Sk;
#o;epiyfs; my;yJ gpur;ridfis vjpHnfhz;L vjhHj;jkhd jPHitj;
NjLtjhFk;.

njhopy;El;gf; $Wfs;:

njhopy;El;gf; $Wfs; vdg;gLgit cw;gj;jpg;nghUl;fs; kw;Wk;

mtw;iw cw;gj;jp nra;tjw;fhd cs;fl;likg;G Mfpatw;iw cs;slf;fpajhFk;.
mit cw;gj;jpg; nghUs;fspd; cw;gj;jpr;nryT> ghJfhg;G kw;Wk;
ek;gfj;jd;ik Mfpatw;NwhL mtw;wpd; njhopy;El;g my;yJ tof;fkhd
topKiwfs; khWjy;fSf;F ,ilNaahd tuNtw;ig Ghpe;J nfhs;s

98
Kf;fpakhditahFk;. cjhuzkhf cw;gj;jp nra;tjpy; ghJfhg;G kw;Wk;
ek;gfj;jd;ik mk;rq;fs; Muha;r;rp kw;Wk; tsHr;rp cjtpj; jpl;lq;fspd;
gq;fspg;ghy; Kd;Ndw;wk; Vw;gLkhapd; mJ njhopEl;g
Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;F NkYk; cWJizahf epw;Fk; vd;whYk; ,J njhlHghf
VNdh mtw;wpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij njhopy; mwpQHfs; vg;NghJk; ftdj;jpy;
nfhs;tjpy;iy.

fl;likg;G vd;gJ topKiwfspd; $Wfis cs;slf;fpajhFk;. epjHrdkhd

topKiwfspy; ,e;jf; $WghLfs; xd;Wf;nfhd;W njhlHG nfhz;litahf
cs;sd. mit Vuhskhd $Wfis cs;slf;fpAs;sNghJ mit ‘nel;nthHf;];’
my;yJ ‘FOkpak;’ vd;wiof;fg;gLfpwJ. ,q;F cjhuzkhf vjpnfhUs;
gad;ghl;LKiwapy; gy;NtW epWtdq;fs; $b mjpy; vjpHnfhs;Sk;
gpur;ridfis re;jpj;J Nkw;fz;l jpl;lj;jpy; mspf;fg;gLk; Cf;f cjtpfs; %yk;
jPHTfhZtjhFk;. mNjNghd;W> njhopy;rhiyfs; $l;likg;G> Muha;r;rp
ikaq;fspd; NrHe;jpirTr; nray;ghLfs;> nfhs;ifKiw njhFg;G (network)
EfHNthH jahhpj;J toq;FNthH $l;LwT Kjypatw;iw cjhuzkhfr;
nrhy;yyhk;. mt;tpjkhd fl;likg;ig gFj;jha;T nra;Ak;kplj;J njhopy;El;g
guTjiy xU Fwpg;gpl;l fhytiuaiuapy; mjd; ed;ikfs; kw;Wk; ,lHghLfis
ce;Jjy; rf;jpahfNth jilfshfNth fhzKbAk;.

Gjpa njhopy;El;g topKiwfspd; Mw;wy

fl;likg;gpd; $Wfs; vd;gd XusT Fwpg;gpl;l fhyj;jpy; khWjy;

milahjd vd;whYk; gy;NtW Gjpa vg;NghJk; Njhd;wpf; nfhz;Nl
,Uf;Fk; njhopy;El;gq;fSf;F mt;tpjkhd $l;likg;Gfs; VJkpy;iy. mjd;
99
fhuzkhf ‘mwpQHfs;’ Gjpa fl;likg;Gfis cUthf;Fk; tpjkhf Gjpa
njhopy;El;g topKiwfs; Fwpj;jhd Gj;jfq;fs; %yk; rpyfhykhfr;
nrwpT+l;bAs;sdH. ,e;j mZFKiwapd; ikaf; fUj;J vd;dntd;why;
Kd;Ndw;wk;> tsHr;rp> gutyhf;Fjy; kw;Wk; Gjpa njhopy; El;g
Kiwfspd; gad;ghL Mfpa vy;yhtpjkhdtw;iwAk; mZkhdpf;f
Ntz;Lnkd;gNj ,e;j tpjkhd topKiwfspd; nray;ghLfs; Gjpanjhopy;El;g
Kiwfs; Nkk;ghl;bw;fhd fhuzpfs; vd;gij Ghpe;J nfhs;sg;glNtz;Lk;.
xt;nthU topKiwapy; gy;NtW topfspy; vjpHg;ghHj;j xd;iw G+Hj;jp
nra;tjhf mikayhk;. mjd; mHj;jk; vd;dntd;why; jFe;j tsHr;rp my;yJ
Kd;Ndw;wk; fhz;gjy; topKiwfspd; nray;ghLfs; NeHkiwahf epdW
G+Hj;jpnra;a Ntz;bAk; gy;NtW tpjkhd topKiwr; nray;ghLfs; cs;sd.

6.2.3 VOtpjkhd topKiwr; nray;ghLfs;:

xU cjhuzkhf VOtpjkhd topKiwr; nray;ghLfs; fPo;fz;lthW

“#H];” My; (Suurs) tpthpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

1. njhopy; KidNthH nray;ghLfs;:

njhopy; KidNthHfspd; Kf;fpa gq;fspg;G vd;gJ mtHfspd;

mwpTilikahy; tHj;jftha;g;Gf;fis nray;tbtk; jUtJk; Kbthf Gjpajhfj;
Njhd;Wk; njhopy;El;gj;ijg; GFj;jp khw;wk; fhZk; tzpfr; re;ijapy;
ghpNrhjidfs; Nkw;nfhz;L ntw;wp fhZtJjhd;. njhopy; KidNthhpd;
nray;ghLfs; vd;gJ ajhHj;jkhd tzpfr; #oiyj; jkf;Fr; rhjfkhf
khw;wpaikf;Fk; nray;jpl;lq;fs; jhd;. mj;jifa nray;jpl;lq;fs;

100
 Fwpg;ghf ghpNrhjidfs; kw;Wk; mtw;iw nka;gpj;jy; %ykhf tbtk;
ngWfpd;wd.

2. mwpTj;JiwrhH tsHr;rp

mwpTj;JiwrhH tsHr;rpapd; nray;ghLfs; vd;gJ EfHNthH>

tzpfr;re;ij> Gjpa njhopy;El;g topKiwfs; kw;Wk; ,it rhHe;j
njhFg;Gfis fw;wwpjiy cs;slf;fpajhFk;. fw;wwpjy; vd;gJ gy;NtW
tifg;gl;lnjd;whYk; kpfKf;fpakhfjhNd Njb mwpjYk; jhNd Kad;W
nra;J mwpjYkhFk;. jhNd Njb Muha;e;J mwpjnyd;gJ mbg;gil
mwptpaypy; cz;lhd Muha;r;rp kw;Wk; Muha;r;rpapd; gaid
Nkw;nfhz;Lk; Kd;Ndw;wk; vd;why; ajhHj;jkhf jhNd Kd;dpd;W
nra;J mwpjYf;F cjhuzkhf tzpfr;re;ijapy; nray;gl;L mjd;%yk;
ngwg;gLk; gbg;gpidfs; MFk;.

3. mwpTg; ghpkhw;wk; guTjy;:

Gjpa njhopy;El;g tpjpKiwfspd; Kf;fpa Fzhk;rk; vd;gJ

mtw;wpd; nray;ghLfspd; njhFg;ghFk;. njhopy;El;g
nray;ghLfspd; njhFg;gpd; Kf;fpa mk;rk; rk;ge;jg;gl;l
njhopy;rhHe;j njhFg;gpy; mjpy; <Lgl;Ls;NshHf;F ,ilapy;
Vw;gLk; mwpTg; ghpkhw;wk; kw;Wk; mwpTg; guTjy;. mit
mt;thW nray;gLNthHfSf;F ,ilNa Vw;gLk; Ghpe;JzHT
$l;LKaw;rp ,jw;F cjhuzkhf Gjpanjhopy;El;gj;ij tsHr;rp
fhz;gtHfs;> gapw;rpg; gl;liw kw;Wk; mit rhHe;j njhopw;Jiwf;
$l;lq;fs;> gadhsHfs;> EfHNthHfs;> cw;gj;jpahsHfSf;fpilapy;
epfOk; fUj;Jg; ghpkhw;wk; Mfpatw;iw nrhy;yyhk;.
101
4. njhopy;El;g nra;jpfis Nrfhpj;jypy; topfhl;ly;

,J Gjpa njhopy;El;gj;ij nray;gLj;Jtjpy; cjtpfukhf mjpy;

<Lgl;bUf;Fk; nray;gLNthHfSila vjpHg;ghHg;G kw;Wk; Njitfisg;
gw;wpajhFk;. njhopy;El;g tp\aq;fisr; Nrfhpj;jy; vd;gJ
jdpg;gl;ltHfspd; tpUg;gj; NjHitf; Fwpj;jhYk; mJ fbdkhd
topKiwfSf;F ,l;Lr; nry;fpwJ. ,jw;F cjhuzkhf nfhs;if Fwpf;Nfhs; (policy
target) njhopy;El;g nra;jpfis Nrfhpj;jypy; topfhl;Ljnyd;gJ
NeHkiwahdjhfNth vjpHkiwahdjhfNth mikayhk;. NeHkiwahd
njhopy;El;gr; nra;jpfs; Nrfhpj;jy; my;yJ Njly; vd;gJ xU
Fwpg;gplg;gl;l Nehf;fj;jpw;fhd njhopy;El;g tsHr;rpapd;
vjpHghHg;Gfs;> cWjpepiy kw;Wk; nfhs;if topfhl;Ljiy Nehf;fpf;
Ftpjiyf; Fwpf;fpwJ. mJNt vjpHkiwahf ,Ug;gpd; mJ Nkw;nfhz;l
nray;fspd; Kidg;gpypUe;J eOtp tpyfpr; nrd;W tsHr;rpf;Fj; jilahf
mikAk; NeHkiwahd topfhl;Ljypd; Ftpjy; vd;gJ kpfKf;fpakhdjhFk;.
Vnddpy; Gjpajhfj; Njhd;Wk; njhopy;El;gq;fspy; mjw;fhd NjHTk;
KjyPL kw;Wk; tsHr;rp Mfpait mlq;fpAs;sd. KjyPLk; jpwikAk;
tiuaiuf;Fs; mlq;fpa mhpjhd tp\aq;fs; vd;gjhy; ftdkhd NjHTfs;
mtrpak;. mt;thW ,y;yhky; ftdr;rpjwy; Vw;gl;lhy; KjyPLk; ciog;Gk;
gadw;W tsHr;rp jilg;gLk;. vd;whYk; mjpjPtpukhd ftdnkd;gJk;
gy;Nehf;ifr; rpijj;jpUk; mghaKk; cs;sJ. ,uz;ilAk; rkd;nra;J
nrayhw;WjNy xU MNuhf;fpakhd Gjpanjhopy;El;g topKiwfis
ifahs;tjpy; ntw;wpngWtjw;F ,l;Lr;nry;Yk;.

102
5. re;ij mikjy;

Vw;fdNt Gof;fj;jpYs;s njhopy;El;gj;Jld; Gjpa njhopy;El;gq;fs;

Nghl;bapl;L nty;Yk; vd;gJ vjpHghHf;f KbahjJjhd;. Gjpa
njhopy;El;gq;fis Cf;Ftpf;f Gjpa re;ijfis cUthf;Fjy; mtrpak;. mJ
mjw;fhd Njitia cUthf;Ftjpy; mlq;fpAs;sJ. ,jw;F cjuhzkhf Gjpa
njhopy;El;g gad;ghl;bw;F mspf;Fk; gz cjtpsfs; kw;Wk; rYiffs;
my;yJ Vw;fdNt Gof;fj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; njhopy;El;gq;fSf;F toptpjpj;jy;
Mfpatw;iw nrhy;yyhk;.

6. %yjdk;> tsq;fs; jpul;Ljy;:

%yjdk;> tsq;fs; jpul;Ljy; vd;gJ KjyPL> nghUl;fs; kdpjtsk;

Mfpatw;iw Fwpf;fpwJ. ,tw;iw miljYf;f;fhd topKiwfNs tsHr;rpia
jPHkhdpg;gjhf cs;sJ. ,jpy; Kf;fpakhff; fhzg;gLgit KjyPLk; mjw;fhd
rYiffSk; NkYk; mit Gjpa ghlj;jpl;lq;fs; nfhz;l fy;tpepiyaq;fs;>
njhiyNehf;Fld; mike;j Muha;r;rpf; $lq;fs; nfhz;ljhfTk; ,Uf;Fk;. rpy
rkaq;fspy; mit ,aw;if tsq;fshd vhpnghUs;> vhpthA> epyf;fhp
Mfpatw;iw jpul;LjyhfTk; mikayhk;. tsk;jpul;Ljy; vd;gJ khwptUk;
mbg;gilg; nghUshjhu #o;epiyfs; gw;wpajhFk;. Gjpa njhopy;El;g
tsHr;rp vd;gJ jFe;j jpwikahsHfs; Nghl;bfs; rYiffs; ,y;yhky; epfohJ
vd;gNj epjHrdkhFk;.

7. MjuTf; $l;lzp

103
 Gjpa njhopy; El;g tsHr;rpf;Fg; nghpJk; Vw;fdNt ,af;fk;
ngw;Ws;s njhopy;El;g topKiwfisf; ifahs;NghNu jilf;fw;fshf
cs;sdH. ,ijg; Gjpa njhopy; El;gk; KidNthH vjpHnfhz;L tsHr;rp
ngwNtz;Lk;. mJ Ml;rpahsHfspilNa MjuT ngWjy; Nghd;wtw;why;
milayhk;. ,e;jf; fUj;ij mwpKfk; nra;J itj;jtH rgl;baH (Sabatiar) ,J
murpay; nry;thf;fpdhy; kl;LNk rhj;jpakhFk;.

6.2.4 fl;Lf;fhuzpfs;

fhu;y;rd; kw;Wk; ];lhd;f;tpr; Gjpa njhopy;El;g

topKiwfs; vd;Dk; Nfhl;ghl;il mwpKfk; nra;Jitj;j gpw;ghL ngUk;
vz;zpf;ifapyhd JiwrhHe;j mwpQHfs; Mw;wy;Row;rpapy; ftdk;
nrYj;jj; Jtq;fpapUf;fpwhHfs;. mtHfspd; Ma;Tfspy; fd;dH ikHlhypd;
ew;Row;rp my;yJ jPaRow;rp vDk; Nfhl;ghl;il nghpJk; xj;Js;s
$l;Lf;fhuzpfs; gw;wpNa mjpfk; Ngrg;gLfpwJ. fhyg;Nghf;fpy; Gjpa
njhopy;El;g topKiwfspd; nrayhf;fj;jpy; xd;Wf;nfhd;W ,ize;Jk; xd;iw
xd;W cWjp$l;bAk; nray;gLfpd;w rpwg;ghd Fzhk;rk; jhd;
$l;Lf;fhuzpfs; vdg;gLk;. cjhuzkhf xU ntw;wpfukhd JiwrhHe;j mwpT
tsHr;rpf;fhd Ma;Tj;jpl;lk; - nfhs;if tiuaWg;NghUf;F ngUk;
vjpHghHg;Gfis cUthf;fp me;jj;jpl;lj;jpw;fhd Mjhuq;fis nfhz;L
NrHg;gNjhL rYiffisAk; Cf;Ftpg;gjpy; Kbayhk;. mt;thwhd nray;ghL
NkYk; mj;jifa Muha;r;rp my;yJ Ma;Tj;jpl;lq;fis Cf;Ftpg;gjhf
mikAk;. ,j;jifa Mw;wy; Row;rp ew;Row;rpiar; rhHe;jnjd;why;
$l;Lf;fhuzpfspd; nray;ghLfs; vjpHkiwahf mikAkhdhy; khWgl;l
KbTfis my;yJ jPaRow;rpia vjpHnfhs;s NehpLk; $l;Lf;fhuzpfis
104
ey;tsHr;rpf;F epiyepWj;j njhopy; rhHe;j mwpQHfs; ngUkstpy;
ftdk; nrYj;jp tUfpwhHfs;.

105
6.2.5 Kd;dpiy tfpj;jy;

Kd;dpiy tfpg;gjpYk; Kd;dpiyiaj; jf;fitg;gjpYk; epWtdq;fSf;F

Gjpa njhopy;El;gq;fSk; mjw;fhd jpwikfSk; mtrpak;. rpf;fy;fSk;
mjpNtf njhopy;El;gf; fz;Lgpbg;GfSk; epiwe;j ,f;fhyf;fl;lj;jpy;
tsHr;rpfisAk; Nghl;bfisAk; xUNru rkhspg;gJ epWtdq;fSf;F ngUk;
rthyhf cs;sd. xUq;fpizjy;> ifafg;gLj;Jjy; kw;Wk; $l;Lj;njhopy;
Kaw;rp vd;gtw;wpd; %ykhf tsHr;rpAk; ngw;W Nghl;bfisAk;
rkhspg;gJ vspjhfyhk;. Mdhy; ,tw;iw nray;gLj;Jk;NghJ rhpahf
ifahstpy;iy vd;why; Nehf;fKk; nfl;L fhhpaKk; gOjhf Kbayhk;.

 ifafg;gLj;Jk; NghJ Fiwghlhd Mtzq;fs; kw;Wk; cs;shHe;j

njhopy; mwpitg; ngwhjJ Mfpait njhopy;El;gj; jfty;fisg;
gfpHe;J nfhs;tjpy; rpukq;fis Vw;gLj;jyhk;.

 ifafg;gLj;jg;gl;l epWtdq;fSf;F Rje;jpukhd epHthfk; vd;gijtpl

mtw;wpd; milahsr; rpd;dq;fSk; goikahd topKiwfSNk
Kf;fpakhfg;gLfpd;wd.

 ifafg;gLj;jg;gl;l epWtdq;fs; kpfg;nghpajhfTk; rpwg;ghf

nray;gLtjhfTk; mika Nehpbd; jFe;j JiwrhHe;j mwpTg;
ghpkhw;wq;fs; kw;Wk; xUq;fpizg;G vd;gJ rhj;jpakpy;yhJ
Nghfyhk;.

106
  ifafg;gLj;jg;gl;l epWtdq;fspy; cs;s caHepHthfpfSf;F
mtHfs;kPJs;s jpwikapd; Nghpy; caHe;j kjpg;igAk; itg;gNjhL
Cjpag;gyd;fs; kw;Wk; gzp caHT Mfpatw;wpy; mjpUg;jpAld;
Nehf;fyhk;.

 tpiuthd ifafg;gLj;Jjypy; mwpTg;ghpkhw;wk; kw;Wk; cs;she;j

jpwikfs; fpl;lhJ Nghf Nehplyhk;.

ifafg;gLj;jypd; NghJk; mjw;Fg; gpd;dUk; cs;she;j mwpT>

mDgtk; nfhz;l gzpahsHfs; kw;Wk; njhopy;rhHe;j ufrpaq;fisf;
fl;bf;fhg;gJ nghpJk; fbdkhdJ jhd;. xU ntw;wpfukhd ifafg;gLj;Jjypy;
vy;yh Mjhuq;fisAk; Nghw;Wk; Af;jprhHe;j epHthfk;
rhj;jpakhf;FfpwJ. ,t;tp\aj;ij kpfr;rhpaha; Ghpe;Jnfhz;l
ifafg;gLj;jhsNu cWjpahfg; gadiljy; $Lk;. ifafg;gLj;jpa epWtdq;fisj;
jf;fitj;jy; vd;gJ vy;yh Mjhu tsq;fSk; mtw;wpw;fhd Rje;jpuq;fSf;F
ghjfk; Neuhky; ghpkhw;wk; nta;tjpYk; epHthfk; nra;tjpYk; jhd;
rhj;jpakhFk;.

6.2.6 xUq;fpizj;jy;> $l;bizg;G> chpkk; kw;Wk;

nghJeyf;Nfhl;ghL Mfpatw;wpd; tpisTfs;:

Gjpa cw;gj;jpg; nghUisNah my;yJ mijj; jahhpg;gjw;fhd

topKiwfiaf; fz;Lgpbj;J Kjd;Kjypy; re;ijg;gLj;jpa fz;Lgpbg;ghsH jdJ
cw;gj;jpg; nghUs; my;yJ topKiwfisg; gpd;gw;wp ntw;wp ngWk;
Nghl;bahsHfs; my;yJ Nghypfs; mjpfg;gad; miltJ fz;L Gyk;GtJ
107
thbf;ij jhd;. Kd;dzp re;ijahsHfSf;F Gjpa fz;Lgpbg;ghd cw;gj;jpg;
nghUs;fs; my;yJ topKiwfis Kjd;Kjypy; re;ijg;gLj;Jtjpy; mD$yq;fs;
cs;sd vd;W nrhy;yg;gl;L te;jhYk; Nkw;$wpa tp\aq;fs; rw;Nw
Fog;gk; tpistpg;gjhf cs;sd. ,e;jf; fl;Liuapd; Nehf;fk; Vd; Kd;dzp
re;ijahsiutpl Jhpjkhd ,uz;lhk; my;yJ %d;whk; epiyr; re;ijahsHfs;
ntw;wpngWfpwhHfs; vd;gJ jhd;. ,jd; Kf;fpakhd nra;jp
vd;dntd;why; mwptpay; my;yJ nghwpapay; rhHe;j Gjpa
fz;Lgpbg;Gfs; my;yJ rhjdq;fSf;Fj; jhNdad;wp mij
Kd;dpiyg;gLj;jpatHfSf;F ,y;iy.

,e;jf;fl;Liuapy; Kd;ddp fz;Lgpbg;ghsHfsh> my;yJ Kjypy;

re;ijg;gLj;jpatHfsh my;yJ ahUf;F mg;nghUs; rhHe;j re;ijia
ifahStjpy; Mw;wy; kpf;ftNuh ,tHfspy; ahUf;F Gjpa cw;gj;jpg;
nghUl;fs; my;yJ rhjdq;fis mwpKfg;gLj;Jtjpy; ntw;wpngWfpwhHfs;
vd;w mk;rq;fisr; rPHJ}f;f Ntz;bAs;sJ. topj;Njhd;wyhd epWtdq;fs;
Nghypahd nghUl;fisr; re;ijg;gLj;JtjhfTk; mikayhk; my;yJ mit Gjpa
fz;Lgpbg;Gfshd nghUl;fs; khjphpahd nghUl;fshfTk; mikayhk;.
,f;fl;Liu topj;Njhd;wyhd; ,ju Nghl;b epWtdq;fs; tpdpNahf];jHfs;>
Gjpa fz;Lgpbg;ghsHfs; ngWk; yhg tpfpjj;ij tpsf;FKfkhfTk;
$l;Lj;njhopy; epWtdq;fs;> $l;lhf cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; xg;ge;j
epWtdq;fs; nghUs; tpepNahf cj;jpfs;> njhopy;El;g chpkq;fs;
Mfpatw;wpd; gad;ghLfis tpsf;FKfkhfTk; mjd; rhuhk;rq;fis
vLj;jpak;g Kw;gLfpwJ. mjw;Fg;gpd; ntspehl;L tzpfk; kw;Wk;

108
nghJeyf; Nfhl;ghL ntspehl;L tzpfk; kw;Wk; KjyPLfs; Mfpatw;wpd;
jhf;fq;fs; gw;wp gpd;dH tpthjpf;fg;gLk;.

109
jdjhf;fpf; nfhs;Sk; Aj;jp

jdjhf;fpf; nfhs;Sk; cj;jp vd;gJ re;ijr;#oy;> epWtdk;> re;ij

mikg;G vd;gtw;iwnay;yhk; jhz;b Kd;Ndhb epWtdk; jd; Gjpa
jahhpg;GfSf;fhd nkhj;jg; gaidAk; vj;jpwikahy; ftHe;J nfhs;fpwhH
vd;gijg; nghWj;Nj cs;sJ. ,jpy; Kf;fpakhd mk;rq;fshtd Gjpa
njhopy;El;gj;jpd; jd;ik mj;njhopy; El;gj;jpw;fhd rl;lg;ghJfhg;G
MfpadthFk;. rl;lg;gbahd ghJfhg;Ghpik Vl;lstpy; ,Ue;jhYk;
eilKiwapy; Ntiyf;fhtjpy;iy. ‘ghJfhg;G chpik’ vd;gJ NthpaYw;gj;jpg;
nghUs;fs; kw;Wk; vspa ,ae;jpu cgfuzq;fSf;F kl;LNk xUNtis
ghJfhg;gspf;fyhk;. gy ghJfhg;Ghpikfs; kpff; Fiwe;j tpiyapy;
NtWkhjphpahd Gjpa fz;Lgpbg;Gfshdf;$l ,Ug;gJ rhj;jpak;jhd;. vdNt
ghJfhg;Ghpik vd;gJ Gjpa fz;Lgpbg;Gfs; my;yJ njhopy;El;gq;fisg;
ghJfhg;gjpy; gadw;wjhfNt cs;sJ. cz;ikapy; ghJfhg;Ghpik kPwiy
rl;lG+Htkhfr; re;jpj;J ntw;wp ngWtjpy; ngWk; rpf;fy;fs; cs;sd.

mjpfhug;G+Htkhd Kd;khjphpfs;

ve;jnthU mwptpay; Jiwf;Fk; mjd;ghpzhk tsHr;rpapy; ,uz;L

jsq;fs; cs;sd. xd;W mjpfhug;G+Htkhd Kd;khjphpfs; Njhd;whj;jsk;
kw;nwhd;W mwptpay; G+Htkhf ep&gpf;fg;gl;l mjpfhug;G+Htkhd
Kd;khjphpfs; jsk;. rhjhuz mwptpay; Muha;r;rp vd;gJ ep&gpf;fg;gl;l
Kd;khjphpfspd; tuTfshy; Kd;ndLj;Jr; nry;yg;gLfpwJ. mwptpay;
Muha;r;rpfspy; ‘jFjp epHzak;’ cWjp nra;ag;gLfpwJ. ,j;jida
jFjpepHzaq;fs; mjpfhug;G+Htkhd Kd;khjphpfs; jhz;b Gjpa
110
Kd;khjphpfs; Njhd;Wk;tiu nry;YgbahFk;. Nfhg;gH ePf]pd; thdtpay;
mwptpay; vt;thW jhykpyd; 17k; E}w;whz;L thdtpay; Nfhl;ghLfis
jfHj;jNjh mJNghd;W mjpfhug;G+Htkhd Kd;khjphpfs; mit gpd;tUk;
Gul;rpfukhd mwptpay; jhf;fq;fshy; jfHe;JNghfyhk;. Gjpa
fz;Lgpbg;Gfs;> cw;gj;jpg;nghl;fs; jahhpg;G Kiwfs;> tzpf
ufrpakhfg; ghJfhf;fg;gLk; rpy njhopy;rhiyfspy; ghJfhg;Ghpikia tpl
rpwe;j gadj;ij jUfpwJ. mt;tifahd cw;gj;jpKiw ufrpaq;fs;
ghJfhf;fg;gl;L cw;gj;jpg; nghUl;fs; re;ijg;gLj;jg;gLk;NghJ tzpf
ufrpaq;fs; ghJfhg;Ghpikia tplg; ghJfhg;ghdJ jhd;. cjhuzkhf Ntjpay;
ghHKyhf;fs;> cw;gj;jp Kiwfs; Mfpait cw;gj;jpg; nghUl;fs; re;ijg;
gLj;jg;gl;l gpd;dUk; tzpfufrpaq;fis itj;jpUf;f ,aYk;.

,Wf;fkhd ,yhgg;gfpHkhdk;:

jFe;j ghJfhg;Ghpik my;yJ cw;gj;jpg;nghUspd; jd;ik

Nghypj;jahhpg;ghsHfs; mZftpayh tz;zk; ghJfhf;fg;gLk;. tzpf my;yJ
cw;gj;jpKiw ufrpaq;fs; nfhz;l Kd;Ndhb epWtdq;fSf;F mtw;wpw;fhd
yhgtpfpjk; rpyfhytiuaiw tiu epr;raj;jd;ik tha;e;j;jjhfNt ,Uf;Fk;.
Kd;Ndhb epWtdq;fSf;F xUNtis mj;jifa rhjfkhd re;ijr;#oy;fs; ,y;yhJ
NghdhYk; $l gykhd ghJfhg;Ghpikfs; me;epWtdq;fSf;F mtw;iwg;
ngw fhy mtfhrk; mspf;fpwJ. Kd;NdhbahsHfs; xg;ge;j chpkq;fs;
toq;Ftjd; %ykhff;$l jq;fsJ yhgtpfpjj;ij cWjp nra;Jnfhs;s KbAk;.
ngl;Nuhypaj; JiwrhHe;j R&D kw;Wk; mjd; jahhpg;G Kiwfs;
Mfpatw;iw ,jw;F cjhuzkhff; nfhs;syhk;.

111
jsHtw;w yhgg;gfpHkhzk;

NghypfisAk;> gpd;tUk; Nghl;bahsHfisAk; neUq;fKbahj

njhiytpy; itj;jpUf;f Ntz;Lnkd;why; Kd;NdhbahsHfs; tzpf cj;jpfis
Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;baJ mtrpak;. Nghl;bj; jahhpg;Gfspd; jd;ik
Kd;khjphpj;jahhpg;Gfs; eilngWk; fhyk; my;yJ mt;tpjkhd
Kd;khjphpj; jahhpg;Gf;fs; ,y;yhj fhyk; vd;gijg; nghWj;J khWgLk;.

Kd;khjphpfspd; fhyk;:

Kd;NdhbahsH jdJ jahhpg;Gfis re;ijg;gLj;Jk; Kd;

mj;jahhpg;Gf;fspd; mk;rq;fs; mwptpay;G+Htkhd njhopy;rhHe;j
jFjpepHzaj;jpw;F cfe;jJjhdh vd;W cWjp nra;J nfhs;Sjy; Ntz;Lk;.
Kd;Ndhb tbtikg;Gf;fs; re;ijf;F Vw;wjhf mikahtpbd; Gjpa
tbtikg;Gf;fis Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;btUk;. Gjpa jahhpg;Gfs; mjw;fhd
Gjpa re;ijfis cUthf;fpf; nfhs;Sk;NghJ jFjp epHzak; ,d;dKk;
jPHkhdpf;fg;glhj epiyapy; mj;jifa jahhpg;Gf;fs; re;ijapy;
epiyngWk; tiu tuNtw;gpidg; ngWk;.

Kd;khjphpfspd; jdk;:

Kd;khjphpfspd; jsj;jpw;F Ke;ija fhyj;jpy; Mjhur; #oy;fs; nghpa

mstpy; ,y;yhkw;Nghfyhk;. mt;thwhd fhyfl;lj;jpy; tbtikg;Gf;F mjpf
Kf;fpaj;JtKk; Nghl;bAk; ,Uf;Fk; re;ij epytuq;fs; epr;rakhf
mwpag;glhj fhykhifahy; cw;gj;jp FiwthfTk; tpiy epHzaq;fspy;
Nghl;bapdikAk; epyTk;. Mdhy; vg;NghJ Gjpa jahhpg;Gf;fs;
112
re;ijapy; tuNtw;igg; ngw;W cw;gj;jpg; ngUf;fk; Vw;gl;L re;ij
tha;g;Gf;fs; ngUf Muk;gpf;fpwNjh mg;NghJ Gjpa njhopy;El;gq;fs;
kw;Wk; rhjdq;fs; %ykhftk; rpwe;j tpepNahf mikg;Gfs; %ykhfTk;
Man Production f;F topNfhYfpd;wJ.

6.3 caHnjhopy;El;g epWtdq;fSk; ,e;jpahtpy; caHnjhopy;

El;gj;jpy; jw;Nghija epiyAk;:

caHnjhopy; El;gk; vdg;gLtJ jw;NghJ Gof;fj;jpy; epytptUk;

Nkk;gl;l njhopy; El;gkhFk;. caHnjhopy;El;gk; vd;gJ fhyg;Nghf;fpy;
khWghl;ilaf;$ba 1960d; caH njhopy; El;gkhf ,Ue;jJ kl;lkhd (low)
njhopy;El;gk; vd;W fUjg;gl Kbahnjd;whYk; jw;NghJ mijNa caH
njhopy;El;gk; vd;W $btpayhJ.

6.3.1 nghUspay;

caHnjhopy; El;gk; rhHe;j JiwfSf;F gpufhrkhd vjpHfhyk; cs;sJ

vd;w vz;zk; gutyhf cs;sJ. ,e;jtpjkhd vz;zk; caHnjhopy; El;g
epWtdq;fspy; kpfmjpf mstpy; KjyPLfs; FtpAk; NghJ
me;epWtdq;fspd; cw;gj;jpj;jpwDf;F Nkyhf epjpfs; FtpAk;NghJ
KjyPl;lhsHfs; mtHfsJ KOKjyPl;ilNah my;yJ fzprkhd gFjpiaNah ,of;f
Nehplyhk;. ,J fle;j fhy tuyhW caHnjhopy; El;gk; vd;gJ mjpf
yhgkPl;lf;$ba tha;g;Gfis ey;FUkd;whYk; vg;NghJk; vJ mghfukhd
KjyPL vd;w Nehf;fpNyNa ghHf;fg;gLfpwJ.

caHnjhopy;El;g epWtdq;fs;

113
 njhopy; El;g mstpdl tPhpak;> mjd; cw;gj;jpg; nghUs;fis itj;Nj
epWtdq;fs; tifg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

 Aerospace

 Artificial intelligence

 Bio-tech

 Computer software

 Electrical engineering

 phonotics

 Nanotechnology

 Nuclear physics

 Robotics

 Telecommunication

6.3.2 caHEl;g r%fq;fs;

xU r%fj;jpd; vy;yhtpjkhd gFjpfspYk; caHnjhopy;El;gg;

gad;ghLfs; vd;gJ rhj;jpakpy;yhjJ. nghJthf mnkhpf;fh>
rpq;fg;G+h;> fdlh> ,];Nuy;> Ig;ghd;> ,q;fpyhe;J> M];jpNuypah>
n[h;kd;> njd;nfhhpah> ijthd;> gpd;yhe;J> ];ngapd;> ];tPld;>
gpNurpy; kw;Wk; gpuhd;]; Mfpa cyfpy; kw;w Njrq;fisf; fzf;fpy;
nfhs;Sk;NghJ nghJthd fz;Nzhl;lj;jpy; caHnjhopy;El;g r%fq;fs;
vdyhk;. ,ijg;Nghy; ,e;jpahtpd; gFjpfshd gq;fSH> Kk;ig> rPdhtpy;

114
rhq;fhg; gP[pq; Mfpatw;iw Fwpg;gplyhk;. Muha;r;rpia ikakhff;
nfhz;l MIT, MITREE, NASA, CERN Nghd;w gy;fiyf; fofq;fSk; Nkw;
$wpa tifiar; rhHe;jitNa.

6.4 ngwg;gl;l njhopy;El;gj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jk; tpA+q;fs;

,ilA+W nra;Ak; njhopy;El;gk; vd;gJ Kd;gpUe;J Gof;fj;jpy;

,Ue;Jte;j njhopy;El;gj;ij ,lk;ngaur; nra;jjhFk;. ,itGjpa re;jjpfs;
cUthff; fhuzkhFk;. ,jw;F khw;whf> epiyngw;w rkhspj;J
tha;g;Gf;fisj; jf;fitg;gjhf mikayhk;.

6.4.1 ,ilA+W nra;Ak; njhopy; El;gk;:

,r;nrhw;nwhlH fpNsl;ld; vk;.fpU\;nld;rd; vd;gtuhy; 1995y;

cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. fpU\;nld;rd; Nfhl;ghL vy;yhtpjkhd ,ilA+W nra;Ak;
njhopy;El;gk; vd;gJ caH njhopy;El;gkhfhJ vd;gNj.

6.4.2 Gjpa Nkk;gLj;jg;gl;l njhopy; El;gq;fs;:

Gdy;kpd; cw;gj;jpiag; nghWj;jtiu ,uz;L $Wfs; ftdj;jpy;

nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

1. ngwg;gLk; Gdy;kpd;rhuj;ij vt;tsT KbANkh mt;tsthf caHj;JtJ.

2. mjw;fhFk; nrytpdq;fisr; rpf;fdkhff; ifahStJ.

6.5 Gjpa njhopy;El;gj; jzpf;if

115
 njhopy; epWtdq;fs; vg;NghJk njhopy;El;gq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jk;
NghJ kdpjtsk; kw;Wk; cs;fl;likg;igf; fUj;jpy; nfhz;L me;epWtdq;fs;
Njit. gyk; kw;Wk; gytPdq;fs; Muha;e;J ghHf;f Ntz;ba mtrpaKs;sJ.
,jw;F njhopy;El;gj;jzpf;if Gjpafz;Lgpbg;Gf;fs;> mjw;fhd jpwik
kw;Wk; topKiwfis NjHe;njLf;fg; nghpJk; cjTfpwJ.

6.5.1 Gjpa njhopy;El;gj; jzpf;ifapd; nghUs;:

Gjpa njhopy; El;gj; jzpf;if vd;gJ xU njhopy; epWtdk; vt;thW

nray;gLfpwJ vd;gij mwptjw;Fk; mjw;F vd;ndd;d Njit vd;gijf;
fz;lwpa Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; Ma;thFk;.

6.5.2 gad;ghLfs;:

topKiw> nra;jpfs; xUq;fpizg;G> Nkk;gLj;jg;gl;l cw;gj;jp>

clDf;Fldhd jfty; ghpkhw;wk;> gapw;rp toq;Fjy;> EfHNthH
tuNtw;G Mfpatw;wpy; gad;ghLkpf;fjhf cs;sJ.

jsq;fs;

njhopy;El;gj;jzpf;if vd;gJ njhopy;El;g msT> mjd; topKiwfs;>

epWtdq;fspd; Njitfs; Mfpatw;iw MuhAk; topKiwahFk;.

6.5.4 njhopEl;gj; jzpf;ifapd; mtrpak;:

mjpfg;Nghl;bAk; rthyhd #oy;fspy; nray;gLk; epWtdq;fSf;F

mit kpfr;rupahfTk; jpwikahfTk; rpf;fdkhfTk; nray;gl Ntz;ba

116
mtrpak; ,Uf;fpwJ. ,ijf; fUj;jpy; nfhs;Sk;NghJ njhopy;El;gj; jzpf;if
vd;gJ Kjy; Njitahf cs;sJ. njhopy;El;gj; jzpf;if vd;gJ epWtdq;fspy;
mjpfhupfNs Nkw;nfhs;tijtpl ,jw;nfd cs;s jdp ty;Yeu;fis <LgLj;jpf;
nfhs;tJ gaDs;sjhf ,Uf;Fk;.

6.5.6. njhopy;El;gj; jzpf;ifapd; epiyfs;

epiy 1  jzpf;iff;fhd Mu;tk;

epiy 2  MNyhrid ey;Fk; ty;Yeu;fis mku;j;Jjy;

epiy 3  jfty; Nrfupg;G> fhyepu;zak; kw;Wk; xj;Jiog;G

epiy 4  jzpf;ifahsu; FWmwpf;if jahupj;jy;

epiy 5  jzpf;ifahsu; Ma;T (Survey) nra;jy;

epiy 6  jzpf;ifahsu; ngwg;gl;l jfty;fis Muha;e;J tpupthd

mwpf;ifj; jahupj;jy;

epiy 7  tpupthd jzpf;if mwpf;if rku;g;gpj;jy;

epiy 8  tpupthd jzpf;if mwpf;ifapd; njhlu;ghf Kf;fpa

mjpfhupfsplk; Neu;fhzy;

epiy 9  jzpf;ifahsupd; ,Wjpj; jzpf;if mwpf;if jahupj;jy;

epiy 10  jzpf;ifahsu; jd; ,Wjpj; jzpf;if mwpf;ifia

rku;g;gpj;jy;

117
6.6.9. RUf;fk; / jpul;L

 njhopy;El;gg;gad;ghl;by; mJFwpj;jhd Ma;Tfs; mj;njhopy;Jiw

rhu;e;j fl;likg;Gf;fs;> topKiwfs; Mfpait
njhopy;Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;F cWJizahf cs;sjh my;yJ jilahf cs;sjh
vd;gijj; njspthf;FfpwJ.

 Gjpa fz;Lgpbg;Gf;fs; Jiwfisr; rhu;e;jtu;fs; xUq;fpize;J

nray;gLtjhy; kl;LNk epfOk; vd;gJ Innovation System Approach
typAWj;Jk; fUj;J.

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119